HYDROCEPHALY.ppt
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This document discusses hydrocephalus, defined as disproportionate increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranium. It occurs in 3-4 per 1000 births and can be congenital or acquired. There are two main types - communicating and non-communicating - depending on whether CSF circulation or absorption is impaired. Clinical manifestations vary by age but include head enlargement, irritability, vomiting, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves measuring head growth curves and imaging tests like CT and MRI to identify ventricle size and site of obstruction.
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HYDROCEPHALUS presentation.docx
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles. It occurs in 3-4 per 1000 births and can be congenital or acquired. Common causes include malformations that obstruct cerebrospinal fluid flow or absorption. Clinical signs include head enlargement, bulging fontanels, vomiting, and irritability in infants. Diagnosis involves imaging tests to locate the obstruction. Treatment is usually surgical placement of a shunt to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain ventricles to the abdomen or heart. Post-operative care focuses on monitoring for increased intracranial pressure signs that could indicate shunt malfunction or infection.
HYDROCEPHALUS (2)222.ppt
Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption in the brain, which leads to excessive accumulation of fluid in the ventricles and increased intracranial pressure. It can be congenital due to malformations or acquired from infections, tumors, or hemorrhages. The excess fluid causes ventricle dilation and brain compression. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid from the ventricles to the abdominal cavity or heart. Complications include shunt malfunction and infection. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the spine fails to close, often with a visible sac-like protrusion of membranes and spinal cord. It can cause paralysis, in
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, resulting in increased pressure inside the skull. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, causing it to accumulate in the ventricles of the brain. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include an enlarged head size, vomiting, irritability, and problems with vision. Treatment involves surgically placing a shunt to divert fluid from the brain ventricles to another part of the body to decrease pressure. Complications from hydrocephalus and its treatment can include infections, mechanical issues with shunts, and neurological problems.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain, increasing pressure inside the skull. It can be congenital, acquired after birth from injuries or infections, or develop later in life. Symptoms depend on age but include headaches, nausea, vision issues, and cognitive or mobility problems. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles to other body areas. Complications can arise from shunt malfunctions or progression of the condition if left untreated.
HYDROCEPHALUS
It's about HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ANATOMY OF HUMAN BRAIN
TO INTRODUCE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DEFINE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN INCIDENCE OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ETIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO ENLIST DIAGNOSIS & DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION FOR HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN COMPLICATION & PROGNOSIS OF HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus.pptx
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on hydrocephalus. It recommends:
1) Freely downloading, editing, and modifying the slides and adding your name.
2) Not worrying about the number of slides, as half are blank except for the title to facilitate active learning sessions.
3) Showing blank slides first to elicit what students already know before presenting content.
4) Rerunning the presentation by again showing blank slides and asking questions before presenting the next slide.
5) Using this approach for self-study as well.
6) Checking the notes for bibliography references.
Neurological System Lecture 7.pdf
This document discusses several pediatric neurological disorders including hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and bacterial meningitis. Hydrocephalus is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles which can cause increased intracranial pressure. It is usually treated with surgical insertion of a shunt system to drain fluid from the brain. Spina bifida is a birth defect involving incomplete closing of the spinal column which can range from mild to severe. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency caused by bacterial infection of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, with symptoms including fever, irritability, and neck stiffness.
Hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles and cavities that causes increased intracranial pressure. It defines hydrocephalus, discusses its incidence, classification (communicating vs. non-communicating), causes, clinical manifestations in infants and children, diagnostic evaluation including CT/MRI scans and lumbar puncture, management through medical treatment, surgical placement of shunts, shunt care, and complications. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for increased intracranial pressure pre-and post-operatively, assessing for neurological changes or infections, and managing pain and fluid levels.
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HYDROCEPHALUS presentation.docx
Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricles. It occurs in 3-4 per 1000 births and can be congenital or acquired. Common causes include malformations that obstruct cerebrospinal fluid flow or absorption. Clinical signs include head enlargement, bulging fontanels, vomiting, and irritability in infants. Diagnosis involves imaging tests to locate the obstruction. Treatment is usually surgical placement of a shunt to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain ventricles to the abdomen or heart. Post-operative care focuses on monitoring for increased intracranial pressure signs that could indicate shunt malfunction or infection.
HYDROCEPHALUS (2)222.ppt
Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption in the brain, which leads to excessive accumulation of fluid in the ventricles and increased intracranial pressure. It can be congenital due to malformations or acquired from infections, tumors, or hemorrhages. The excess fluid causes ventricle dilation and brain compression. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid from the ventricles to the abdominal cavity or heart. Complications include shunt malfunction and infection. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the spine fails to close, often with a visible sac-like protrusion of membranes and spinal cord. It can cause paralysis, in
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, resulting in increased pressure inside the skull. It occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF, causing it to accumulate in the ventricles of the brain. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include an enlarged head size, vomiting, irritability, and problems with vision. Treatment involves surgically placing a shunt to divert fluid from the brain ventricles to another part of the body to decrease pressure. Complications from hydrocephalus and its treatment can include infections, mechanical issues with shunts, and neurological problems.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid builds up in the brain, increasing pressure inside the skull. It can be congenital, acquired after birth from injuries or infections, or develop later in life. Symptoms depend on age but include headaches, nausea, vision issues, and cognitive or mobility problems. Treatment involves surgically inserting a shunt to drain fluid from the brain ventricles to other body areas. Complications can arise from shunt malfunctions or progression of the condition if left untreated.
HYDROCEPHALUS
It's about HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ANATOMY OF HUMAN BRAIN
TO INTRODUCE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DEFINE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN INCIDENCE OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ETIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO ENLIST DIAGNOSIS & DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION FOR HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN COMPLICATION & PROGNOSIS OF HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus.pptx
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on hydrocephalus. It recommends:
1) Freely downloading, editing, and modifying the slides and adding your name.
2) Not worrying about the number of slides, as half are blank except for the title to facilitate active learning sessions.
3) Showing blank slides first to elicit what students already know before presenting content.
4) Rerunning the presentation by again showing blank slides and asking questions before presenting the next slide.
5) Using this approach for self-study as well.
6) Checking the notes for bibliography references.
Neurological System Lecture 7.pdf
This document discusses several pediatric neurological disorders including hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and bacterial meningitis. Hydrocephalus is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles which can cause increased intracranial pressure. It is usually treated with surgical insertion of a shunt system to drain fluid from the brain. Spina bifida is a birth defect involving incomplete closing of the spinal column which can range from mild to severe. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency caused by bacterial infection of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, with symptoms including fever, irritability, and neck stiffness.
Hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, which is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles and cavities that causes increased intracranial pressure. It defines hydrocephalus, discusses its incidence, classification (communicating vs. non-communicating), causes, clinical manifestations in infants and children, diagnostic evaluation including CT/MRI scans and lumbar puncture, management through medical treatment, surgical placement of shunts, shunt care, and complications. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for increased intracranial pressure pre-and post-operatively, assessing for neurological changes or infections, and managing pain and fluid levels.
Hydrocephalus Lecture Note (Congenital and Acquired)
This document discusses hydrocephalus, beginning with an introduction defining it as abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles due to overproduction, obstruction of flow, or decreased absorption. It then covers the epidemiology, relevant anatomy of cerebrospinal fluid flow, etiology which can be congenital or acquired, classification as obstructing or communicating, clinical features in infants and adults, investigations including CT scan, and treatment which is typically surgical using shunts to redirect cerebrospinal fluid flow, with ventriculoperitoneal shunt being most common. Complications of shunt surgery like failure, blockage, and infection are also discussed.
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1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which increases pressure inside the skull. It can be congenital, meaning present at birth, or acquired later in life due to factors like infection, brain tumors, or head injuries.
2) The main types are communicating, which is caused by impaired fluid reabsorption, and non-communicating, caused by an obstruction of fluid flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include headache, nausea, vomiting, and vision problems.
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This document defines and describes hydrocephalus, including its causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Hydrocephalus is an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles due to overproduction or impaired absorption. It can be congenital due to malformations, or acquired due to hemorrhage, infections, or tumors. Diagnosis involves head growth monitoring and imaging. Treatment involves medical management with acetazolamide or surgical intervention like ventriculoperitoneal shunting to divert cerebrospinal fluid. Complications can include shunt malfunctions or infections. Prognosis includes reduced IQ and increased risks of vision problems.
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Hydrochephalus
Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles that causes them to expand. It can be caused by obstruction of CSF flow or improper absorption. Common signs include an enlarged head size, bulging fontanelles, downward eye deviation, and irritability. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and lumbar puncture. Treatment is typically with a shunt system to drain excess CSF out of the brain ventricles. Complications can include infection, shunt malfunction, and bleeding.
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HYDROCEPHALUS
IN THIS TOPIC I HAVE INCLUDED DETAILED CONTENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS FROM DEFINATION TO NURSING MANAGEMENT
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HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus is an abnormal increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity that results in enlarged ventricles and increased pressure on the brain. It can be caused by obstruction of CSF flow or overproduction of CSF. Common symptoms include headache, vomiting, and enlarged head circumference. Treatment involves managing increased intracranial pressure medically or surgically by placing a shunt to drain CSF and relieve pressure on the brain. Outcomes depend on the cause of hydrocephalus but can include developmental delays and vision problems.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
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Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
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HYDROCEPHALY.ppt
- 1. SCHOOL OF CLINICAL SCIENCES MAKAMBO-MAKENI Department of pathology Lecturer: DR. ABUBAKAR KANU Topic: hydrocephalus
- 2. Outline: Definition Incidence Types Classification Pathophysiology mechanism of fluid in balance Common defect of the cranium Clinical manifestation Diagnosis
- 3. Hydrocephalus •It is defined as a disproportionate increase in the amount of CSF within the cranium usually in association with a rise in ICP. •A syndrome, or sign, resulting from disturbances in the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which may be caused by several diseases.
- 5. Incidence •Occurs in 3-4 of every 1000 births. •Cause may be congenital or acquired. •Congenital- may be due to maldevelopment or intrauterine infection •Acquired- may be due to infection, neoplasm or hemorrhage.
- 6. Pathophysiology •CSF is formed by two mechanisms: -Secretion by the choroid plexus, -Lymphatic-like drainage by the extracellular fluid in brain. •CSF circulates thru ventricular system and is absorbed within subarachnoid spaces by unknown mechanism.
- 8. Mechanisms of Fluid Imbalance • Hydrocephalus results from: • 1. Impaired absorption of CSF within the subarachnoid space (communicating hydrocephalus), or • 2. Obstruction to the flow of CSF through the ventricular system (non- communicating hydrocephalus)
- 9. Mechanisms of fluid imbalance • Both lead to increase accumulation of CSF in the ventricles! • Ventricles become dilated and compress the brain. • When this happens before cranial sutures are closed, skull enlarges. • In children <10-12, previously closed sutures may open.
- 10. • Most cases of non-communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus are a result of developmental malformations. • Other causes: neoplasms, intrauterine infections, trauma. • Developmental defects account for most causes of hydrocephalus from birth to 2 years of age. Cont.
- 11. Common Defects • Arnold-Chiari Malformation (ACM) – Type 2 malformation of brain seen most exclusively with myelomeningocele, is characterized by herniation of a small cerebellum, medulla, pons, and fourth ventricle into the cervical spinal canal through an enlarged foramen magnum.
- 13. Clinical manifestations • Clinical picture depends on acuity of onset and presence of preexisting structural lesions.
- 14. Infancy • Head grows at alarming rate with hydrocephalus. – First signs- bulging of fontanels without head enlargement. – Tense, bulging, non-pulsatile anterior fontanel – Dilated scalp veins, esp. when crying – Thin skull bones with separated sutures (cracked pot sounds on percussion)
- 18. Infancy • Protruding forehead or bossing. • Depressed eyes or setting-sun eyes (eyes rotating or downward with sclera visible above pupil) • Pupils sluggish with unequal response to light • Irritability, lethargy, feeds poorly, changes in LOC, arching of back (opisthotonos), lower extremity spasticity. • May cry when picked up or rocked; quiets when allowed to lay still.
- 19. Infancy • Swallowing difficulties, stridor, apnea, aspiration, respiratory difficulties and arm weakness may indicate brain stem compression. • If hydrocephalus progresses, difficulty sucking and feeding, and a high-pitched shrill cry results. (lower brain stem dysfunction)
- 20. Infancy • Emesis, somnolence, seizures, and cardiopulmonary distress ensues and hydrocephalus progresses. • Severely affected infants may not survive neonatal period.
- 22. Childhood • Signs and symptoms caused by increased ICP. • Manifestations caused by posterior neoplasms and aqueduct stenosis, manifestations associated with space-occupying lesions.
- 23. Childhood • Headache on awakening with improvement following emesis or sitting up. • Papilledema (swelling of optic disc DT obstruction), strabismus, and extrapyramidal tract signs such as ataxia • Irritability, lethargy, apathy, confusion, and often incoherent
- 24. Childhood • Dandy-Walker syndrome- congenital defect-late onset. – Obstruction of foramen of Luschka and Magendie – Bulging occiput, nystagmus, ataxia, cranial nerve palsies – Female predominance (3:1) – Absence or occlusion of ventricles
- 25. Diagnostic Evaluation • Antenatal- fetal ultrasound as early as 14 weeks • Infancy- based on head circumference crosses one or more grid lines on the infant growth chart within a 4 week period and there are progressive neuro signs. • CT and • MRI to localize site of obstruction; reveal large ventricles