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TheLittleBook
ofBarcodes
Barcodes are everywhere.
We’re so used to seeing them
that we usually don’t give them
a second thought. But these
unassuming little groups of
lines and spaces are incredibly
important to modern life.
What’s more, the story of
barcodes and what they can
do is truly an amazing one!
Backin1948intheUSA,thefastgrowing
supermarketsectorwasdesperatefor
somewayofstoringandretrievingproduct
informationatthecheckout.NormanWoodland
andBernardSilverbelievedtheyhadtheanswer.
Thebarcode
timeline
•	 WoodlandandSilverextended
thedotsanddashesofMorse
Codeintolines,combining
thiswithascanningsystem
originallydesignedfor‘reading’
theaudiotrackattachedto
moviefilm
•	 Bythe1960sbarcodeslike
thosewewouldrecognize
wereinuse–oneofthefirst
applicationshelpedUSrailroad
companieskeeptrackoftheir
rollingstock
•	 Theretailsectorstarted
adoptingbarcodingintheearly
70s–thenthesystemreally
tookoffaroundtheworld
1948
1958
1967
1971
1974
1977
1980
1981
1991
1992
AmericansNorman
WoodlandandBernard
Silverbegintoexperiment
withsymbolbasedcoding.
Firstworkablesystemis
launchedbasedon‘bull’s
eye’format.
USrailroadcompanies
trackrollingstock
movementsbybarcodes.
PontiacandGeneral
Motorstrackcomponents
onproductionlinesvia
barcodes.
ApackofWrigley’schewing
gumbecomesthefirstproduct
scannedbyanIBMUPCsystem
–thecodethathasbecomethe
worldstandard.
NewYorkMarathon
usesbarcodescoring.
8,000grocerystores
ayearareintroducing
barcodes.
Code39isadoptedby
USmilitaryformarking
everythingfromboots
towarheads.
‘BarsStripes’software
systemintroduced,making
barcodescheaplyavailable
tosmallerorganizations.
NormanWoodland
receivestheUS
NationalMedalOf
Technologyforhis
inventionofthe
barcode.
Therearetwobasicwaysabarcodecanbeconstructed:
•	 Theycancompriseasetofcharacterswhereeachstandsaloneasa‘discrete’
symbol.Theseallstartandendwithabar,andeachcharacterisseparatedfrom
itsneighboursbyaspace
•	Ina‘continuous’symboleverybarandspaceisutilized,makingthemmore
space-efficient
Inmostbarcodestherearetwowidthsofbarsandspaces–narrowandwide.
However,Code128breaksthemoldandusesfourdifferentelementwidths.
Abarcodeissimplyagroupofbarsandspaces,usuallyblackandwhite,that
encodedatabasedontheirvaryingwidths.Becauseit’sallaboutsymbols,
barcodingisoftenreferredtoasaformofsymbology.
Morsecodeisasystemwherelettersarerepresentedbydotsanddashes–
so standsforSOSinMorse. Abarcode
issimilar,withnarrowelements(barsorspaces)representingthedots,and
widebarsrepresentingthedashes.
Therearethreekinds
ofbarcodeingeneral
use,or‘charactersets’
ifyouwanttobealittle
moretechnical:
Numeric
acodewhichcan
containnumbers
from0to9.
Alphanumeric
includesnumbersfrom
0to9andthealphabet
fromAtoZ.
FullASCII
thisstandsfor
AmericanStandardfor
Communicationand
InformationInterchange,
andcanrepresentletters,
numbersandpunctuation,
plusothercharacters
suchaså,éorö.
Dots and Dashes
Barcodebasics
Barcodescanbe
complexcharacters!
Thefactis,barcodescanbeawholelot
smarterthanmostpeoplerealize!
It’sallaboutbarsandthespacesinbetween.
Barcodescanbeorientatedin
twodifferentways:
Picketfence–wherethecode
isarrangedvertically,likeapicket
fence.
Stepladder–youguessedit,when
thecode’sbarsliehorizontally,it’s
calledastepladder.
Watchthebar,
mindthegap
Isita
fenceor
aladder?
•	 Checkcharacters–theseareplaced
inthebarcodeatapredetermined
position(usuallyattheend).They’re
relatedmathematicallytotherestof
thecharacters,andhelpconfirmthat
thecorrectdatahasbeendecoded
•	 Startandstopcharacters–
thesegroupedpatternsofbars
andspacestellthescanner
wherethecodestartsandends.
Theyalsotellthescannerwhich
symbologyistobescanned.
Onereasonisthatthedifferentsymbologies
suitdifferenttasks.Someencodejustnumerical
data,othersmixnumberandletters.
Thevariationsalsoexistbecausetheywere
originallycreatedbydifferentcompaniesto
meetsimilarchallenges–theyallstartedwith
thesamelinearprinciples,butdevelopedtheir
ownwaysofapplyingthem.aligned
Linearcodes:
Getting
information
perfectly
Thereareseveralkindsoflinear
barcodes–sowhythevariety?
2:1:
Code39wasthefirstalphanumericcodetobedeveloped.Backin1981it
becametheofficialstandardforUSDepartmentofDefense,andtheoverall
governmentsymbologystandard.It’salsothecoderecommendedby
theAutomotiveIndustryActionGroupandtheHealthIndustryBusiness
CommunicationsCouncil.
Code39
Thesecodesareknownas‘interleaved’becausethe
firstnumericdataisheldinthefirstfivebars,andthe
gapsbetweenthemholdthesecondnumericdata.
Sothatfirstsectionactuallyholdstwocharacters.
Interleaved2of5
•	 Acontinuouscode,sodataisencodedinboth
thebarsandthespaces
•	 Numeric,sotherearenoalphacharactersinvolved
•	 Twoelementwidthsonly–narrowandwide
•	 Includesstartandstopcharacters
•	 Messagemusthaveanevennumberofcharacters
•	 Adiscretecode,mustbereadinanidenticalfashiontoacontinuouscodefrom
thestandpointofthescanner.Thedifferenceisthatcharactersindiscrete
codes‘standalone’,andrequireaspacebetweeneachadjacentcharacter.
Thismeanstheyareslightlylessspace-efficientthanacontinuouscode
•	 Alphanumeric–usesnumbers0-9,capitalsA-Zandsevenspecialcharacters
•	 Twoelementwidths–narrowandwide
•	 Variablelength
•	 Canbeusedinconcatenationformats
AKACode3of9
Code39issometimescalledCode3of9,andiswidelyusedinindustrial,
medical,electronics,telecoms,shippingcontainers,commercialand
governmentapplications.
Codabarcameonthescenein1972,andhasbecomewidely
usedbylibraries,bloodbanksandairparcelservices.The
mostpopularversionisRationalizedCodabar,andbecause
ithasawidetonarrowratioof3,itproduceswidelyreadable
barcodes.
•	 Adiscretesymbologyfeaturinginter-charactergaps
•	 Numeric,butincludessixextracharacters
•	 Usedintwoformats–variableratio‘Rational’and`and
fixedratio‘Traditional’
•	 Twoelementwidths
•	 Variablelength
•	 Canbeusedinconcatenationformats
Codabar
4:
Code128isaveryhighdensitysymbologythatcanbeused
foralphanumericandnumeric-onlybarcodes.It’soften
chosenaheadofCode39becauseofitsdensity,andbecause
ithasamuchbiggerselectionofcharactersavailable.
Basically,Code128cancarryawholelotmoreinformation.
•	 Acontinuouscodewithnointer-charactergaps
•	 Alphanumeric,canusethefullASCII128characterset
•	 Variablelength
•	 Hasfourelementwidths
•	 Ahighdensitycode
•	 Canbeusedinconcatenationformats
Code128
3:
Goodforblood
AcustomizedversionofCode128allowsblood
productsaroundtheglobeeachtobegivenaunique
donationidentificationnumber.
AcontinuoussymbologylikeCode128orInterleaved2of5actually
useseverysinglemillimetreofthewidthofthebarcodetoholddata.
Thedatacharacterseffectivelyterminateeachother,sothelast
spaceinonecharacteristhenfollowedbythefirstbarofthenext.
Theoverallcodeisbracketedbyastartcharacterthatbeginswith
abar,andastopcharacterthatendsinabar.Thistellsthescanner
wheretostartandstopdecodingdata.
Continuoussymbologies
6:
AdiscretesymbologylikeCODE39containsindividualcharacters
thatstartandendwithabar,andeachcharacterisseparatedfromits
neighbourbyaspacecalledthe‘IntercharacterGap’.  Thisgapcarries
noinformation;it’swastedspacethatmakesadiscretesymbology
generallylargerthanacontinuousbarcodecontainingasimilar
amountofinformation.Howevertheprecisionofthegapisless
critical,whichwasusefulbackinthedaysofolddot-matrixanddaisy
wheelprinters.
Discretesymbologies
5:
Char
1
Char
2
Char
3
Char
4
Intercharacter spacing
Char
1
Char
2
Char
3
Char
4
Termination Bar
The last space of character 1
Terminated by the first bar of character 2
DiscretesymbologiesContinuoussymbologies
Barcodescanbearrangedineitherofthesetwo
formats.Whichoneischosenisusuallydowntothe
application,andbothsymbologieshavediffering
advantages.
Barcodes
withanextra
dimension
•	 Usingbothhorizontalandverticaldimensions,theycanhold
moredatainacompactspace
•	 Inastackedformat:multiplerowsoflinearsymbolsstackedon
topofeachothercanbereadbyconventionalscanners
•	 Inamatrixformat:backandwhite‘cells’resemblinga
checkerboardcanbereadbycamerascanners
•	 Adatamatrixcodecanstorebetweenoneand2.000characters
Youmighthaveguessedbynow,atComputypewe’re
fascinatedbybarcodes!Andtoday’s2Dcodesarea
particularspecialityofours…
We’dlovetoshareourenthusiasmfor2Dbarcodeswithyou–
wethinkyou’llbeimpressedbywhattheycando!
Datamatrixisa2Dcodethatpacksanamazingamountofdataintoasmall
space.It’sbeenspecificallydesignedtobereadusingvision-basedscanning
readers,inanydirectionandangle.
TherearetwotypesofDatamatrixcode:
ECC-000toECC-140–thishasanoddnumberofmodulesrunningalongeach
squareside.
ECC-200–thisfeaturesanevennumberofmodulesoneachside.Its
maximumdatacapacityis3116numericdigits,or2335alphanumeric
characters,inasymbol144modulessquare.
Eachsymbolismadeupof:
•	 Aperimeter‘quietzone’
•	 Abordercomprisingtwosolidedgesandtwo
dashededges
•	 Datacellsinsidetheboardwhicharedarkorlight
Datamatrix:
Smallisbeautiful
Other 2D codes include…
PDF417 Maxicode Azteccode
QRcode Codablock Code16k
Reading
thesignsObviously,barcodesaren’tmuchuse
withoutthetechnologytoreadthem!
Todaythekeydefiningfactorforscanners
iswhethertheycanreadbothlinearand
2-Dsymbols.
•	 Historicallyscannersrequired
additionalprogrammingtointerface
withrelevantcomputerapplications
•	 Laterscannersweredesignedtowork
throughthePC’skeyboardinterface
•	 USBscannersarebasically‘plug-and-
play’,nospecialcodeisrequiredto
inputtheirdata
•	 Morerecently,theonboardcameras
ofsmartphonescanbeusedtoread
andinterpretbarcodes
Reading
thesigns Thefirstbarcodescannersusedafixed
lightandoneormorephotosensorsto
‘read’thebarcode–aeconomicand
effectivetoolthat’sstillinusetoday.
Theold-school
waystillworks!
Contemporarybarcoding
andin-depthexpertise…
Computypecanofferyou
someamazingpossibilities…
Welovewhatconventionalbarcodescando,
buttherecanbelimitations:
•	Ifabarcodecan’tbe‘seen’bythescanner,
nodatacanbetransferred
SoinsomescenariosRFID(RadioFrequency
Identification)canbeausefulalternativeto
conventionalbarcodes.
•	 Systemcomprisesa‘reader’anda‘tag’
•	 Theycommunicatewitheachotherby
radiowaves
•	Sometagsarepoweredsimplybythe
electromagneticenergyreceivedfrom
thereader
•	 Thereader/writercontainsaprocessor,
radioandantenna;thetaghasachipand
antenna
Itstandsforadifferent
wayofcodingdata
RFIDwasinventedin
the1940stooperate
secretlisteningdevices
forcovertops.
•	 Encapsulatedtags-usuallysealedor
molded.Typicallyusedassecuritykey
fobs,animaltags,anddiskstotrack
clothingthroughlaundryprocesses
•	Cards–oftenintegratedwithcredit
anddebitcards,IDcardsandentry
systemlabels
Binary
simplyregisterswhetheranobjectis
presentornot–idealforarticlesecurityin
retailandlibraries
Active
thetagreceivesandtransmitsradiosignals
andhasitsownpowersource.Oftenused
fortrackingnon-disposableobjects
Passive
thetagispoweredbythesignalfrom
thereader,andcanmodifythatsignal.
Aneconomicwaytosecuritymarkgoods
NFC
NearFieldCommunicationispassiveRFID
operatingthroughaspecificcommunication
protocol,forusewithsmartdevices
ThefourwaysRFIDcanwork
Tagtypes
The end of the line for barcodes?
RFID
operates through radio
waves – there’s no need for
a ‘line of sight’ between the
code and the reader
allows data held in
the tag or label to be
changed
supports data security,
anti-cloning and
kill capabilities
can provide some useful
advantages in certain
applications:
We don’t think so! But in certain cases,
RFID does offer significant advantages.
At Computype we’re certainly being
called on more and more to provide RFID
expertise, for all kinds of businesses and
organizations.
RFID is a technology with potentials that
are not yet widely understood. So our
cutting edge experience and capability in
RFID is well worth exploring – why not get
in touch with our expert team to discuss
the possibilities?
VRFID
BARCODES
Element - any individual bar
or space in the barcode.
X dimension – the width of
the narrowest element in
the barcode.
Ratio – the relationship
between wide and narrow
element widths – 2:1 or 3:1,
for instance.
Module – the amount of
space a bar or gap takes up,
measured in Xs. A narrow
bar might be 1X = one
module; a medium width bar
could be 2X and therefore
take up two modules.
Density – the amount of
characters that can fit in one
linear inch (cpi).
Nominal – the exact
intended value for a
parameter.
Tolerance – in discrete
symbologies, this describes
+ or – variations from the
nominal.
Quiet zone – the blank
margin either side of the
barcode which tells the
reader where the code
starts and stops. The quiet
zone is usually ten times
the width of the narrowest
element, or ¼ of an inch,
whichever is the greater.
Concatenation – a long
message broken up into
multiple shorter barcodes.
This is helpful when the
overall message is long, or if
there’s a need to create two
barcodes side by side, with
one functioning as a security
check. Blood banks use
concatenation for scanning
DIN and ABO, product code
and expiry date.
We appreciate there’s a lot to take in with barcoding, so if you have
any questions don’t hesitate to get in touch with us.
When we talk about barcodes, it can get a little ‘tech-speak’ at
times, so here are a few definitions to help make things clear…
Techy
Terms
AtComputypewe’vebeenworking
withbarcodesformanyyears,and
we’restillamazedbyhowtheycanbe
appliedinsomanyvariations.
Weknowthetechnologyofbarcoding
inside-out,andwhilebarcodesareall
aboutlinesandspaces,thereare
definitelynogapsinourknowledge.
Whateveryourbusiness, whatever
yourequirements,Computypecan
helpyouachieveabarcodesolution
whichgenuinelyboostsyour
efficiencyandproductivity.
We’dlovetodiscusshow
barcodescouldworkforyour
organization–justcontact
Computypeanytime.
Raising
the
bar
Visit us at www.computype.com

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Ebook little-book-of-barcodes