Terrorism And Terrorism

Terrorism And Terrorism
The crime – terror nexus of narcotics traffickers and terrorists is a phenomenon that has been discussed for
several decades. While there exists widespread agreement that the violent non–state actors and criminal
narcotics organizations share similar characteristics and cooperate, there is a great deal of disagreement
regarding strategies to combat these two when they occur simultaneously. In the current case of Afghanistan,
where the international community has been engaged in both counterinsurgency and counternarcotics campaigns
for over a decade, the effects have not been as successful as was once hoped. The recent Global Terrorism Index
Report indicating terrorists acts are again on the rise (The Institute for Economics and Peace, 2014 p. 17) is
complicated by the release of the recent UN report which revealed that opium–poppy cultivation levels are at
another all–time high (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014 p. 12). Some 9,000 miles (14,500
kilometers) away in Colombia, the international community has witnessed a similar effort of simultaneous
counterinsurgency and counternarcotics campaigns in the Western Hemisphere's longest running armed conflict
between the government of Colombia and the biggest guerrilla group in the country, the Fuerzas Armadas
Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo (FARC–EP). The FARC–EP, as a budding insurgency in
desperate need of more reliable financing, eventually encountered the burgeoning drug trade in Colombia – this
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Viability of Non-Nuclear Deterrence Strategies
Near the end of World War II, the United States (U.S.) atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
demonstrated that nuclear weapons can technically be used as a strategic imperative [1]. Nuclear capability,
thereafter, was much sought after by states as the basis for deterrence and thus fuelled the nuclear arms race
during the Cold War, especially between the U.S. and the Soviet Union [2]. However, several literatures [3] [4]
[5] have debated that nuclear deterrence and utilisation of nuclear weapons are morally and ethically
unacceptable. Several others [6] [7] argued that nuclear capability is not the be–all and end–all of deterrence. In
addition, the existence of Nuclear Non–proliferation Treaty (NPT) measures, theoretically, makes it difficult for
non–nuclear states to acquire the capabilities to produce nuclear weapons and to do so without being detected
[8]. Hence, this essay seeks to examine the viability of non–nuclear deterrence strategies, particularly to address
the question – Who are the potential adversaries of non–nuclear states and what are the deterrence strategies that
are viable?
Setting the Context
The potential adversaries that non–nuclear states may face will be generalised into three types for the purpose of
this discussion. These are nuclear state actors, non–nuclear state actors, and non–state actors (NSAs). 'Nuclear
state actors' includes the five nuclear–weapon states under the NPT, as well as the three non–NPT and one
undeclared nuclear powers [9].

Solution to Ignou Papers
Foundation Course in Humanities and Social Sciences
Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)
Course Code: BSHF–101
Assignment Code: BSHF–101/AST/TMA/2013
Total Marks: 100
A. Descriptive Category Questions (DCQ) answer any two in 500 words each:
1. Analyze the evolution of man as a tool making animal. 20
Solution: As said above answer only 2 below are the solved answer
=======================================================================
2. Does the post – Industrial society differ from the Industrial society? Explain 20
Solution: Yes the Post – Industrial society is differing from the Industrial society because of the following
reason:
* Limited production (i.e. artisanship vs. mass production)
* Primarily an agricultural economy
* Limited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leads to the need for more universities and university–based student. In fact, the university is crucial to
post–industrial society. The university produced the experts who can create, guide, and control the new and
dramatically changing technologies
=================================================================================
3. Analyse the role of Gandhi in the National Movement. 20
Solution: The nationalist movement grew into a wide spread mass anti–imperialist movement at the end of the
First World War. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi came into prominence at this time and became the undisputed
leader of the nationalist movement. Powerful mass movements were launched under his leadership. These
involved defiance of laws, peaceful demonstrations, boycott of educational institutions, boycott of courts,
boycott of educational institutions, picketing of shops selling liquor and foreign goods, nonpayment of taxes and
the closing of vital business. These non–violent but revolutionary methods influenced millions of people
belonging to all sections of society and infused in them bravery and self–confidence. Millions now braved the
repression resorted by the govt boldly courted imprisonment and faced lathicharges and firings.Gandhiji lived
the simple life of an ascetic and talked to the people in a language they could understand. He came to be known
to the people as Mahatma Gandhi.

The Fundamentals Of Globalization On The National Security...
The Fundamentals of Globalization directly affect US interest IAW the National Security Strategy 2015. Those
interests' hinge on four critical aspects in which, global economic malaise and violet extremism can adversely
affect two of the four interests. Those two interests are the security of US citizens and allies, and a strong and
prosperous international economy. Violet extremism is by far the greatest challenge of the two.
Globalization is an appealing concept that has many various interpretations and definitions. Globalization is the
expanding connectivity and interconnectedness between diverse geographic nations to increase the efficiency of
providing goods, enhancing relationships of cultures, economics, and technology to state ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The US economy is the engine that drives the world's economic growth because it is the biggest, most open, and
innovative in the world. The United States must maintain active leadership in economic growth to preserve the
economic advantage. This will promote an attractive destination for investors, researchers, and students.
Violet extremism directly affects the security of the US citizens and its' allies, also indirectly damages the world
economic structure. "The immediate and foreseeable future, the most direct threat to the United States at home
and abroad is terrorism and violent extremism." The US greatest responsibly is to protect the American citizen;
however this responsibility does not stop at the US borders. The US must brace and influence international
security because it serves our national interest, upholds our commitment to allies, and addresses global threats.
Violet extremism has a negative effective on the global economy and instills fears throughout nations.
The most demanding challenge to National Security is violet extremism. The reason is counter– terrorism is
getting more difficult, these three factors are why; first, civil wars in Libya, Yemen, and Syria have led to the
breakup of the Middle East. The direct results are more safe havens for terrorist to train, tougher to tract the flow
of

Big Brothers Big Sisters Project Paper
Project Description
The project is important due to the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Ocean State serves between 500 &
600 boys and girls in Rhode Island and neighboring communities. These children are able to have a positive role
model in their life to provide them with advice, help them with homework, and help them develop into
productive members of society.
The 93% will increase the number of male mentors by six for Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Ocean State by
December 2015. This will be done by communicating with Bryant University and establishing a relationship
between the school and the non–profit. Serving as a mentor for the non–profit will teach cultural awareness and
ethical reason, and help fulfill a Gateway requirement. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the event that one of our team members fall ill or has an emergency, we as a team have assigned back–up
roles for each team member. As an example, if Marvelle–Nicole Markwei has to take the rest of the semester off
due to a family emergency these are the back–up roles that will be assigned.
Communication to the Gateway Professors : Kevin Ludemann
Scheduling: Maegan Mark
Communication to the Big Brother Big Sisters of the Ocean State: Adeel Mahmood and Calum Daly
Writing: Josh Kliger.
If our original plan is not feasible, the back–up roles for the Dave and Busters event will be assigned as follows:
Venue: Maegan Mark and Marvelle–Nicole

Global Public Policy Is Made By State And Non State Actors
Global public issues such as global climate change, international financial market, illicit international trade,
cross border migration, internet governance and cyber war, nuclear proliferation, global public drug and etc
cause a need of global public policy. Basically global public policy has been designed in order to achieve desired
goals in global public challenges. Global public policy is made by state and non–state actors. In classical
political science only the states were recognized as a significant actors in public policy and international policies
were made between states( Wimmer and Schiller,2002), while in the recent decades non–state actors play
important role in global governance(Whitman, 2009,87). For instance, UN, UNDP, UNIDO are central in the
global public sphere (Kaul 2003).
Global public policy activities take place among non state actors and intergovernmental counterpart in global
agora (Stone, 2008, 5–8).Global public policy needs to be made in global agora. Previously, global agora was a
place for social, economical, political and cultural interaction of states and non–states members. However, today
global agora is evolving with various set of networks , global public and private partnership and multilateral
initiatives global agora is managed by business and policy elites(Stone, 2008, 10).
Global public policy aim to respond to three types of policy problems (Soroos 1991):
Firstly, transboundary problems such as money laundry, drug trafficking and

Why The State Is A Weak Player On Public Policy
I argue that the state is a relatively weak player in delivering public policy in contemporary governance. I make
this argument with reference to a program implement after the 1997 economic crisis in Indonesia. Djiwandono
(2006) concludes that the economic crisis in 1997 was caused by the combination of weak domestic economic
and inefficiencies financial structures and "contagion" forces from external. Specifically, the combination of
external shock starting in Thailand in 1997 and the weak Indonesia banking system soon resulted a systemic
banking crisis (Omori, 2014). Data shows that Rupiah depreciated 80% in just less than 12 months, economic
growth slumped from 7–8% annually to negative growth of approximately 14%, inflation hiked from single
digits to 80%, reversed capital flowed by $22 billion, unemployment rose by 5 million and poor people doubled
from 12% to close to 25% (Djiwandono, 2006). On January 15, 1998 Indonesian government launched a
program known as an "Economic Recovery and Reform Program" or "IMF–Plus Reforms Program". This was a
broad program which consisted of some specific programs such as currency stabilization (Rupiah in term of
Dollar), hyperinflation prevention, banking restructuring, structural reformation, private foreign debt settlement
and assistance programs for the poor (Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia, 2013). The aim of the program
is to seize the decline of Rupiah, to restore market lost confidence in government, to deal with

What Extent Was Roosevelt Isolationist In The 1930s
During the time period 1930s, Isolationist atmosphere could be seen all over America due to fear and past
experience of war; the public and congress are no longer willing to get involved in war. However in this essay I
would be discussing how the President of US, President Roosevelt had shifted his stance throughout his
presidency through explaining How he could be considered as a Isolationist, How he could be considered as a
Pragmatist, and How he could be considered as a Gradualist? in order to have a better understanding of what
President Roosevelt is aiming for in his presidency, so to what extent was Roosevelt a isolationist in the 1930s?
Roosevelt's decisions in his early Presidency including the good neighbor policy were policies that ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Gradualist, there are clear evidence such as the Quarantine speech that clearly shows how Roosevelt had
shift from the isolationist stance to a more aggressive stance. Therefore in response to the question "To what
extent was Roosevelt a isolationist in the 1930s?" I would say he is both Gradualist and Pragmatist; however he
Is to a greater extent a Gradualist than a Pragmatist as through the Quarantine Speech it had proven one reason
of Roosevelt being considered as Isolationist false; as he had actually take consider and plan to take action
towards the European power. To sum up Roosevelt could only be considered as a Isolationist to a very small
extent; as he should be considered as a Gradualist to a greater extent and a Pragmatist to certain

Essay on Structural Realism and Non-State Actors
The rising power of transnational terrorist organizations post 9/11 has weakened the state–centric framework of
the international system and challenged the structural realist's conception of power. As one of the major theories,
one would assume that the premises of structural realism would be more applicable in the 21st century.
However, leaders of today are enveloping countries in a globalist mindset, contesting a state mentality that
honors sovereignty. 9/11 represents a historical turning point; in which clashes between state and non–state
actors increased the vulnerability of state actors and challenged their internal sovereignty. This paper will
examine the premises of structural realism and explain how the rise of non–state actors ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While nation–states are not the only actors, they are the primary ones and form the structure of the international
system.
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 altered the environment of international relations, as the world saw
first hand the damage a non–state actor can inflict on a regional hegemon. While non–state actors have always
existed, for example maritime pirates or private mercenaries, the events of 9/11 provided non–state actors, in the
form of terrorist organizations, the platform needed to expand their influence. Despite the urgency posed by the
rise of non–state actors, the field of international relations continues to use an interstate framework to analyze
conflict. This is the natural result of a long history of state–centered analysis that came to formal fruition post–
WWI and dominated through the Cold War. Even after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, this discipline
remained intact. However, as most conflicts today involve non–state actors, such as terrorist organizations in the
mountains of Afghanistan and pirates off the coast of Somalia, this state–centric framework is deteriorating.
The rise of terrorist organizations post 9/11 has challenged nation–state borders and their sovereignty. The
presence of insurgencies and terrorist organizations has begun to affect the legitimacy of governments externally
and their internal sovereignty.

Big Brothers Case Study
The influence of a Big Brothers program on the adjustment of boys in single–parent families Abbott, Douglas
A., et al. "The Influence of a Big Brothers Program on the Adjustment of Boys in Single–Parent Families." The
Journal of psychology 131.2 (1997): 143–56. ProQuest. Web. 27 Nov. 2017. This study evaluated the change in
boys who live in single parent homes headed by their mothers, who had weekly contact through an adult male
mentor. The BBBS program is a national, nonprofit organization volunteers are carefully screened and matched
to make sure a child receives the support they may be missing at home. The major goals of the Big Brothers Big
Sisters program are: improve the child's feelings of self–competence, encourage the child's achievement in
school, monitor the child's psychosocial problems, and encourage a positive parent–child relationship. They
found that the weekly companionship of an adult volunteer was not related to positive changes for boys. These
findings are not consistent with the social support literature. Developing a Student Mentoring Program: Building
Connections for At–Risk Students Dappen, Leon D., and Jody C. Isernhagen. "Developing a Student
MentoringProgram: Building Connections for at–Risk Students." Preventing School Failure49.3 (2005): 21–5.
ProQuest. Web. 27 Nov. 2017. This article examined the long history of student mentoring for at risk kids. They
found that there was a seventy percent growth in school–based mentoring programs. Big

The United States Is Ill Prepared For Cyberwarfare
The United States is Ill Prepared for Cyberwarfare Nuclear silos launching warheads. Power plants exploding.
Water systems contaminated. Currency devalued and locked away. Vehicles simultaneously going haywire all at
once. That could be just the first 10 minutes of reports simultaneously reaching the President of the United
States. How could all of these disasters happen? Simply put, all of these scenarios involve components which
rely on the use of cyberspace. While citizens of the United States have been increasing our dependence on the
use of computer systems in all walks of life, we citizens have been becoming systematically and increasingly
more exposed to the possibilities of cyberattacks and by extension all out cyberwarfare. Is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By United States, I mean our country. As a product of my generation, however, I envision our country as being
the leader of the free world though. So it follows that I conclude it is also important to recognize that a leader
must set the standard by which they wish to lead. Therefore, if the United States fails, the free world fails.
Likewise, when any single piece of free world fails, then by extension, it can be reasoned that the United States
has failed in its leadership. When I say the United States is ill prepared for cyberwarfare, I am not only speaking
solely to attack directly against our nation alone. I am also referring to our standing as leader of the free world,
which no doubt is weakened any time one piece of the free world is weakened or vulnerable to threat exposure.
By using the term ill prepared, I aim to convey that the United States is not equipped with enough protection to
prevent every possible instance of the threat of cyberwarfare from occurring. I propose we are not where our
nation should be in terms of dealing with all actual occurrences of the threat of cyberwarfare, were it to be fully
realized. This can be carried over into our response capability to any such attack, which may manifest in many
forms. For example, our response against perpetrators and those who aid or comfort

Australian Defence Policy Essay
The discourse surrounding an appropriate defence policy in Australia has been an intense debate, extending back
to the beginning of the 20th century. Stemming from the Creswell–Foster divide has emerged two sides, the state
centric, geostrategic concept of the 'Defence of Australia' and the alliance–centric concept of the 'Security Based
Defence'. As well as these policy approaches is the state coercive notion of 'puritive deterrence'.
The following paper aims to compare and contrast the main arguments regarding Austalian defence policy,
through the relevance of geo–strategic location and gobalisation. It will appraise the three aforementioned
options of defence policy, as presented by Paul Dibbs, Michael Evans, and Ross Babbage and will then ... Show
They state that "transnational issues...are not always military problems, but military resources may prove useful
to monitoring, controlling or recovering from them." They later go on to say that the armed forces "may be
required to coordinate their operations with humanitarian relief organisations" , as non–state actors influence
their 'warfighting.'
Peter Dean and Ken Gleiman of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), have also noted the revised role
of the ADF in combating these unconventional threats, which has "led to amphibious forces across the globe
being deployed to support a range of operations, including assaults, raids, withdrawals and demonstrations."
These forces have been used in "counter–piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean, and against
radical groups such as Al–Shabaab in Somalia."
It is thus evident that globalisation has had a great impact on defence policy, due to the emergence and increased
danger of non–state actors, highlighting a need to revise policy formulation in order to combat the threats they
pose.
Conclusion
By assessing the relevance that geostrategic location and globalisation have on Australian defence policy, this
paper has been able to compare the stances of Paul Dibbs, Michael Evans and Ross Babbage, and note their
strengths and

Clausewitz Applicability to Non-State Actors Essays
Clausewitz's theories on war are still relevant today with the revisualization of non–state actors on the world
scene. The purpose of this essay is to expand on the applicability of these theories in today's modern warfare
where non–state actors play a larger, more global role. The study of theory, especially translated theory, requires
an open mind to determine its applicability to various and ever–changing situations. In the case of Clausewitz,
many strategists do not view his theories as relevant to today's wars involving a Nation State vs. non–state
actors. This is not true. The U.S. Army Command and General Staff College teaches that the commander's intent
is the most important part of proper execution. Strategists need to look ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
War is often thought of as involving one state against another but most wars throughout time have been fought
between competing factions within a single state. Examples of this include Civil Wars or Wars of Revolution
within a Nation State where a group organizes itself, forms a military or insurgent force and attempts to
overthrow or separate from the primary Nation State. Clausewitz briefly refers to non–state actors or as he called
them, "people in arms" in his book On War. He saw this as a new phenomenon of warfare that steamed from the
French Revolution under Napoleon. Recognizing that Clausewitz was aware of non–state actors, his definition
of war can be reviewed in the context of the time it was written. Clausewitz's definitions of war are suitable to
both State and non–state actors. He defines war as: 1) an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will; 2) a
clash between major interests, which are resolved by bloodshed – that is the only way in which it differs from
other conflicts; and 3) fighting, for fighting is the only principle in the manifold activities generally designated
as war. A Nation State raises a military to deter aggression or to become the implementing force of aggression
against its enemies. Similarly, non–state actors create militias or guerrilla bands to inflict their will on others.
This act is as much a demonstration of political or military strategy as that of a

Friendship Circle Research Paper
Friendship Circle is a residential organization located in West Bloomfield, Michigan united with Lubavitch of
Michigan. Their method is to pair local teen volunteers with individuals who have special needs. They all
participate in different weekly programs that the organization provides such as sports such as, dance, music, and
martial arts. Through these activities and with the help of local volunteers the special need individuals are able to
develop friendships and gain confidence through community attachment. Rabbi Levi and Bassie Shemtov
founded Friendship Circle in 1994 starting with eight families and sixteen volunteers. Friendship Circle of
Michigan has grown to include 300 families and over 800 volunteers. Their goal is to provide ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The generosity comes on a variety of funding sources including foundation grants, individual donors,
corporations, and supported by personal donations. Donor support also allows them to provide ongoing support
for children, families, and volunteers to build and sustain long–lasting relationships, which is the key to
successful mentoring. Big Brothers Big Sisters is proven to engage the community by improving children's
chances of succeeding in school, behaving nonviolently, avoiding drugs and alcohol, and breaking negative
cycles. Friendship Circle is also a non– profit organization founded as a public organization. They are also
supported by personal donations, foundation grants, and participation in their own annual Walk 4 Friendship.
The Friendship Circle benefits from state and federal grants targeted towards specific programs. The
organization believes that every human being, regardless of background or faith, deserves the gift of true
friendship. Friendship has a ripple effect on the community, impacting the lives of all involved, raising the
consciousness of society at large. I believe that friendship circle is an amazing program because when you
surround yourself with a group of individuals you can call your friends and individuals you can rely on; it's as if
you have both a team and a support system by your side. Friendships can have a major

Diverse Personal Encounters With Non State Armed Actors
Diverse personal encounters with non–state armed actors animate my research agenda, and I seek to discern the
meaning of a picture formed by pieces of a puzzle collected during my years of military service. As a
peacekeeper in Kosovo, I witnessed how a random rifle shot could spark a series of reprisals across invisible
lines that separated villages. My soldiers and I were almost powerless to stop them. On one hand, our legal
mandate prevented our ability to take direct action. One the other, we understood so little about our adversaries
we did not fully know which action to take. Subsequent experiences leading soldiers during counterinsurgency
efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan immersed me again in the turmoil created by overlapping networks of non–
state armed groups competing for economic, social, and political power. Each incident revealed another piece of
the puzzle, but the picture it formed remained unclear. I started to wonder if the pieces actually fit, or if I was
putting them together incorrectly. I intuitively sensed the ascendant role of non–state–armed actors in Kosovo.
However, my experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan crystalized in me the desire to explore the broader political
and social ramifications of the rising influence of non–state armed groups. I began to ponder the strategic impact
of their decisions and actions on the long–term evolution of political institutions. What are the consequences
when local political elites try to incorporate

Cyber Defense Concerns On Global Security
Cyber Defense Concerns in Global Security
The cyber domain crosses both physical and logical borders across the globe. No longer is every aspect of a
domain clearly part of a single nation. Occurrences within cyberspace has far reaching effects. 15 million T–
Mobile customer's data stolen via Experian server compromise, massive cyberattacks on Estonia and Georgia
networks (2007 and 2008 respectively), and over $1 trillion reportedly lost due to cybercrime. These are just a
few concerns facing global and state level security demonstrating significant concern and requirement for action.
Criminal syndicates as well as other non–state and state actors use cyberspace to conduct illegal activities. In
this, a common core of countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final concern facing global and national security is state sponsored activities. These three concerns are the
leading factors for cyber defense in global security.
Cybercrime is on the rise across the globe as criminal organizations and likeminded actors gain easy access to
skilled professionals and/or affordable commercial/free software. This type of crime is alluring and extremely
lucrative due to low physical risk and very high rewards (Heickero, 2013). Another aspect of cybercrime is the
theft of Intellectual Property (IP) and trade secrets. A great example of the theft of IP and impact is the study of
CISCO versus Huawei routers and the growing takeover by China due to IP/Trade secret gains (Demchak,
2011). Though, the severity of IP is difficult to articulate due to the various intangible losses. A McAfee study
shows that such crime plays a significant factor in "trade balances, national income, and jobs" which drastically
impacts economic security (McAfee, 2014).
States must also deal with cyber espionage, which is one of the most aggressive activities in cyberspace. Cyber
espionage relates to both cybercrime and cyber warfare. Similar to the criminal theft of IP and trade secrets,
cyber espionage is illicit access to confidential information held by government or other organizations. Such
gains are used to support political, religious, commercial, or

The Role Of Non State Armed Actors
Encounters with non–state armed actors form the backdrop of my research agenda. As a peacekeeper in Kosovo,
I witnessed seemingly random acts of violence spark hate–filled reprisals. This behavior made visible the
networks of grievances and feuds within villages and peoples' minds. My soldiers and I understood little about
our adversaries who hid among an acquiescent population and whose identities and loyalties seemed to
continuously shift. We were almost powerless to stop this kind of violence because of our legal mandate, and
because it appeared to be enabled by our presence. Subsequent experiences during counterinsurgency efforts in
Iraq and Afghanistan immersed me in similar moral hazards. Once again, I faced the turmoil created by ... Show
I wondered: how can governments make credible commitments to security and governance when the landscape
of violence remains fragmented? What I saw on the ground rarely corroborated with the broader narratives I read
in newspapers, the military's anodyne policy briefs, or academic literature on conflict. Those sources held ideas
that made sense to me as applicable to wars between states, but not to the kinds of conflict that we now seemed
to face. From my ground–level perspective, it puzzled me to see how some non–state armed actors implemented
strategies that appeared counterproductive to their short and long–term objectives. Again I wondered: did it
appear that way because they knew something we did not, or was it because we truly understand so little?
The United States withdrew its troops from Iraq and Afghanistan based upon the appearance of security. That
security was short–lived due to dysfunctional governance and factionalized violence. Other countries, such as
Yemen and Somalia, exhibit similar degenerative processes. Within these fragmented states, governance
institutions crumble amidst the competition between proliferating non–state armed groups. Most individuals in
this context experience radical increases in insecurity with a corresponding decrease in their capacity to
undertake positive political action, thereby hastening state decline. These observations led me to question how
the fragmentation of state

Strategic Challenges And The Global Security Environment
The central problem discussed in this paper is determining the general capabilities needed in the Joint Force
2025 to rebalance the force considering the current strategic challenges and the global security environment.
This paper proposes that the Joint Force of 2025 must focus on its competitive advantages and it must curtail
ineffective and expensive programs to preserve its ground forces capability to provide deterrence and defeat
capabilities critical to our National Strategic Objectives. To support this position, this paper first articulates the
emerging threats to U.S. National Interests and compares them to the key strategic direction of published
Department of Defense (DoD) strategy and strategic concepts. Secondly, this proposal provides broad
capabilities that the Joint Force must aggregate from the services of the DoD, and the general capabilities of
each service. Finally, this paper highlights and mitigates the inherent risks to its proposed capabilities. The
emerging threats to U.S. National Interests are several, at the same time that Sequestration, or the Budget
Control Act of 2011, magnifies the criticality of miscalculated future force decisions. The persistent trends that
summarize the threats of 2025 include the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the rise of modern
competitor states, violent extremism, regional instability, transnational criminal activity, and competition for
resources. The National Military Strategy (NMS) of 2015 breaks

Terrorism Is Not Only A Weapon Used By Non State Actors,...
When discussing terrorism from a realism point a view, many do not believe realists have much to say on the
topic since realists concerns focuses on state interaction and terrorists as some believe are transnational actors.
While it may be easier to pick any other international theory, there are some aspects of realism that can explain
terrorism and will be explained throughout this section. One, terrorism is not only a weapon used by non–state
actors, regimes and governments use it against their own citizens, which end up involving other countries in the
end. Two, policies that are enacted to counter terrorism affect how states interact within their countries and with
each other. Three, while terrorist organizations may not have a physical state to operate from, they do many
times have governments and justice systems set up as a service to the people, they create armies, they form
allies, and they engage in warfare with legitimate states. There have been numerous times when a state has
declared war on a terrorist organization. Terrorism like security demands a struggle for power. This makes
terrorist organizations a serious threat to states and their security. Like states have struggled to for self–
determination, gaining, and maintaining power, so does modern terrorists with the goal to establish their own
state or replace one. This is true of Hamas a terrorist organization that has struggled for years to not only gain
power but to establish a Palestinian State and holds

The Current State Of International Politics
In this paper I will argue that the current state of international politics is characterized more by cooperation then
conflict, and the international politics today is more cooperative then it was in previous eras of international
relations. The change in behavior is a result of increased participation in formal international institutions, and the
growing interconnectedness of societies as a result of globalization. The shift in international relations from
conflictual to cooperative behavior can be seen in international security, monetary relations, and the
environment, as states, combined with new non–state actors have begun to utilize formal institutions to generate
solutions to international tribulations.
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
The anarchic nature of international politics creates insecurity for states at the international level, forcing states
to develop institutions to create their own security. Throughout history, actors have developed various
approaches to mitigate the anarchy of international politics, such as arms build up, alliances, and hegemonic
balances of power. While these systems may offer some cooperation, given the multipolar nature of the world
today and the increase in security threats from non–state, transnational actors, our current system of collective
security institutions has created a new era cooperation in international security.
Security Previous Eras
In previous eras of international relations, states have attempted to gain security

Non-State Actors And Terrorism
Non–state actors and terrorism in international relations are complicated subjects seeing it in different
perspectives. Non–state actors see themselves as freedom fighters, whereas the victims see them as terrorists.
There isn't a solid definition on terrorism however, there are three different qualities that defines a terrorist.
Violence is a quality that causes destruction of properties and murder within states. Targeting civilians is another
quality that terrorist have because they use them to create examples to threaten state actors. Finally the most
important quality out of all is political purposes because without it, it would be a group of sick people who
slaughter other people out of pleasure. Non–states actors, and terrorism existed ... Show more content on
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Using violence, targeting civilian, and having a political goal is three main qualities that defines a terrorist
because without it any of these qualities it would be either a protest or group of psychopaths killing civilians. In
the movie "Olympus Has Fallen" shows the violence of killing innocent people, causing destruction of
properties and taking president as hostage for political reasons. Kang Yeonsak the antagonist of the movie
wanted to turn United States of American into an irradiated wasteland and watch them suffer as revenge for his
family. There are similar historical examples of terrorism that happened such as the terrorist attack on September
11, 2001 nearly killed 2,500 innocent people in the World Trade Center and 1979–1980 Iran hostage crisis using
hostage as blackmail toward the government for exchanges of

Economics And Its Interaction With Politics
I went in my masters program interested in economics and its interaction with politics, but once I took my first
course in international affairs I knew the direction I wanted my studies and subsequent career to take. I was so
invigorated by these classes that I not only took many of them, but also some multiple times including National
Security Policy and Crisis Management. All of these classes reinforced the importance of international relations
in my mind, particularly regarding interactions with non–state actors. I want to further strengthen my knowledge
and capabilities in global policy research through a PhD in government with my focus being on international
relations, specifically conflict.
In addition to the aforementioned courses I took a number of classes that helped me to hone in on my underlying
interest in many facets of international relations. In Political Sociology and the Global Economy I examined the
rise of the global economy and its basis in earlier more localized efforts. I took part in fascinating discussions on
what being a nation means in Social Movements, Protest and Change during the early days of the Arab Spring. I
further developed these early interests at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Through Global Economic
Policy I led a working group in our presentation of India/Brazil supposed intellectual property violations as if we
were the WHO writing to the WTO. This experience examining from another's perspective was compounded
when I worked

Strategic Challenges And The Global Security Environment
The central problem discussed in this paper is to determine the general capabilities needed to rebalance the Joint
Force 2025 (JF25) considering the current strategic challenges and the global security environment. This paper
proposes that the JF25 focus on its competitive advantages and curtail ineffective and expensive programs to
preserve its ground forces' capability to provide deterrence and defeat capabilities critical to our National
Strategic Objectives. To support this position, this paper articulates the emerging threats to U.S. National
Interests and highlights the key strategic direction of published Department of Defense (DoD) strategy and
strategic concepts. Secondly, this proposal provides the broad capabilities that the JF25 must aggregate from
each service of the DoD. Finally, this paper articulates and mitigates the inherent risks to its proposed
capabilities. The emerging threats to U.S. National Interests are several. At the same time, sequestration
magnifies the criticality of miscalculated capability decisions. The persistent threat–trends of 2025 include the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the rise of modern competitor states, violent extremism, irregular
warfare, regional instability, transnational criminal activity, competition for resources, and lone actors. The
National Military Strategy (NMS) of 2015 breaks down future threats into the categories of revisionist states and
violent extremist organizations, while recognizing the

Cyber War: The Dual-Status Commander (DSC)
The dual–status command construct is an essential element to command and control of a complex catastrophe.
As demonstrated in any military operation, having an understanding and knowledge of the chain of command
minimizes the chances for confusion and disorganization. This is especially critical when both Title 10 and Title
32 forces are responding to a defense support for civil authorities (DSCA) event.
Hurricane Sandy was the proving ground for the updated concept of having a National Guard Officer appointed
as the dual–status commander (DSC) in charge of both Title 32 and Title 10 forces. The introduction of
prepositioned Title 10 forces staged at JB–MDL, created a potential for uncoordinated efforts and improper
placement of assets were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
President Obama's choice to utilize drones versus 'boots on the ground' in many austere nations including
Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia has proven successful and ultimately weakened al–Qaida. Drone strikes have
been responsible for an estimated 3300 al–Qaida militants killed including several senior leaders since Obama
became President (Why Drones Work, Byman). The capability of an armed drone to stay airborne for several
hours virtually undetected has been a major strategic advantage in the counterterrorism fight against al–Qaida
and other such organizations. Al–Qaida has been forced to change many tactics, techniques, and procedures to
avoid detection by U.S drones. Command and control by al–Qaida leaders has been severely disrupted due to
detection by wireless communication devices which have caused them to limit their usage (Why Drones Work,
Byman). They have been forced to come out in the open which has been met by signature drone strikes targeting
groups further eliminating the threat of al–Qaida (Why drones work,

The Classical Realism And Constructivist Theory
Terrorism has many forms. Though society knows many of its vicious faces, little does the world acknowledge
that these terror–spurred events are often encouraged and sponsored through the politics of well–known nations.
I will be applying both the classical realism and constructivist theory to highlight ways in which the
constructivist perspective better addresses state–sponsored terrorism's effect on global relations.
Classical realism focuses on the interactions of state players. There are three main components to the classical
realist perspective; state–centrism, rationality, and power.
State–sponsored terrorism is controlled by state actors to achieve the goal of political gain. In such instances,
"countries which perceive themselves as the victims" (Demir 47) of some global injustice support acts of
violence to motivate change by fear. Terrorism itself poses an issue for the realist paradigm as its main actors are
non–state. Though it is the response and decisions of state players that dictate the outcome on interactions
between nations, non–state actors participate in the actual acts of terror. Non–state actors (NSA) are
organizations, or individuals, that hold political influence, but have no standing as a country. Terrorist groups are
a subset of NSA's who use violence and scare tactics against non–combatant targets to bring about political
manipulation. Even though the non–state actor carries out the attack, the state–centric approach emphasizes the
dominant

What Are The Weaknesses Of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was established in Washington on April 4th 1949. It was created
as an intergovernmental military alliance based on the principle of collective defence that states in article 5 that
"the parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be
considered an attack against them all". The organization's goal was to "keep the Russians out, the Americans in
and the Germans down". NATO's fundamental goal was to safeguard the allies freedom and security by political
and military means. Over the past 67 years of existence, NATO evolved from the need to protect its members
from the soviet power to proving that it could do more than balance the soviet power or the soviet threat.
NATO's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But conventional security measures in present times have many weaknesses that need to be taken into
consideration. These include unknown threats, unknown actors and attackers, limited efficiency, focused on
assessing the threats while ignoring the need to cover the vulnerabilities. In order to achieve conventional
security there is an absolute need to develop new instruments to counter the threats and to improve the old ones.
Conventional security could be achieved by adapting the old and including the new. In our times, the threats
need to be assessed on a regular basis as well as the measures to counter them. The evolution of technology, the
communication as well as the weapons used, led to the need of novelty in action. If the alliance wants to win in
the fight against these threats must always improve measures, must cooperate with other intelligence
organizations, invest in law enforcement capabilities, security, access to ports and airfields, arms control,
develop capabilities to prepare and respond or engaging cooperation between allies and other international

Non State Actors Essay
Environment now become a global issue. For that reason, non–state actors such as: NGOs and activists
participate to solve this problem. However, their participations are almost affecting population's idea or
cooperating with firms and even lobbying policies (O'Neil, 2009). These actions can be considered as effort of
non–state actors, but not directly protect environment. Therefore, non–state actors alone is not enough to deal
with environmental problems that require a dependence of them on state actors. This essay will present, analyze
the functions of non–state actors and will illustrate the relation between them and states. It cannot be denied the
important role of non–state actors in order to tackle environmental issues. Firstly, the propaganda tools and
persuasions are an effective method of non–state actors in almost case for influencing people and businesses
about the importance of protecting the environment. According to D'Estries (2015), environmental NGOs such
as: WWF or Greenpeace recognized the attraction of social media, especially Facebook, hence, they used this as
a tool to present their environmental campaigns and get a lot of 'like' button. This button is an evidence of the
concern of a large of population about the environmental issues and it can influence their idea of protecting the
environment. In the article "environmental activism, environmental politics and representation: the framing of
the British environmental activist movement", Newlands (2013)

Non State Actors ( Nsa ) Essay
Non–state Actors
The term non–State actors are a superordinate concept that encompasses all those actors in international
relations that are not states. It comprises individuals as well as entities, the latter spanning a large range of
organizations and institutions on the global, regional, sub–regional as well as the local levels.
Non–state actors (NSA) are entities that participate in international relations, these entities cannot be identified
by common sociological features as they include international organizations, corporations, non–governmental
organizations ('NGOs'), trade associations, and transnational corporations, terrorist groups and transnational
criminal organizations. They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even
though they do not belong to any established institution of a state. Non–state actors such as national or
international non–governmental organisations (NGOs) are adding their voices to international development
policy debates by organising, campaigning and lobbying across national boundaries in order to have a greater
influence on international development policy making and faced with growing economic and political
interdependencies of markets and states, governments have to cope with the increasingly complex postmodern
environment, including the activities of NGOs. An example of the influence of non–State actors on diplomacy is
the Westphalian Peace Treaty, where they had a role prior to the Treaty of Peace

The Leadership And Management Workflow
In every organization, the leadership and management workflow comprises the vast majority of decision making
and will be the defining factor in workplace cultures, communication, and overall sustaining business practices.
In non–profit organizations, this statement holds true. For example, Big Brothers Big Sisters is the oldest, largest
youth mentoring organization in America. Their vision is to provide all children, especially those facing
adversity, with achievable success in their lifetime. The executive team that makes up the governing board for
this organization has their own leadership practices that will lead towards the organization having different
strengths and weaknesses in theory and in the workplace. The Contingency Leadership Theory will be discussed
in context of Kansas Big Brothers Big Sisters as well as in general practice.
Organizational Description
Kansas Big Brothers Big Sisters is an affiliate of Big Brothers Big Sisters America and has been since 1969.
Since this time, Kansas Big Brothers Big Sisters has grown to the second largest affiliate agency in the nation,
serving more than 6,000 children statewide with over 4,000 children on the waiting list. The one–to–one
mentoring style that is provided by the organization is what sets it apart from other organizations who also
provide mentoring services. Their mission is to "provide children facing adversity with strong and enduring,
professionally supported one–to–one relationships that change their lives

Contemporary International System Analysis
The contemporary international system is one of multipolarity, leaning towards non–polarity. The conclusion of
the Cold War saw the international system shift from one motivated by ideology to one motivated by strategy –
an underlying feature of multipolarity. A multipolar system exhibits a 'balance of power' mechanism, in which
many states ally to maintain power, without a single force dominating. The current international system exhibits
all of the key characteristics of a multipolar system – multiple nation–states of influence, alliances which shift
on the basis of power and stability, and international decisions made primarily for strategic terms. Facilitated by
the advent of globalisation, non–state actors possess an unprecedented level of economic, military, and cultural
influence. Their expanded influence in the international system has helped shift it from the bipolarity of the Cold
War era. The advent of globalisation has also introduced a real–time effect into international relations which has
permanently altered the interactions between state and non–state actors, and the influence they have on the
world.
The primary characteristic distinguishing the contemporary international system from past international systems,
and contributing to its description as a multipolar system, is the extensive role played by non–state actors.
Polarity in the international system is identified on the basis of how many states hold economic, military, and
cultural influence, with

Transnational Relations And Non State Actors
The impacts of transnational relations and non–state actors have been highlighted at the end of the cold war and
the recent increase in globalization movement. It is undeniable that the position of transnational society has
influenced a lot of outcomes in international relations today. This essay highlights different types of
transnational actors and their local and global influence capacity. The interdependence between state and non–
state actors are explored. The discussion is also based on the understanding that different political schools of
thought have conflicting opinions on the effectiveness and relevance of transnational movements. As such, the
discussion highlights the theories and proves or disproves them based on contemporary situations in global
politics. Nation–states are considered to have the main influence in world politics. However, increase in
globalization movement has resulted to complications in world politics to the extent that nation–states do not
have full control over world politics. Nations–states, private sectors and international organizations make up the
international system. There is a continual increase in the number of international organizations. The increase
does not support the occurrence of political, social and economic transactions that are conducted between
societies, states and individuals. Currently, the transnational system that has emerged as a result of establishment
of several non–state actors poses a great threat to state–based

Why Do Non-State Actors Target The US
Succeeding the Cold War, the threat to the U.S. has shifted from traditional to non–traditional. As a global
power, both actors target the U.S.; conversely, nation–states (traditional threat) have become steady while Non–
State Actors (NSAs) (non–traditional threat) have cultivated at an amplified rate. Nation–states are defined as a
sovereign geographical area with political legitimacy over a cultural population. "Non–state actors (NSA) are
individuals or organizations that have economic, political or social power and are able to influence at a national
and sometimes international level but do not belong to or ally themselves to any particular country or state,"
(Joey 2015). The U.S. must assess the actors' level(s) of the threat(s) as ... Show more content on
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Again, nation–states are restricted by rules and regulations, such as international laws and the Geneva
Convention. NSAs do not adhere to these laws and policies. Nation–states use military–grade defense systems
that include costly weapon systems whereas NSAs use cheap, "do–it–yourself" solutions and weapons (source
website). Most NSAs often use guerrilla warfare tactics that leave little evidence to detect them from citizens.
"Imbalances of resolve result in asymmetries in intensity, expressed either as a willingness to endure a different
degree of violence and/or as a willingness to inflict a different degree of violence" (V28N2, 2). "Asymmetric
warfare is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon"

Isolationism Vs Isolationism
Sometimes it is often better to keep to ourselves as we are sometimes told, and perhaps this is true, with no
worries about what is happening around us and instead experiencing peace and tranquility, we feel immense
comfort and joy when we take care of ourselves. When this is the case with nations or nation–states isolating
themselves from the rest of the world, this is called isolationism. In the real world, while isolationist policies
may seem beneficial for nations in the short term by maintaining their right to autonomy, in the long run, its
consequences are much more serious. First of all, isolationist policies prevents innovation and new ideas from
entering a country and benefitting them. Secondly, it forces nations to ignore the harsh realities of the world and
maintains the illusion everything is right. It is for these two reasons the perspective presented in the source
should be embraced to to a lesser degree.
The source begins off by asserting that isolationism is like "us minding our own business". This sets the tone
from the beginning that the perspective in the source is for isolationism. It then continues to to state that if a
nation–state wishes to not have any intervention from other countries, it is "their right". The source then begins
to question if perhaps isolationism would make the world a better place if countries did not try to "to stick their
noses" into the affairs of other countries. The sources use of words such as "stick" and "noses" allows us

Policymakers have a range of tools to use in conflict...
Policymakers have a range of tools to use in conflict resolution and post–conflict reconstruction. While varied in
breath and effect, the political, economic, and military tools policy makers use ties to traditional methods of
conflict resolution. However, as conflicts have evolved to occupy the larger and more public stages following
globalization, so have the tools. Globalization not only increased state–to–state awareness of inequalities in
wealth and resources, but also within states; increasing tension along ethnic and tribal lines. (Bercovitch and
Jackson, 5) The political, economic, and military tools used in conflict resolution and post–conflict
reconstruction present a deeply interconnected method of reshaping a war–torn ... Show more content on
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Economic measures seek to establish long–term macroeconomic policies and sustainable community
development by providing humanitarian relief, essential social services, and communication. Military measures
seek to demilitarize politics and transform cultures of violence through disarmament, demobilization,
establishing law and order, and rebuilding military and police forces. Ramsbotham also identifies a fourth tenant
not mentioned in the paper's question but equally important, social measures. Social measures seek to heal
psychological wounds and facilitate reconciliation by building trust and inter–communal dialog. Together these
lines of effort replace lost essential infrastructure, rebuild manufacturing capability to support the population,
and construct the framework for a state to thrive. (Week 3 Lecture, 3) Yet despite the different goals in each of
the categories, they are far from disconnected in practice. Political, economic, and military tools are as
intertwined as their counterparts in a Realists Balance of Power system. In The Balance of Power in
International Relations, Richard Little describes power as a function of the size of the population and territory,
resource endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and competence. (Little, 174)
Stronger nations tend to show stronger

Big Brothers Big Sister Program Analysis
Big Brothers/Big Sisters is an Australian program based in Melbourne and has locations in Sydney and
Adelaide. The overall aim of this program is to assist young people to stay in school, avoid antisocial behavior
as well as improving their self–confidence and social skills (Big Brothers Big Sisters, 2017). To achieve this, the
program matches vulnerable and disadvantaged youths between the ages of 7–17 with positive role models. The
key feature of the Big Brothers/Big Sister program is one–on one mentoring, where the mentor (big
brother/sister) spends a couple of hours a week with the mentee (little brother/sister) for a minimum period of a
year. The proposed outcomes of this program include improved educational participation and success, ... Show
While the evidence for mentoring programs suggest that mentoring does appear to have a positive effect on
education, training, and employment as well as self–esteem and social skills, mentoring is essentially an
unproven strategy (Headley, 2004). Furthermore, the evaluations that have been conducted on the mentoring
programs have not demonstrated strong effects for positive outcomes. In fact, some studies have found negative
or no effects at all for youth mentoring (Rhodes, 2008). Other studies have shown that positive effects have
diminished significantly within a few months of the program ending (Rhodes, 2008). These findings identify the
importance of more research in the efficacy and lasting impact of mentoring for youths. Blinn–Pike (2011)
compared several studies and found that mentoring improved interpersonal relationships, behavior and reduced
violence in the mentees. However, these findings are limited by several variables, including, the small amount of
studies, small sample sizes within the studies and that most of the effect sizes were small and medium, with only
one effect size that was considered large (.80). Headley (2004) also found that most mentoring programs in
Australia and overseas had not been subject to an external evaluation. If the effectiveness and impact of
mentoring programs such as the BBBS–AU program, are to be determined more

Big Brothers Big Sisters Psychological Analysis
Psychological Impacts in Big Brothers Big Sisters "Changing perspectives, chasing Lives"(Big Brothers Big
Sisters [BBBS] , 2017). Big Brothers Big Sisters, also known as BBBS; is a mentoring program. BBBS form
meaningful pairs between adult volunteers ("Bigs") and children ("Littles") in communities across the country.
The Bigs and Littles range from the ages of 6–18. Each district is given one supervisor, also known as the Case
Manager. The program develops positive relationships within the Bigs, Littles, and the supervisor. With a
positive adult influence, Littles and Bigs are able to reach their fullest potential. Through these positive
relationships, the program offers many positive psychological impacts towards each individual. Big Brothers Big
Sisters promotes the principles of human behavior, motivation, learning, perception, and emotion; all relating to
the individual whilst benefiting our community.
Purpose
The purpose of the program is to provide children facing affiliation with ardent and enduring professional
support through a one–to–one mentoring relationship. This relationship creates a strong bond between both Bigs
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gibu, personal communication, March 5, 2017). To conclude, BBBS is highly impactful for both mentors and
students. Children and teens are likely to avoid risky behaviors and focus on academics. As quoted, "For more
than 100 years, Big Brothers Big Sisters has operated under the belief that inherent in every child is the ability to
succeed and thrive in life (BBBS, 2017)". BBBS helps children and teens overcome challenges and to reach
one's highest potential. The program promotes the principles of human behavior, motivation, learning,
perception, and emotion; all relating to the individuals whilst benefiting the

State Centricity Is Vital On The Understanding Of Neo...
State centricity is vital in the understanding of neo–realist thought. Neo–realism is based on three key features,
Survival, Self–help and Statism where the outcomes of policies must benefit the state first and foremost. In this
way, the decision–making processes are made by the state rather than international actors. Consequently, the
state–centric approach deals predominately with the state being of utmost importance in relation to other global
matters. However this approach fails to appropriately deal with the global problem that is climate change. Thus
climate challenges this notion of state–centricity within the realist discourse.
Combatting climate change requires international commitment and participation. However in the modern day,
nature has become a commodity. Natural resources are something that you can use, buy and sell within the
global economy rather than their scarcity being a focus of concern. The competition between individual states
for these resources (such as water and minerals) further enforces the survivalist nature of neo–realism and the
state–centric system. In this sense, the current approach to climate change conforms to the realist notion of
state–centricity but if anything is to be done about it, climate change must challenge the status quo as it is a
global problem. This is mainly a consequence of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) which saw states regarded as
the major actors within the international system. Moreover, this saw the emergence of

Global Governance: Globalization and Non-State Actors
"The process of globalization and the increasing role of non–state actors in global governance are undermining
the role of the state as the principal actor in global policymaking."
Globalization and the increasing role of non–state actors have shifted the position of states, the traditional "main
players" in global governance. However, whether this change undermines states is debatable. In one sense,
states' roles have somewhat diminished: Non–governmental entities – namely transnational corporations (TNC),
but also global non–governmental organizations (NGOs) and others – have an increasing voice in global policy
debates, which may lessen states' influence in governmental affairs. But in several other key ways, states' retain
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transnational corporations are not the only parties playing an increasing role in global governance. Other
entities, such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), are also becoming more present and influential. NGOs
perform a number of functions related to global institutions, such as helping implement programs, serving in a
"watchdog" role, conducting research, raising awareness on issues, and others (London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine [LSHTM], Session 6, n.d.). Although these non–governmental organizations often lack
voting powers in international institutions, they are progressively serving in more formalized roles. For example,
the World Health Organization (WHO) has official relations with about 185 NGOs. The International Health
Partnership – meant to help developing countries reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goals –
have around 50 members (Ibid). The influence of NGOs, TNCs, and others are displayed in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Global health governance mapped (Dodgson, 2002) Nonstate actors such as TNCs and NGOs have
unmistakably gained greater influence in global governance, as seen in Figure 1. But – as that graphic also
shows –

Digital Technology Fundamentally Changed The Nature Of...
Name: Jennifer Diane Ulloa
SOAS ID: 643951
Course: Global Diplomatic Studies and Practice
Tutor: Goitom Gebreluel
Title: Have developments in digital technology fundamentally changed the nature of diplomacy or are they
simply new means to pursuing the same ends?
Word count:
Intro:
This uncertainty reflects a growing awareness that a transformational international system still dominated by
sovereign states is having to respond to change at several interrelated levels. Whilst complex policy agendas still
demand a central, if changing, role for the state, many of the norms, rules and roles associated with diplomacy as
it has developed over the last few centuries are no longer fit for purpose. Clearly, fundamental questions
regarding the purposes of diplomacy, who is – or should be – involved in it and what forms and practices it
should assume to deal with new policy challenges need to be urgently addressed. This applies to international
organizations as well as the institutions of national diplomacy and offers a fundamentally different perspective
from that based on the familiar claim that diplomacy is irrelevant to contemporary global needs. Rather,
diplomacy has a central role but needs to adapt to the demands of a rapidly changing environment. Against this
background, a central assumption of this report is that diplomacy as a set of processes continues to be of central
importance to the global policy milieu and that these processes need to be constantly re–evaluated.

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