This document discusses various plantation methods including sowing methods (broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, transplanting, planting), cropping systems (mono-cropping, intercropping, crop rotation), and permanent raised bed farming. Sowing methods such as broadcasting scatter seeds across a field while drilling places seeds in rows. Intercropping grows multiple crops together to better utilize resources while crop rotation improves soil health. Permanent raised bed farming provides benefits like improved soil quality and water management for higher yields.

2. Plantation Methods
Editor : HH RP Bhakti Raghava Swami (ACBSP)
E-mail : Bhakti.Raghava.Swami@pamho.net
Date Produced : 2017
Serial No : 13 of 54

4. 
Plantation Methods
 Sowing methods
 Cropping systems:
 Mono-cropping or monoculture
 Intercropping
 Crop Rotation

5. 
Sowing Methods
1. Broad casting
2. Drilling or Line sowing
3. Dibbling
4. Transplanting
5. Planting
6. Putting seeds behind the plough

6. 
Broadcasting
 It is the scattering of
seeds by hand all over
the prepared field
followed by covering
with wooden plank or
harrow for contact of
seed with soil
 Wheat, Paddy, Sesame,
Methi, Coriander etc.
are sown by this
method

7. 
Broadcasting

8. Broadcasting

9. 
Drilling or Line sowing
 It is the dropping of seeds into the soil with the help
of implement such as mogha, seed drill, seed-cum-
ferti driller or mechanical seed drill and then the
seeds are covered by wooden plank or harrow to
have contact between seed & soil
 Jowar, wheat, Bajra, etc. are sown by this method

10. Drilling or Line sowing

11. 
Drum Seeder

12. 
Dibbling
 It is the placing or dibbling of seeds at cross marks
(+) made in the field with the help of maker as per
the requirement of the crop in both the directions. It
is done manually by dibbler
 Crops like Groundnut, Castor and Hybrid Cotton
etc. which are having bold size and high value

13. Dibbling

14. 
Transplanting
 It is the raising of seedlings on nursery beds and
transplanting of seedlings in the laid out field
 Crops like paddy, fruit, vegetable, crops etc.
 Seedlings are allowed to grow on nursery beds for about
3-5 weeks. Beds are watered one day before the
transplanting of nursery to prevent jerk to the roots. The
field is irrigated before actual transplanting to get the
seedlings established early & quickly which reduce the
mortality

16. 
Planting
 It is the placing of vegetative part of crops which are
vegetatively propagated in the laid out field
 Tubers of Potato, mother sets of ginger & turmeric,
cuttings of sweet potato & grapes, sets of sugarcane
etc.

18. 
Putting seeds behind the
plough
 It is dropping of seeds behind the plough in the
furrow with the help of manual labour by hand. The
seeds are covered by successive furrow opened by
the plough
 This method is followed for crops like pea, maize or
Gram in some areas for better utilization of soil
moisture

19. 
Plantation Methods
 Cropping systems:
 Mono-cropping or monoculture
 Intercropping
 Crop Rotation

20. Mono-cropping or monoculture

21. and

22. 
Inter-Cropping
 Growing of two or
more crops
simultaneously on the
same piece of land
(field). There is a crop
intensification in both
time and space
dimensions. There is
intercrop competition
during all or part of
crop growth

23. 
Advantages of Inter
Cropping
 Better use of growth resources including light,
nutrients and water
 Suppression of weeds
 Reduced plant and disease incidence
 Yield stability
 Ecological stability i.e. improvement of soil health
and agro-ecosystem
 Other e.g. Physical support of one crop to another
and home gardening leading to a more unified food
supply is a good example of realization of
intercropping advantages

24. 
Inter-Cropping
 Mixed Cropping
 Relay Cropping
 Ratooning
 Companion Planting
 Alley Cropping

25. 
Mixed Cropping or
Crop Mixtures
Process of growing two or more crops together in the
same piece of land simultaneously. The cereals are
usually mixed with legumes viz.
 Jowar or Bajara mixed with Tur, Urad, Green gram,
Black gram, Gran.
 Wheat is mixed with peas, gram or mustard
 Cotton is grown mixed with Tur or sunflower
 3 Sisters concept – corn, beans and squash

26. Pearl millet,
Maize,
Sunflower,
Ragi,
2 Sorghum types
Groundnut
2 Green leaf
Vegetables
a.Hibiscus(Gongura cannabinus)
b.Amaranthus (Totakura)

27. 

28. 

29. 
Relay Cropping
 It refers to planting of succeeding crop before
harvesting the preceding crop like a relay race
where a crop hands over the land to next crop in
quick succession.

30. Relay Cropping

31. Advantages:
 Getting one time more production, suitable for mono
cropped zones
 No ploughing required. Save a lot of money
 Less amount of water is needed, environment friendly
farming technique
 Increase soil fertility through nitrosomonas bacteria
Disadvantages:
 Requires 20% more seeds than usual
 As the plants grow zigzag, sometimes need more labour
Relay Cropping

32. 
Ratoon cropping or
Ratooning
 When a crop is harvested and allowed to regrow
from the crowns or root systems, the term ratoon
cropping is used
 Sugarcane, alfalfa, and Sudan grass are commonly
produced in this way, while the potential exists for
such tropical cereals as sorghum and rice

33. Ratoon cropping or
Ratooning

34.  is the cultivation of food, forage or specialty crops between
rows of trees. It is a larger version of intercropping or
companion planting conducted over a longer time scale. Alley
cropping can provide profitable opportunities for row crop
farmers, hardwood timber growers and nut growers
Alley cropping

35. 
Companion Planting
Companion planting is the placement of various crops in close
physical proximity to one another so as to symbiotically
compliment the progress of each other.
 Discourage harmful pests without losing the beneficial allies
 Help enhance the growth rate and flavour of other varieties
 some plants can affect the flavour of vegetables or their growth
rate
 Reduce the number of weeds
 Saves space

36. 

37. Three Sisters

43. 
Crop Rotation
 It refers to recurrent succession of crops on the same
piece of land either in a year or over a longer period of
time, with an objective to get maximum profit from
least investment without impairing the soil fertility
 In the rotation of crops, leguminous crops like pulses,
beans, peas, groundnut and Bengal gram are sown in-
between the seasons of cereal crops like wheat, maize
and pearl millet

45. 
Advantages of Crop Rotation
1. There is an overall increase in the yield of crops due to maintenance of proper
physical condition of the soil and its OM content.
2. Rotation of crops helps in saving on nitrogenous fertilizers, because leguminous
plants grown during the rotation of crops can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil
with the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria.
3. Rotation of crops help in weed control and pest control. This is because weeds and
pests are very choosy about the host crop plant, which they attack. When the crop is
changed the cycle is broken. Hence, pesticide cost is reduced.
4. There is regular flow of income over the year.
5. Proper choice of crops in rotation helps to prevent soil erosion.
6. It supplies various needs of farmer & his cattle.
7. Crop rotation adds diversity to an operation.
‘The supervisory work also becomes easier’

46. 
Selection of crops for rotation
Vegetables and flowers are grown in areas close to the cities
for higher income.

47. Patterns
Leafy vegetables
Carrot
Beetroot
Radish
Tomato
Brinjal
Capsicum
Beans
Peas

48. Patterns
Potato
Tomato
Brinjal
Carrot
Beetroot
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Garlic
Onion
Beans

52. 
 Land preparation and Plantation
 requires huge labour
 very time consuming process
 Sensitive to Climatic changes
 Therefore there is a need for alternative plantation
method
Permanent Raised Bed is the solution.
Why?

53. 
 Improved soil fertility and quality
 soil physical, chemical, and biological properties
 Improved water management
 better infiltration, storage, and less evaporation
 Reduced salinity problems
 Reduced wind/water erosion
 Reduced labour/fuel costs
 Higher Yields
 Extended seasons
 No soil compaction
Benefits

54. 
Design
3 inches
3 inches
2 inches
6 inches DRY BIOMASS
SOIL
GREEN BIOMASS
SOIL
Ground
Slurry
4 feet Wide

55. Marking

57. Adding Dry Biomass
followed by a layer of slurry and then the soil layer

58. and a layer of slurry over it
Adding Green Biomass

59. Adding Slurry on Green Biomass
Followed by layer of soil

60. Final layer of Soil

61. Adding boundary to bed

62. After 45 days

63. Permanent Raised Bed
Under cultivation

64. Permanent Raised Bed
Under cultivation

65. Thank you

66. Hare Krishna Hare Krishna
Krishna Krishna Hare Hare
Hare Rama Hare Rama
Rama Rama Hare Hare

67. ISKCON Daiva Varnasrama
Ministry Promoting Rural
Development in India
www.iskconvarnasrama.com
OM Sri Surabhi Campaign
www.srisurabhi.org

69. 
ABOUT THE EDITOR
 Name HH RP Bhakti Raghava Swami
 Age and Gender 71, Male
 Country/Province of Origin Canada, Ontario
 Educational Degree and Year B.A, 1968, M.Ed., 2004
 Educational Institution State University of Yogyakarta
 Professional Work/Experience Social Worker/Counselor
 Affiliation with ISKCON Since 1974
 Present Service in ISKCON Minister, IDVM-India