a brief insight into traditional to modern breeding approaches in stress breeding.

1. AN INSIGHT INTO STRESS BREEDING:
CONVENTIONAL TO MOLECULAR APPROACH
SPEAKER
SMRUTISHREE SAHOO
MSc. Final Yr. (PBG)

2. STRESS
When some
factors of the
environment
interfere with
the expression
of genotypic
potential .

3. Schematic representation of effect of stress combination on plants. (A) Effect of
combined stresses on plants is explained by representative examples of heat and
drought (abiotic–abiotic stress) and drought and pathogen stress (abiotic–biotic
stress) combination.

4. RESPONSE TO STRESS

5. PRODUCTIVITY LOSSES
DUE TO STRESS
Diseases-20 to 30 %
Insect pests ~14%(globally) 10 to 20 % (India)
Abiotic stresses 50% (Bray EA 1997)
In India also 67% of the area is rain-fed and crops
in these areas invariably experience droughts of
different magnitudes.
Abiotic stress factors -42% (Oerke et.al., 1994).

6. Dire Need Of Resistant Crops
• Human population continues to increase: Nine
billion expected by 2050.
• Due to global warming, and potential climate
abnormalities associated with it, crops typically
encounter an increased number of abiotic and
biotic stress combinations, which severely affect
their growth and yield ( Ramegowda and Senthil-
Kumar, 2015)

7. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• The average global temperature is reported to be increasing at a rate of 0.18°C every decade
(Hansen et al. 2012; Annual Climate Summary, 2010).
• greater variability in temperature and increased frequency of hot days (Pittock,2003).

8. Anticipated abiotic stress induced
crisis in Indo-Gangetic plains
• Conventional rice cultivation may become unsustainable in
the Indo-Gangetic plains due to ground water exploitation
greatly in excess of recharge.
• Temperature effects predicted to be more pronounced in this
region. Wheat with already strained adaptation in the region
is likely to be hit hard. For every 1 degree C increase in mean
temperature above normal, grain yield is reduced by 12-23
per cent.

9. Climate change induced pest problems
• Mealy bug (Phenococcus solenopsis), white fly (Bemisia tabaci) and
Spodoptera litura on Cotton
• Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and plant hoppers (Nilaparvata
lugens and Sogatella furcifera) - Rice
• Shoot fly (Atherigona spp.) and pyrilla - Maize And Sorghum
• Stemfly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) and blister beetle Mylabris spp. - Pulse Crops.
• Cabbage caterpillar (Piersis brassicae), tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera
litura), American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), several species of
aphids, whitefly, leafminer, spider mites and blister beetle are causing
increasing damage in different Vegetable crops
• Fruit piercing moth (Eudocoma spp.), mealy bugs and fruit flies are causing
increasing damage to fruit crops.

10. Emerging disease problems
crops disease
Wheat Powdery mildew, foliar blight and black tip of grain
Rice Sheath blight, neck blast, false smut, foot rot, brown leaf spot, kernel bunt, grain discoloration
Cotton Cotton leaf curl, foliar leaf spot
Maize Bacterial stalk rot
Sugarcane Red stripe
Oilseeds Sclerotinia stem rot
Potato Scab scurf, fusarial dry rot
Tomato Early blight
Cucurbits Cucumber mosaic
Chillies Leaf curl
Citrus Papaya Fruit drop, gummosis, sooty mold

11. ADVANTAGES OF RESISTANT CROP
• Resistance variety stands between starvation and man.
• Nominal genetic permanency
• Negligible cost once cultivar developed
• Quite high efficiency
• Environment friendly than the use of chemical pesticides
and other parasite control.
• Compatible with other measures of stress control.
• Effectiveness is not affected by environmental condition.

12. MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE
STRESS
DISEASE
INSECT
DROUGHT
SALINITY
HEAT
COLD
MECHANISM
Escape /
Avoidance
Endurance or Tolerance
RESISTANCE

13. Genetic Basis
of
Resistance

14. DISEASE RESISTANCE:
GENE-FOR-GENE HYPOTHESIS:-
 Flor 1951 studied on Linseed Rust caused by Melampsora lini.
 For each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is a corresponding
gene controlling the pathogenecity in the pathogen.
 Reported in crops like potato ,sorghum, wheat.

15. OLIGOGENIC INHERITANCE (VERTICAL RESISTANCE)-
• Governed by one or few major genes.
 resistant (insensitive to HC-toxin) maize lines contain a dominant resistance gene Hm1 ,
which encodes for a NADPH-dependent reductase whose function is to reduce (detoxify) the
HC-toxin that Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 (northern leaf spot of maize) produces to cause
disease in susceptible maize (Johal and Briggs 1992 ).
 some recessive resistance genes have proven important sources of durable resistance – e.g.
gene Sr2 conferring resistance to stem rust in wheat (McIntosh et al. 1995 ) ; gene mlo for
mildew resistance in barley (Jørgensen 1994 ) .
• In filtration of different maize lines with a variety of bacterial pathogens of maize, rice and
sorghum has permitted to identify a maize gene, Rxo1 , which conditions a strong HR to the
non-host bacterial pathogen X. o. pv. Oryzicola (Zhao et al. 2004 )
• POLYGENIC INHERITANCE-
 The resistance governed by many genes with small effects and continuous variation.
 the partial resistance in potato to Phytopthora infestans , in maize to Puccinia sorghi , and in
barley to Puccinia hordei (Parlevliet and Zadoks 1977 ) .
• CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE-
 Determined by Cytoplasmic genes or Plasma genes
 Ex- cms-T in maize is extremely susceptible to Helminthosporium leaf blight

16. INSECT RESISTANCE
• At least 30 major or single genes for insect resistance have been tagged or mapped in various crops (e.g. maize,
rice, wheat, tomato, mung bean, apple), conferring resistance to species from 5 orders: Homoptera , Hemiptera
, Diptera , Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. (reviewed in Yencho et al. 2000 )
• The Mi gene from tomato identified as a dominant gene for resistance to a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne
incognita .
• NBS-LRR protein, encoded by the melon Vat gene, confers increased resistance to both Aphis gossypii (cotton
aphid) and the transmission of plant viruses by this aphid species (Dogimont et al. 2007 ) .
• Insect resistance is governed by:-
1. OLIGOGENES:-
 Example - In wheat to green bugs, In cotton to Jassids. In apple to woolly aphis in rice to plant and leaf hopper.
2. POLYGENES:-
 Example - 1. In wheat to cereal leaf beetle
• 2. In rice to stem borer
• 3. In maize to ear worm and leaf aphid
3. CYTOPLASMIC:-
 Example- Resistance to European corn borer maize

17. DROUGHT RESISTANCE
• A complex trait, expression of which depend on action and interaction of
different morphological, physiological and biochemical characters.
• The identification of genes responsible for morphological and physiological
traits and their location on chromosome is difficult , but their inheritance
pattern and nature of gene action have been reported.
• Heritability estimates are available for only some traits and they range from
low (stomatal conductance in cotton) to high( root xylem diameter in wheat).

18. SOURCES
STRESS
DISEASE
INSECT
DROUGHT
SALINITY
HEAT
COLD
SOURCE
KNOWN VARIETY
GERMPLASM
COLLECTION-
MUTATION-
RELATED SPECIES-
SOMACLONAL
VARIATION-
UNRELATED
ORGANISMS

19. Conventional breeding for stress
resistance

20. Modified Bulk Method
a. For Low Heritability Traits b. High Heritability Traits

21. LINE A
High cuticular wax
LINE B
high yield and other traits
deficient in line A
F1
F2
F3
………………………...
..................................
lllllllllllll lllllllllllll
lll lll lll lll
lll lll lll lll
----------------------------
-----------------------------
Generation advance under optimal
moisture
>Space planted under optimal moisture
>A large no. of individual plants are selected
>Individual plant progenies grown under moisture stress
>Progenies evaluated for cuticular wax only
>superior progeny (for cuticular wax )are selected
>Selected progenies grown under optimum moisture
>Selection based on yield and quality
Preliminary yield trials
Multilocation yield trials
Seed multiplication for distribution
F13
F10-F12
F9
F7-F8
F6
F5
Selfing
A breeding approach for drought resistance based on combined use of optimum and
moisture stress environments
..................................

22. Transfer of resistance genes through back cross breeding

23. SHUTTLE BREEDING APPROACH IN WHEAT
• The approach is to combine input responsiveness with
efficient input (water) utilisation, so that germplasms
are able to, at least, maintain the traditional yields
under drought.
• Express dramatic yield increase whenever environment
improves.
• SHUTTLE BREEDING is a scheme in which selection is
alternated between two environments.

24. Shuttle Breeding scheme for wheat CIMMYT,Mexico

25. Method of breeding trait variety
INTRODUCTION rust resistant Kalyan sona and Sonalika wheat from CIMMYT, Mexico-
downy mildew African bajra – Developed cms lines
SELECTION Kufri red potato - Selection from Darjeeling red round
Pusa sawni behind - Selection from a collection from Bihar.
black arm MCU-1 was selection from CO4 in cotton.
salinity From local variety Arya -Arya33(maharastra)
Damodar-CSR1(WB) in rice
PEDIGREE Disease Wheat- Kalyan sona, Sonalika, Malvika 12,37,206,234
leaf blight Cotton- Laxmi (Gadag1*CO2)
Salinity Wheat – KRL 1-4,KRL 3-4,KRL 19,HD 2009.Kh-65, KRL 212
Rice –CSR10,11,12,13,18,19,20, 30
Mustard - CS 52, CS 54,CS 56
Barley - CSB1,2,3, RD-2552
MUTATION salinity Rice variety CSR 4 (Mohan) - gamma ray mutant developed at CSSRI, karnal
At IRRI mutant lines are produced by irradiation of rice variety IR 29
Changwei 19 mutant wheat variety developed in China

26. Responding to challenges posed by biotic and
abiotic stresses through crop improvement
• Every new objective added to a breeding
programme almost doubles the magnitude of
work .
• Unlike past successes (e.g., dwarf varieties),
future increases in productivity potential are not
likely to be accompanied by enhanced inputs
• Genetic improvements need to be accomplished
under demanding time frames.
Can Routine Breeding Programmes Meet These
Challenges ?

28. NEW APPROACHES IN BREEDING
QTL identification
The process of constructing linkage maps and conducting QTL analysis i.e. to identify genomic regions
associated with traits is known as QTL mapping.
Identification and location of polygenes or QTL by use of DNA markers.
It involves testing DNA markers throughout the genome for the likelihood that they are associated with
a QTL.
With QTL mapping, partial resistance loci can be treated as Mendelian factors and manipulated just like
any major gene.
marker assisted selection
MAS is based on the concept that it is possible to infer the presence of a gene from the presence of a
marker that is tightly linked to the gene.
In this respect, pyramiding several major resistance genes into a valuable genetic background is
simplified
Transgenics
• The directed desirable gene, transfer across taxonomic boundaries and subsequent expression of the
gene is referred as transgenosis.
• The transferred gene is known as transgene and organism that resulted after successful gene
transferring is known as transgenic organism.

29. QTL Identification
 5 QTLs for short ASI were introgressed through MABC from a drought donor to drought susceptible line in maize (Ribaut and Ragot,
2007)
 In sorghum 4 major QTLs ie., stg1, stg2 stg 3 and stg4 that controls stay green and grain yield have been identified (Harris et al ., 2007).
 the QTLs for drought tolerance in hexaploid wheat (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3D, 5A, 5B, 7A, and 7B). (Quarrie et al. (2005)
 96 doubled haploid lines of wheat to analyze QTLs for drought tolerance (13 to 36%). (Dashti et al. (2007)
 Kirigwi et al. (2007) used SSR marker for mapping QTL on chromosome 4A (XBE637912, Xwmc89, and Xwmc420).
 QTL associated with ion transport reported in Rice (Koyama et al,2001)
 Leaf rust barley e QTLs Rphq2, Rphq3, Rphq4 were identified by Castro et al., (2003)
 QTL associated with drought tolerance was mapped on linkage group1,2and4 and transferred to HHB67 (Yadav et al .,2002 )

30. Stress Resistance
genes/QTLs
Available linked markers Donor parents References
Submergence Sub1 SUB1BC2, RM464A, RZ698,
C1232, RG381 and RG345
FR13A, Swarna sub1,
IR64 sub1, FR43B,
Kurkurappan and
Thavalu
Das and Rao, 2015
Salinity Saltol RM8094, RM140, RM10745,
RM10772
FL496, FL478, FL378,
Pokkali, SR26B, Patnai
23, Vytilla 1
Nejad et
al., 2008, 2010; Das
and Rao, 2015
BB Xa21, xa13, Xa10,
xa5, Xa4, Xa3,
Xa1, Xa7
pTA248, AB9, RG103, Xa13p,
RG136, O072000,CDO365, RG556,
XNpb181, R1506-S12886, MP,
XNpb181, Y5212L, C600, Y5212R,
16PFXa1/EcoRV, M5
Kogyku, Tetep,
Chogoku 45, IR20,
IR1545-339,
CAS209, O.
longistaminata, Pusa
1460
Ma et al., 1999; Porter
et al., 2003; Shin et
al., 2007; Singh et
al., 2011;
Kottearachchi, 2013;
Kurokawa et al., 2016

31. MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION
• In rice allele for root depth has been introgressed to IR 64 from Azucena (Shen et
al., 2001)
• In rice genotype Lalat improved by MAS to variety Improved Lalat for Bacterial blight (Xa4 +
xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) Dokku et al., 2013
• In rice genotype Swarna improved to Swarna sub1 for Submergence (Sub1) (Nandi et
al., 1997) and genotype IR64 improved to IR64 Sub1Submergence (Sub1) (Reddy et al., 2009)
• In wheat SSR marker XWMC 48 near centromere of 4 A chromosome is found
associated with drought tolerance - CIMMYT
• In rice gene for salt tolerance mapped on chromosome 7 near RFLP marker RG 4
(Zhang et al., 1995)
• In bread wheat locus Kna1 determining K/Na ratio is linked to 5 RFLP marker on 4D
long arm (Gurham et al., 1997)

32. Genotypes variety improved
by MAS
Traits and resistant genes References
Lalat Improved Lalat Bacterial blight (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) Dokku et al., 2013
IR64 IR64 Sub1 Submergence (Sub1) Reddy et al., 2009
Swarna Swarna sub1 Rice Submergence (Sub1) Nandi et al., 1997
Pusa RH 10 PRR78/IRBB60 Rice blast (Pi54 + Piz5) Singh et al., 2011
-- -- Soybean Lepidopteran resistance (cry1Ac+corn earworm
QTL)
Walker et al., (2002)
-- -- Powdery mildew resistance wheat(Pm2+Pm4a;
Pm2+Pm21;Pm4a+Pm21)
Liu et al., (2000)
-- -- Barley Stripe
rust resistance (3 QTL)
Castro et al., (2003b,
d)

33. TRANSGENICS(DROUGHT)
Transgene Isolated from Function Transferred in
to
Reported by
sac B Bacillus subtilis Fructan
production
Tobacco Pilon smith et al
(1995)
bet B E.coli Betaine
production
Tobacco Holmstorn et al (1994)
Annexin Arabidopsis - Mustard Rai and
Prasanna(2000)
tps1 and tps 2 Yeast Trehalose
production
Tobacco Serrano(1999)
osmotin - - Potato Rai and
Prasanna(2000)

34. TRANSGENICS(SALINITY)
Transgene Isolated from Function Transferred into Reported by
mtl 1 D E coli Mannitol production Tobacco Tarezynski et al., 1993
P5CS Moth bean Proline production Tobacco Kishore et al,1995
hva 1 Barley LEA proteins Rice Xu et al., 1996
cod A Arthrobacter
globiformis
Betaine Arabidopsis Hayashi,1997
betA E coli Betaine Tobacco Holmstrom et al., 1994

35. Transgenes (insect resistance)
Gene Transferred Crop Insects controlled References
cry1H (Bt toxin) Maize European corn borer Jansens, 1997
Barley trypsin inhibitor Rice Insect resistance 3 Alfonso-Rubi et al., 200
cryIIIB (Bt toxin) Eggplant Leptinotarsa decemlineata Iannacone et al., 1997
Cowpea serin PI Rice Stem borer Duan et al., 1996
Snow drop lectin Potato Potato aphid Gatehouse, 1997
cry1A (Bt toxin) Soybean Insect resistance Macrae et al., 2005
cryIAc Chickpea Insect resistance Sanyal et al., 2005
cryIAb (Bt toxin) Cotton Cotton bollworm Tohidfar et al., 2008
cry3a (Bt toxin) Alfalfa Insect resistance Tohidfar et al., 2013

36. Transgenic (disease resistance)

37. (A) Overview of marker assisted backcross breeding program; (B) Flow diagram depicting the
gene pyramiding of multiple stress resistance (R) genes into a single line using marker assisted
backcross breeding; and (C) Flow diagram of stresses affecting rice productivity.
Das et al. 2017

38. Heat tolerance in wheat using wide
hybridization and molecular markers
• A heat-tolerant accession of Ae.
speltoides pau3809 was crossed
with Triticum durum cv. PDW274,
and BC2F4-6 backcross introgression
lines (BILs) were developed.
• phenotyped for important
physiological traits, genotyped
using SSR markers and used for
mapping the QTL governing heat
tolerance component traits.
• A set of 90 BILs was selected from
preliminary evaluation of a
broader set of 262 BILs under heat
stress. Awlachew et al. 2016

40. Ae. speltoides chromosome segments associated with heat
stress tolerance

41. BIOTIC STRESS RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: RUST DISEASE
• MAS can be used at an early stage of plant development in order to screen several genes simultaneously.
• To date more than 120 Lr and Sr genes have been found in wheat and three genes for leaf rust resistance in
wheat Lr1 , Lr10 and Lr 21 have been isolated cloned and sequenced.
• Molecular markers linked to race-specific and slow leaf rusting resistance genes: Lr1, Lr3, Lr9, Lr10, Lr13, Lr19,
Lr21 Lr23, Lr24, Lr25, Lr27, Lr28, Lr29, Lr31, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr39, Lr46, Lr47, Lr50 and Lr51 have been
identified.
• Molecular markers are also available for some Sr genes such as: Sr9a, Sr24, Sr25, Sr36.
• Molecular markers such as STS or SCAR and CAPS are available for leaf rust resistance genes Lr1, Lr9, Lr10, Lr
19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr 25, Lr28, Lr29, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr39, Lr47 and Lr51.
• Enzymatic marker (endopeptidase Ep-D1c) for Lr19 has also been developed .
• Microsatellite (SSR) and AFLP markers for some Lr genes such as Lr3bg, Lr18, Lr40, Lr46 and Lr50 have been
developed by Purnhauser et al(2000).
• Molecular markers are available also for stem resistance genes such as Sr2 , Sr 9a , Sr22 , Sr24 and Sr26 , Sr31 ,
Sr36 and Sr39.
• PAU has the distinction of designating the first three alien rust resistance genes from India: Yr40 (yellow rust),
Lr57 (brown rust) and Lr58(brown rust) using molecular marker technology.

42. Relative resistances of wheat to stripe (left) and leaf rust (right). R: resistant; MR: moderately
resistant; MS: moderately susceptible; and S: susceptible. Source: Rust Scoring Guide, Research
Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, Netherlands
Todorovska et al.(2009)

44. Molecular marker assisted gene stacking for
biotic and abiotic stress resistance genes in an
elite rice cultivar
• Through MAS successful pyramidization of genes/QTLs to confer
resistance/tolerance to blast (Pi2, Pi9), gall Midge (Gm1, Gm4),
submergence (Sub1), and salinity (Saltol) in a released rice variety
CRMAS2621-7-1 as Improved Lalat.
• It was already incorporated with three BB resistance genes xa5, xa13,
and Xa21 to supplement the Xa4 gene present in Improved Lalat.

45. Recurrent parent - Improved Lalat
DONOR PARENT GENES CARRYING FOR
Kavya gall midge resistance gene Gm1
Abhaya gall midge resistance gene Gm4
C1O1A51 blast resistance gene Pi2
WHD-1S-75-1-127 blast resistance gene Pi9
FR13A submergence resistance QTL Sub1
FL478 salinity resistance QTL Saltol

46. Das et al.(2015)

47. OsGSK1 located on chromo.1, composed of 12 exons, encodes a protein (404 a.a).
OsGSK1 has a highly conserve kinase domain.
KO mutants of OsGSK1 showed enhanced tolerance to cold, heat, salt, and drought
stresses.
Rice OsGSK1 gene KO enhance tolerance to various
abiotic stresses
(Koh et al., 2007)47

48. OsiSAP8 gene
(Kanneganti et al., 2008)
 Multiple stress inducible gene
 A20 and AN1 type zinc-finger domains
48

49. (Kanneganti et al.,
2008)
49

50. The Fd-GOGAT1 mutant gene lc7 confers resistance
to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae in rice
Chen et al.(2016)
• Bacterial blight (BB) is a serious disease in rice that is
caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas
oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and can cause yield losses of up to
50%.(Gnanamanickam et al.(1999)
• A total of 38 BB resistance genes (R genes) have been
identified. Of these genes, eight BB R genes,
namely Xa21, Xa1, Xa26, xa5, xa13, Xa27, Xa10 and Xa23,
have been cloned.

51. • A defective Fd-GOGAT enzyme in the rice lc7 mutant, in
which chlorophyll synthesis is dramatically blocked and
anti-oxidant defense is activated, resulting in the
activation of broad-spectrum bacterial blight
resistance.
• The lc7 locus was mapped primarily between two
simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, S7 and S4, on
chromosome 7. This locus was further narrowed to a
78-kb region between S16 and S22 with sequence-
tagged site markers (STS)

52.  A cotton, GhDREB encodes a 153 amino acid protein containing a conserved
AP2/EREBP domain, was isolated from the cDNA library of cotton.
 RNA blot analysis showed that the GhDREB gene was induced in cotton seedlings by
drought, high salt and cold stresses.
 Expression vectors containing the GhDREB gene with rd29A promoters were
constructed and transferred into wheat.
 Functional analysis indicated that the transgenic plants had improved tolerance to
drought, high salt, and freezing stresses.
52

53.  A gene encoding Hordeum vulgare dehydration responsive element binding
protein 1 (HvDREB1), a member of the A-2 subgroup of the DREB subfamily was
isolated from barley seedlings.
 Expression of the HvDREB1 gene in barley leaves was significantly induced by
salt, drought, and low-temperature.
 Over expression of HvDREB1 activated a downstream gene, RD29A, under
normal growth conditions and led to increased tolerance to stress in Arabidopsis
plants.
53

54. CROP DISEASE TO WHICH RESISTANT VARIETIES
RICE Blast(ADT10*CO4) CO25,CO26,tulsi,IR64
blight Ajay,PR-10
Wheat- all 3 rust NP809
Yellow rust NP785,NM86
Black rust NP789
Brown rust - NP783,NP 784
Leaf blight HD2643
Blight and rust UP2425,PBW273,WH291
Sugarcane Red rot CO419
Chick Pea wilt Awarodhi,JG-315,74
Aschochyta blight Gaurav, sadbhabana

55. crop Insect resistant variety
rice resistant to leaf hopper vijaya
Stemborer TKM 6, Ratna ,IR20
BPH Vajram, Chaitanya, pratibha ,aruna,chandana
Gall midge Phalguna,surekha,suraksha
wheat Shoot fly HUW243,HUW468
chickpea Pod borer PBG3
Pigeon pea Pod borer Asha,ICP322,ICP1903, ICPL84660
Bt-cotton bollworm bollgaurd
cotton Resistant to boll worms G27, MCU 7, LRK 516

56. VARIETY OF DR0UGHT RESISTANCE
crop variety
Rice Sahbhagidhan (2009)- yield 35q/ha
Govind, Sabri
Wheat spring wheat*winter wheat cross
Kavkaz/Buho/Kalyansona/Bluebird (CM33027)-Called Veery’s line.
Advanced line Nesser
(Jupateco73{high yielding CIMMYT wheat}*W3918A(drought tolleratnt Australian var,))- ICARDA
K68,narmada,NP890
chickpea NP-58
Pigeon pea Manak

57. VARIETIES OF CROPS FOR ABIOTIC STRESSES
crop Abiotic stress variety
rice Saline-alkaline soil CSR-10,CSR-13,CSR-27
Salt tolerant Lunishree, TRY1,CSR10, CSR13, CSR23, CSR27, CSR30
(Yamini), CSR36 (Naina); Lunishree;
Vytilla 1, Vytilla 2, Vytilla 3, Vytilla 4,
Vyttila 5, Vyttila 6; Panvel 1, Panvel 2,
Panvel 3; Sumati, Jarava; Bhutnath; Usar
dhan 1, Usar dhan 2, Usar dhan 3
Post flood situation Heera, Kalinga-3
Deep water rice Pankaj, Jagannath
wheat Heat tolerant Raj 3765
maize Flood Diara3
drought Prakash,megha
Pearl millet frost BSH46

58. Global Area of Biotech Crops in 2015 and 2016: by
Country (million hectares)
rank Country 2015 2016
1 USA* 70.9 72.9
2 Brazil* 44.2 49.1
3 Argentina* 24.5 23.8
4 Canada* 11.0 11.6
5 India* 11.6 10.8

59. THURST IN ABIOTIC STRESS BREEDING
• low yield.
• Do not have much wider adaptability (as abiotic resistant is location specific).
• linkage with undesirable genes.
• Transfer of resistant genes from wild types may post problem.
• poor understanding of inheritance of tolerance.
• Measurement of many drought resistant traits is difficult and problematic, since
virtually all the useful drought resistant trait under Polygenic control.
• Large G*E interaction.
• Difficulty in creation of controlled moisture stress environment.
• lack of efficient techniques for screening the germplasm and breeding.
• Lack of convincing evidence to support relationship with increased productivity .
• Temporal and spatial variation of temperature regime.
• Less information available on QTLs and other molecular markers.
• Transgenics - not yet reported in heat tolerance trait.

60. THURST IN BIOTIC BREEDING
 Linkage of resistant genes with genes of inferior quality.
 Linkage between desirable and undesirable genes.
 Occurrence of different physiological races.
 Self sterility in host plants.
 Breeding for resistance to an insect pest may lead to the susceptibility to another
pest.
 Eg. Glabrous strains of cotton are resistant to bollworms but susceptibility to
Jassids.
 Reduction is quality, unfit for consumption.
 Screening for resistance is the most critical and difficult step is a breeding
programme.
 It is a long term programme.

61. FUTURE PROSPECTIVES
• Identifying and exploiting new genes from
tolerant sources
• Efficient selection in segregating population
through use of various physiological and yield
related traits
• Identifying QTL linked to salinity and drought and
pyramiding of genes/QTL with minor effects
• Marker assisted selection for efficient screening
• Transgenic with stress protein must be identified.

62. Queries please?