ABSTRACT SONA 1987-2016

ABSTRAK KARYA TULIS ILMIAH
1987-1988 (2 artikel)
1. Idris, M.M; Suhartana, S. (1987). Pengaruh frekuensi makan terhadap jam kerja penebang jati di KPH
Jombang (The effect of calorie intake on the performance of teak loggers in Jombang forest district).
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 4(3):17-20. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
One of heavy work in the forestry activity in Indonesia is manual tree felling of the teak. This
work needs much physical labor. Grandjean (1982) states that an extreme physical exertion needs energy
about 4,500 k cal/day. In order to continue teak production it is needed to improve welfare of laborer by
giving a better nutrition. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calorie intake on the performance
of the laborer and data were analyzed by using tabulation. The result showed that eating frequency are
highly significant for teak tree fellers productive working hour, age group of 18-40 years with their average
productive working hours were 5 hours 9 minutes and 29 seconds for two times eating frequencies. Further,
the average of 6 hours 21 minutes and 41 seconds for three times eating frequencies, and for age group 40
years up were 4 hours 37 minutes and 25 seconds for two times eating frequencies and 5 hours 10 minutes
and 36 seconds for three times eating frequencies.
Keywords : Eating frequency, nutrition, logger, teak.
2. Idris, M.M; Suhartana, S. (1988). Kondisi ruangan kerja pada tiga pabrik kayu lapis di SumSel
(Working conditions of three plywood factories in South Sumatera). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5(5):
269-274. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
An investigation on working condition of three plywood factories in South Sumatra was
conducted in 1987. The objective is to find out the workers’ judgement about their working condition in
terms of conveniences. The total of 265 respondents from plywood factories employed in the processing
steps of wood preparation, peeling, reeling, unreeling, veneer drying, veneer preparation, gluing, pressing,
finishing, quality control, packaging, workshops and laboratories were interviewed. The result showed that
in each processing step, more that 60% respondents felt their working space conditions were far from being
convenient due to inappropriate air circulation, dust, bad smell, noise, and vibration.
Keywords: Working space, convenient, work productivity.
1990-1994 ( 9 artikel)
3. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1990). Antropometrik penebang jati di BKPH Bandungsari, KPH Purwodadi,
Perum Perhutani Unit I Jateng (Anthropometric of teak loggers in Bandungsari sub forest district-
Purwodadi forest district, Central Java). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 7(1):28-33. Pusat Litbang
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Anthropometric data of the workers are essential in the practice of ergonomics, especially for the
design of work places, machines and equipment in order to attain work comfort and increased work
productivity. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to 18 teak loggers aging between 20-35 years.
The measurements included: body, shoulder, elbow, and hip height; shoulder and hip width; length of arm
and hand, length of upper arm, lower arm and hand; upper reach and arm span (measurements in standing
position). In sitting position, the body measurements comprised sitting, elbow, hip and knee height; length
of upper and lower leg. The result showed that elbow height of teak logger has high variability and
decrease their working comfort and productivity. Length of arm and hand which are longer than axe handle
on the other hand speed up working fatique and in efficient work.
Keywords: Anthropometric, logger.
4. Suhartana,S. (1990). Produktivitas kerja dalam kilang penggergajian kayu ramin (Gonystylus bancanus
Kurz.) di Kalteng (Work productivity in sawmill factory of ramin wood (Gonystylus bancanusKurz) in
Central Kalimantan). Jurnal Litbang Kehutanan 6(2):25-29. Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This research describes of work productivity on sawmill factory at Inhutani III sampit, Central
Kalimantan. The objective is to find the work productivity of the equipment in sawmill factory. Nul’stop
method was done to measure the effective time. Work productivity is obtained by using formula used by
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Wasono (1965). The results of work productivity investigation are as follows: for head-rig = 5.7660, re-
saw= 1.8477, edger= 2.2651, cross cut= 1.8484 and for little circle=1.0133 m3
/group/hr, while the results of
work productivity indirectly effecting the production process are as follows: for log preparation=2.362,
sawn master=0.78, finishing= 0.78 and waste handling= 1.582 m3
/group/hr.
Keywords: Work productivity, sawmill, Ramin wood.
5. Thaib, J; Suhartana, S. (1991). Keadaan jalan sarad dan pohon ditebang pada tegakan tinggal di
kawasan sebuah perusahaan hutan Riau (Skidding road and tree felled situation on residual stand at a
forest company in Riau). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 9(4):144-149. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
An investigation of skidding performance was conducted at one forest company in Riau, in 1988.
The result showed that stand density ranges from 126 to 190 trees with an average of 158 trees/ha, soft soil
without any rock, land slope ranges from 6.8 to 20.0 and the trees felled from 2 to 8 with an average of 5
trees/ha. Also it was found that the length of productive skidding road ranges from 91.0 m to 329.8 m with
an average of 210.4 m/ha while the length of unproductive skidding road varies from 2.5 m to 49.9 m with
an average of 26.2 m/ha. The ration between the lengths of unproductive and productive skidding road is
12.5%. By considering tractor’s life time 20,000 hours, around 2,500 hours of them are unproductive.
Relating this figure with owning and operation costs, those unproductive skidding road surely cause quite
large loss. Besides, the unproductive tractor movements also cause land exposure to the amount of 122.5
m2
/ha. All the above disadvantages can be minimized by planning skidding roads ahead and strictly
controlling the operation.
Keywords: Skidding road, unproductive, felled trees, residual stand.
6. Suhartana, S. (1992). Optimasi penggunaan bahan baku dan penganekaragaman produk di salah satu
kilang kayu lapis di Sumatera Selatan (Optimation of natural resources and diversification product
utility in plywood factory in South Sumatera). Jurnal Litbang Kehutanan 8(1):24-31. Badan Litbang
Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The investigation of production factors of plywood factory, such as the capital, raw materials,
machine and equipments, man power and marketing were main important aspects. These factors, are
limited, therefore the efficient managerial is required. It has known than the capital is an important one, the
calculation carefully to cost production is required and then used to looking for the combination of optimal
products, to maximize the benefit of plywood factory and make an efficiency of natural resources/raw
material supply. The aim of research is to get an optimal combination products to maximize benefit and
The results show that combination of plywood optimal production, will achieve by maximum benefit of Rp
650,269,965 per month. By combination, the optimum products were of thin 4 mm (X1)= 166,655 pieces, 6
mm (X2)= 31,018 pieces, 9 mm (X3)= 23,096 pieces, 12 mm (X4)= 22,472 pieces, 15 mm (X5)= 69,730
pieces, 18 mm (X6)= 12,961 pieces, and 24 mm (X7)= 1,501 pieces per month.
Keywords: Optimation, raw-material, diversification, plywood.
7. Suhartana, S. (1993). Kajian keberadaan tegakan tinggal dan keterbukaan lahan pada kegiatan
penebangan dan penyaradan di suatu perusahaan hutan di kalimantan tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan 11(3):117-121. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The damage of soil and vegetation caused by felling and yarding operation are unavoidable even
though the operation are done very carefully. The conclusion of several previous studies related to the
problem showed that residual stand damages and ground exposure are influenced by logging operation,
because felling and yarding operation are carried out without proper planning. The aim of the study is to
find the level of residual stand damage, total trees felled per unit area, and ground exposure caused by
felling and yarding operations. The study was carried out in a forest concession of PT. kayu Tribuana Rama
in Central Kalimantan in 1991. he gathered data were analyzed by simple linier regression analysis. The
results are as follow: (1) The average of residual stand damage caused by felling and yarding operation is
11.1% for the average total trees felled of 5.9 trees/ha; (2) The effect of total trees felled per unit area on
residual stand damage is highly significant. Logging operations in steeper slope could increase residual
stand damage; (3) The average of ground exposure caused by logging operation is 19.7% for the average
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total trees felled 5.9 trees/ha; and (4) The effect of total trees felled per unit area on ground exposure is not
significant. Logging operations in the company is not planned to comply with TPTI regulations.
Keywords: Residual stand, ground exposure, damage, felling, skidding.
8. Suhartana, S. (1993). Pengaruh pemanenan hasil hutan terhadap tingkat kerusakan tegakan tinggal pada
dua HPH di Kalbar The effect of logging to residual stand damages in two forest concessions in West
Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 11(4):153-156. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial
Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Disturbed soil and vegetation caused by logging operation is difficult to be avoided, even in good
logging operation. Past studies related to this problem shows that forest concessions in Sumatera and
Kalimantan used Indonesian Selective Cutting System (TPTI) as a basic activity in logging operation.
However, because of the weakness of government control activity, most of the companies were looking for
financial benefit only and neglect the sustainability of the forest. The aim of this study is to assess the
number of commercial trees (diameter 20 cm and up) damaged during logging operation. The study was
carried out in two forest concessions: PT. Batasan/A and PT. Tanjungpura Bhakti/B in West Kalimantan.
The results show that: (1) The average percentage of commercial trees damaged of diameter 20 cm and up
during logging operation are 4.6% in A concession and 5.6% in B concession; and (2) The average number
of trees in concession A are 8.9 trees/ha while in concession B is 7.8 trees/ha.
Keywords: Forest product harvesting, residual stand, commercial trees.
9. Suhartana,S; Dulsalam. (1994). Peranan penebangan dan penyaradan terhadap keberadaan tegakan
tinggal di suatu perusahaan hutan di Riau (The role of felling and skidding operation on residual stand
condition at a forest concession in Riau). Jurnal Litbang Kehutanan 9(2):68-72. Badan Litbang
Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper present study result of the role felling and skidding operations on residual stand
condition. The study was carried out at a forest concession in Riau in 1993. The aims of the study are: (1)
to find the residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding; (2) to know the factors influencing the
residual stand damages; and (3) to find the way of reducing the residual stand damage. Data on residual
stand damage, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, the number of dragged trees and land
slopes were collected. Then, the data was analyzed by using the multiple regression. The results of the
study show that: (1) The residual stand damage caused by felling ranged between 3.5% and 17.9% with an
average of 9.1%; (2) The residual stand damage caused by yarding varied from 4.9% to 22.5% with an
average of 13.04%; and (3) the number of trees felled and the slopes affected significantly to the residual
stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the steeper the slopes the greater the residual
stand damaged caused by felling and skidding will be.
Keywords: Felling, skidding, residual stand, influencing factors.
10. Suhartana, S. (1994). Penetapan besarnya limbah penebangan serta upaya penekanannya
(Determination of logging waste and ways of suppressing it). Jurnal Litbang Kehutanan 9(3):25-31.
Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of logging waste study carried out at a forest concession in West
Kalimantan in 1991. The aims of the study are: (1) to determine the wood waste caused by felling
operation; (2) to find the factors influencing the wood waste; and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood
waste. Data were analyzed by calculating waste volume in m3
/ha and then the waste was categorized on
tree part and condition. The results of this study show: (1) The average wood waste from trees felled is 37
m3
/ha (36%) consisting of: stump 4 m3
/ha (3.9%), clear bole 14.7 m3
/ha (14.3%), trunk above the first
branch 10 m3
/ha (9.7%), and branches 8.3 m3
/ha (8.1%); and (2) the average of actual wood production
harvested is 65.7 m3
/ha (64%).
Keywords: Waste, felling, actual production.
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11. Suhartana,S; Dulsalam. (1994). Kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat kegiatan penebangan dan
penyaradan: Kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Riau (Residual stand damages causes by felling and
skidding activities: a case study in a logging company in Riau). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 12(1):25-
29. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents study results of residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding
activities. The case study was carried out at PT. Dwi Marta in Riau in 1993. The aims are: (1) to find the
impact of felling and skidding on residual stand damages; (2) to know the factors influencing the residual
stand damages; and (3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damage. Data on the number of trees with
diameter 20 cm and up, trees damages were collected. The data was analyzed by using the multiple
regression. The result of study shows: (1) the residual stand damage caused by felling ranged between 2.7-
10.6% with an average of 6.6%; (2) the residual stand damage caused by skidding with crawler tractor
varied from 2.7-22.3% with an average of 12.7%; and (3) Both the number of trees felled and slope in had
highly significant effect to residual stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the slope, the
greater the residual stand damages.
Keywords: residual stand damage, felling, skidding, felled trees.
1995-1999 ( 14 artikel)
12. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1995). Pengaruh pembuangan banir dalam penebangan pohon terhadap
efisiensi pemungutan kayu: studi kasus di suatu perusahaan htan di Kalbar (The effect of buttress
cutting in tree felling on wood harvesting efficiency : A case study in a logging company in West
Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 13(1):19-26. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial
Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study of the impact of buttress cutting in tree felling on
harvesting efficiency. The case study was carried out in PT. Kurnia Kapuas Plywood in West Kalimantan
in 1994. The aim of the study is to know the influence of buttress cutting on wood harvesting efficiency.
The data were analyzed by using the t-test. The result of study shows that the average of wood harvesting
efficiency by cutting buttress is 68.1% and without cutting buttress is 66.7%.
Keywords: Buttress, felling, efficiency, harvesting.
13. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1995). Produktivitas dan efisiensi pemanenan kayu dengan teknik
penebangan pohon serendah mungkin di hutan produksi alam: Studi kasus di tiga perusahaan hutan di
Kalteng (The productivity and efficiency of wood harvesting by practicing the lowest possible felling
technique: a case study in three logging companies in Central Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan 13(3):94-100. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study of wood harvesting productivity and efficiency when
practicing the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT). The case study was selected in three logging
companies in Central Kalimantan in 1994. Then, the results are compared to those obtained from
conventional felling technique (CFT). The results of the study are as follow: (1) The average of wood
harvesting productivity is 25.2 m3
/hr for LPFT and 28.8 m3
/hr for CFT. This difference is statistically
significant; (2) The average of wood harvesting efficiency is 86.1% for LPFT and 82.1% for CFT. This
difference of 1.28 m3
/tree is highly significant; and (3) The average of stump height when practicing the
LPFT is 0.45 m, while for CFT is 1.21 m.
Keywords : Productivity, efficiency, harvesting, lowest possible felling technique..
14. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1995). Faktor konversi produksi dolok pinus dari hutan alam: studi kasus di
satu perusahaan hutan di Aceh (Conversion factor of log production of Pine from natural forest: A case
study at a logging company in Aceh). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 13(4):162-166. Pusat Litbang Hasil
Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
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This paper is presenting the results of study on conversion factor of log production of Pine (Pinus
merkusii) from natural forest. Study carried out at a logging company in Aceh in 1991. The aim of the
study was to know the conversion factor of Pine log production from natural forest including volume and
mass of measurement. The data were analyzed statistically by t-test. The result of this study showed that the
conversion factor of Pine log production unit were: (1) for fresh cut, 1 month and 2 months duration was
0.985 m3
/ton or 1.0152 ton/ m3
; (2) for 3 and 4 months was 1.086 m3
; and (3) for 1
year was 1.239 m3
.
Keywords: Conversion factor, pine, natural production forest.
15. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1996). Limbah kayu akibat pembuatan jalan hutan dan tebang bayang pada
enam HPH di Kaltim (Wood waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting at six logging
companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(1):7-15. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan
dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper present the results of the study on logging waste caused by forest road construction and
shadow cutting. The study carried out at six logging companies in East Kalimantan in 1990. The aim of the
study are: (1) to determine the wood waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting; (2) to
find the factors influencing the wood waste; and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood waste. The
results of this study shows that the average wood waste from trees felled caused by forest road construction
and shadow cutting is 1.16 m3
/ha for commercial wood species and 2.76 m3
/ha for non-commercial wood
species.
Keywords: Wood waste, forest road, shadow cutting.
16. Suhartana, S. (1996). Dampak penyaradan terhadap terjadinya keterbukaan lahan di kawasan dua
perusahaan hutan di Riau (The impact of log skidding on ground exposure at two forest companies in
Riau). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(2):52-59. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi
Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study on ground exposure caused by skidding. The case
study was carried out at two forest companies in Riau in 1995. The aim of the study were: (1) to find the
road skidding condition that shows by the ground exposure caused by skidding; (2) to know the factors
influencing the ground exposure; and (3) to find the way of reducing ground exposure. Data collected were
the number of trees felled/skidded, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, length and area of
skidding road. The data was analyzed by using the multiple regression. The study showed the following
results: (1) The average of non-productive skidding road is 13.4% from the number of productive skidding
road; (2) The extravagant of tractor operation was 2,680 hours; (3) The forest damage was 154.4 m2
/ha; (4)
The ground exposure caused by skidding was 14.1%; and (5) The number of trees felled/skidded was
highly significant to ground exposure.
Keywords: Skidding, skidding road, ground exposure.
17. Suhartana, S. (1996). Produktivitas penyaradan kayu dengan traktor caterpillar D7F : kasus di suatu
perusahaan hutan di Riau. Info Hasil Hutan 4(1):15-21. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi
Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil2penelitian mengenai produktivitas traktor Caterpillar D7F.
Dewasa ini pelaksanaan penyaradan dg traktor belum menhasilkan produktivitas yg optimum. Agar
produktivitas dpt meningkat, maka faktor2 yg mempengaruhinya perlu diperhatikan. Penelitian dilakukan
di suatu perusahaan hutan di Riau pd tahun 1995. Tujuan penelitian adalah utk: (1) Mengetahui besarnya
produktivitas traktor Caterpillar D7F; (2) Mengetahui faktor2 yg turut berpengaruh dlm produktivitas; dan
(3) mencari upaya2 yg dpt ditempuh utk meningkatkan produktivitas. Data yg dikumpulkan adalah: jarak
sarad, volume muatan, dan waktu penyaradan. Data diolah dg menggunakan model regresi berganda.
Penelitian menunjukkan hal2 sbb: (1) Rata2 produktivitas traktor Caterpillar D7F adalah 62,45 m3
.hm/jam
utk jarak sarad rata2 1,56 hm dan volume muatan 8,69 m3
; dan (2) Jarak sarad dan volume muatan
berpengaruh sangat nyata thd produktivitas traktor D7F. Dg diketahuinya faktor2 yg mempengaruhi
produktivitas penyaradan, maka dpt ditemukan upaya yg dpt ditempuh utk meningkatkan produktivitas tsb.
Kata kunci: Produktivitas, penyaradan, traktor.
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18. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1996). Kondisi tegakan tinggal di kawasan dua perusahaan hutan di Riau
(Residual stand condition at two forest concession in Riau). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(4):129-
ABSTRACT
Log skidding activities using tractors usually caused high residual stand damages. To reduce the
residual stand damages, the factors influencing them must be identified. A study was carried out at two
forest concessions in Riau in 1995. The aims of the study are: (1) to find the level of residual stand
damages caused by felling and skidding; (2) to identify the factors influencing the residual stand damages;
and (3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damages. Data collected were the number of felled trees,
trees with diameter 20 cm and up, and damaged trees. The data was analyzed by using the multiple
regression. The results of the study show: (1) The average of residual stand damages caused by felling is
11.5%; (2) The average of residual stand damages caused by skidding is 15.4%; and (3) The influence of
the number of felled trees, stand density and the slope were highly significant to residual stand damages.
Knowing the factors influencing the residual stand damages, ones should be easy to find the way of
reducing that damages.
Keywords: felling, skidding, felled trees, residual stand damage.
19. Suhartana, S; Dulsalam. (1996). Penebangan serendah mungkin untuk meningkatkan produksi kayu:
studi kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (The lowest possible felling technique for increasing wood
production: case study in two forest companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
14(9):374-381. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study of felling productivity and wood utilization level when
practicing the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT). The case study was selected in two forest
companies in East Kalimantan in 1996. The aim of the study is to find information of the effect of
practicing the LPFT to the felling productivity and wood utilization level. Then, the results are compared to
those obtained from conventional felling technique. The results of the study are as follow: (1) The average
of felling productivity is 42.16 m3
/hr for the LPFT and 49.96 m3
/hr for conventional felling (CFT). This
difference of 7.8 m3
/hr is significant; (2) the average of stump height when practicing the LPFT is 37.6 cm,
while for CFT is 56.6 cm; (3) The average of waste stump volume is 0.21 m3
/tree (3.34%) for the LPFT
and 0.40 m3
/tree (4.54%) for CFT. The average of wood utilization is 6.08 m3
/tree (96.6% of the average
volume of trees felled of 6.29 m3
/tree) for the LPFT and 8.41 m3
/tree (95.45% of the average volume of
trees felled of 8.81 m3
/tree) for CFT. There is 1.20% increase; and (4) It is recommended that the LPFT be
implemented because this technique can increase wood utilization.
Keywords: Felling productivity, lowest possible felling technique, stump height.
20. Suhartana, S. (1996). Minimasi keterbukaan lahan melalui penyaradan yg direncanakan:kasus di dua
perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Minimizing ground exposure by practicing planned skidding: A case study
at two forest companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(10):444-453. Pusat
Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study on ground exposure caused by planned skidding. Log
skidding by tractor can cause serious ground exposure. By practicing planned skidding, that ground
exposure can be minimized. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan in
1996. The aim of the study is to find the effect of planned skidding on ground exposure by minimizing non-
productive skidding road. Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, number of trees with
diameter 20 cm and up, slope and ground exposure. The data was analyzed by using the t-test and the
multiple regression. The study showed the following results: (1) The average of non-productive skidding
road caused by planned skidding is 4.4% from the number of productive skidding road and for conventional
is 9.9%. This difference of 5.6% is highly significant; (2) The average of ground exposure caused by
planned skidding is 11.2% and for conventional is 15.2%. This difference of 4.0% is significant; and (3)
The factors that positively influenced the ground exposure and non-productive skidding road are the
number of trees felled/skidded and stand density, and the factor that negatively influenced them is slope for
planned skidding. It is found that the ground exposure in conventional skidding is influenced the slope
(highly significant).
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Keywords: Minimizing, ground exposure, un-productive skidding road, planned skidding.
21. Suhartana, S. (1997). Penyaradan yg direncanakan utk minimasi keruasakan tegakan tinggal:kasus di
dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Planned skidding for minimizing residual stand damages:A case study
at two forest companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 15(1):60-67. Pusat Litbang
Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study on residual stand damages caused by planned skidding.
Log skidding by tractor carefully, will be the residual stand damages. By planned skidding will be
minimized that damages. The case study was carry out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan. The
aim of the study is to minimize the residual stand damages. Data collected were the number of trees
felled/skidded, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, slope and the number of trees damages.
The data was analyzed by using the t-test and the multiple regression. The study showed the following
results: The average of residual stand damages caused by planned skidding is 8.4% and for conventional is
13.47%. This difference of 5.07% is highly significant, whereas the factors that influencing the residual
stand damages is the slope for the planned skidding (highly significant) even though stand density and
slope for the conventional skidding (highly significant). The planned skidding could be minimized the
residual stand damages (5.07%).
Keywords: Planning skidding, minimizing, residual stand damages.
22. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1997). Pembalakan ramah lingkungan utk minimasi kerusakan tegakan
tinggal: kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Reduced impact logging to minimize residual stand
damages:A case study in forest company in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 15(3):212-
ABSTRACT
Reduced impact logging (RIL) is one of the main issue in the coming era of ecolabelling and free
trade. The study was carried out at a forest company in East Kalimantan in 1997. The goal of the study is to
minimize residual stand damage as an effort in ensuring sustainability of forest utilization. Data collected
were: (1) felled trees, trees with diameter 20 cm and up, damaged trees; and (2) the number and condition
of poles, sapling and seedling. The results of the study show: the average of residual stand damages for
trees, poles, sapling and seedling are: 11.2%; 4.9%; 4.5% and 5.7% respectively for controlled and 13.1%,
11.97%, 12.9% and 14.42% for conventional logging. The decrease of residual stand damages for poles,
sapling, and seedling are 7.07%, 8.4%, and 8.72% respectively (highly significant). Base on the results, it is
recommended that controlled logging should be practiced because it can minimize residual stand damages.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, minimize impact, residual stand damage.
23. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1997). Dilema penetapan sistem eksploitasi yg sesuai di hutan rawa. Dalam
Pasaribu, R., Purwanto, R.M.S. Harahap, W. Sipayung, S.Hidayat & Darwo (Penyunting). Prosiding
Diskusi Nasional Pengelolaan Hutan Rawa dan Ekspose Hasil Hasil Penelitian Kehutanan di Sumatera,
tanggal 18-19 September 1997 di Medan. Hlm.89-99.Balai Litbang Kehutanan Pematang Siantar. Aek
Nauli.
ABSTRACT
Sampai saat ini teknik eksploitasi yg digunakan di hutan rawa masih berkisar ttg cerita
kesederhanaan dari system kuda2 dan lori, meskipun dlm juknis TPTI di hutan rawa tersurat adanya
kemungkinan penggunaan sistem2 yg lain. Satu-dua perusahaan telah melakukan uji coba penggunaan
flexible tracked skidder dan excavator, akan tetapi tampaknya masih belum bias dikembangkan lebih jauh
karena adanya kendala operasi dan kerusakan tegakan tinggal yg cukup tinggi. Kemungkinan penerapan
teknik eksploitasi lainnya yg sudah dilontarkan adalah system kanal dan atau penggunaan yarder. Namun
gagasan inipun masih memerlukan kajian yg lebih mendalam ttg kelayakan pengoperasiannya di lapangan.
Bertolak dari kenyataan di atas maka makalah ini mencoba lebih banyak menyajikan kembali ttg kinerja
system kuda2 dan lori, serta permasalahan pengoperasiannya. Beberapa permasalahan yg menonjol yg
gayut diketengahkan, a.l. menyangkut aksesibilitas yg rendah pasca pembalakan (post logging), karena
jalan rel biasanya dipindahkan ke lokasi penebangan yg lain. Penyaradan kayu dg menggunakan tenaga
manusia dan ongkak, juga tampaknya tidak sesuai lagi dg era yg lebih memprioritaskan hak asasi manusia
ini. Demikian juga pembuatan bantalan rel yg menguras permudaan alam sebanyak ± 170,48 m3
/km,
merupakan ancaman bagi keberlanjutan hasil yg sewaktu-waktu dpt berubah menjadi isu lingkungan yg
mengglobal. Dari hasil kegiatan permasalahan yg ada, diperoleh gambaran bahwa alternative teknik
7

eksploitasi yg lain masih perlu dicari dan dibuktikan kelayakan penerapannya, sebelum sumberdaya hutan
rawa itu sendiri menjadi rusak dan tidak pulih kembali atau habis dikonversi ke penggunaan lain.
Kata kunci: Sistem eksploitasi, hutan rawa.
24. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1998). Penyaradan terkontrol untuk minimasi kerusakan hutan: kasus di dua
perusahaan hutan di Kalteng (Controlled skidding to minimize forest damages:Case study at two forest
companies in Central Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 16(2):69-78. Pusat Litbang Hasil
Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the case study on residual stand damages and ground exposure
caused by controlled and conventional skidding. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in
Central Kalimantan. The goal of the study is to minimize the residual stand damage and non-productive
skidding road as an effort in ensuring sustainability of forest utilization. Data collected were : felled trees,
trees with diameter of 20 cm and up, damaged trees, slope and ground exposure. The data was analyzed by
using the t-test. The study showed the following results: (1) the average of residual stand damages caused
by controlled skidding is 8.5% and that for conventional is 13.5%. The difference of 5.0% is highly
significant; (2) The average of non-productive skidding road caused by controlled skidding is 3.7% and for
conventional is 10.0%. The difference of 6.3% is highly significant; and (3) The average of ground
exposure caused by controlled skidding is 11.3 and that for conventional is 15.3%. The difference of 4% is
significant. Base on the results, it is recommended that controlled skidding should be practiced because it
can minimize forest damages.
Keywords: Controlled skidding, residual stand damage, non-productive skidding road, minimize damages.
25. Dulsalam; Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1999). Kemungkinan pengeluaran kayu dengan sistem kanal di
hutan rawa:Kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Riau (The possibility of log extraction using canal system
at swamp forest:A case study at a forest company in Riau). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 16(5):254-
ABSTRACT
The case study of log extraction at swamp forest was carried out at a forest company in Riau in
1995. The objective is to study canal construction productivity and cost of the construction as well as
residual stand damages caused by the canal construction. The study showed the following results: (1) The
average of productivity of manual canal construction of each working crew is 9.71 m3
/working crew-hour
or 4.86 m/working crew-hour. While, the average productivity of manual canal construction of each man is
1.62 m3
/man-hour or 0.81 m/man-hour; (2) The average cost of manual canal construction is Rp 3,000/ m3
or Rp 6,006/m; (3) The average of residual stand damages caused by canal construction for seedling, pole,
and tree regenerations are 95.8%, 83.8%, 47.8% , and 8.3%. In the long term, residual stand damages
caused by manual canal construction are much less (8.3%) than the damages caused by rail road
construction (27.33%); and (4) Based on various information above, it is clear that the possibility of using
canal system in swamp forests is promising.
Keywords: Productivity, cost, residual stand damages, log extraction, canal system.
2000-2004( 27 artikel)
26. Suhartana, S; Dulsalam; Idris, MM. (2000). Penyaradan terkendali utk minimasi penggeseran lapisan
tanah atas dan keterbukaan lahan:Kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Kalteng (Controlled skidding for
minimizing top-soil displacement and ground exposure :A case study at a forest company in Central
Kalimantan). Buletin PHH 17(4):209-219. Pusat Penelitian HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The case study was carried out at a forest company in Central Kalimantan in 1998. The aim of the
study was to find the effect of controlled skidding on minimizing top-soil displacement and ground
exposure. Data collected were the number of felled trees, number of trees with diameter of 20 cm and
greater, and depths of top-soil displacement and of ground exposure. The data were further analyzed by
using the t-test. The study showed the following results: (1) The average top-soil displacement caused by
controlled skidding for slope of 0-15%; 15-25% and greater than 25% were respectively 8.1 mm; 11.7 mm
and 16.8 mm, each per 100 m in length of skidding trail. Mean while, the average displacement with
corresponding slopes for the conventional slopes were consecutively 9.7 mm; 12.84 mm and 18.7 mm per
100 m-length of the skidding trail. It was found out the difference in the displacements between the former
8

and the latter as much as 1.6 mm on 0-15% slope was highly significant (p=0.99); and (2) The average
ground exposure due to controlled skidding and for the conventional were respectively 15.81% and
21.21%. This difference between the former and the latter as much as 5.4% in this regard has significant
(p=0.95).
Keywords: Controlled skidding, displacement, top soil, ground exposure.
27. Suhartana, S; Dulsalam; Idris, MM. (2000). Perbandingan penyaradan kayu dg sistem manual dan
eksavator di hutan rawa. Bagian II: Pengaruh system terhadap kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan
keterbukaan lahan (Comparising between manual and excavator skidding system at swamp forest. Part
II: The effect of the system to residual stand damages and ground exposure). Buletin PHH 17(4):231-
241. Pusat Penelitian HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The case study was carried out at two swamp forest companies in Riau in 1998. The aim of the
study is to know the effect of manual and excavator skidding system to residual stand damages and ground
exposure. Data collected were: felled trees, poles, trees with the diameter of 20 cm up, damaged poles,
damaged trees and ground exposure. The data was analyzed by using the t-test. The study showed the
following results: (1) The average of residual stand damages caused by manual skidding system are 38.66%
for poles and 28.54% for trees. The average of residual stand damage caused by excavator skidding system
are 20.92% for poles and 15.78% for trees. The difference of 17.74% (poles) and 12.76% (trees) are highly
significant; and (2) The average of ground exposure caused by manual skidding system and for excavator
skidding system is 19.84% and 13.5% respectively. The difference of 6.34% is highly significant. Based on
the results, it is recommended that excavator skidding system should be practiced because it can minimize
residual stand damages and ground exposure.
Keywords: Skidding, excavator, residual stand damages, ground exposure.
28. Suhartana, S. (2000). Perbandingan penyaradan kayu dengan sistem manual dan eksavator di hutan
rawa. Bagian I: Produktivitas kerja. Info HH 6(1):31-37. Pusat Penelitian HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penelitian ini dilakukan pd th 1998 di dua perusahaan hutan di Riau, dg tujuan membandingkan
produktivitas kerja alat penyaradan kayu dg eksavator dan dg sistem manual. Data yg dikumpulkan adalah:
volume kayu, jarak sarad dan waktu efektif penyaradan. Data dianalisis dg menggunakan uji-t. hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata2 produktivitas kerja alat penyaradan kayu dg eksavator adalah 20,51
m3
.hm/jam dan utk system manual sebesar 14,35 m3
.hm/jam. Hal ini berarti peningkatan produktivitas kerja
sebesar 6,16 m3
.hm/jam (berbeda sangat nyata pd taraf 99%).
Kata kunci: Produktivitas kerja, penyaradan kayu, eksavator, manual, peningkatan.
29. Suhartana, S. & Dulsalam. (2000). Pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan utk minimasi kerusakan hutan
(Reduced impact logging for minimizing forest damages). Buletin PHH 18(2):87-103. Pusat Penelitian
HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of a study on reduced impact logging (RIL) and conventional
logging system (CL). The study was carried out at a forest company in West Kalimantan in 1999. The aim
of the study is to find the effect of RIL in minimizing residual stand damage, level of ground exposure, top
soil displacement, skidding cost and in maximizing the productivity of skidding. Data collected were the
number of felled trees, number of trees with diameter of 20 cm or greater, damaged poles, ground exposure
and top soil displacement as well as productivity and cost of skidding. The data were statistically analyzed
by using factorial analysis and t-test. The result of the study showed that the level of trees and poles
damages in RIL system were lower than that on the CL one. More over, top soil displacement and ground
exposure were also lower than that of CL system. Nevertheless, the productivity of log skidding in RIL
system was lower than that of the CL system and cost of log skidding in RIL system was higher than that
of the CL one. Based on environmental consideration, it is recommended that RIL is preverable in future
logging operation.
Keywords: RIL, residual stand damages, ground exposure, top soil displacement, productivity, cost,
conventional.
9

30. Suhartana, S. (2000). Pengaruh pemanenan kayu terhadap pemanasan global. Sylva Tropika No. 25:
11-14. Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Jakarta.
ABSTRACT
Kegiatan pemanenan kayu yg tdk terencana baik artinya tdk sesuai dg peraturan yg berlaku (TPTI)
dpt menimbulkan pemanasan global yg berdampak thd perubahan iklim dunia dan kenaikan permukaan laut
yg sangat merugikan. Dg demikian agar pemanenan kayu sesuai dg tujuan sebenarnya, diperlukan juknis
TPTI yg pelaksanaannya perlu diperhatikan dg system pengawasan yg baik dan didukung oleh law
enforcement yg kuat. Di pihak lain harus diusahakan peniadaan ancaman perubahan iklim. Hal ini juga
harus dilakukan secara bertahap. Pertama dg pengurangan emisi CO2 serta Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK)
lainnya yg akhirnya berujung pd peniadaan emisi semua jenis GRK. Prioritas utama adalah utk
menciptakan teknologi produksi termasuk teknik pemanenan kayu yg bersih energi, tanpa polusi di semua
Negara.
Kata kunci: Pemanenan kayu, pemanasan global, gas rumah kaca.
31. Suhartana, S. (2000). Perbandingan produktivitas kerja antara penyaradan kayu dengan sistem
konvensional dan sistem terkendali di HPH Kalteng. Info HH 7(2):41-47. Pusat Penelitian HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penelitian dilakukan pd th 1998 di satu perusahaan hutan di Kalteng. Tujuan penelitian adalah utk
mengetahui produktivitas kerja penyaradan dg system konvensional dan system terkendali. Data yg
dikumpulkan adalah: volume kayu, jarak sarad dan waktu efektif penyaradan. Data dianalisis dg
menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas kerja rata2 penyaradan kayu dg
system konvensional dan system terkendali masing2 sebesar 52,08 m3
.hm/jam dan 42,37 m3
.hm/jam.
Produktivitas kerja system penyaradan terkendali menurun sebesar 9,71 m3
.hm/jam.
Kata kunci: Produktivitas kerja, penyaradan kayu, terkendali konvensional.
32. Suhartana, S. & I. Sumantri. (2000). Kajian efisiensi penebangan kayu di hutan alam. Dalam
Haryanto, Y., K. Purba & C. Hediana (Penyunting). Prosiding Lokakarya Penelitian Hasil Hutan,
tanggal 7 Desember 2000 di Bogor. Hlm. 137-144. Pusat Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penebangan kayu merupakan salah satu elemen kegiatan dari serangkaian kegiatan dlm
pemanenan kayu. Penebangan kayu merupakan kegiatan merobohkan pohon yg kemudian memotong2nya
menjadi bagian batang yg layak sarad. Kegiatan penebangan di hutan alam yg dikelola dg system tebang
pilih cukup rumit. Berbagai upaya dilakukan agar proses pendayagunaan sumberdaya hutan dpt
memberikan manfaat yg optimum dg sedikit menimbulkan pemborosan kayu dan kerusakan lingkungan.
Kenyataan di lapangan menunjukkan kegiatan pemanenan kayu cenderung bersifat ekstensif. Cara
pemanfaatan sumberdaya hutan tsb menyebabkan terjadinya limbah cukup banyak sehingga tingkat
efisiensinya menjadi jauh lebih rendah dari potensi sebenarnya. Di sisi lain, sejalan dg perkembangan
teknologi industri pengolahan kayu yg dpt menghasilkan beraneka macam bentuk produk, maka kegiatan
pemanenan kayu dituntut utk menyediakan bahan baku yg memadai secara kualitas dan kuantitas. Utk itu,
semua kegiatan yg mencerminkan pemborosan dan mengarah pd terancamnya kelestarian hasil harus
dicegah. Dg demikian limbah kayu dpt ditekan serta nilai efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu menjadi meningkat.
Kata kunci: Efisiensi, penebangan, konvensional, terkendali, hutan alam, limbah.
33. Dulsalam & S. Suhartana. (2000). Kajian efisiensi penebangan kayu di hutan tanaman. Dalam
Haryanto, Y., K. Purba & C. Hediana (Penyunting). Prosiding Lokakarya Penelitian HH, tanggal 7
Desember 2000 di Bogor. Hlm. 145-152. Pusat Penelitian HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Dewasa ini keperluan bahan baku industri pengolahan kayu diperkirakan mencapai 37 juta m3
/th,
sedang kayu yg dihasilkan dari hutan alam baru sekitar 27 juta m3
/th. Dg demikian kekurangan bahan baku
sekitar 10 juta m3
/th. Utk mengatasi permasalahan di atas, pemerintah mengambil kebijaksanaan dg
melaksanakan pembangunan HTI. Akan tetapi pengalaman di bidang hutan tanaman (HT) khususnya utk
jenis tanaman cepat tumbuh, masih terbatas. Namun demikian HTI tsb diharapkan mampu menghasilkan
kayu sebanyak 150 m3
/ha/th. Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) dan Tusam (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de
Vriese) merupakan dua jenis yg digunakan dlm pembangunan HTI. Sejalan dg perkembangan teknologi
industri pengolahan kayu yg dpt menghasilkan beraneka macam bentuk produk, seperti kayu lapis, papan
partikel, pulp dan kertas serta utk energi, maka kegiatan penebangan kayu dituntut agar mampu
10

menyediakan bahan baku yg memadai secara kualitas dan kuantitas. Guna mendukung kebutuhan bahan
baku bagi industri tsb, maka semua tindakan yg mencerminkan pemborosan dan mengarah pd terancamnya
kelestarian hasil haruslah dicegah. Salah satu cara adalah dg mendayagunakan pohon yg telah ditebang
secara efisien dg memanfaatkan limbah kayu yg sebenarnya masih tergolong baik. Di samping itu dpt pula
dg menerapkan teknik penebangan serendah mungkin yg dpt meningkatkan nilai efisiensi pemanfaatan
kayu.
Kata kunci: Efisiensi, penebangan, hutan tanaman, sungkai, tusam, limbah.
34. Suhartana, S. (2000). Penyaradan kayu di hutan rawa. Dalam Daryono, H., Y.J. Sidik, Y. Mile,
E.Subagyo, T.S. Hadi, A.Akbar, & Kushartati (Penyunting). Prosiding Seminar Pengelolaan hutan rawa
gambut dan ekspose hasil penelitian di hutan lahan basah, tanggal 9 Maret 2000 di Banjarmasin.
Hlm.171-179. Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Pengeluaran kayu dg system kuda2 dan pengangkutan kayu melalui jalan rel di hutan rawa
mempunyai produktivitas relative rendah serta memerlukan volume kayu yg cukup tinggi utk pembuatan
jalannya. Pengeluaran kayu dg system ini juga mengakibatkan kerusakan tegakan tingal dan keterbukaan
lahan cukup tinggi. Agar kelestarian hutan rawa dpt terjamin sekaligus pasokan kayu utk industri terus
berkelanjutan, perlu dicoba pengeluaran kayu dg system eksavator. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didpt
bahwa apabila dilihat dari aspek produktivitas kayu, kerusakan tegakan tinggal tingkat tiang dan pohon
serta derajat keterbukaan lahan yg terjadi, ternyata system eksavator dlm penyaradan kayu dpt: (1)
meningkatkan produktivitas kayu sebesar 6,16 m3
.hm/jam; (2) mengurangi kerusakan tegakan tinggal
(pohon) sebesar 12,76% ; dan (3) mengurangi keterbukaan lahan sebesar 6,34%.
Kata kunci: Penyaradan, hutan rawa, kuda-kuda, eksavator.
35. Suhartana, S. & Dulsalam. (2001). Kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan produktivitas kerja pd tebang
penjarangan secara selektif:Kasus di satu perusahaan HTI di Sumsel (Residual stand damage and work
productivity in a selective thinning g :a case study at a timber estate company in South Sumatera).
Buletin PHH 19(1):9-17. Pusat Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out at a timber estate company in South Sumatera in 1999. The aim of the
study is to know the effect of selective thinning to residual stand damage and work productivity. Data
collected were: thinned and damaged trees; residual stand; thinning time; diameter and length of thinned
trees. The data was analyzed by tabulation. The result of the study showed that the average of residual
stand damaged and the average of work productivity in selective thinning are respectively 6.22% and
56.167 m3
/hour.
Keywords: Selective thinning, residual stand damaged, work productivity.
36. Suhartana, S. (2001). Teknik penebangan terkendali utk minimasi kerusakan tegakan tinggal
(Controlled felling technique for minimizing residual stand damage). Dalam Hadiwiardjo, B.H., Suryadi,
A.A. Mustar, & Sulistijaningsih (Dewan Redaksi/Penyunting). Prosiding Pertemuan dan Presentasi
Ilmiah Standardisasi dan Jaminan Mutu, tanggal 28 Agustus 2001 di Jakarta. Hlm. 73-84. Badan
Standardisasi Nasional. Jakarta.
ABSTRACT
Felling activities in tropical natural forest is carried out by practicing the Indonesian Selective
Cutting and Planting System (TPTI). However, the fact indicates that the holders of forest concession rights
have not implemented the TPTI yet. The implications that the residual stand damages are relatively high.
The study of the residual stand damages caused by controlled and conventional felling was carried out at a
forest company in West Kalimantan in 2000. The aim of the study is to know the effect of controlled and
conventional felling to residual stand damages. The results of the study showed: (1) The average of residual
stand damaged (trees) is 7.96% for the controlled felling and 10.45% for conventional felling. This
difference of 2.49% is significant; and (2) The average of residual stand damaged (poles) is 7.81% for the
controlled felling and 14.25% for conventional felling. This difference of 6.45% is highly significant.
Keywords: controlled felling, conventional, residual stand damages.
11

37. Suhartana, S. (2001). Pengeluaran kayu di hutan rawa denang sistem kuda-kuda dan eksavator. Sylva
Tropika No. 3: 13-16, Nopember 2001. Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Jakarta.
ABSTRACT
(1) Produktivitas system eksavator (20,51 m3
.hm/jam) lebih tinggi daripada system kuda-kuda (14,35
m3
.hm/jam); (2) Biaya penyaradan dg system eksavator (Rp 5.560/ m3
) lebih rendah daripada system kuda-
kuda (Rp 23.000/ m3
); (3) Kerusakan tegakan tinggal tingkat pohon dan tiang pd system eksavator (15,78%
dan 20,92%) lebih rendah disbanding system kuda-kuda (28,54% dan 38,66%); (4) Keterbukaan lahan
akibat system eksavator (13,50%) lebih kecil daripada system kuda-kuda (19,84%); (5) Berdasarkan aspek
teknis (produktivitas), ekonomis (biaya penyaradan) dan ekologis (kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan
keterbukaan lahan), maka system eksavator lebih baik daripada system kuda-kuda.
38. Suhartana, S. (2001). Pengaruh penebangan terkendali dan konvensional terhadap kerusakan tegakan
tinggal dan produktivitas kerja (The effect of controlled and conventional felling to residual stand
damage and work productivity). Buletin PHH 19(4):219-230. Pusat Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out at a forest company in West Kalimantan in 2000. The aim of the study
is to know the effect of controlled and conventional felling to residual stand damage and work
produkctivity. Data collected were felled and damaged trees, trees with diameter of 20 cm and up, diameter
and length of log, and felling time. The data was analyzed by t-test. The results of the study showed: (1) he
average of residual stand damaged is 7.05% for the controlled felling and 11.75% for conventional felling.
This difference of 4.70% is significant; and (2) The average of work productivity were 17.462 m3
/hour for
the controlled felling and 24.094 m3
/hour for conventional felling. This difference of 6.632 m3
/hour is
highly significant.
Keywords: residual stand damages, felling productivity, controlled, conventional.
39. Basari, Z, S. Suhartana, W.Endom, Dulsalam, & Y. Sugilar. (2002). Kajian produktivitas alat muat
kayu KPH2 di BKPH Gunung Halu, KPH Bandung Selatan Perum Perhutani Unit III Jawa Barat (A
technical and economical studies of the wood loading equipment KPH2 at BKPH Gunung Halu, KPH
bandung Selatan Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java). Buletin PHH 20(2):165-176. Pusat Litbang THH.
Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The KPH2 a type of equipment for wood loading into truck was designed by Forest Engineering
and Forest Harvest Divition Forest Products Research Center Bogor. An operation trial has been done in
BKPH Gunung Halu, Bandung Selatan Forest District, perum Perhutani Unit III West Java. The objective
of this study is to find the productivity and operation cost of loading rasamala log into truck, using a helper
KPH2 and by manual system. The results showed that productivity of KPH2 equipment and manual were
0.02 m3
/minute/m and 0.04 m3
/minute/m, with operation cost of Rp 18,523/ m3
and Rp 2000/ m3
respectively.
Keywords: Harvesting, productivity, loading, cost.
40. Suhartana, S. (2002). Dampak pembalakan berwawasan lingkungan (PBL) terhadap kerusakan
tegakan dan biaya penyaradan di hutan produksi alam (The effect of reduced impact logging/RIL on
stand damage and skidding cost in natural production forest). Buletin PHH 20(4):285-301. Pusat
Litbang THH. Bogor
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the results of study on implementing reduced impact logging (RIL) as well
as conventional logging (CL), which was carried out in natural production forest under the concession
operation of a forest company in Riau in 2001. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of RIL on
possible improvement or securing the stand damage, level of ground exposure, top soil displacement, and
cost related skidding productivity. The data collected in this regard were the number of felled trees (stands),
number of trees with diameter of 20 cm or greater, number of damaged trees and poles, ground exposure,
top soil displacement, skidding cost, and skidding productivity. The data as such consisted of two main
categories, i.e. the one and the other one that resulted consecutively from the implementation of RIL and
CL systems. The two-category data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test.
Results of study revealed that the implementation of RIL system brought out more convenient impacts in
comparison to the CL, as follows: (1) level of tree (stand) damage would decrease by about 5.4% (highly
12

significant); (2) Ground exposure decreased by around 9% (significant); (3) The decrease in top soil
displacement by about 2.4 mm (highly significant); (4) Skidding cost decreased by some Rp 398.98/m3
.
With respect to skidding productivity using RIL (compared to CL), there was apparently an increase by
about 2.6 m3
/hour. However, such an increase was not significantly different. Based on environmental,
technical and economical considerations, the RIL system for future logging operation can be recommended
in preference to the CL.
Keywords: RIL, conventional skidding, forest stand damage, skidding cost, natural forest.
41. Suhartana, S. (2002). Pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan (PBL) berbasis luasan petak tebang utk
mengurangi kerusakan tegakan tinggal di salah satu perusahaan hutan di Riau (Reduced impact logging
based on cutting area for decreasing the stand damage at a forest company in Riau). Jurnal
Standardisasi 4(3):47-54, November 2002. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Jakarta.
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the results of study on implementing reduced impact logging (RIL) based on
cutting area 1 ha as well as 2 ha RIL, which was carried out in natural production forest under the
concession operation of a forest company in Riau in 2002. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of
RIL 1 ha on possible improvement or securing of the stand damaged. The data collected in this regard were
the number of felled trees (stands), number of trees with the diameter of 20 cm or greater, number of
damaged trees and poles. The data as such consisted of two main categories, i.e. the one and the other one
that resulted consecutively from the implementation of the 1 ha RIL and the 2 ha RIL systems. The two-
category data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test. Results of study
revealed that implementation of the 1 ha RIL system brought out impacts in comparison to the 2 ha RIL, as
follows: (1) Level of tree (stand) damage would decrease by about 0.8%; (2) Level of poles damage would
decrease by about 0.6%. However, such an decrease were not significantly different. Based on
environmental consideration, the 1 ha RIL system for future logging operation can be recommended in
preference to the 2 ha RIL.
Keywords: The 1 ha, reduced impact logging, stand damages.
42. Suhartana, S. (2002). Produktivitas dan biaya penebangan dan penyaradan di satu perusahaan HTI di
Jambi. Dalam Tinambunan, D., N. Supriana, R.Sudradjat, & O. Rachman (Penyunting). Prosiding
Seminar Hasil Penelitian Teknologi Hasil Hutan, tanggal 19 Desember 2002 di Bogor. Hlm.53-60. Pusat
Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pd th 2002 di satu perusahaan HTI di Jambi. Tujuan penelitian
adalah utk mengetahui besarnya produktivitas dan biaya penebangan dg menggunakan gergaji rantai Stihl
070 serta produktivitas dan biaya penyaradan dg menggunakan skyline ISUZU 240. Data yg dikumpulkan
meliputi waktu tebang dan sarad, volume kayu yg ditebang dan yg disarad, jarak sarad, semua pengeluaran
seperti pemakaian bahan bakar, oli/gemuk, upah, biaya penyusutan, biaya pemeliharaan/perbaikan, bunga,
asuransi, pajak. Data diolah secara tabulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Rata2 produktivitas
penebangan adalah 27,98 m3
/jam; (2) Biaya produksi penebangan sebesar Rp 1.825,2/ m3
; (3) Rata2
produktivitas penyaradan adalah 21,06 m3
/jam; (4) Biaya produksi penyaradan sebesar Rp 3.768,2/ m3
.
Kata kunci: Produktivitas, biaya produksi, penebangan, gergaji rantai, penyaradan, skyline isuzu 240.
43. Suhartana, S. & I. Sumantri. (2003). Partisipasi perusahaan hutan utk kesejahteraan masyarakat
melalui kegiatan pemanenan hutan:Studi kasus di HPHTI PT. Wirakarya Sakti, Jambi. Info Hasil Hutan
10(1):17-27. Pusat Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penelitian telah dilakukan pd th 2001 di satu perusahaan HTI di Jambi. Tujuan penelitian adalah
utk mengetahui partisipasi perusahaan dlm menyejahterakan masyarakat di bidang pemanenan hasil hutan
agar diperoleh mutu lingkungan yg lebih baik. Data yg dikumpulkan meliputi: produktivitas penebangan,
penyaradan, pengengkutan dan pemuatan serta daftar isian mengenai keberadaan HPHTI dan keinginan
masyarakat utk berpartisipasi dlm pembangunan HTI. Data dianalisi secara tabulasi dan deskriptif. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Partisipasi perusahaan di bidang perekrutan tenaga kerja adalah cukup
baik yg dicerminkan oleh komposisi tenaga local dg pendatang 48,5% dan 51,5%; (2) Partisipasi
perusahaan di bidang pembayaran kewajiban pd Negara sebesar Rp 73.978.709.062 dan US $ 903,526; (3)
Partisipasi perusahaan di bidang PMDH baik yg tercermin dari adanya pembangunan hutan rakyat dan
13

koperasi; dan (4) Kesejahteraan masyarakat yg terlibat kegiatan pemanenan HTI meningkat dg
meningkatnya penghasilan utk masing2 kegiatan penebangan, penyaradan, pengangkutan dan pemuatan
berturut-turut antara Rp 16.666-Rp 26.666; Rp 350.000-Rp 1.550.000; Rp 390.000-Rp 1.710.000 dan Rp
450.000-Rp 1.250.000.
Kata kunci: Partisipasi, kesejahteraan masyarakat, HTI.
44. Suhartana, S., M.Sinaga. & A. Hidayat. (2003). Pengaruh pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan
terhadap keterbukaan lahan, penggeseran lapisan tanah atas dan produktivitas penyaradan. Info Hasil
Hutan 10(1):43-56. Pusat Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian mengenai pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan (PBL)
1 ha dan PBL 2 ha. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Riau pd th 2002. Tujuan penelitian adalah utk mengetahui
sampai seberapa jauh PBL 1 ha da PBL 2 ha dpt berperan thd pengurangan keterbukaan lahan, kedalaman
penggeseran lapisan tanah atas, peningkatan produktivitas sarad dan penghematan biaya sarad. Data yg
dikumpulkan adalah: lahan terbuka akibat penyaradan dan pembuatan jalan sarad, kedalaman lapisan tanah
atas, produktivitas sarad dan biaya yg dikeluarkan. Data dianalisis dg uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa apabila menerapkan teknik PBL 1ha dpt: (1) menurunkan tingkat keterbukaan lahan sebesar 0,87%;
(2) mengurangi kedalaman lpenggeseran apisan tanah atas sebesar 0,6%; (3) meningkatkan produktivitas
sarad sebesar 0,3 m3
/jam; dan (4) menghemat biaya penyaradan sebesar Rp 100/ m3
dibandingkan PBL 2
ha. Perbedaan tsb semuanya tdk nyata. Berdasarkan pertimbangan lingkungan, teknis dan ekonomis, teknik
PBL 1 ha dan 2 ha adalah relative sama.
Kata kunci: Penyaradan, keterbukaan lahan, penggeseran lapisan tanah atas, produktivitas, biaya.
45. Suhartana, S. ( 2003). Penyaradan terkendali untuk minimasi kerusakan hutan dan biaya di hutan
alam. Dalam Subiyanto, B., P. Permadi, O. Rachman, I.M. Sulastiningsih, Jasni, & C. Hediana
(Penyunting). Prosiding Seminar Nasional 5 MAPEKI, tanggal 30 Agustus-1 September 2002 di Bogor.
Hlm. 756-762. Kerjasama antara Pusat Litbang THH dengan MAPEKI. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Makalah ini menyajikan kerusakan hutan dan biaya penyaradan pd teknik terkendali dan
konvensional berdasarkan hasil2 penelitian yg ada. Tujuan penulisan makalah adalah utk memberi
gambaran seberapa jauh kerusakan hutan yg terjadi dan biaya penyaradan yg diperlukan pd kedua teknik
penyaradan tsb. Dari hasil kajian dpt diketahui bahwa: (1) kerusakan tegakan tinggal pd teknik penyaradn
terkendali berkisar antara 7,05-19,1%. Sedangkan pd teknik konvensional kerusakan tsb berkisar antara
11,75-40,4%; (2) besarnya derajat keterbukaan lahan utk system penyaradn terkendali dan konvensional
berturut-turut berkisar antara 11,2-39% dan 15,2-57,50%; (3) besarnya penggeseran lapisan tanah atas utk
teknik terkendali dan konvensional berkisar antara 4,2-5% dan 5,5-6,4%; dan (4) biaya penyaradan teknik
terkendali dan konvensional berkisar antara Rp 9.150/m3
-Rp 34.000/ m3
dan Rp 8.000/m3
-Rp 51.000/ m3
.
Teknik penyaradan terkendali cenderung mengurangi kerusakan hutan dan biaya penyaradan.
Kata kunci: penyaradan, terkendali, konvensional, minimasi, kerusakan hutan, biaya sarad.
46. Suhartana, S. (2003). Peran perusahaan hutan untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui kegiatan
pemanenan hutan:Kasus di salah satu perusahaan HTI di Jambi (The contribution of forest company in
increasing people welfare through forest harvesting activities: A case study at a timber estate company
in Jambi) . Dalam Kasim, A., M. Djalal, N.Nazir, Yumarni, W.nasrul, E. Sulastri, & B. Supriadi
(Penyunting). Prosiding Seminar Nasional 6 MAPEKI, tanggal 1-3 Agustus 2003 di Bukittinggi. Hlm.
418-429. Kerjasama Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat dengan MAPEKI.
Bukittinggi.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out at a timber estate company in Jambi in 2002. The aim of the study is to
find out the contribution of company to people welfare on forest product harvesting activities. Data
collected were: productivity of felling, extracting, transportation and loading, quisionare about existence of
timber estate company and what people want to participate in timber estate development. The data was
analyzed by tabulation and descriptief. The results of the study showed: (1) in labour, the company was
participated enough, this indicated with labour composition between local and foreign was 42% and 58%;
(2) in payment of forestlevies like DR and PSDH, the company was participated about Rp
65.579.163.666,76 and US $ 9,340,274.62; and (3) People welfare were increased if they participated to
14

timber estate activities, this indicated by they increasing income for felling, extracting, transportation and
loading were Rp 16.666,68 (6.7%)-Rp 216.666,72 (3.1%); Rp 150.000 (60%)-Rp 4.750.000 (558%); Rp
390.000 (156%)-Rp 1.710.000 (20%); Rp 250.000 (100%)-Rp 650.000 (76.5%).
Keywords: participatief, people welfare, timber estate.
47. Suhartana, S., W. Endom & Dulsalam. (2004). Peran keteknikan hutan dalam pembangunan dan
pemanenan hutan tanaman. Dalam Rachman, O., D. Tinambunan, R. Sudradjat, Barly, & J. Balfas
(Penyunting). Prosiding Ekspose Hasil-Hasil Litbang Hasil Hutan dalam mendukung program
restrukturisasi industri kehutanan, tanggal 16 Desember 2003 di Bogor. Hlm. 117-127. Pusat Litbang
THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Dalam pembangunan hutan tanaman (HT), keteknikan hutan (KH) memegang peranan penting.
KH berperan penting dlm kegiatan silvikultur, pembangunan jalan hutan, pemanenan, bangunan hutan,
lingkungan hutan dan ergonomic. KH yg efektif dan efisien serta berdampak minimal perlu
diimplementasikan dlm pembangunan HT dlm upaya mengatasi kekurangan bahan baku kayu utk industri
pulp dan industri kayu pertukangan. Dlm hal ini, KH yg menyangkut pemanenan memegang peranan
penting dlm pengusahaan HT karena sangat menentukan efektivitas kerja, produktivitas, biaya dan
gangguan lingkungan. KH dlm pembangunan kehutanan sangat diperlukan. Namun sampai saat ini
perhatian pengelola hutan masih sangat terbatas. Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah memberikan
informasi secara umum tentang peranan keteknikan dlm pembangunan HT yg dibahas secara teknis dan
ekonomis.
Kata kunci: Keteknikan hutan, hutan tanaman, angkutan bibit, pemanenan.
48. Suhartana, S. & I. Sumantri. (2004). Penebangan serendah mungkin utk meingkatkan produktivitas
dan efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu di HTI Riau. Dalam Rachman, O., D. Tinambunan, R. Sudradjat, Barly,
& J. Balfas (Penyunting). Prosiding Ekspose Hasil-Hasil Litbang Hasil Hutan dalam mendukung
program restrukturisasi industri kehutanan, tanggal 16 Desember 2003 di Bogor. Hlm. 145-151. Pusat
Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian tentang produktivitas dan biaya penebangan serta
efisiensi penebangan dg teknik serendah mungkin dan dg teknik konvensional. Penelitian dilakukan di satu
perusahaan HTI di Riau pd th 2003. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah utk mengetahui pengaruh penebangan
serendah mungkin thd produktivitas dan efisiensinya. Sasaran penelitian adalah meminimalkan tinggi
tunggak yg terjadi serta memaksimalkan diameter yg dpt dimanfaatkan sampai 5 cm yg pd akhirnya akan
meningkatkan produksi kayu. Data yg dikumpulkan adalah waktu kerja, hasil kerja dan biaya penebangan.
Data dianalisis dg menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dg menerapkan teknik
penebangan serendah mungkin: (1) Produktivitas penebangan meningkat sebesar 2,06 m3
/jam (berbeda
nyata pd taraf 95%); (2) efisiensi penebangan meningkat sebesar 13,7% (sangat berbeda nyata pd taraf
99%) yg setara dg 0,006 m3
per pohon berasal dari cabang dan 12 cm berasal dari tunggak; (3) biaya
penebangan berkurang sebesar Rp 45,92 (tidak berbeda nyata); dan (4) rata2 tinggi tunggak yg dicapai oleh
penebangan serendah mungkin adalah 25,9 cm dan oleh konvensional sebesar 37,9 cm.
Kata kunci: Penebangan serendah mungkin, produktivitas, efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu, peningkatan, HTI.
49. Suhartana, S. & Rahmat. (2004). Pengaruh penebangan serendah mungkin thd produktivitas dan
efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu sengon di satu perusahaan hutan tanaman di Propinsi Jambi (The effect of
lowest possible feling technique to wood productivity and efficiency of sengon at a timber estate in
Jambi). Jurnal Rimba Kalimantan 9(1):16-20, Juni 2004. Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Mulawarman.
Samarinda.
ABSTRACT
The implementation of felling technique at a timber estate is not efficient and not appropriate, yet.
So, it is important to increase felling productivity and felling efficiency by study of the lowest possible
felling technique (LPFT). The case study was carried out at a timber estate under the concession operation
of a forest company in Jambi in 2003. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of LPFT on felling
productivity and efficiency. The data collected in this regard were: working time, volume, productivity,
efficiency, stump height and felling cost. The two-categories data were analyzed with respect to their
possible differences using a t-test. Result of study revealed that the implementation of LPFT brought out
15

more convenient impacts in comparison to the conventional felling technique (CFT), as follows: (1) felling
productivity increase by about 3.83 m3
/hour (highly significant); (2) felling efficiency increase by about
30.9% (highly significant, 0.009 m3
per tree from branch and 26.7 cm per tree from stump); (3) felling cost
decreased by some Rp 1.185,76 (not significant); and (4) the average of stump height when practicing the
LPFT is 19.97 cm, while for CFT is 46.7 cm.
Keywords: Felling technique, wood production, increasing, appropriate, timber estate.
50. Suhartana, S., M. Sinaga & I. Sumantri. (2004). Peningkatan produktivitas dan efisiensi
penebangan kayu mangium di satu perusahaan hutan tanaman di Propinsi Jambi (Increasing
productivity and felling efficiency of Accacia mangium Wild at a timber estate in Jambi). Jurnal
PHH 22(3):175-182, Oktober 2004. Pusat Litbang THH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Implementation of felling technique in the timber estate is not yet practiced efficiently and
appropriately. Study on the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) is considered important to increase
felling productivity and felling efficiency. This study was carried out at a timber estate in Jambi in 2003.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LPFT on felling productivity and efficiency. Data
collected in this regard were: working time, wood volume, productivity, efficiency, stump height and
felling cost. Two-categories data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test.
Results revealed that implementation of LPFT brought out more convenient impacts in comparison to the
conventional felling technique (CFT), as follows: (1) Felling productivity increased at 3.177 m3
/hour; (2)
felling efficiency increased approximately 7.4%; (3) felling cost decreased by some Rp 159.1; and (4) the
average stump height were 21.14 cm for LPFT and 32.83 cm for CFT.
Keywords: Felling technique, wood production, increasing production, timber estate.
51. Suhartana, S. (2004). Penerapan teknik penebangan serendah mungkin utk meningkatkan
produktivitas dan efisiensi penebangan kayu di HTI Riau. Dalam Muin, M., A.Arif & Misdarti
(Penyunting). Prosiding Seminar Nasional MAPEKI 7, tanggal 5-6 Agustus 2004 di Makassar. Hlm. D6-
D14. Kerjasama antara MAPEKI, Balitbang Kehutanan Sulawesi, Jurusan Kehutanan Universitas
Hasanudin. Makassar.
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the results of study on felling productivity and efficiency and it cost when
practicing the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) and the conventional felling technique (CFT). The
case study was carried out in timber estate under the concession operation of a forest company in Riau in
2003. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of LPFT on felling productivity and efficiency. The
data collected in this regard were: working time, volume and felling cost. The two-categories data were
analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test.
Results of study revealed that the implementation of LPFT brought out more convenient impacts
in comparison to the CFT, as follows: (1) felling productivity increase by about 2.43 m3
/hour; (2) felling
efficiency increase by about 15.0%; (3) felling cost decreased by some Rp 53.52/ m3
; and (4) the average of
stump height when practicing the LPFT is 25.7 cm, while for CFT is 37 cm.
Keywords: Felling technique, wood production, increasing, appropriate, timber estate.
52. Suhartana, S. (2004). The effects of controlled skidding technique on residual stand damage and
ground exposure in swamp forest logging. Journal of Forestry Research 1(1):1-6, November 2004.
Forestry Research and Development Agency. Jakarta. Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
The case study was carried out at a swamp forest company in Riau in 2001. The aim of the study
was to determine the effect of controlled skidding technique to residual stand damage and groun exposure.
Data collected includes: felled trees, poles, trees with the diameter 20 cm up, damaged poles, damaged
trees and ground exposure. The data was analyzed with t-test. The study showed the following results: (1)
The average of residual stand damage caused by controlled skidding technique was 29.05% for poles and
19.8% for trees. The average of residual stand damage caused by conventional skidding technique was
34.2% for poles and 24.9% for trees. The difference of 5.1% (poles) and 5.1 (trees) were significant at
95%; and (2) The average of ground exposure caused by controlled skidding technique and conventional
skidding technique was respectively 16.06% and 18.4%. The difference of 2.34% was significant at 95%.
Keywords: controlled skidding technique, residual stand damage, ground exposure, swamp forest.
16

2005-2007 (25 artikel)
53. Suhartana, S. & Krisdianto. (2005). Minimizing residual stand damage and felling cost using lowest
possible felling technique. Journal of Forestry Research 2(1):1-12, March 2005. Forestry Research and
Development Agency. Jakarta.
ABSTRACT
The implementation of felling technique in logging companies is not yet carried out efficiently and
appropriately. Studi on the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) is considered to be important to reduce
residual stand damage and felling cost. This study was carried out in a logging company in West
Kalimantan in 2004. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LPFT on residual stand damage
and felling cost. Data collected in this research include: residual stand damage, working time, timber
volume, productivity, efficiency, stump height and felling cost. Two categories data were analyzed with
respect to their possible differences using t-test. The result showed that the implementation of LPFT was
more advantage impact compared to that of conventional felling technique (CFT), which is indicated by the
following factors: (1) Trees damage decreased 2.96%; (2) Poles damage decreased 4.75%; (3) Felling
productivity decreased 17.16%; (4) felling efficiency increased approximately 3.2%; (5) Felling cost
increased about Rp 327.07/m3
; and (6) in average stump height was 40.60 cm lower.
Keywords: Felling technique, residual stand damage, increasing production, natural forest product.
54. Suhartana, S. & D. Tinambunan. (2005). Peningkatan produktivitas dan efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu
melalui penebangan serendah mungkin dg timber harvester di satu HTI Riau. Prosiding Ekspose hasil-
Hasil Litbang Hasil Hutan, tanggal 14 Desember 2004 di Bogor. Hlm.95-103, Agustus 2005. Pusat
Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penelitian dilakukan di satu perusahaan HTI di Riau pada tahun 2004. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah
untuk mengetahui pengaruh penebangan serendah mungkin dengan timber harvester terhadap produktivitas
dan efisiensinya. Sasaran penelitian adalah meminimalkan tinggi tunggak yang terjadi serta
memaksimalkan diameter yang dapat dimanfaatkan sampai 5 cm yang pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan
produksi kayu. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah waktu kerja, hasil kerja dan biaya penebangan. Data
dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menerapkan teknik
penebangan serendah mungkin: (1) Produktivitas penebangan meningkat sebesar 2,505 m3
/jam (tidak
berbeda nyata) ; (2) Efisiensi penebangan meningkat sebesar 7,3% (sangat berbeda nyata pada taraf 99%)
yang setara dengan 0,003 m3
per pohon berasal dari cabang dan 3,78 cm berasal dari tunggak; (3) Biaya
penebangan berkurang sebesar Rp 1.638 (tidak berbeda nyata); dan (4)Rata-rata tinggi tunggak yang
dicapai oleh penebangan serendah mungkin adalah 11,32 cm dan oleh konvensional sebesar 15,10 cm.
Kata kunci : Penebangan serendah mungkin, timber harvester, produktivitas, efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu.
55. Yuniawati & S. Suhartana. (2005). Wajah industri perkayuan Indonesia (The Profile of Indonesian
Wood Industry). Dalam Dayadi, I., A.N. Fahmi, Rindayatno & Jufriah (Penyunting). Prosiding Seminar
Nasional MAPEKI 8, tanggal 3-5 September 2005 di Tenggarong. Hlm. D.142-D148. Kerjasama
MAPEKI, Pemda Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Kalimantan Timur, Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas
Mulawarman. Tenggarong.
ABSTRACT
Indonesian wood industries have already given contributions to our country and much laborer. In
operasional it becomes up and down. The aim of this study was to give information some problems on the
wood indutry in Indonesia. The methods in this study is taken from some references. The problems on the
Indonesian wood industry that is the supply of logs as raw material is difficult found and ilegal logging. It
can drop wood price and the supply logs will be minus. It will be our competition on wood industry
becomes more difficult . At the moment Chine and Malaysia bigger plywood exporter then Indonesia.
Government policy must be reinvestigated. This time Indonesian wood industry are much bankrupt or
closed and is caused 15.380.600 laborers are almost broken. The government must give more attention to
expand this industry.
Keywords : wood industry, problems, policy, the government
17

56. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2005). Meningkatkan produksi kayu Pinus melalui penebangan serendah
mungkin: Studi kasus di KPH Sumedang, Perum Perhutani Unit III Jawa Barat. Info Hasil Hutan
11(2):87-96, Oktober 2005. Pusat Litbang HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian tentang produktivitas dan biaya penebangan serta
efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu dengan teknik serendah mungkin dan teknik konvensional yang menggunakan
gergaji rantai. Efisiensi dan efektivitas teknik yang digunakan pada kegiatan penebangan akan menentukan
efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu secara keseluruhan. Perlu adanya penyempurnaan teknik penebangan.
Penelitian dilakukan di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan (KPH) Sumedang, Perum Perhutani Unit III Jawa
Barat pada tahun 2004. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui produktivitas dan efisiensi penebangan
serendah mungkin. Sasaran penelitian adalah berkurangnya tinggi tunggak yang terjadi dan meningkatnya
produksi kayu melalui pemanfaatan kayu sampai diameter minimal 5 cm. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah
waktu kerja, hasil kerja dan biaya penebangan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa dengan menerapkan teknik penebangan serendah mungkin : (1) Produktivitas
penebangan meningkat sebesar 2,635 m3
/jam ; (2) Efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu meningkat sebesar 16,3%
yang setara dengan 0,56 m3
(16,08%) per pohon berasal dari cabang dan 0,013 m3
(0,22%) per pohon
berasal dari tunggak : (3) Biaya penebangan berkurang sebesar Rp. 622,71 / m3
; dan (4) Rata-rata tinggi
tunggak yang dicapai adalah 13,05 cm pada teknik penebangan serendah mungkin dan 21,97 cm pada
penebangan secara konvensional.
Kata kunci : Penebangan serendah mungkin, tusam, produktivitas, efisiensi.
57. Suhartana, S., Yuniawati & D. Tinambunan. (2005). Peningkatan pemanfaatan kayu rasamala dg
perbaikan teknik penebangan dan sikap tubuh penebang: Studi kasus di KPH Cianjur, Perhutani Unit III
Jawa Barat (Increasing the utilization of rasamala wood by improving felling techniques and feller
postures: case study at Cianjur Forest District, Perhutani Unit III west Java). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
Hutan 23(5):349-361, Oktober 2005. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out in 2005 at the Cianjur Forest District, Perhutani Unit III West Java.
The aim of this study was to find the increase of the utilization of Rasamala wood by practicing lowest
possible felling technique (LPFT) and conventional felling technique (CFT) with two feller postures
(squatted and bowed). Data collected in this regard were : working time, wood volume, productivity,
efficiency, stump height and felling cost. Data were analyzed by using Factorial Split Plot.
Result revealed that : (1) Implementation of LPFT brought more convenient impacts in
comparison to the CFT where as felling efficiency increased approximately 28.5% (squatted posture) or
28.2% (bowed posture); (2) Felling technique and feller posture have significant effects on felling
productivity and felling cost; (3) Averages stump heights were 9.18 cm (squatted); 9.64 cm (bowed) for
LPFT and 15.83 cm (squatted); 16.41 cm (bowed) for CFT.
Keywords : felling technique, squatted, bowed, and felling efficiency.
58. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2005). Effisiensi penggunaan forwarder timber jack 610 pada kegiatan
penyaradan: Studi kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Efficiency of forwarder timber jack 610 on
skidding: A case study at a timber estate in East Kalimantan). Wana Mukti 4(1):65-72, Oktober 2005.
Lembaga Penerbitan Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Winaya Mukti. Jatinangor.
ABSTRACT
The use of forwarder timber jack 610 for skidding industrial plantation forest is doing rarely and
the information about the number of this machine required for certain forest condition has not been known.
The information is important for measuring the optimum works of this machine . This paper presents the
study result of the use of this machine for skidding. Then it is used for determining the optimum number of
this machine for skidding..The result of the study revealed that the efficient use of the number of forwarder
timber jack 610 for skidding was depended on production target, i.e. 5 units. The number of this machine
which operational in this company was less than its required, it could be inefficiency in log production and
in finishing time on skidding that caused extra cost for their fixed cost.
Keywords: Number of forwarder timber jack 610 , production target, efficiency, cost.
18

59. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2006). Efisiensi penggunaan chainsaw pd kegiatan penebangan: Studi
kasus di PT. Surya Hutani Jaya, Kaltim (Efficiency of chainsaw utilization on felling: A case study at PT.
Surya Hutani Jaya, East Kalimantan). Jurnal PHH 24(1):63-76, Februari 2006. Pusat Litbang HH.
Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Recently, the use of chainsaw for felling industrial plantation forest has been increased
significantly. However, the information about the number of chainsaw required for certain forest condition
has not been known. The information is important for measuring the optimum works of chainsaw. This
paper presents the information of using chainsaw for mangium and gmelina trees felling. The optimum
number of chainsaw required for mangium and gmelina trees felling is also discussed. The results of the
study revealed that the efficient use of the number of chainsaw for felling trees was depended on
production target, i.e for mangium felling needs 21 unit and for gmelina 5 unit chainsaws . The use of all
chainsaws available in the field reduced working time significantly but created the problem of high
chainsaws idle time afterward that caused high cost for their fixed costs
Keywords: Number of chainsaw, efficiency, production target, cost.
60. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2006). Two felling techniques and feler postures for increasing the
utilization of gmelina wod (A case study at two timber estates in East Kalimantan). Journal of Forestry
Research 3(1):31-40, March 2006. Forestry Research and Development Agency. Jakarta. ISSN 0216-
0919. www.forda-mof.org . 10 hlm. II.A.6.
ABSTRACT
Felling is an early step in timber utilization process. Efficiency and effectivity of felling
technique, tool type and feller posture will affect the whole timber utilization efficiency. This study was
carried out at two timber estates in East Kalimantan and intended to see the effect of two felling techniques
and feller postures on felling productivity, felling cost, as well as timber utilization efficiency. Primary data
collected in this research included : felling time, volume of felled timber, productivity, felling efficiency,
stump height and felling cost. The data was analyzed using split-plot design with factorial pattern.
The result showed that the implementation of lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) increased
log production from 14.4 to 17.7%. The lowest stump height left was of the one using LPFT with particular
bowed posture in PT. Sumalindo Lestari Jaya I (SLJ I) (4.82 cm)
Keywords : felling technique, feller postures, cost, productivity, efficiency
61. Yuniawati & S. Suhartana. (2006). Produktivitas dan biaya muat bongkar kayu bulat dengan
menggunakan alat mekanis. Info Hasil Hutan 12(1):25-32, April 2006. Pusat Litbang HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Muat bongkar dolok merupakan salah satu kegiatan dlm pemanenan hutan. Di luar P. Jawa, pd
areal yg luas, muat bongkar umumnya menggunakan peralatan mekanis. Harga alat muat bongkar sangat
mahal sehingga perlu direncanakan secara matang sesuai keadaan lapangan. Dg mengetahui produktivitas
dan biaya muat bongkar, pemilihan alat yg sesuai dpt lebih mudah dilakukan. Beberapa hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa caterpillar 966C beroda menghasilkan produktivitas muat tertinggi. Produktivitas
bongkar tertinggi menggunakan Allis Chalmers 745H dg risiko kerusakan kayu sangat kecil. Biaya muat
bongkar yg terendah masing2 menggunakan wheel loader Komatsu WA350.
Kata kunci: Muat bongkar, produktivitas, biaya.
62. Suhartana, S., Dulsalam & Y. Ludang. (2006). Implementing lowest possible felling technique at
swamp forest: impact on residual stand damage and felling cost. Tropical Peatlands 6(6):15-21, July
2006. The University of Palangkaraya, Indonesia – Centre for International Co-operation in Sustainable
Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP). Palangkaraya, Indonesia. ISSN 1412-0631.
cimtrop_suwido@yahoo.com . 7 hlm. II.A.5.
ABSTRACT
Reducing residual stand damage and felling cost, increasing productivity and felling efficiency at
swamp forest logging must be done through improving the felling technique . This study was carried out at
a swamp forest company in Riau, Indonesia in 2004. The aim of this study was to obtain more information
on the impact of implementing lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) on residual stand damage and
felling cost aspects. Data collected were residual stand damage, working time, wood volume, productivity,
efficiency, stump height and felling cost. Two-categories data were analyzed with respect to their possible
19

differences using a t-test. Results revealed that implementation of LPFT brought out more convenient
impacts in comparison to the conventional felling technique (CFT), as follows: (1) Residual stand damage
decreased around 3.16%; (2) Felling efficiency increased approximately 11% ; (3) Felling productivity
increased around 6.353 m3
/hr and (4) the average stump height were 36.7 cm for LPFT and 67.9 cm for
CFT.
Keywords: Lowest possible felling technique, residual stand damage, productivity, cost, efficiency,
swamp forest.
63. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2006). Lowest possible felling technique for increasing utilization of
Renghas (Gluta renghas L.) wood at a peat swamp forest: A case study at a forest company in Jambi,
Indonesia). Journal of Forestry Research 3(2):105-113, July 2006. Forestry Research and Development
Agency. Jakarta, Indonesia. ISSN 0216-0919. www.forda-mof.org . 9 hlm. II.A.6.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out in 2005 at a peat swamp forest company in Jambi. The aim of this
study was to find out a technique to increase the utilization of renghas wood in a peat swamp forest by
implementing the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) and the conventional felling technique (CFT).
Data collected in this study were: working time, log volume, waste volume, productivity, efficiency, stump
height and felling cost. Two data categories were analyzed with respect to their possible differences by
using a t-test. The study showed that the implementation of LPFT produced better results compared to that
of CFT which was indicated by: (1) Felling productivity increased to 5.220 m3
/hour, (2) Felling cost
decreased Rp 341/m3
, (3) Felling efficiency increased 3.2%, and (4) The average stump heights were 41.2
cm for LPFT and 67.5 cm for CFT.
Keywords: LPFT, productivity, efficiency, cost, peat swamp forest
64. Suhartana, S., Dulsalam & D. Tinambunan. (2006). Peningkatan produksi hasil hutan melalui
implementasi pemanenan hutan berwawasan lingkungan. Dalam Tinambunan, D., R.Sudradjat, O.
Rachman, B. Wiyono & Suhariyanto (Penyunting). Prosiding Seminar Hasil Litbang HH 2005, tanggal
30 Nopember 2005 di Bogor. Hlm. 65-77, Agustus 2006. Pusat Litbang HH. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Produksi hasil hutan terutama kayu memegang peranan cukup berarti dalam pembangunan
nasional. Produksi kayu dari hutan alam cenderung menurun dari tahun ke tahun. Produksi kayu dari hutan
tanaman masih relatif sedikit. Kebutuhan kayu untuk industri pengolahan kayu cukup besar sementara jatah
produksi tahunan relatif kecil. Untuk meningkatkan produksi hasil hutan terutama kayu dapat dilakukan
dengan peningkatan efisiensi pemanenan kayu melalui implementasi pemanenan hutan yang berwawasan
lingkungan (PBL). Peningkatan efisiensi pemanenan kayu di hutan alam maupun di hutan tanaman
ditujukan agar pemanfaatan sumberdaya hutan optimal dan gangguan lingkungan minimal. Upaya
peningkatan produksi hasil hutan dapat direalisasikan melalui implementasi PBL kaitannya dengan teknik,
efisiensi dan upaya peningkatan efisiensi pemanenan kayu. Upaya tersebut diharapkan dapat dijadikan
bahan acuan bagi para penentu kebijakan dan pelaksana di lapangan.
Kata kunci: Produksi hasil hutan, kayu, pemanenan, berwawasan lingkungan.
65. Yuniawati & S. Suhartana. (2006). Kecelakaan kerja akibat kegiatan penebangan (Work accident
caused by felling operation). Prosiding Seminar Nasional MAPEKI IX, tanggal 11-13 Agustus 2006 di
Banjarbaru. Hlm. 567-572. Kerjasama MAPEKI & Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lambung
Mangkurat. Banjarbaru.
ABSTRACT
Felling is an activity with high risk and often makes work accident caused by using mechanized
tool. Such work accident should be properly informed. Work accident on felling can be caused by: (1)
Using chainsaw: noise more than 85 dB, fumigation, saw-dust that make trouble to breathing, and kick
back; (2) Illness: cold, malaria, breathing infection, head-ache, itching, back-ache, neck-ache and
sickening; (3) Feller posture: quickly tired and not-focus may break labor concentration that cause felled
tree hit. To minimize the work accident, using safety tool, course of work safety, polyclinic, health
regularly checking up, improvement of feller ability and feller posture are suggested.
Keywords: Felling, work accident, caused factors, suggestion.
20

66. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2006). Kebutuhan jumlah alat muat bongkar yg efisien: studi kasus di
satu perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (The efficient loader-unloader required: A case study at a forest
company in East Kalimantan). Prosiding Seminar Nasional MAPEKI IX, tanggal 11-13 Agustus 2006 di
Banjarbaru. Hlm. 589-599. Kerjasama MAPEKI & Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lambung
Mangkurat. Banjarbaru.
ABSTRACT
The use of excavator and crane for loading and unloading industrial plantation forest has been
increased . However, the information about the number of machine required for certain forest condition has
not been known. The information is important for measuring the optimum works of the machine. This
paper presents the information of using excavator and crane for loading and unloading. The optimum
number of machine required for loading and unloading is also discussed.The result of the study revealed
that the efficient use of the number of excavator and crane for each loading and unloading was depended
on production target, i.e. 2 units. The number of crane which operational in this company was less than its
required, it could be inefficiency in log production and in finishing time on unloading that caused extra
cost for their fixed cost.
Keywords: Number of loader and unloader , production target, efficiency, cost.
67. Suhartana, S. dan Yuniawati. (2006). Pengaruh teknik penebangan, sikap tubuh penebang dan
kelerengan terhadap efisiensi pemanfaatan kayu Mangium (Acacia mangium Wild) (The effect of felling
technique, feller postures, and slope to timber utilization efficiency of Acacia mangium Wild). Peronema
Forestry Science Journal 2(2):37-44. Departemen Kehutanan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera
Utara. Medan.
ABSTRACT
Productivity and timber utilization efficiency (TUE) could increase and production cost could
decrease by implementing the appropriate felling technique and feller postures.The study was carried out
at PT. Finnantara Intiga, West Kalimantan on August 2007. The aim of the study was to find out the effects
of slopes ≤ (15% and > 15%), feller postures (squatted, bowed, and stand), and felling techniques
(conventional/CLT and lowest possible felling techniques/LPFT) to increasing TUE of mangium. To
recommend a better technique, the two felling techniques have been compared based on productivity,
efficiency and production cost by using split plot factorial 2x2x3.The results showed: (1 )The highest
productivity and TUE,, the lowest cost production and stump height were reached by implementing LPFT
on slope of ≤ 15% with bowed, which each of 18,992 m3
/hour; 99,4%; Rp 2.691,2/m3
; and 9,4 cm
respectively; and (2) Implementing LPFT on slopes of ≤ 15% with bowed can increase TUE about 18,5%
equal to benefit of Rp 10.097.528.320/year. This is a chance for a forest company to apply the LPFT.
Keywords : Timber utility efficiency, productivity, production cost, feler posture
68. Yuniawati & S. Suhartana. (2006). Kajian penyaradan kayu dg traktor Caterpillar. Info Hasil Hutan
12(2):123-131, Oktober 2006. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Penyaradan merupakan kegiatan memindahkan kayu dari tunggak ke tempat pengumpulan kayu
(TPn). Penggunaan alat sarad mekanis traktor perlu mempertimbangkan segi teknis, ekonomi dan ekologi.
Tujuan tulisan ini utk mengetahui produktivitas yg dihasilkan dan biaya yg dikeluarkan serta kerusakan
ekologi yg ditimbulkan pd beberapa tipe traktor caterpillar. Produktivitas penyaradan kayu dg
menggunakan traktor caterpillar D7G memiliki nilai tinggi, yaitu 32,56 m3
/jam dg jarak sarad 289,2 m,
volume kayu 10,43 m3
dan waktu kerja 20,60 menit. Biaya penyaradan dg traktor ini adalah sebesar Rp
7.081,91/ m3
. Penggunaan traktor Caterpillar tdk terlepas dari kerusakan ekologi, yaitu kerusakan tegakan
tinggal, pemadatan tanah dan penggeseran tanah. Factor yg mempengaruhi produktivitas adalah jarak sarad,
volume kayu yg disarad, topografi dan kondisi tanah. Biaya penyaradan dipengaruhi produktivitas, kondisi
topografi, dan kondisi tanah. Kerusakan ekologi dipengaruhi kemiringan lapangan, system penebangan,
intensitas penggunaan jalan sarad dan kandungan air tanah.
Kata kunci: Penyaradan, traktor caterpillar, produktivitas, biaya, kerusakan.
21

69. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2006). Pengaruh teknik penebangan dan sikap tubuh penebang thd
peningkatan pemanfaatan kayu Gmelina arborea: Studu kasus di HPHTI PT. Surya Hutani Jaya Kaltim
(The effect of felling technique and feller posture to increasing wood utility of Gmelina arborea : A case
study at PT. Surya Hutani Jaya East Kalimantan). Rimba Kalimantan 11(2):99-104, Desember 2006.
Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Mulawarman. Samarinda.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out at a timber estate in East Kalimantan in 2005. The aim of this study
was to determine the effect of lowest possible felling technique (LPFT), conventional felling technique
(CFT) and feller posture (squatted and bowed) on felling productivity, efficiency and its cost.Data collected
in this regard were : working time, wood volume, productivity, efficiency, stump height and felling cost.
Data were analyzed by using Factorial Split Plot. Result revealed that : (1) Implementation of LPFT
brought out more convenient impacts in comparison to the CFT where as felling efficiency increased
approximately 15.2% (squatted posture) or 14.1% (bowed posture); (2) Felling technique and feller posture
were not significant to felling productivity and felling cost; (3) The average stump height were 5.63 cm
(squatted) ; 4.1 cm (bowed) for LPFT and 9.8 cm (squatted); 11.2 cm (bowed) for CFT.
Keywords : felling technique, squatted, bowed, wood utility, timber estate
70. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2007). Penggunaan alat pemanenan kayu yg efisien:Studi kasus di satu
perusahaan hutan di Kaltim ( The use of efficient logging tools: A case study at one forest company in
East Kalimantan). Jurnal Wahana Foresta 1(2):1-12, January 2007. Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas
Lancang Kuning. Pekanbaru.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the description about the optimum number of logging tools required. The
result of the study revealed that the efficient use of the number of tool for logging was depended on
production target, i.e. 5 units for felling tool, 5 units for skidding tool, I unit for transportation tool, and
each 2 units for loading and unloading tool. On felling, transportation and loading, number of tol which
operational in this company were more than their required. However, on skidding and on unloading they
were less than their required. It indicated that logging operation at this company was not yet efficient and
effective.
Keywords: Number of mechanize tool, less, more, production target, logging.
71. Sukanda, Yuniawati & S. Suhartana.(2007). Monitoring a condition of recovery of residual stand and
logged over area after 5 years RIL implementation: A case study at a forest company in Central
Kalimantan. Journal of Forestry Research 4(1):45-51, March 2007. Ministry of Forestry, Forestry
Research and Development Agency. Jakarta. ISSN 0216-0919. www.forda-mof.org. 7 hlm. II.A.6.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate a condition in logged over area (LOA) after 5
years of reduced impact logging (RIL) implementation, and to asses how far recovery of former skidding
road, damages in felled and yarded over area, and environmental condition had taken place. Results of this
study was expected to provide inputs and to improve the RIL implementation guidance for sending
sustainable forest management. The results revealed that: (1)The covers of skidding road reached
consecutively 2,641 m2
area (in block I), and 3,147 m2
area (in block II), as both marked by the growing of
bushes with coverage portions i.e. 84% and 80%, respectively; (2) The bush that grew on the former
skidding road was regarded as pioneer vegetation; (3) The effect of cross drain on skidding road after
logging was able to decrease erosion, and increase the recovery of the road condition; and (4) The healthy
residual stand after 5 years logging by RIL showed that small diameter felled trees have resulted bigger
residual stand damaged then big diameter or the percentage of healthy trees would be small.
Keywords: LOA, RIL, residual tree stands, small diameter trees, damaged and healthy stands.
72. Suhartana, S. & Yuniawati. (2007). An evaluation of the optimal number of chainsaw required for
felling in a peat swamp forest. Sepilok Bulletin 6:51-60, June 2007. Forest Research Centre, Sabah
Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. frcsabah@sabah.gov.my. ISSN 1823-0067. 10 hlm.
II.A.5.
22

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