Introductory part

1. Environmental Studies
&
Disaster Management
Somanath Sarvade
Assistant Professor (Agroforestry)
College of Agriculture Balaghat
E-mail: somanath553@jnkvv.org
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya,
Jabalpur

2. Environment is a complex of many variables, which
surrounds man as well as the living organisms.
Environmental studies describe the interrelationships
among organisms,
The word environment is derived from the French word
‘environner’, which means surrounding.
Thus, Environment can be defined as the combined
interaction of physical, chemical and biological conditions
affecting an individual or community in the complex of social
and cultural conditions.

3. Scope of environmental studies
 Creates awareness among the people to know about various renewable and non-renewable
resources of the region.
 Potential, patterns of utilization and the balance of various resources available for future are
analyzed in the study.
 Provides the knowledge about ecological systems
 Provides information about biodiversity richness
 Enables one to understand the causes and consequences due to natural and human induced
disasters
 Helps to evaluate alternative responses to environmental issues
 Exposes the problems of over population, health, hygiene, etc. and the role of arts, science
and technology in eliminating/ minimizing the evils from the society.
 Tries to identify and develop appropriate and indigenous eco-friendly skills and technologies to
various environmental issues.
 Teaches the citizens the need for sustainable utilization of resources
 Enables theoretical knowledge into practice and the multiple uses of environment.

4. Multidisciplinary approach
 Biology
 Geology
 Chemistry
 Physics
 Engineering
 Sociology
 Health
 Anthropology
 Economics
 Statistics
 Philosophy
 Major environmental issues

5. Importance
 The study enables the people to understand the complexities of the environment and
need for the people to adapt appropriate activities and pursue sustainable development,
which are harmonious with the environment.
 The study motivates students to get involved in community action, and to participate in
various environmental and management projects.
 It is a time to reorient educational systems and curricula towards these needs.
 Environmental studies take a multidisciplinary approach to the study of human
interactions with the natural environment. It integrates different approaches of the
humanities , social sciences, biological sciences and physical sciences and applies
these approaches to investigate environmental concerns.
 Environmental study is a key instrument for bringing about the changes in the
knowledge, values, behaviors and lifestyles required to achieve sustainability and
stability within and among countries.

6. Major Environmental Issues
 Man’s ambition for limitless enjoyment and comfort - exploitation of
nature’s wealth
 Reduces nature’s capacity for self stabilization
 Man’s voracious appetite for resources - has put him on collision course
with environment.
 Major environmental issues threatening mankind are Global warming,
climate change, water pollution, biomedical wastes, e-waste, Hazardous
waste, pesticide pollution and loss of biodiversity

7. Global warming
Over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate
in recorded history. And experts see the trend is accelerating:
Air pollutants from automobiles

8. 405.5 parts per million CO2 in 2017 to
407.8 ppm CO2 in 2018
415.0 ppm CO2 in 2019
Methane (CH4): 1850 ppb
Nitrous oxide (N2O): 329 ppb
CFC-11: 236 ppt
CFC-12: 527 ppt
HCFC-22: 231 ppt
Tropospheric ozone (O3): 337 ppb
https://ourworldindata.org/atmospheric-concentrations

9. Water pollution
Polluted tank
 The Indian homes produces about
75 % of the wastewater,
 Sewage treatment facilities are
inadequate in most cities and almost
absent in rural India.
Marine pollution
Industrial pollution
 According to CPCB, of the 8,432
large and medium industries in the
country, only 4,989 had installed
appropriate measures to treat
wastewater before discharge.

10. Drinking water or scrap yard !!!

12. PALAR RIVER BASIN
120 km
length
with 4710
area of
river basin
Palar is a river of southern India. It rises in
the Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapura district
of Karnataka state, and flows 93
kilometres in Karnataka, 33 kilometres in
Andhra Pradesh and 222 kilometres in
Tamil Nadu before reaching its
confluence into the Bay of Bengal at
Vayalur about 100 kilometres south of
Chennai.

13. The Kudaganaru River which passes through 15 villages in
Tamil Nadu is polluted due to the effluents discharged
by 17 tanneries in Dindigul district.

14. Pesticide pollution
 Poisoning from pesticides affects 68,000 farmers and
workers every day
 25 million workers / year suffer from pesticide
poisoning throughout the world.
 Farmers and agricultural workers are exposed to
pesticides directly, especially in developing countries
such as Asia.

15. Major Areas of Pesticide Usage
Source: www.hinduonnet.com
Major Areas of Pesticide Usage
Source: www.hinduonnet.com
Agriculture
69.4 %
Public health
30.6%

16. Pesticide pathway

17. Important pesticide episodes
 Common plantation workers in Malaysia
against the impact of Paraquat Dichloride.
 IRRI workers in Philippines poisoned by
pesticides
 The communities living in Kasar Village,
Kerala who have been poisoned by
Endosulfan, which was aerially sprayed by
the plantation corporation of Kerala, India

18. Bhopal Disaster
2–3 December 1984

19. This vapour was a highly toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate.
• 2,000 died immediately
• 3,00,000 were injured
• 7,000 animals were injured, 1000 were killed.

23. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
 Samples of various body tissues and stomach
contents were analyzed for a variety of organic
and inorganic chemicals
 Level of endosulfan seems to be indicative of
poisoning.
 Histopathological report
Kidney : Toxic nephritis
Liver : Toxic hepatitis

24. PESCTICIDES IN SOFT DRINKS

25. Soft drinks are non-alcoholic water-based
flavoured drinks that are optionally
sweetened, acidulated and carbonated.
Some carbonated soft drinks also contain
caffeine; mainly the brown-coloured cola
drinks.

26. Major players in India
 The two global majors PepsiCo and Coca-Cola dominate the soft
drink market in India.

27. Coco cola brands
 Coca-Cola bought local brands-Thumps Up, Limca, sprite, minute
made, and Gold Spot from Parle Beverages and soft drink brands
Crush, Canada Dry and Sport Cola from Cadbury Schweppes in
early 1999

28. Pepsico brands

29. Sample Analysis
• Soft drinks industry is a classic case as the Centre for Science and
Environment (CSE) discovered way back in 2003.
• A laboratory report prepared by CSE detailed some astonishing facts about the
extent of pesticide contamination in soft drinks sold in India
• The samples were analyzed by using EPA Method 8081A for organochlorines
and EPA Method 8141A for organophosphorus compounds by gas
chromatography - capillary column technique.

30. • Center for Science and Environment (CSE)
found a cocktail of 3 to 6 pesticides in all
samples. The average amount of pesticide is
24 times higher than B.I.S. standard.
• Pepsi contained 30 times higher residues on
an average. Coca cola contains 27 times
higher residue on an average.
• The brand break-up of the pesticide content
shows that Coca cola contains the most
pesticide content and Pepsi Cafechino has
the least pesticide content

31. • Market leaders Coca-Cola and Pepsi had almost
similar concentrations of pesticide residues. At the
same time CSE also tested two soft drink brands
sold in the US, to see if they contained pesticides.
They didn’t. This only goes to show the companies
were following dual standards.

32. The brand break-up in ppb (parts per billion) are as follows:
Pepsi Cola - 15.2 ppb
Coca cola - 13.4 ppb
Seven Up - 12.5 ppb
Thums Up - 10.9 ppb
Mirinda Orange - 10.7 ppb
Duke Lemonade - 10.9 ppb
Mirinda Lemon - 8.1 ppb
Limca - 6.7 ppb
Fanta - 9.1 ppb
Mountain Dew - 7.0 ppb

33. • Among the total pesticide found in 18 cities in India, Kolkata is on
the top and Guwahati is in the bottom of that list. Kolkata has a
pesticide content in cold drinks of about 51.7 ppb.
• It has been shown time and again that these pesticides can be used
to kill bacteria in bathrooms. The acidic content of these drinks are
harmful to the human body.

34. Hazardous Waste
 In India, generation of
hazardous waste into the tune
of 6-7 million tones /year.
 The major hazardous waste in
India is petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, pesticides,
paints, dyes, fertilizers, chlor-
alkali and other different
industries

35. Hazardous waste
Dumping of Tannery Sludge

36. Biomedical Waste

37. Amalgams -poison in the making
• A dentist could generate around 80 gms mercury/month
• 51 kgs of mercury released from amalgams each year in Delhi
It consists of
mercury (50%),
silver (~22–32%),
tin (~14%), zinc
(~8%) and other
trace metals

38. Mercury is more poisonous and
Dangerous than Lead and Arsenic.

39. E - Waste
Large household appliances - Refrigerators Air
conditioners, computers & Stereo systems, Mobile
phones.
Its volume increases by 3-5% per annum
Differs from normal municipal waste stream.
Major pollutants are Heavy metals – Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr
(VI) and Flame retardants – Polybrominated biphenyls
(PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).

40. Lead to water !!!
Is India graveyard for e-waste ???

41. E Waste – International Scenario
 20-50 MT / yr of WEEE are generated world-wide.
 USA accounts 1% to 3% of the total municipal waste generation.
 EU - 5 to 7 million tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15 kg per capita
and is expected to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year.
 India's e-waste generation is growing at the rate of 15 per cent and is
expected to cross 800,000 tonne mark by 2012.
 In developed countries, currently it equals 1% of total solid waste
generation and is expected to grow to 2% by 2010.

42. Why is e Waste a Problem? (con’t…)
In the US in 2005, 42 million computers were discarded
• 25 million in storage
• 4 million recycled
• 13 million landfilled
• 0.5 million incinerated

44. e wastes
Computer peripherals
Discarded cables
House-holds Battery parts

45. Why is eWaste a Problem?
Rapid
Technology
Changes
Increased
Consumer
Electronic
Purchases
More
eWaste
More
Hazardous
Materials
Land filled
Increasing
Human
Health
Risks

46. What Are The Toxic Components?
Electronic Waste Recyclingwww.news.bbc.co.uk

47. Why is e-waste in Landfills Controversial?
E Waste constitutes 40% of lead and 70% of
heavy metals in landfills
Daily Cover
Refuse Cell
Leachate Collection
Plastic Liner
Clay Barrier

48. Why is e Waste in Landfills
Controversial? (cont….)
 The uncertain science of landfills
 Inconsistent data regarding dose levels & exposure route
 Rudimentary e Waste recycling could create more
environmental hazards than land filling
http://www.pc-recycling.com/

49. These are 500 times more poisonous gases than pollution
from other means

50. The poisonous gases !!!

51. Incineration plant Oberhausen, Germany

52. Is this what we leave for next generation ???

53. Loss of Biodiversity
Biodiversity loss
last 200 years 100 sp mammals
160 birds
 Habitat destruction
 Habitat fragmentation
 Habitat degradation and pollution
 Introduction of exotic species
 Disease
 Over exploitation
 Shifting or Jhum cultivation

55. Institutions in Environment
 There are two type of institutions in
environment, they are
 Government Organizations
 Non-Government Organizations

56. Government Organizations
 The Government organizations are as follows,
 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change
 BSI (www.envfor.nic.in) 1890
 ZSI (www.zsi.gov.in) 1916
Institutes under India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
• Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment &
Development, Almora
• Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal
• Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute,
Bangalore[4]
• Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun

57. BSI-Botanical Survey of India
 Established in 1890 at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Calcutta.
 In 1952, plans were made to recognize the BSI
and formulate its objectives.
 The BSI currently has nine regional centers.

58. ZSI-Zoological Survey of India
 Established in 1916.
 It’s mandate was to do a symmetric
survey of fauna in India.
 Its origins were collections based at the
Indian Museum at Calcutta, which was
established in 1875.
 It has done an enormous amount of
work on taxonomy and ecology.
 It currently operates from 16 regional
centers.

59. Institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Headquartered in
Dehradun
• Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur
• Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl
• Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur
• Centre for Forest-based Livelihoods and Extension (CFLE), Agartala
• Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, Chhindwara
• Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation, Allahabad
• Forest Research Institute (India), Dehradun
• Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla
• Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad
• Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore
• Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi
• Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore
• Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat
• Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur
• Van Vigyan Kendra (Forest Science Centres)

60. Non-Government
Organizations
 The following are the NGO’s
 BNHS (www.bnhs.org)
 WWF-I (www.wwfindia.org)
 CSE (www.cseindia.org)
 CPR-EEC (www.cpreec.org)
 CEE (www.ceeindia.org)
 BVIEER (http://environment.bharatividyapeeth.edu)
 UKSN (www.usnpss.org)
 Kalpavriksh (www.kalpavriksh.org)
 SACON (www.sacon.org)
 WII (www.wii.gov.in)
 MCBT (www.madrascrocodilebank.org)

61. BNHS-Bombay Natural History
Society, Mumbai
 Begin as a small society of six members in
1883.
 Its influence is on wild life policy building,
research, popular publications.
 Publishes a popular magazine called
Hornbill and also an internationally well-
known journal on Natural History.
 Helped the government to frame wild life
related laws and taken up battles such as
‘save the silent valley campaign’.

62. WWF-I World Wide Fund for
Natural India, New Delhi
 Initiated in 1969 in Mumbai, after the head
quarters is shifted to New Delhi.
 Attention on wild life education and
awareness.
 It runs several programs, including the Natural
Clubs of India program from school children.

63. CSE-Center for Science and
Environment, New Delhi
 The activities including organizing campaigns, holding
workshops and conferences, and producing
environment related publications.
 Publication material is in the form of books, posters,
video films and also conducts work shops and seminars
on bio-diversity related issues.

64. CPR-EEC CPR Environmental
Education Center, Chennai
 Setup in 1988.
 Conducts a variety of programs to
spread environmental awareness and
create an interest in conservation
among the general public.
 To promote conservation of nature and
natural resources.
 Its programs include components on
wild life an biodiversity issues.
 Produces large number of publications.

65. CEE-Center for Environmental
Education, Ahemadabad
 Initiated in 1989.
 Wide range of programs on the environment
and produces a variety of educational
material.
 CEE’s Training in Environment Education
program has trained many environmental
educators.

66. BVIEER-Bharati Vidyapeet
Institute of Environmental
Education and Research, Pune
 Part of Bharati Vidyapeet deemed
university.
 The institute has a PhD, master’s and
Bachelor’s Program in Environmental
Sciences.
 It also offers an innovative diploma in
Environment education for in-service
teachers.
 Biodiversity conservation is a major focus
of its research initiatives.

67. UKSN-Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi,
Almora
 This organization is a Nodal agency that
supports NGOs in need of funds for their
environment related activities.
 Its main target is sustainable resource use at
the village level through training school
children.
 Its environment education program covers
about 500 schools

68. Kalpavriksh, Pune
 This NGO, initially Delhi based, is now working from
Pune.
 Works on a variety of fronts; education and awareness;
investigation and research; direct action and lobbying;
and litigation with regard to environment and
development issues.
 Responsible for developing India’s National Biodiversity
strategy and Action plan in 2003.

69. Salim Ali center for Ornithology
and Natural History (SACON),
Coimbatore
 Intially conceived as being a wing of the
BNHS, it later evolved into an independent
organization based at Coimbatore in 1990.
 It has instituted a variety of field programs
that have added to the country’s
information on our threatened biodiversity.

70. WII- Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehradun
 Established in 1982.
 This institute is established as a major training
for forest officials and for research in wild life
management.
 Its most significant publication has been
planning a Wild Life Protected Area Network
for India.

71. MCBT-Madras Crocodile
Bank Trust, Chennai
 The first Crocodile conservation
breeding center in Asia, was founded
in 1976 to conserve Indian Crocodiles
an establish program for the
conservation an propagation of other
species.
 MCBT has an ongoing Environmental
Education Program for the villages and
schools that include nature camps,
training workshops for teachers.

72. People in Environment
 The following are the well-known names in the last
century include environmentalists, administrators,
legal experts, educationalists, and journalists.
 Indira Gandhi
 S.P.Gadgil
 M.S.Swaminathan
 Madhav Gadgil
 M.C.Mehta
 Anil Agarwal
 Medha Patkar
 Sunderlal Bahuguna

73. Indira Gandhi
 As PM played a very significant role in the
preservation of India’s Wild Life.
 During her period, the network and protected
areas grew from 65 to 98.
 Wild life protection act was formulated during
her period.

74. S.P.Godrej
 Was one of the India’s greatest supporter of
wild life conservation and nature awareness
programs.
 Between 1975 and 1999, received 10 awards
for his conservation activities, he was
awarded the Padmabhushan in 1999.

75. M S Swaminathan
 One of the India’s foremost agricultural
scientists.
 Founded the MS Swaminathan Research
Foundation in Chennai

76. Madhav Gadgil
 Well known ecologist in India.
 His interests range from broad ecological
issues such as developing community
Biodiversity registers studies on the behaviour
of mammals, birds, and insects.
 He was written several articles, published
papers in journals…

77. M.C.Mehta
 India’s most famous environmental lawyer.
 Since 1984, he has filed several public interest
litigations for supporting the cause of
environmental conservation.
 His most famous and long-drawn battles
supported by the supreme court include
protecting the Tajmahal, cleaning up the
Ganges river…..

78. Anil Agarwal
 Was a journalist who wrote the first report on the state
of India’s Environment in 1982.
 He founded the CES, an active NGO that supports
various environmental issues.

79. Medha Patkar
 Known as one of rural India’s Champions, has
supported the cause of the downtrodden tribal
people whose environment is being affected by the
dams on the Narmada River.

80. Sunderlal Bahuguna
 His chipko movement (1973) has
become an internationally well-known
example of a highly successfully
conservation action program through
the efforts of local people for guarding
their forest resources.
 His fight to prevent the construction of
Tehri dam in a fragile earthquake-
prone setting is a battle that continues
to wage

81. International Environmental
Thinkers
 Charles Darwin(wrote Origin of Species)
 Ralph Emerson (spoke of the dangers of commerce
to our environment in 1840s)
 Henry Thoreau (wrote that the wilderness should be
preserved in 1860s)
 John Muir (saved the great ancient sequoia trees in
California’s forests; he formed Sierra club in 1890s)
 Aldo Leopold (designed the early policies on
wilderness conservation and wildlife management in
1920s)
 Rachel Carson (wrote Silent Spring; several articles
on effects of pesticides on nature and mankind)
 EO Wilson (entomologist and wrote Diversity of Life in
1993)

82. Thank You