- The document summarizes the results of a survey that examined people's preferences and decision-making in various contexts involving gains, losses, and numerical information. - In part 1, the survey found that people prefer to avoid losses and minimize risks, and are willing to wait longer for larger gains. Preferences were inconsistent depending on whether options involved gains or losses. - Part 2 examined confirmation bias but did not find clear evidence of it based on responses to questions about alcohol policy preferences. - Part 3 showed that how numerical information is framed and contextualized can significantly impact responses. Specifically, perceptions of inflation, expenditures, and policies depended on the details and comparisons provided. Framing was found to influence whether information was

1. project

2. Some statistics
• N of observations – 111
• Male – 47%
• Female – 51%
• Have not decided – 2%
• Average age – 30 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 42 43 44 46 55
Nofrespondents
Age

3. Part 1. Gains and losses

4. Bonus vs No salary

5. Bonus vs No salary

6. Losses. Now and in the future
No salary this month
68%
-40% for three
months
32%
NO SALARY

7. Bonus. Now or in the future
+100% now
31%
+40% for three months
69%
BONUS

8. Now or in the future
NO SALARY BONUS
68%to have salary
this month to have 40% bonus
during three months76%
(from 68%)

9. Losses and gains. Conclusions
• People want to avoid and minimize losses (loss aversion)

10. Losses and gains. Conclusions
• People are ready to wait to increase gains

11. Losses and gains. Conclusions
• People are not consistent in there time preferences, they switch
depending on the domain of gain or losses

12. Losses and gains. Conclusions
• It is possible to continue the research with different periods (time
discounting effect)

13. Part 2. Confirmation bias

14. Assumption. People tend to confirm their existing beliefs
65%
35%
Yes No

15. Which of these news would you rather believe?
prohibit sell
from 9pm
55%
20% markup
45%

16. Those who support alcohol sales ban (72 responses)
Sales are
prohibited from
9pm
51%
Sales are
allowed with
20% markup
49%

17. Those who DO NOT support alcohol sales ban (39 responses)
Sales are prohibited from
9pm
62%
Sales are allowed with
20% markup
38%

18. Confirmation bias. Conclusions
• We could not confirm the confirmation bias in out research

19. Confirmation bias. Conclusions
• More accuracy in question wording

20. Part 3. What do numbers in news tell us?

21. Expenses on education

23. Do you support UAH 21 bln increasing for
educational expenditure?
No
29%
Yes
50%
More increase
needed
6%
Less increase needed
15%

24. Do you support increasing salary for teachers?
No
7%
Yes
59%
More increase
needed
29%
Less increase
needed
5%

25. Expenditures on education vs Increasing salary
Do support
incresing
educational
expenditures?
Do you support
increasing teachers'
salary?
No 29% 7%
Yes 50% 59%
More increase needed 6% 29%
Less increase needed 15% 5%

26. Expenditures on education vs Increasing salary
81% of those who answered “No” in the first question, chose “Yes” in the second.

27. What do numbers in news tell us?

29. Inflation rate
negative neutral posititve don't know
inflation from 8% to 9,1% 55% 33% 6% 6%
6-10% inflation level 15% 16% 63% 6%

30. inflation from 8% to 9,1% 6-10% inflation level
61 respondent chose “Negative” 59% out of them choose “Positive”
Inflation rate

31. What do numbers in news tell us?

34. Military expenditure
negative neutral positivedon't have an opinion
129 billions for military 15% 23% 32% 30%
+14% for army 25% 28% 34% 13%
3 times more than for
medicine 45% 21% 11% 23%

35. Military expenditure
129 billions for military 3 times more than for medicine
32%
11%
15%
45%

36. Part 3. What do numbers in news tell us?
• Framing matters

37. Part 3. What do numbers in news tell us?
• Details matters

38. Part 3. What do numbers in news tell us?
• Application. The same news may be treated as positive or negative.
When state bodies or NGOs want to communicate their
activities/reforms/successes in is crucially important to put the
information into the relevant context and to give relevant info.