Urban Agriculture: Theory and Practice of Community Gardening
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Este documento discute os conceitos fundamentais da metrologia, incluindo os três domínios da metrologia (científica, industrial e legal), fatores que influenciam as medições, erros em medições, técnicas e instrumentos de medição para diferentes grandezas físicas como comprimento, massa, temperatura e pressão. Também aborda conceitos de padrões, calibração e normalização.
This document provides information on planning and selecting AC drives with fixed speeds. It describes the working principle and run-up behavior of AC squirrel-cage motors, including their speed-torque characteristics. It also discusses multi-speed motors and switching torque. The document then covers rated motor data like size, power, speed and voltage. It concludes with synchronous speeds for different motor pole numbers.
Este documento contiene instrucciones para la instalación, uso y mantenimiento de un refrigerador americano. Incluye consejos de seguridad, advertencias e instrucciones detalladas sobre cómo conectar el refrigerador, ajustar la temperatura, usar las diferentes funciones y compartimentos, y limpiar y dar mantenimiento al aparato. También proporciona especificaciones técnicas y detalles sobre la garantía y el servicio técnico.
Este documento contiene instrucciones para el uso y montaje de un refrigerador/congelador. Incluye consejos de seguridad, una lista de materiales incluidos, instrucciones para la instalación, operación y mantenimiento del aparato, así como consejos para la eliminación del embalaje y el desguace del aparato una vez que ya no se utilice.
In this graduation project, our main task consist on the design and the implementation of a Loyalty solution module integrated within the existent Microsoft Dynamics CRM business modules, that helps retailers to reward their customers for past purchases and to provide them with incentives for making future purchases.
Key Word: CRM, Loyalty, ISV, xRM, Microsoft Dynamics CRM
1. O documento apresenta o sistema SIGMA, um software de gerenciamento de manutenção desenvolvido no Brasil desde 1984.
2. O SIGMA oferece diversas funcionalidades como cadastro de equipamentos, controle de estoque, ordens de serviço, relatórios e análises para auxiliar no planejamento e controle da manutenção industrial.
3. Ao longo dos anos, o SIGMA evoluiu suas versões para acompanhar as mudanças tecnológicas, sendo distribuído gratuitamente desde 2000 para facilitar sua adoção pel
[1] O documento descreve um exemplo passo a passo para projetar uma estrutura de alvenaria utilizando o software CAD/Alvest. [2] O exemplo será dividido em seis fases, começando pela definição de dados do edifício e configuração de critérios, desenho da planta arquitetônica, edição do desenho de alvenaria, processamento do cálculo, visualização de listagens e desenhos. [3] A estrutura modelo consiste em um edifício de quatro pavimentos do tipo estrutural com três lances de paredes
Este documento discute os conceitos fundamentais da metrologia, incluindo os três domínios da metrologia (científica, industrial e legal), fatores que influenciam as medições, erros em medições, técnicas e instrumentos de medição para diferentes grandezas físicas como comprimento, massa, temperatura e pressão. Também aborda conceitos de padrões, calibração e normalização.
This document provides information on planning and selecting AC drives with fixed speeds. It describes the working principle and run-up behavior of AC squirrel-cage motors, including their speed-torque characteristics. It also discusses multi-speed motors and switching torque. The document then covers rated motor data like size, power, speed and voltage. It concludes with synchronous speeds for different motor pole numbers.
Este documento contiene instrucciones para la instalación, uso y mantenimiento de un refrigerador americano. Incluye consejos de seguridad, advertencias e instrucciones detalladas sobre cómo conectar el refrigerador, ajustar la temperatura, usar las diferentes funciones y compartimentos, y limpiar y dar mantenimiento al aparato. También proporciona especificaciones técnicas y detalles sobre la garantía y el servicio técnico.
Este documento contiene instrucciones para el uso y montaje de un refrigerador/congelador. Incluye consejos de seguridad, una lista de materiales incluidos, instrucciones para la instalación, operación y mantenimiento del aparato, así como consejos para la eliminación del embalaje y el desguace del aparato una vez que ya no se utilice.
In this graduation project, our main task consist on the design and the implementation of a Loyalty solution module integrated within the existent Microsoft Dynamics CRM business modules, that helps retailers to reward their customers for past purchases and to provide them with incentives for making future purchases.
Key Word: CRM, Loyalty, ISV, xRM, Microsoft Dynamics CRM
1. O documento apresenta o sistema SIGMA, um software de gerenciamento de manutenção desenvolvido no Brasil desde 1984.
2. O SIGMA oferece diversas funcionalidades como cadastro de equipamentos, controle de estoque, ordens de serviço, relatórios e análises para auxiliar no planejamento e controle da manutenção industrial.
3. Ao longo dos anos, o SIGMA evoluiu suas versões para acompanhar as mudanças tecnológicas, sendo distribuído gratuitamente desde 2000 para facilitar sua adoção pel
[1] O documento descreve um exemplo passo a passo para projetar uma estrutura de alvenaria utilizando o software CAD/Alvest. [2] O exemplo será dividido em seis fases, começando pela definição de dados do edifício e configuração de critérios, desenho da planta arquitetônica, edição do desenho de alvenaria, processamento do cálculo, visualização de listagens e desenhos. [3] A estrutura modelo consiste em um edifício de quatro pavimentos do tipo estrutural com três lances de paredes
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para el uso y montaje de un refrigerador/congelador. Incluye consejos de seguridad, como no dañar el circuito de refrigeración debido al riesgo de inflamación, y advertencias sobre no obstruir las rejillas de ventilación ni permitir que los niños jueguen con la unidad. También describe cómo colocar el aparato, ajustar la temperatura, limpiarlo y realizar pequeñas reparaciones.
Case ih jx100 u tractor service repair manualfdjjjsekkskemm
The document is a repair manual for the JXU Series tractors produced by New Holland. It provides an overview of the manual's contents which include sections covering the engine, transmission, brakes, hydraulics, steering, axles, electrical systems, and vehicle bodywork. Safety precautions are outlined, emphasizing the importance of following procedures, wearing protective equipment, avoiding moving parts, and taking care around fluids, batteries, and pressurized systems.
New holland td5050 tractor service repair manualuudjjjkskkmem
This document is a service manual for TD series tractor models TD5010 through TD5050. It contains sections covering general information, the engine, clutch, gearbox, transmission, brakes, hydraulics, steering, axles, auxiliary equipment, electrical systems, and the cab. Each section provides specifications, diagrams, troubleshooting information, removal and installation instructions, and repair procedures for the various systems.
1. O documento apresenta os critérios de projeto para dimensionamento de pilares utilizando o software CAD/Pilar. 2. Inclui seções sobre identificação do projeto, dimensionamento de seções retangulares e qualquer forma, cálculo de esforços, seleção e disposição de armaduras longitudinais e transversais. 3. Detalha procedimentos para cálculo de excentricidades, momentos de segunda ordem, combinação de cargas, entre outros parâmetros necessários para o dimensionamento estrutural de pilares.
This document is the American National Standard ASME B30.4-2010, which provides safety standards for portal and pedestal cranes. It defines the scope, terms, and references applicable to cranes covered by the standard. The standard also establishes requirements for the erection, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation of portal and pedestal cranes to ensure safety.
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://baocaothuctap.net
Download luận văn đồ án tốt nghiệp ngành điện lực với đề tài: Tìm hiểu về nhà máy Nhiệt Điện Vĩnh Tân 4, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Weg guia-de-especificacao-de-motores-eletricos-50032749-manual-portugues-brJAIME NOVOA
O documento fornece um guia sobre especificações de motores elétricos. Discute conceitos básicos como conjugado, potência elétrica e mecânica. Também explica características como tensão e frequência nominais, sistemas de isolamento, proteção térmica, regulagem de velocidade e seleção de motores para diferentes cargas.
Este documento presenta un índice para un manual de pilotaje de motocicletas. El índice contiene 5 capítulos principales que cubren temas como la postura básica, la gestión de la mirada, los cambios de marcha, la frenada y las curvas. Cada capítulo contiene secciones adicionales que exploran estos temas importantes relacionados con la conducción segura de motocicletas. El documento proporciona una guía general sobre los conceptos y habilidades clave necesarios para pilotar una motocicleta.
Man marine diesel engine d 2842 le 409 service repair manualhjsemmmd
This document provides instructions and safety information for repairing diesel engines. It contains sections on repairing components of the fuel, cooling, lubrication and intake/exhaust systems. Instructions are given for tasks like replacing injection pumps, nozzles, filters, thermostats and seals. Safety notes emphasize proper procedures to prevent damage and risks to health and safety.
O documento descreve os principais componentes e conceitos relacionados a sistemas elétricos de baixa tensão, incluindo máquinas elétricas rotativas como motores e geradores, transformadores, quadros de distribuição, disjuntores, capacitores e outros equipamentos. É dividido em seções que abordam cada um destes tópicos, fornecendo detalhes sobre seu funcionamento, tipos, instalação e defeitos.
MCB 4213 Energy Conversion - Design and Installation of PV System for Residen...Muhammad Azwan Ibrahim
This document discusses the design and installation of a photovoltaic (PV) system for a residential house in Malaysia by a group of 5 mechanical engineering students. It includes an introduction describing the background and objectives of the project, as well as chapters on literature review, methodology, results, and conclusions. The methodology chapter discusses the selection of monocrystalline solar panels and feasibility analysis. The results chapter includes the design specifications, cost estimation, and system layout. The project aims to design a PV system that meets the power demands of the house and analyze the feasibility and payback period of the system.
Este documento apresenta um resumo sobre química geral e orgânica aplicada à indústria de petróleo. Aborda tópicos como a constituição da matéria, transformações químicas, ligações químicas, equilíbrio químico, compostos orgânicos encontrados em petróleo e suas propriedades. Tem o objetivo de fornecer conceitos básicos de química para melhor compreensão dos processos em refinarias de petróleo.
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theCASE IH JX95 TRACTOR, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.CASE IH JX95 TRACTOR Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General
Engine
Clutch
Gearbox
Drive Lines
Front Axle Mechanical Transmission
Rear Axle and Transmission
Power Take-Off
Braking System
Hydraulic System
Steering
Front Axle and Wheels
Auxiliary Units
Electrical System
Body Work and Drive Position
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to haveCASE IH JX95 TRACTOR Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
Candy - Construction Estimating & Valuations - rev 2.01Jerico Awat
This document provides a table of contents for a course on construction estimating and valuations. The document outlines 12 chapters that will be covered in the course, including importing a bill of quantities, pricing bill items, using subcontractors, adding markups, and post-tender control. Key topics that will be addressed include downloading software, setting up new projects, importing Excel spreadsheets, defining trades, using worksheets to price items, analyzing resources, and using masters for pricing.
Technical manual for the Eberspacher Airtronic D4 heater designed to support anyone installing the heater or users looking for important technical information about this product.
Este documento apresenta uma linha de condicionadores de ar Hitachi com as seguintes características:
1) Possui modelos com compressor fixo e inverter.
2) Os modelos com compressor inverter possuem maior eficiência energética ao variar a frequência de operação do compressor.
3) O fluido refrigerante utilizado é o R-410A, que possui menor potencial de aquecimento global e destruição da camada de ozônio em comparação ao R-407C.
Dự án mở rộng quy mô trường đại học
CÔNG TY MÔI TRƯỜNG THẢO NGUYÊN XANH
Trụ sở: 158 Nguyễn Văn Thủ, P. Đakao, Quận 1, Hồ Chí Minh
Hotline: 0839118552 - 0918755356
Fax: 08391185791
VP Hà Nội: P. 502 Số B9/D6 khu đô thị mới Cầu Giấy, Phường Dịch Vọng, Quận Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội
Hotline: ĐT: 0433526997
Home:
http://thaonguyenxanhgroup.com/
http://www.lapduan.com.vn/
O documento discute a importância da educação para o desenvolvimento econômico e social de um país. A educação é essencial para formar cidadãos produtivos e criar conhecimento que impulsiona a inovação. Governos devem investir mais em escolas e universidades para garantir que todos tenham acesso à educação.
Construction safety officer performance appraisalEdwinVan432
This document provides information and resources for conducting a performance evaluation of a construction safety officer. It includes a sample evaluation form with sections for planning and results, performance factors, employee strengths and areas for improvement, a plan of action, and signatures. Performance is rated on a scale from outstanding to unsatisfactory. The form also lists the top 12 methods for performance appraisal, describing each method in detail. These include management by objectives, critical incident, behaviorally anchored rating scales, behavioral observation scales, and 360 degree feedback. Sample phrases are provided to evaluate different performance areas.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para el uso y montaje de un refrigerador/congelador. Incluye consejos de seguridad, como no dañar el circuito de refrigeración debido al riesgo de inflamación, y advertencias sobre no obstruir las rejillas de ventilación ni permitir que los niños jueguen con la unidad. También describe cómo colocar el aparato, ajustar la temperatura, limpiarlo y realizar pequeñas reparaciones.
Case ih jx100 u tractor service repair manualfdjjjsekkskemm
The document is a repair manual for the JXU Series tractors produced by New Holland. It provides an overview of the manual's contents which include sections covering the engine, transmission, brakes, hydraulics, steering, axles, electrical systems, and vehicle bodywork. Safety precautions are outlined, emphasizing the importance of following procedures, wearing protective equipment, avoiding moving parts, and taking care around fluids, batteries, and pressurized systems.
New holland td5050 tractor service repair manualuudjjjkskkmem
This document is a service manual for TD series tractor models TD5010 through TD5050. It contains sections covering general information, the engine, clutch, gearbox, transmission, brakes, hydraulics, steering, axles, auxiliary equipment, electrical systems, and the cab. Each section provides specifications, diagrams, troubleshooting information, removal and installation instructions, and repair procedures for the various systems.
1. O documento apresenta os critérios de projeto para dimensionamento de pilares utilizando o software CAD/Pilar. 2. Inclui seções sobre identificação do projeto, dimensionamento de seções retangulares e qualquer forma, cálculo de esforços, seleção e disposição de armaduras longitudinais e transversais. 3. Detalha procedimentos para cálculo de excentricidades, momentos de segunda ordem, combinação de cargas, entre outros parâmetros necessários para o dimensionamento estrutural de pilares.
This document is the American National Standard ASME B30.4-2010, which provides safety standards for portal and pedestal cranes. It defines the scope, terms, and references applicable to cranes covered by the standard. The standard also establishes requirements for the erection, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation of portal and pedestal cranes to ensure safety.
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://baocaothuctap.net
Download luận văn đồ án tốt nghiệp ngành điện lực với đề tài: Tìm hiểu về nhà máy Nhiệt Điện Vĩnh Tân 4, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Weg guia-de-especificacao-de-motores-eletricos-50032749-manual-portugues-brJAIME NOVOA
O documento fornece um guia sobre especificações de motores elétricos. Discute conceitos básicos como conjugado, potência elétrica e mecânica. Também explica características como tensão e frequência nominais, sistemas de isolamento, proteção térmica, regulagem de velocidade e seleção de motores para diferentes cargas.
Este documento presenta un índice para un manual de pilotaje de motocicletas. El índice contiene 5 capítulos principales que cubren temas como la postura básica, la gestión de la mirada, los cambios de marcha, la frenada y las curvas. Cada capítulo contiene secciones adicionales que exploran estos temas importantes relacionados con la conducción segura de motocicletas. El documento proporciona una guía general sobre los conceptos y habilidades clave necesarios para pilotar una motocicleta.
Man marine diesel engine d 2842 le 409 service repair manualhjsemmmd
This document provides instructions and safety information for repairing diesel engines. It contains sections on repairing components of the fuel, cooling, lubrication and intake/exhaust systems. Instructions are given for tasks like replacing injection pumps, nozzles, filters, thermostats and seals. Safety notes emphasize proper procedures to prevent damage and risks to health and safety.
O documento descreve os principais componentes e conceitos relacionados a sistemas elétricos de baixa tensão, incluindo máquinas elétricas rotativas como motores e geradores, transformadores, quadros de distribuição, disjuntores, capacitores e outros equipamentos. É dividido em seções que abordam cada um destes tópicos, fornecendo detalhes sobre seu funcionamento, tipos, instalação e defeitos.
MCB 4213 Energy Conversion - Design and Installation of PV System for Residen...Muhammad Azwan Ibrahim
This document discusses the design and installation of a photovoltaic (PV) system for a residential house in Malaysia by a group of 5 mechanical engineering students. It includes an introduction describing the background and objectives of the project, as well as chapters on literature review, methodology, results, and conclusions. The methodology chapter discusses the selection of monocrystalline solar panels and feasibility analysis. The results chapter includes the design specifications, cost estimation, and system layout. The project aims to design a PV system that meets the power demands of the house and analyze the feasibility and payback period of the system.
Este documento apresenta um resumo sobre química geral e orgânica aplicada à indústria de petróleo. Aborda tópicos como a constituição da matéria, transformações químicas, ligações químicas, equilíbrio químico, compostos orgânicos encontrados em petróleo e suas propriedades. Tem o objetivo de fornecer conceitos básicos de química para melhor compreensão dos processos em refinarias de petróleo.
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for theCASE IH JX95 TRACTOR, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.CASE IH JX95 TRACTOR Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
General
Engine
Clutch
Gearbox
Drive Lines
Front Axle Mechanical Transmission
Rear Axle and Transmission
Power Take-Off
Braking System
Hydraulic System
Steering
Front Axle and Wheels
Auxiliary Units
Electrical System
Body Work and Drive Position
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to haveCASE IH JX95 TRACTOR Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
Candy - Construction Estimating & Valuations - rev 2.01Jerico Awat
This document provides a table of contents for a course on construction estimating and valuations. The document outlines 12 chapters that will be covered in the course, including importing a bill of quantities, pricing bill items, using subcontractors, adding markups, and post-tender control. Key topics that will be addressed include downloading software, setting up new projects, importing Excel spreadsheets, defining trades, using worksheets to price items, analyzing resources, and using masters for pricing.
Technical manual for the Eberspacher Airtronic D4 heater designed to support anyone installing the heater or users looking for important technical information about this product.
Este documento apresenta uma linha de condicionadores de ar Hitachi com as seguintes características:
1) Possui modelos com compressor fixo e inverter.
2) Os modelos com compressor inverter possuem maior eficiência energética ao variar a frequência de operação do compressor.
3) O fluido refrigerante utilizado é o R-410A, que possui menor potencial de aquecimento global e destruição da camada de ozônio em comparação ao R-407C.
Dự án mở rộng quy mô trường đại học
CÔNG TY MÔI TRƯỜNG THẢO NGUYÊN XANH
Trụ sở: 158 Nguyễn Văn Thủ, P. Đakao, Quận 1, Hồ Chí Minh
Hotline: 0839118552 - 0918755356
Fax: 08391185791
VP Hà Nội: P. 502 Số B9/D6 khu đô thị mới Cầu Giấy, Phường Dịch Vọng, Quận Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội
Hotline: ĐT: 0433526997
Home:
http://thaonguyenxanhgroup.com/
http://www.lapduan.com.vn/
O documento discute a importância da educação para o desenvolvimento econômico e social de um país. A educação é essencial para formar cidadãos produtivos e criar conhecimento que impulsiona a inovação. Governos devem investir mais em escolas e universidades para garantir que todos tenham acesso à educação.
Construction safety officer performance appraisalEdwinVan432
This document provides information and resources for conducting a performance evaluation of a construction safety officer. It includes a sample evaluation form with sections for planning and results, performance factors, employee strengths and areas for improvement, a plan of action, and signatures. Performance is rated on a scale from outstanding to unsatisfactory. The form also lists the top 12 methods for performance appraisal, describing each method in detail. These include management by objectives, critical incident, behaviorally anchored rating scales, behavioral observation scales, and 360 degree feedback. Sample phrases are provided to evaluate different performance areas.
Este documento presenta los fundamentos de la educación intercultural bilingüe en México. Establece el marco político, filosófico, conceptual y pedagógico para implementar la educación intercultural bilingüe en todos los niveles del sistema educativo mexicano. Reconoce la diversidad cultural y lingüística de México y propone que la educación fomente el diálogo intercultural y el respeto entre todos los mexicanos.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de investigación sobre los fundamentos y aplicaciones de la termografía. El proyecto analiza los conceptos básicos de transferencia de calor por conducción, radiación y convección, así como las características asociadas al proceso de registro termográfico. Además, examina diferentes tipos de sensores infrarrojos y sus aplicaciones en termografía. El objetivo final es proponer criterios e identificar dominios de investigación en esta área.
Angiospermae adalah tumbuhan berbunga yang memiliki bunga sebagai alat perkembangbiakan. Bakal bijinya berada di dalam megasporofil. Terdapat perbedaan antara monokotil dan dikotil, seperti jumlah keping biji dan struktur batang. Monokotil memiliki ciri seperti satu keping biji, akar serabut, dan kelipatan bunga tiga. Terdapat berbagai ordo dalam kelas Monocotyledoneae seperti Poales dan Zingiber
Este documento presenta información sobre varios temas de economía internacional y finanzas, incluyendo organismos financieros internacionales, comercio internacional, balanza de pagos, tipos de cambio, y políticas macroeconómicas. Explica conceptos como déficit y superávit de cuenta corriente, devaluación, revaluación, y desequilibrios estructurales y fundamentales. También describe el sistema financiero internacional y los roles del banco central y la contabilidad nacional.
Este documento presenta la Agenda 21 Escolar del Colegio Voramar en Alicante, España. Explica que la Agenda 21 Escolar es un proceso para aplicar estrategias de desarrollo sostenible en las escuelas. El objetivo es iniciar un programa de educación ambiental para enseñar sobre desarrollo sostenible a través de la implementación de agendas escolares. La metodología implica realizar una auditoría ambiental de la escuela, analizar sus fortalezas y debilidades, y desarrollar un plan de acción y un sistema de indicadores
The document discusses various topics related to user experience and interface design including user experience psychology, the future of user interfaces, trends in interface styles, and responsive layouts. It notes that the number of mobile users will exceed desktop users by 2015. It also discusses common interface styles like metro, flat, and skeuomorphism and frameworks for responsive layouts. Keywords and references are provided for further reading.
Debug JNI code with ndk-gdb and eclipse GUITom Chen
This document provides instructions for debugging JNI code with ndk-gdb and the Eclipse IDE. It outlines prerequisites like building a debuggable JNI library and setting up a Cygwin environment. It then explains how to use ndk-gdb to debug from the command line, and modifies scripts and Eclipse configurations to enable debugging JNI code directly within Eclipse.
Urban Agriculture: Theory and Practice of Community GardeningElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of urban agriculture and community gardening practices. It defines urban agriculture and discusses its history. Community gardening has social, cultural, environmental, and economic benefits, such as building community pride, empowering individuals, providing green space, and increasing food security. The document examines the Nottoway Park community garden in Fairfax County as a case study and provides recommendations to encourage community gardening in the county, such as partnering with schools and non-profits. It discusses challenges but concludes that community gardening provides benefits to urban areas.
Disintegrated development in the rural urban fringe ruralfringe
This document discusses the disintegrated development at rural-urban fringe areas due to separate frameworks for the natural and built environments. It conducted research on rural-urban fringe areas in the UK to identify concepts like time, connections, and values that could help better integrate spatial planning and ecosystem approaches. The research presented narratives developed from workshops that describe the current disintegration between theories/policies, but also a reconnected vision for the rural-urban fringe that considers social/economic well-being through maintaining ecosystem services. It argues for more connected policy strands and for the fringe to be an opportunity space for experimenting with holistic, multiscalar governance.
This document discusses the challenges facing agriculture and opportunities for greening agriculture. It finds that conventional industrial agriculture has led to environmental degradation while small farms are important for food security and poverty reduction. Greening agriculture through investments in soil, water and biodiversity management can generate economic and environmental benefits. The costs of environmental degradation from agriculture are high, so increased investment in natural capital in the agriculture sector is needed. Global, national and economic policies can help create an enabling environment for green agriculture.
This document provides an overview of greening agriculture. It discusses the challenges facing conventional agriculture systems and the opportunities that green agriculture presents. Key points include:
- Agriculture faces challenges from environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and climate change impacts that threaten food security.
- Greening agriculture through investments in soil, water, and biodiversity management can help address these challenges in a cost-effective manner while providing benefits like increased yields and resilience.
- Global policies, economic instruments, capacity building and other enabling conditions are needed to support the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices worldwide.
Closing The Loop: the benefits of Circular Economy for developing countries a...Alexandre Fernandes
This report presents evidence to the effect that emerging economies can leapfrog development stages and implement an economic model that is better both for society and for the environment. The circular Cradle
to Cradle® paradigm* is a production model aimed at leveraging steady economic development for the future, without causing environmental damage. If implemented correctly, it is capable of promoting the maintenance of natural ecosystems while at the same time offering benefits to the poorest groups in society.
The report illustrates the tremendous window of opportunity provided for Brazil by the new Solid Waste National Policy. Policies such as this can help low- and middle-income countries to build on and formalise existing informal circular economic activities, thereby taking a development path that avoids many unsustainable elements of the linear production model.
The various case studies included in this report demonstrate the potential of the circular economic model to bring numerous social benefits, such as strengthening local economies, empowering the poorest families and building resilience, through stimulating the entrepreneurial spirit of businesses based on the solidarity economy.
Although the circular economy concept is not yet very well known in Brazil, this system has already taken root in various countries, in innovative businesses and major global production chains.
This document summarizes the benefits, barriers, and opportunities for increasing the use of green roofs and vertical gardens in Canada. It finds that green roofs provide significant environmental, social and economic benefits, including improved air and water quality, climate change mitigation, energy savings, and increased biodiversity and amenity space. However, barriers like lack of awareness, high upfront costs and technical uncertainties are preventing more widespread adoption. The report recommends developing demonstration projects, providing incentives and direct policy support, improving technical guidance and generating further research to help overcome these barriers and realize the opportunities of green roof technology diffusion across Canada.
Philippine Allotment Garden Manual with an Introduction to Ecological SanitationFaiga64c
This document provides an introduction and manual for establishing and maintaining allotment gardens in the Philippines. Allotment gardens are community gardens where individual families are assigned small parcels of land to cultivate independently. The manual covers social, physical, and agricultural best practices for setting up sustainable allotment gardens that provide food and economic benefits to urban poor communities. It also includes guidelines for ecological sanitation systems to safely manage human waste within the gardens.
This report examines news consumption patterns in the United States. It analyzes survey data to identify different profiles of how people get their news. Four main news consumption profiles are identified: cable news watchers, social media users, print/NPR listeners, and broadcast television viewers. The report also finds associations between demographic characteristics, political views, and perceptions of the reliability of different news sources and platforms. For example, social media users are younger and more likely to perceive online platforms as reliable sources of news. The analysis aims to provide insights into how attitudes toward media vary and implications for public discourse.
This document provides guidance for conducting greenhouse research with transgenic plants and microbes. It discusses regulations for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and outlines biosafety levels for plant research. The document emphasizes combining physical and biological containment measures to safely conduct experiments with GMOs in greenhouses. It provides best practices for access control, hygiene, signage, and more to contain transgenic materials.
Community Food Project How to Guide
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Finding Common Ground: Community Garden As Connector Between Culture, Nature,...angeliaGeo
This document is a master's thesis that examines how community gardens serve as a connector between culture, nature, and individuals. It explores the history of community gardens in the United States and how they benefit communities. Interviews were conducted with community garden organizers, participants, and landscape architects. Four case study gardens are also described in different cities to show how gardens foster a sense of belonging, social connection, and environmental stewardship for urban residents. The thesis aims to understand changing approaches to community gardening and the landscape architect's role in their creation.
This document provides an updated biological foundation for the Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture (CIJV) by outlining conservation goals for three priority habitat types: wetlands, lakes and rivers; riparian areas; and grasslands. It identifies priority bird species for each habitat, sets population objectives, discusses threats, and recommends conservation actions and habitat objectives. The document builds on the CIJV's original prospectus and implementation plan for wetlands to expand conservation planning to additional habitats that support important bird populations in the region.
Growing in Confidence - The Organic Centre
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Healthy Families Healthy Forests_CI's PHE end of project report articleMarcelino Jr. Viernes
This document summarizes the achievements of Conservation International's Healthy Families, Healthy Forests project from 2002-2008. The project worked in the Philippines, Madagascar, and Cambodia to improve human health and biodiversity conservation through an integrated population, health, and environment approach. Some key achievements included increasing access to family planning and primary healthcare services for vulnerable populations, establishing community-based conservation areas, promoting sustainable livelihoods like agroforestry, and strengthening partnerships between different sectors. Challenges faced included limited funding and institutional barriers between sectors. Overall, the project demonstrated that integrated interventions can effectively address threats to both human and ecosystem health.
This document presents a framework for designing, implementing, and evaluating the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support child protection case management in emergencies. It describes research conducted in South Sudan and Kenya to understand current practices and challenges. The framework is intended to help humanitarian organizations optimize the use of ICT to improve outcomes for vulnerable children. Key recommendations include developing common standards for privacy, data sharing, and interoperability between different ICT systems used by agencies. The report also outlines indicators that could be used to evaluate the impact of ICT on reunifying separated children with their families and on children's well-being.
This document provides an overview of communication theory and summarizes several key theories and concepts. It begins by defining communication as the sharing of what humans know, need, and expect from each other. The document then discusses various communication theories and models that seek to understand how information is transmitted and processed. These include uncertainty reduction theory, propaganda theory, uses and gratifications theory, theories from the Frankfurt School, semiotics, orality and literacy theory, diffusion of innovations, and sociological systems theory. The document provides high-level summaries of several major concepts from each theory. It also includes references and licenses related to the content.
Ziarat - Integrated Development Visionzubeditufail
The document presents an integrated development vision for Ziarat district in Pakistan that was developed through extensive consultation. It outlines priorities and strategies for social sectors like education and health, natural resource management, agriculture, livelihoods, and poverty reduction over the long term. The vision aims to guide sustainable development, equity, participation, transparency, and responsiveness to citizens in line with national development goals.
This document provides case studies and analyses of 14 small rural communities across Europe that are working towards energy neutrality. For each community, it summarizes key information including geography, population, economy, current energy situation, renewable energy use, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to becoming energy neutral. The overall document aims to share lessons learned from the energy transition efforts of these small rural pilot projects.
Community Gardens Toolkit: A Resource for Planning your Community GardenGeoAnitia
This document provides guidance for starting and maintaining community gardens. It discusses what community gardens are, their history and benefits. The main types described are neighborhood gardens where individuals garden separate plots. The document outlines 10 steps to starting a garden, including finding a site, developing guidelines and celebrating success. It also provides additional considerations and sample forms for budgets, applications and leases. The goal is to serve as a resource for garden organizers, leaders and agencies.
Similar to Urban Agriculture: Theory and Practice of Community Gardening (20)
Marthe Cohn was a Jewish French spy who risked her life to gather intelligence for the French resistance during WWII. She infiltrated Nazi Germany using her fluent German and managed to discover key military information. As a result, the French army was able to achieve an important victory. Cohn went on to have a long career as a nurse and nurse anesthetist. She has received numerous honors for her wartime heroism and courageously fights to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.
This document provides links to resources about organic gardening techniques, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, straight vegetable oil vehicles, garden therapy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee beans. It discusses how organic gardening technologies can increase plant yields by 400% and provides catalogs and manuals about topics such as city farming, backyard farming, rain gardens, and aquaponics systems. The links provide free information for organic and sustainable living practices.
Ruth Jones, a Christian teacher without a master's degree or administrative experience, was unexpectedly named principal of a struggling inner city elementary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan that was on the verge of closure due to poor academic performance. Through prayer, addressing students' practical needs, and recruiting volunteers, Jones led a dramatic turnaround of the school over 20 years. Test scores and graduation rates increased sharply, and the school now has a waiting list despite originally facing closure. Jones attributes the school's success to aligning herself with God.
- Coconut oil may help slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease in some people by providing an alternative fuel for brain cells in the form of ketones. Dr. Mary Newport put her husband Steve, who had Alzheimer's, on a diet supplemented with coconut oil, which led to improvements in his symptoms and cognitive abilities.
- Researchers have developed a ketone ester that is more potent than coconut oil, but it is very expensive to produce. Coconut oil remains a viable alternative source of ketones. Taking coconut oil may also help with other neurological diseases due to its ability to increase ketone levels and good cholesterol while reducing bad bacteria.
A teacher in Baltimore transformed the lives of students from the slums. In the 1920s, college students evaluated 200 boys from the slums and said they had no chance of success. Twenty-five years later, it was found that 176 of the 180 boys who could be located had achieved success as lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The professor interviewed each man and they all credited their success to a teacher who had loved and believed in them. When interviewed, the elderly teacher said her simple method was that she loved those boys.
Robert Raikes witnessed the poor conditions of children in Gloucester, England in the late 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution. This inspired him to create the first Sunday school to educate and reform street children. The Sunday school used the Bible as its textbook and proved hugely successful in improving behavior and civic responsibility. Raikes' idea then spread across Britain and to other parts of Europe and America, revolutionizing religious education of children and community outreach efforts of churches. Late in life, Raikes had a profound spiritual experience witnessing a young girl reading the Bible that gave him a new understanding of faith.
The document discusses using Groasis Waterboxx devices to help plant and grow trees in dry environments like the Sahara Desert. It describes how the author and a colleague tried using 10 Waterboxx devices to plant trees in M'hamid, Morocco but their luggage containing the devices was initially lost. They were eventually found and the devices were used to plant tamarisk trees to compare growth with traditional planting methods. The document provides details on how the Waterboxx works, collecting condensation and directing water to tree roots, and hopes the experiment will help increase tree survival rates in the dry climate.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a low-tech device that helps seeds and saplings grow into strong trees in dry environments. It collects and stores rainwater and condensation to slowly water the roots daily. In tests, 88% of trees grown with the Waterboxx survived compared to only 10.5% without it. The inventor believes using this technology could reforest billions of acres and offset humanity's carbon emissions by capturing CO2 in new tree growth.
The document discusses the Groasis Technology, a planting method that uses a Waterboxx and other techniques to plant trees in dry areas with 90% less water. It summarizes that the technology (1) improves soil, maps planting areas, harvests rainfall, and uses the right planting techniques to help trees grow deep roots in the first year to survive independently. It also describes how the technology terraces slopes to harvest and direct rainfall to trees, uses 3D imaging to map ideal planting lines, and a capillary drill to quickly plant thousands of trees per day.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities due to lack of income from farming dry areas.
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
This document provides instructions for growing vegetables using the Groasis Waterboxx system. It details recommendations for greenhouse design, soil preparation, planting methods, plant spacing, watering schedules, and pest and disease management. Proper installation and maintenance of the Waterboxx system is emphasized to ensure healthy plant growth and high crop yields. Close monitoring of climate conditions and plant needs is also advised.
The document is a report on the Groasis waterboxx, a device that aims to allow farming without irrigation. It provides an overview of the waterboxx's history and development, describes its components and how it works, reviews testing that has been done, and evaluates its suitability for organic farming. In the conclusion, the report recommends that the cooperative discussed in the document not use the waterboxx yet, as more data is still needed, but could consider conducting their own tests with support from their technical services.
The document summarizes an invention called the Groasis that helps plants survive in arid climates by collecting and storing rainfall to provide steady watering to seedlings. It notes that most rainfall in deserts occurs within one week but is then unavailable, and that the Groasis uses evaporation-proof containers and wicking to deliver water to young plants over longer periods, allowing their roots to develop and access deeper groundwater reserves. Large-scale projects have used the Groasis in countries like Kenya to aid reforestation efforts and combat desertification.
The document summarizes the work of the Sahara Roots Foundation in Morocco and their use of the Groasis Waterboxx to help plant trees and reduce desertification. The Sahara Roots Foundation was established to implement development projects to conserve the Moroccan Sahara through activities like tree planting, irrigation, education, and desert cleaning. They have started using the Groasis Waterboxx, an "intelligent water battery" developed by AquaPro, to improve the survival rate of newly planted trees. The Waterboxx produces and captures water through condensation and rain, allowing trees to be planted in dry areas like rocks and deserts with a 100% success rate.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities.
Groasis Technology is compared to drip irrigation over a 50-year project for a 500-hectare tree plantation. Key financial indicators show that using Groasis Waterboxes results in a higher net present value (NPV) of €26.62 million compared to €21.15 million for drip irrigation, and a slightly higher internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.1% versus 23.4% for drip irrigation. Waterboxx also has a longer payback period of 7 years compared to 5 years for drip irrigation. The document provides assumptions and calculations for costs and revenues for both systems over the 50-year period.
A new technology called the Groasis Waterboxx shows promise for reclaiming desert landscapes and increasing plant survival rates. The simple device regulates temperature and moisture levels around young plants, allowing trees and crops to grow with little watering even in dry conditions. Initial trials in Africa found tree survival rates increased to 88% with the Waterboxx compared to only 10% without it. Researchers in Kenya are optimistic this technology could significantly reduce desertification and help transform the country's deserts into productive, economic areas through increased vegetation.
More from School Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Urban Agriculture: Theory and Practice of Community Gardening
1. 1
Urban Agriculture: Community Gardening Practices
By
Ryan Sloan
A Major Paper Submitted to the faculty of the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Natural Resources
Major: Natural Resources
Committee
Dr. David L. Trauger, Chair; Dr. David P. Robertson, Dr. Alan D. Thornhill
November 7, 2009
Falls Church, VA
Key Words: community gardens, urban Agriculture, sustainability, conservation
2. 2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 2
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5
URBAN AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................... 6
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Defining Urban Agriculture ............................................................................................................ 6
Historical Analysis of Urban Agriculture ....................................................................................... 8
Urban Agriculture Practices ............................................................................................................ 9
COMMUNITY GARDEN THEORY ....................................................................................... 10
Defining Community Gardens ...................................................................................................... 10
Social and Cultural Components .................................................................................................. 11
Community Pride and Involvement ...................................................................................... 11
Empowerment of the Growers .............................................................................................. 11
Improved Health, Increased Recreation, Relaxation, Creativity Opportunities ................... 12
Community Growth Opportunities ....................................................................................... 12
Decreased Crime ................................................................................................................... 13
Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 14
Environmental and Ecological Components ................................................................................. 14
More Green Space and Heat Sinks ....................................................................................... 14
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................................................................................... 14
Natural Resource Sustainability ............................................................................................ 15
Economic and Political Components ............................................................................................ 15
Individual Economics ........................................................................................................... 15
3. Additional Food Sources and Choices .................................................................................. 16
Employment Opportunities ................................................................................................... 16
Helping the U.S. Become Healthier and Potentially Lower Health Costs............................ 16
Local Community Food Security .......................................................................................... 17
COMMUNITY GARDEN PRACTICE .................................................................................... 18
Case Study: Nottoway Park Community Garden ......................................................................... 18
Why is Community Gardening Good for Fairfax County, Virginia ............................................. 18
Fairfax County Park System, Green Spring Gardens ........................................................... 19
Fairfax County Parks, Nottoway Park in Fairfax, Virginia .................................................. 20
Considerations for Nottoway Park’s Community Garden Plots ................................................... 21
Assessment of Nottoway Park Garden Plots, Summer-Fall 2009 ........................................ 21
Table 1. Composition of Plot Table and Percentages .......................................................... 24
Photo Series for Nottoway Park ............................................................................................ 25
Encouraging the Practice in Other Areas of Fairfax County ........................................................ 25
Recommendations for Encouraging Community Gardens in Fairfax County .............................. 26
Partnering with Schools ........................................................................................................ 26
Involving Students ................................................................................................................ 27
Non-profits ............................................................................................................................ 27
Facilitated Volunteer Groups ................................................................................................ 27
National or State Grants ........................................................................................................ 28
Inventory and Analysis of Community Food Production ..................................................... 28
DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 29
Challenges of Community Gardens .............................................................................................. 29
Benefits of Urban Agriculture ...................................................................................................... 32
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 33
3
4. Appendix A: Nottoway Park Assessment of Current Community Garden Practices .................. 35
Appendix B: Photo Series for Nottoway Park ............................................................................. 36
Set 1: Example Plots Growing Vegetables .......................................................................... 36
Set 2: Example Plot Growing Only Ornamentals ................................................................ 37
Set 3: Example Plots Growing Both Vegetables and Ornamentals ..................................... 38
Set 4: Example of Poorly Maintained Plots ......................................................................... 39
Set 5: Example of Bare or Overgrown Plots ........................................................................ 40
Appendix C: Photo of Outreach Opportunity Location ............................................................... 41
Works Cited .................................................................................................................................. 42
4
5. 5
Abstract
Urban Agriculture is a commonly implemented concept throughout the United States (US) and
internationally. Urban Agriculture varies in form and function from place to place and person to
person. From the community that needs Urban Agriculture as a source of food security to the
person who views Urban Agriculture a recreational hobby, to the idealist who works toward a
reduced carbon footprint; Urban Agriculture is many things to many different people.
This paper is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the concept of Urban
Agriculture, and specifically discuss the utility of implementing the Urban Agriculture practice
of community gardening within Fairfax County, a major metropolitan area of Virginia. The
challenges and benefits of the type of Urban Agriculture called community gardens are laid out.
The object was to identify possible reasons for the success or failure of gardens and identify
steps that could enhance an already functioning community garden while ultimately encouraging
the practice. The main sections of this paper are: an introductory section providing the
background on the concept of Urban Agriculture; an analysis of the practice of community
gardening; a discussion of the utility of implementing community garden practices in Vienna,
Virginia; and concluding remarks for adopting the paper’s recommendations and implementation
strategies for the Nottoway Park community garden, that could be applied elsewhere.
Audience:
Northern Virginia residents, other public, parks or other open spaces potentially interested in
Urban Agriculture techniques.
Outlets and Major Paper Products:
Major paper, powerpoint presentation for Major Paper Exam
6. 6
URBAN AGRICULTURE
Introduction
This section presents a synthesis of over-arching themes surrounding Urban Agriculture,
including: (1) an overview of the concept of Urban Agriculture; (2) an historical review of
Urban Agriculture, including where it is thought to originate; and (3) types of Urban Agriculture
practices found throughout the United States, with brief examples. The information in this
section is intended to provide a context and set the groundwork for a better understanding of the
components that make up Urban Agriculture. To fully understand the concept and the
subsequent Urban Agriculture practices, it is necessary to have knowledge of the terms,
techniques, policies that form Urban Agriculture.
Defining Urban Agriculture
Urban Agriculture in itself is a difficult term to define. It means different things to different
people. In defining ‘Urban Agriculture’, the term can be broken down first into two parts:
‘urban’ and ‘agriculture’. It is helpful to first look at how ‘urban’ is defined, as opposed to its
acronym ‘rural’. As the population increases, the ‘line’ that distinguishes urban from rural
becomes increasing blurred. There will undoubtedly be a continued expansion of our cities,
which will push the urban-boundary lines further out into lands that were historically farmland,
or considered rural. Areas that were once considered rural may become ‘urbanized’ in some
fashion or another, and the land previously used for farming and agriculture may become
developed. In these urban sprawl situations, the idea of planning for and/or implementing the
concept of Urban Agriculture may become more prevalent. One distinction used to set Urban
Agriculture apart from other agriculture is the term Urban and peri-urban Agriculture (UPA).
The term UPA is used to describe agriculture that takes place in suburban areas of cities. (25) In
some instances, it the differences between UPA and large-scale agricultural production are clear,
although this may not always be the case. For example, when cities are planned with large plots
of land to serve as agricultural centers to feed a portion of its population, whether or not this
practice is considered an application of the concept of UPA is debatable. In these instances, the
7. 7
definition becomes blurred. In other UPA scenarios, such as community gardens located in
urban areas, the distinction is better understood. For the purposes of this paper we will refer to
UPA as simply, Urban Agriculture.
The second and most critical part of Urban Agriculture is the term ‘agriculture’. Throughout the
world the term agriculture conjures up images of large swaths of land used for both growing
vegetables and fruits or for raising livestock. As the human population increases over time, it is
necessary for countries to dedicate land, human-power, and money to feed their people. Yet as
societies progress, it is fundamental that more inventive and effective methods of producing food
become available. Urban Agriculture also becomes “a modern-day system for combating hunger
and related food security issues, as well as an effective framework for creating and implementing
community development practices; demonstrated by the successful urban agricultural endeavors
found throughout the world.” (25)
So what exactly is the combination of ‘urban’ and ‘agriculture’? A defining aspect of Urban
Agriculture is that it evolves to address the conditions and needs of the implementers at that
time. A portion of the success and benefits of Urban Agriculture is contributed because the
concept and application is not static. As technology progresses, so do the efforts that allow for
better implementation of Urban Agriculture and its practices. As humans strive to develop more
sustainable environments in which to live, they also continue to stretch the boundaries of where,
how, to what extent, and in which ways the Urban Agriculture concept can be applied.
This paper will narrow the scope of the definition of Urban Agriculture to that which is directly
associated with producing food for individual use on private property or in community garden
plots. It should be noted that most researchers define Urban Agriculture in broader terms that
include production facilities. For example Urban Agriculture was defined “as the growing,
processing, and distribution of food and other products through intensive plant cultivation and
animal husbandry in and around cities.” (3) While this definition is certainly relevant to the
more specific topic presented in this paper, considering Urban Agriculture at this much larger
scale of operation is too broad for addressing the specific research statement in the context of this
paper. For this reason, an encompassing yet limited definition of Urban Agriculture is offered
8. 8
for the purpose of this paper:
Urban Agriculture: a potentially “complex system encompassing a spectrum of
interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production,
processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other
benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented
[including]… recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business
entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well-being;
landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation.”
(4)
Historical Analysis of Urban Agriculture
It is beneficial to society to understand the concept and application of Urban Agriculture, it is
also important to have knowledge of the history of Urban Agriculture globally and within the
United States. Jac Smit describes a comprehensive history of Urban Agriculture in his
presentation to the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) in 2002. He states,
“The history of Urban Agriculture can be told beginning at any time and place in human
history.” (20) In his presentation, he referred to two well-known examples of Urban Agriculture
in human history, the first being Machu Picchu in 16th century Peru and the second being Paris in
19th century France.
Smit notes, that the application of Urban Agriculture in the city of Machu Picchu reveals a high
level of sophistication with regard to it use of Urban Agriculture. It is accepted that the remote
city enjoyed relative food security with advanced methods of producing agricultural products on
the steep mountainsides of its environment. In reference to the city’s self-reliance, he comments,
“recent studies document rather precise irrigation, terracing, waste management, microclimate
management and storage systems.” (20) The Urban Agriculture techniques and practices of
Machu Picchu were successful enough that even today their crop production systems are studied
and in some cases replicated.
9. In the second example, evidence is presented that shows the influence Parisian Urban
Agriculture has had throughout the world. Post-industrial revolution Paris “generated explosive
growth in the 19th century, [as] the wetlands community or Marais reinvented agriculture to feed
the city.” (20) There is evidence of Parisian methods being used by Vietnamese immigrants
fleeing the war in their home country to West Africa, where the Vietnamese practices were
considered improvements to the Urban Agriculture model framed by colonization. The Parisian
influence is apparent when agricultural practices in places like California, Havana and Tanzania
are referred to as French biointensive agriculture.
According to Smit, in the United States, planned communities that have included or addressed
the concept of Urban Agriculture go back to the 17th and 18th centuries. To some extent,
Americans have always been in favor of implementing some form of Urban Agriculture
techniques and practices, although these have been implemented widely with little regulation.
Throughout American history, gardens used to produce food for the family have been prevalent
sources of food and recreation opportunities (ie. gardening). In fact, there was a time in
American history when it was considered patriotic to grow your own food. (24) For example,
during the wars years of World War II, the government asked many things of its citizens. The
government asked people to recycle materials, reduce waste, purchase bonds and plant what was
known as “Gardens for Victory” in a combined effort to allow more supplies to be sent to our
troops. Government and corporations promoted the use of victory gardens in all shapes and sizes.
Nearly 20 million Americans planted Victory Gardens, which produced up to 40 percent of all
the food that was consumed. (24) It was not until America’s dependence on automobiles and the
advent of the grocery store was there a marked changed in how Americans obtained their food,
including the ceasing of getting food from the backyard or barnyard.
9
Urban Agriculture Practices
Application of the concept of Urban Agriculture depends on many factors, such as the time,
place, as well as the individual or collective need. The types of individuals and needs for Urban
Agriculture may range from individual hobbyists to small community food production and
efforts.
There are many Urban Agriculture practices for food production, and each seems to have its own
10. unique utility and benefits depending on circumstance. According to some literature, including
the city of Vancouver’s Southeast False Creek Urban Agriculture Strategy, urban agriculture
encompasses a broad diversity of agricultural practices in urban environments that include
Community Gardens, School Gardens, Backyard and other such Private Gardens, Public (State-or
Federally-managed) Land with Edible Landscaping, Commercial Greenhouses and some of
the more innovative techniques are Rooftop Gardens, Micro Livestock Operations, including
bees and insects, Aquaculture Operations and Greenhouses and/or Facilities Co-located within
Existing Buildings. The theories that this paper will focus on are the possible outcomes of the
implementation of a community garden.
10
COMMUNITY GARDEN THEORY
Defining Community Gardens
What are community gardens? The quick answer to this question may seem obvious.
Community gardens are a place where people can go to grow different plants, such as vegetables,
herbs, and flowers. While that statement is true, community gardens are much more. They are a
place where not only plants grow, but also a place where people and communities can grow
together.
The definition of ‘community gardens’ should not be one that restricts the endless possibilities of
utility. As stated earlier, community gardens can be many things and can have many different
meanings for many different people. While some people may be better at gardening than others,
in a community garden all the people can have something they can add. Likewise, the location
for a community garden also has almost endless possibilities. They can be found in abandoned
lots, old parking lots, parks, community centers, schools, and even shared rooftops.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service defined
community gardens as “any shared space where people come together to grow vegetables,
flowers, or plants.” (22) This paper will utilize that definition for the purpose of the further
discussion within this paper.
11. 11
Social and Cultural Components
Community Pride and Involvement
As a commuter county, where many of the residents commute to jobs located in the District of
Columbia (DC), Fairfax could benefit from the potential community cohesiveness and pride that
can result from community gardening practices. Although there are many ways in which a
community can be brought together, implementing community gardens can be one way to “offer
a focal point for neighborhood organizing, and can lead to community-based efforts to deal with
other social concerns.” (16) Community gardens give communities an actual sense of
community involvement that may otherwise never be possible. They allow people to work
together with their neighbors to achieve a common goal. In addition, they help facilitate and
provide community members opportunities to talk and share ideas.
Empowerment of the Growers
Community gardens can serve as a source of empowerment for many different individuals. In all
types of neighborhoods, there are people who may feel that they cannot accomplish or do things
independently or for themselves. These people may also rely entirely on another person or
government program for functions of basic livings needs, such as sustenance. It may be possible
for people with low self-esteem or little to no social capital to be assisted by community gardens
because these places may provide an outlet for achieving personal goals. Neighborhoods that
lack social connections or networks may also see no way of getting out of dangerous situations
with regards to blight and crime.
If people in these areas were able to use abandoned land to create community gardens, some
level of social capital may be attained. People in these areas may develop a better sense of self
worth through growing vegetables, herb or flowers in a community garden. A community
garden may allow people who have not felt that they have many personal successes or have not
had positive experiences in their lives to see that they are capable of being productive and that
they have something to offer and gain from society.
12. Through community gardens, people may also have the opportunity to increase their access and
ability to communicate with their other neighbors. This communication is vital to strengthening
relationships that could serve to help an impoverished area gain a better self-identity. The new
neighborhood connections could also be a source of awareness, education, and knowledge. All
of which may help a community or an individual become more self-sustaining and independent.
This form of self-empowerment could lead to better overall citizenry in areas that are lacking.
Improved Health, Increased Recreation, Relaxation, Creativity Opportunities
Gardening could allow people to express themselves in how and what they decide to plant within
their plot. Since there is neither a right way, nor a wrong way to go about gardening, any method
respectful of others may be acceptable. Gardening in a sense then could be an activity that
actually encourages creativity, individuality, and different ways to approach things.
Some people in a community that have never had the opportunity to express a creative self could
be given the opportunity through individual decision making that comes with growing ones own
garden. The opportunity for stress relief is possible too. Gardening can give people an outlet to
take their minds off of the stresses of everyday life. Seeing the vegetables that they grow as an
outcome of their labor would be a very rewarding accomplishment for people who may feel that
they are not capable of accomplishing anything in life.
There also may be obvious reasons why community gardens can be beneficial to the overall
health of an individual i.e. getting exercise, but there are many more than just that. For example,
community gardening can become one of the reasons individuals in a community get up off of
the couch and go outdoors. The potential benefits stemming from this activity alone could be
huge. Getting out of the house and focusing energy on something creative like gardening could
be a potential outlet for stress as well. The health benefits including recreation and relaxation
opportunities surrounding gardening can apply to anyone.
12
Community Growth Opportunities
Community growth potential exists through community gardening in a couple of areas.
Community gardens can be strategically situated in communities as a central location or better
13. yet, a location that utilizes abandoned lots. Abandoned lots come with their own set of
environmental risks, but the ability to transform them into something pleasant to the eye can be
useful in growing a community. Through the community garden, neighbors can work together
towards a common goal and also identify other ways they could work together to enhance and
grow their community.
Networks may be established that could lead to neighborhood groups that help to clean up low-income
areas or lower the crime rates in the area. A cleaner, greener and safer community with
more self-empowered people can always be useful in attracting new residents or business to a
community. Attracting new potential residents and businesses to an area will cause increased
community growth because the community becomes a more desirable place to live and/or work.
Decreased Crime
Safety is important to individuals and members of a community alike, although safety may not
actually be a major issue for most areas in Fairfax County. Many sources in literature about
community gardens provide antidotal evidence that there is a relationship between community
gardens and crime rates and community safety. The article, Cultivating Community Gardens:
The Role of Local Government in Creating Healthy, Livable Neighborhoods, for instance, found
that community gardens increase safety in communities (16). There is at minimum the
perception that community gardens may increase safety within the community. This antidotal
benefit, however, has not yet been shown to be peer-reviewed evidence through specific studies
to be necessarily true. For example, although researchers Gorham et al recognized there was a
perceived reduced risk from crime felt by members of communities with community gardens,
their study actually “indicated that the presence of a community garden was not a predictor of a
lower crime rate…[and There] were no crime number differences between the community
garden areas and the randomly selected areas.” (10) This particular study did conclude by
stating that interviews with members of the community did however reveal a positive
receptiveness to community gardens. Residents of that community also reported a sense of
“neighborhood revitalization, perceived immunity from crime, and neighbors emulating
gardening practices they saw at the community gardens.” (10)
13
14. Educational Opportunities
Community gardens can be utilized as a teaching tool for children and adults, so they can better
understand where food comes from and even how to grow it on their own. They can be an
education and outreach tool for teaching children and adults the concept of natural resource
sustainability and how communities and individuals can be more self-sustainable in their actions
and practices. The opportunity for children to see that they are capable of contributing to a larger
goal, such as growing a vegetable for a classroom project, may also be a chance for a child who
may have low self-esteem to be boosted. Education programs can be developed or evolved as
community gardens are created, and each program may be tailored to meet the needs and type of
audience.
14
Environmental and Ecological Components
More Green Space and Heat Sinks
Community gardens can add natural beauty to an area by increasing the amount of green space.
They can also benefit the environment by providing heat sinks for cities with high volumes of
paved areas. High volumes of paved areas are particularly present in urban areas and major
metropolises, including the metropolitan District of Columbia area. The theory exists which
suggests the more paved areas that a city has, the hotter the area is. These areas of with inflated
temperatures could have negative effects on a local or global environment. If some of the
unused or abandoned land could be turned into useful community gardens, the potential exists
for heat sinks to be created. Rooftops that could withstand a rooftop garden could be utilized as
well. The more green spaces that are located throughout the city, the greater the effect can be in
offsetting any temperature increases due to high volumes of paved areas.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Community gardens can reduce the need for out-of-town produce to be shipped in. Producing
local food resources for sale or distribution locally could create less of a carbon footprint for the
community overall because food has less travel distance from the farm or place of production to
the dinner plate. The community’s need to purchase foods, which have been shipped from
15. numerous areas throughout the United States or the globe, could be lessened. This could also
reduce the community’s greenhouse gas emissions because of the transportation modes and
distances will be different for food grown locally in community gardens. Although the assertion
that by creating one community garden in a given area, there will be a resulting noticeable
reduction in the total amount of greenhouse gas is debatable, it would be difficult to argue
against the statement that avoiding even one trip to the grocery will reduce at least some
greenhouse gas emissions.
Natural Resource Sustainability
One of the most important to points in this paper is that it is through community gardening that
people can learn the value of sustainability. Individuals in the community can learn through
community gardening practices that if they can do something as simple as growing vegetables,
they can also do much more in an effort to becoming more self-sustainable. Although it was
mentioned previously, it is important to reiterate the importance of the general understanding that
a need to be more self-sustaining can be met through community gardening. If people learn to be
less reliant on grocery stores and fast food restaurants for their food, then they can take that
important first step into being more self-sustaining.
Being more dependent on one’s self and more responsible for our own individual actions could
have an overall effect on our ability to reduce our dependency on a number of outside resources.
Based on personal experiences, it doesn’t take a monumental life-changing event to dramatically
shift the way daily routines can be altered for the better. Growing food for use with family,
friends, and individual use can have the potential to change how decisions about other needs are
met and utilized.
15
Economic and Political Components
Individual Economics
In theory the practice of community gardening could have the potential to reduce the overall
amount of income that a person puts towards the amount of food they buy annually, if only
marginally. If individuals and families in a community are able to save a little money on overall
16. food costs, than that money has the potential to be out to something else that is useful. Money
saved through utilizing food grown at community gardens, for example, may instead be applied
to expenses in addressing other basic human needs or even may be invested back into the
community.
Additional Food Sources and Choices
Community Gardens could not only reduce the amount of money that is spent on different foods,
but community gardening also has the potential to provide fresh vegetables and herbs to low-income
16
areas that may not have otherwise had that or any other option. A community garden
could also aid in making sure that adults and children in impoverished areas do not go to bed
hungry. The less hungry that people are, the better they will be able to contribute positively in
their communities and the more successful that children will be at school. Community gardens
can become a way in which access to fresh vegetables can be reasonable and equal for all
members of a community.
Employment Opportunities
There also exists the potential for a community to offer employment in one way or another at a
community center or community garden. While most of the people at a community garden will
most certainly be volunteers, there is an opportunity for employment in larger urban agriculture
and community garden operations. Even if the garden falls on public land operated by a local
government, the opportunity to employ people or a group of people to oversee the maintenance
of the gardens is reasonable. For example, the Fairfax County Park system has a Garden Plots
Coordinator who manages the Green Springs Gardens’ garden plots. Even if it is only one more
employed person in a community at a position that may not have existed before the introduction
of community garden, the community garden has still resulted in even a small employment
benefit.
Helping the U.S. Become Healthier and Potentially Lower Health Costs
The community garden has the potential to offer a better, more healthy selection of foods to
communities that have become dependent on fast food as a major source of nutrition. If more of
17. the daily-recommended servings of fruits and vegetables can be met through the producing these
food resources in a community garden, then there is a possibility for lowering overall health
costs. If people are eating more fruits and vegetables, the theory is that over-time, they will
generally be more healthy and lower incidences of disease. This could potentially lower the
health care burden on a community health care facility. Healthier people in a community could
help the overall amount of money that a community can spend on other important service areas,
such as education.
Local Community Food Security
Localized Urban Agriculture efforts, such as community gardening practices, play an important
role in addressing and providing for local community food security. Community gardens can
increase the Fairfax County community’s local food security by producing food for the market
which is locally available and need not be imported. Community gardens represent just one
Urban Agriculture practice which aid food security specifically by “increasing the availability of
high-quality, affordable food within a community, offering farmers an opportunity to maintain
economic viability by supplying the local market with fresh foods, strengthening economic and
social ties between farms and urban residents, and channeling a larger share of residents’ food
spending back to the local economy.” (22) According to the United State Department of
Agriculture’s (USDA) Assessment of Community Food Production Resources, “strengthening
your community’s agricultural system can [also], over the long term, boost the effectiveness of
Federal food assistance and education programs.” (22)
17
18. 18
COMMUNITY GARDEN PRACTICE
Case Study: Nottoway Park Community Garden
There are many ways in which citizens, community
leaders, local governments, and individuals can
continue to utilize community gardens in Fairfax
County, such as the initiative already underway in
Nottoway Park. There are also opportunities to expand
the existing community garden systems in Fairfax
County. Expanding the application of community
gardens will allow more people to reap the benefits of
this practice. This section describes community
gardening in Fairfax County, including an evaluation of
one of the current community gardens in Nottoway
Park.
This section also includes a discussion of
potential opportunities to expand community
gardening in Fairfax County.
Why is Community Gardening Good
for Fairfax County, Virginia
Community gardens clearly have been shown to
have far-reaching benefits. In Northern
Virginia, and more specifically in Fairfax
County, there is much need and perhaps even a
large desire for community garden opportunities
so that residents can benefit from this Urban
Agriculture practice. One sector of Fairfax
Figure 2. Conceptual Development for Nottoway Park
Figure 1. Map of Fairfax County
19. County that was responsive to the practice of garden plots was within the Fairfax County Park
system. Park administrators, whether consciously aware or not of the multitude of benefits from
community gardens, planned for land use allotments in many of their county parks to provide the
opportunity for residents to rent garden plots.
The Fairfax County Park system, particularly the Nottoway Park, provides an excellent case to
understand in what way and why Fairfax County is utilizing community gardening practices.
Nottoway Park can even be used as a case to showcase how to improve and continue these
opportunities in the future.
19
The following subsections provide an overview of the Fairfax County Park system, as well as
specific details about the garden plots in Nottoway Park.
Fairfax County Park System, Green Spring Gardens
The Fairfax County Park system provides an
opportunity to rent a garden plot. The garden
plots are located throughout several of the
Fairfax County parks. The garden plots are
open to rent for residents within Fairfax
County. The Fairfax County Park system
refers to the program as Green Springs
Gardens. The rented plots are typically 30
feet by 20 feet, with some slight variations in
size between locations, such as in Grist Mill
Park the several plots are 10 feet by 20 feet.
(6) Throughout the paper there are several
photos of garden plots in Fairfax County.
The garden plots can be used for a variety of
purposes, like growing vegetables and/or
ornamentals. Growing vegetables in the
garden plots is the most predominant
Figure 3. Google Maps Satellite View of Garden Plots
Source: Google Screen Shot Plots
http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl
20. utilization of the space, as determined by an evaluation of the garden plots in Nottoway Park
conducted in the summer of 2009.
The plots within the county parks are rented to residents who apply on an annual basis and for a
minimal fee. The plots are also rented on a first come first serve basis. (6)
As is the case with many community garden areas, there are guidelines that govern the garden
plots in the Green Springs Gardens in Fairfax County Parks. However, these guidelines will
often act more as a rule than as a law. Violating any of the rules is not necessarily a criminal or
civic matter, but rather a Fairfax County Park system matter. The FCPA however does retain the
right to evict a person found in violation of the rules. (6) Establishment of rules for community
gardens is essential to the efficient functions of a community garden area.
The administrators establish the rules, which in this case is the Fairfax County Park Authority
(FCPA), in cooperation and coordination with the plot renters and other interested citizens who
have attended past working meetings. The Garden Plot Rules and Guidelines have been revised
for the 2010 season. A complete and final version of these rules and guidelines is included in
Appendix B.
Fairfax County Parks, Nottoway Park in Fairfax, Virginia
The specific plots that were part of the research leading to the development of this paper were
located within Nottoway Park in Vienna, Virginia. The location of Nottoway Park in relation to
the City of Fairfax and the Town of Vienna is found in Appendix A, Map of Fairfax County. A
map of the entire Nottoway Park is in Appendix C, including a Google Maps satellite view of the
park.
Nottoway Park has 148 garden plots available for rent to Fairfax County residents. All of the
plots are rented and there has been a waiting list to rent a plot in Nottoway Park for at least the
last two years. In Appendix D, the garden plot site map shows each of the plots available for
rent by number. Appendix D also contains a satellite view of the Nottoway Park garden plots
specifically, where it is possible to see the first glimpse of how the gardening varies from plot to
plot. Nottoway Park maintains three water-dispensing areas for the garden plot renters, as a
portion of the garden plot rental fee goes to pay for the water dispensed.
20
21. 21
Considerations for Nottoway Park’s Community Garden Plots
Nottoway Park represents a good example of how
community gardening practices can be
implemented. The Nottoway Park garden plots can
be a case study one approach to implementing
community gardens in Fairfax County, and perhaps
in other counties in Northern Virginia. The
Nottoway park garden plots can also be used to
provide recommendations and prescribed other
Figure 4. Example Plots Growing Only Vegetables
opportunities to improve current practices in the Fairfax County Park System. In Nottoway Park,
there is an opportunity to better utilize the existing garden plots and/or expand the number of
plots. Food production within the existing plots can also be expanded.
Assessment of Nottoway Park Garden Plots, Summer-Fall 2009
During the late summer of 2009, the garden plots in
Nottoway Park were evaluated. Each plot was
assessed based on a series of five questions (an
example data sheet/question form is found in Appendix
A.
Figure 5. Example Plot Growing Both Vegetables
and Ornamentals
The questions used to assess the current community garden practices in Nottoway Park were:
1. Has the plot been rented?
2. Does the plot appear to be maintained and/or tended for?
3. Does the tenant appear to be actively gardening in their plot?
4. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for growing vegetables?
5. Is the tenant growing vegetables and ornamentals in the plot?
6. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for gardening only ornamentals?
22. Any additional notes about individual plots were
also captured at the closing of the data sheet.
This information was initially collected in August
2009. The information and data sheets from the
August 2009 assessment were reviewed again in
September 2009. A second assessment was
conducted in late-September where all of the plots
were revisited to determine if any information
Figure 6. Example Plot Growing Only Ornamentals
collected in August had changed. There were no noticeable changes in the type of activity
conducted in the plots and no significantly identifiable change in the make-up of the garden plots
from August to late-September. Photos were also taken of each of the individual plots in
September.
22
A map of Nottoway Park’s garden plots with
color highlighting based in the assessment
conducted is found below, Map of Nottoway Park
Assessment Results. In this map, the garden plots
that were viably growing at least some edible
vegetable plants and no ornamentals are shaded in
green. Plots shaded in pink were determined to
only be growing ornamentals. Some plots were
growing both vegetables and ornamentals and have been shaded in yellow.
Figure 7. Example of Poorly Maintained Plot
Several plots did not appear to be tended to,
or were poorly maintained. These poorly
maintained or bare plots are shaded in grey on
the map below.
Figure 8. Example of Bare or Overgrown Plot
23. 23
Figure 9. Map of Nottoway Park Assessment Results
24. Based on this walk-around, first-hand, but peripheral assessments of the Nottoway Park garden
plots, 117 out of 142 available plots were determined to be growing at least some edible plants.
The edibles were typically common garden vegetables, such as tomatoes, peppers, and lettuce.
Some gardens also were growing herbs though. Tomatoes were by far the most common
vegetable grown in the most amounts of garden plots.
Figure 10. Pie Chart of Utilization of Plots in Nottoway Park
The utilization of garden plots in Nottoway Park by type is graphically depicted in Figure10.
Table 1 also details the number of plots recorded in each of the four categories. The percentage
of plots growing at least some vegetable plants is 90% of the total plots available for rent at
Nottoway Park.
24
Table 1. Composition of Plot Table and Percentages
Composition of Plot
Number
of Plots
Percentage of
Total Plots
Ornamentals 3 2%
Vegetables 90 63%
Both Vegetables & Ornamentals 27 19%
Poorly Maintained or Bare 22 15%
Total Number of Plots 142
25. Photo Series for Nottoway Park
Several series of photos are contained in Appendix B, Photo Series for Nottoway Park. These
photos were taken in the summer of 2009, mostly in August 2009. The first photo series depicts
some of the plots growing edible vegetables. The next photo series depicts plots that appear to
be only utilized for growing ornamentals. Some plots grew a mixture of both ornamentals as
well as vegetables, and photos of these types of plots are included also in Appendix B. Plots that
did not appear to be tended to or those that were poorly maintained are depicted in the fourth
photo series. The last photo series provides examples of plots that were bare or overgrown.
Although a photo was taken at each plot location as part of the assessment of gardening practices
in Nottoway Park, figure 9 only presents the type of utilization and plots in the park. All photos
were taken by Ryan Sloan, Virginia Polytechnic University.
25
Encouraging the Practice in Other Areas of Fairfax County
There are many ways to encourage the development of additional community gardens and/or
garden plots in other vacant and/or open space within Fairfax County. Areas “where neighbors
can gather to cultivate plants, vegetables and fruit” do not need to be limited to the Fairfax
County Park system. (16)
Many of the barriers to creating viable and
successful community gardens “can be overcome
with local government engagement.” (16) The
involvement of local government can be critical
in the planning and initiation of a new
community garden. Local governments can
provide many of the resources that are needed to
start a community garden, at the small, medium
or large-scale. When local governments get
Figure 11. Photo of one existing outreach opportunity to
promote urban agriculture
involved, they can often help to lessen the start-up costs and other barriers to success, “such as
liability expenses, code restrictions and lack of resources.” (16)
26. The residents in the community will have a multitude of benefits from new opportunities to
participate in community gardens, and the community at large as well as the local government
can also benefit in addition to the individual growers. For example, many urbanized areas have a
lack of open space. Community gardens can provide that open space, particularly in minority
and low income areas which may have a disproportionately lower amount of open space per
capita. This can be a social equality issue where local government can step in to mitigate the
disparity in an inexpensive way by utilizing unused land by creating community gardens and
beautifying the area. (16)
26
Recommendations for Encouraging Community Gardens in Fairfax County
Some recommendations on ways to reduce or eliminate the common barriers to implementing
new community gardens are provided below.
Partnering with Schools
The opportunity to partner with the Fairfax County Public School should also be pursued for
additional opportunities to expand community gardening practices in Fairfax County. School
systems can be an excellent place to start community gardens. There have been many benefits
found for students and schools who participate in the practice of community gardens. (19)
Schools also can be partnered with to provide education and outreach opportunities to the
students. For example, “hands-on exposure to community gardens can teach students about the
source of fresh produce, demonstrate community stewardship and introduce the importance of
environmental sustainability.” (16) An environmental science and ecosystem sustainability
curriculum or aspect of a current curriculum can be developed to educate students and provide a
unique outlet for learning.
Education can extend beyond the traditional classroom as well, such as hosting after-school,
storytelling, and even adult-learning sessions in the community gardens. In Fairfax County,
expanded community garden opportunities could provide additional opportunities for residents to
27. participate in a wide range of activities and community projects such as “after-school programs
for children, activities for the elderly and a resource for food banks and shelters.” (16)
Involving Students
Fairfax County can begin planning for potential places for start new community gardens by
surveying available resources to work on the initiative. For example, local high school students
and college students could be used potentially to perform some preliminary planning work. In a
Portland, Oregon community garden initiative, college students from Portland State University
were used to inventory “all city-owned land that could be used for community gardens and other
urban-agriculture initiatives.” (16)
Non-profits
Fairfax County could encourage a municipality-funded non-profit organization to support
development and maintenance of community gardens. This was done in Chicago with the
nonprofit NeighborSpace and was successful. NeighborSpace “acts as a land-trust for
community gardens.” (16) NeighborSpace is funded by the city of Chicago, District of Chicago,
and the Cook County Forest Preserve District who then accept liability for the garden sites,
which now is over 50 sites. In this example, the local government has reduced the start-up costs
and liability burdens that can be barriers to the development of community gardens. Fairfax
County’s local government could employ a similar strategy in Virginia.
Facilitated Volunteer Groups
Local government can help to facilitate the organization of volunteers groups to create
community gardens in Fairfax County. Volunteer groups can be very helpful in community
garden efforts. Volunteers can be organized during the initial planning and setting up of new
community gardens, which can be a rewarding experience for the volunteers as well as a benefit
to the community. Volunteers can also be used to help maintain the gardens once they are
established. For example, volunteers help to maintain the structure and order in the community
gardens in Nottoway Park, such as through their participation in creating new Garden Plots Rules
for 2010 (refer to Appendix B).
27
28. National or State Grants
Taking advantage of any national or state grants, which may be available, is also an opportunity
for Fairfax County to expand on community gardening opportunities. Grant funding can be
applied to defray the start-up costs and get community gardening projects off-the-ground. The
Portland/Multnomah Food Policy Council (FPC) utilized available grants, for example, to fund
the creation of gardens in Oregon. (16)
Inventory and Analysis of Community Food Production
An inventory and analysis could be conducted in Fairfax County to assess and analyze the food
production resources generated locally. The inventory and analysis could be particularly focused
on the food production resources that are generated from local community gardening practices.
The Fairfax County could use a methodology for the assessment, which is similar to the
assessment that was completed for by the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Community Food Security Assessment Toolkit. (22) The assessment could be conducted with
the assistance of an educational institution, like Virginia Polytechnic University’s National
Capital Region or another university within close proximity or access to Fairfax County. The
assessment could inform the community about the food production resource currently generated
in the county. The assessment may also reveal gaps and opportunities for producing more local
food resources in Fairfax County. These gaps may also provide the citizens, community
members, and local government with direction on addressing the potential opportunities for
producing more food resources locally. The assessment could be focused on the following
questions:
1. Does the county have any community gardens?
2. Do any of the schooled have school gardens?
3. Are there any school-based garden programs producing food resources which are in-turn
28
consumed by the students of a school?
4. Do to the local schools purchase food from local producers and suppliers?
5. Are locally produced/grown foods available at local distributors and suppliers; retailers;
and/or restaurants?
6. Are local food resources used at other institutional facilities or food service outlets? (ie.
colleges, hospitals, prisons)
7. Are there low-income areas in the county, and do low-income households have a
reasonable opportunity to participate in community gardens or other local food
production practices?
29. These questions are derived from the questions analyzed by the USDA as part of the Community
Food Security Assessment Toolkit. (22) Researching and responding to these questions through
an inventory, assessment, analysis, and results-based approach could produce findings for
Fairfax County to then focus future efforts on encourage locally produced food resources in the
County.
29
DISCUSSION
Challenges of Community Gardens
There are a number of challenges that some Urban Agriculture practices are faced with, and in
some instances these challenges may outweigh the benefits. The challenges range from conflicts
with neighbors and soil contamination concerns to overcoming legal restraints. Many of the
main hurdles for most people who decide to grow their own food, whether it is vegetables can be
the restrictions placed on them through municipal codes and state laws. If the urban farmer
chooses to sell their food they will certainly face challenges from Federal food and drug
regulations as well. “Agricultural activity in urban areas almost always contravenes some zoning
regulation or by-law. Parks were never intended as grazing grounds for livestock, and the owners
of vacant land are rarely pleased to see it sprouting corn and beans.” (17)
Aside from legal challenges, there exist unknown variables that can come into account as well.
In an urban setting there is usually a person or persons in the area that has an idea of how an area
should look. These concerned citizens may elevate concerns on what types of activities are
acceptable. Tensions may be heightened between individuals in the community if the concept
and application of urban agriculture is frowned upon. It is easy to see how growing vegetables in
an otherwise well-groomed and manicured neighborhood may draw the ire of neighbors. In fact,
it may not only offend neighbors.
Economic challenges are nearly always present as well. Many of the community garden
techniques require sizable amount money to start the process. While it may not cost much to
plant tomatoes in your own backyard, larger operations that could require water access, drainage
30. and specialized tools can easily become costly. In contrast to the economic limitations that may
be present for larger community projects, even smaller operations could face similar limitations
given the economic climate of the community.
The potential for pollution and soil contamination issues are often present as well when
implementing gardens in urban areas. Many people are not aware of their vulnerability to such
issues at the on-set. There is always a possibility the soil that is now being used for growing
vegetables, at another point in time may have been used as a place to dump harmful chemicals.
People should always send soil samples to laboratories to have them tested for the possibility of
potentially hazardous pollutants present in their soils. If soils are contaminated there is always
the possibility of addressing and/or circumventing the issue by building boxes on top of the soil
for gardening or trucking in local topsoil. Employing these strategies can reduce or eliminate the
contamination threat. Unfortunately, many people may not be educated on this issue and even if
they are, it may not be possible to raise the funds to cover the costs.
While it may not be widely known, some gardening and composting practices could produce foul
smelling odors. Odor issues could become classified as a public nuisance if severe enough.
Composting garden trimmings in backyards or shared composting in community areas can also
be controversial. The issue of odor is always present in compost operations that may cause
tension between neighbors. Health concerns are present as well in composting operations.
Composting bins can produce molds and fungus that can contribute or cause allergic reactions in
some people. (5) There is also an ever-present worry stemming from pathogens related to
decaying compost and it’s recommended that some waste materials, such as food wastes from
people who may be sick not be used. (5) The issue of waste disposal from gardening is also a
concern that raises issues within the law in regards to human health. Recently, there have been a
few outbreaks of disease that has been transmitted from animals to human, such as swine flu or
avian flu, which may draw questions about disease if the gardens were to start attracting wildlife
that is not normally present.
30
While the benefits from reusing wastewater or grey water to irrigate crops may be a benefit in
some aspects, it also raises health concerns. Mwale notes that the World Health Organization
31. 31
(WHO) has indentified reused water as the single largest environmental pollutant killer in the
world. (17)
In any agricultural setting there is a risk of losing crops to wildlife. Many of the threats can be
combated with fences and traps, which in turn will consume time and money. For some food
raiders, pesticides and other chemicals are needed to mitigate the problem. Pesticides can be
dangerous in an urban setting, due to the amount of people and pets that are in the area. The
chances of an individual misusing or someone accidentally getting into the pesticides are serious
concerns, which are often raised. It is also plausible that urban areas could potentially have an
incident that an endangered species comes into contact with a pesticide, fence, or a trap. The
outcome of killing an Endangered Species that is raiding an gardening area could involve a
violation of the Endangered Species Act, a major Federal offense. (1) While it may be unlikely
that a conflict with a Federal statute could arise from small gardening operations, it remains a
possibility that there is a greater likelihood that a state of local regulation could be violated
resulting in some penalty.
It remained that the main hurdle for most individuals and communities is the lack of
infrastructure components needed to produce good results from applying techniques and
practices of community gardening. Aside from the labor needed for Urban Agriculture, there are
also structural and economic needs. Using the Urban Agriculture practice of community gardens
as an example, there will be many needs and challenges to implementation, which must be
overcome for the effort to be successful. In the case of community gardening, for instance, some
of the needs that must be met are where and how to acquire materials needed for gardens, such as
gardening tools, wood and other building materials to create either permanent or temporary areas
and structures for food production. There are also needs for topsoil and fertilizer, both of which
can be found local or trucked in. Composting food waste into fertilizer is one way of gain a
more sustainable source of fertilizer, as is the use of grey water and rainwater. Other materials
that may be needed include fencing or traps to keep out animals that may take food. The
availability of utilities such as electricity could also be a concern for many community gardening
operations. If the needs for materials and utilization are met in a sustainable manner, community
gardens can provide many benefits.
32. 32
Benefits of Urban Agriculture
The list of potential benefits of community gardens are not confined to individuals, but can
include entire sections of a city or even an entire nation can reap the benefits. The benefits (and
costs for that matter) are often characterized as part of one of three categories: economic, social,
and ecological. (18) Although some general and also some more specific benefits are described
here, all of these benefits are part of a larger effort to provide food security, better nutrition, and
relieve some economic stress, while adding to the overall health of individual and communities.
Some of the benefits of a sustainable gardening system include the ability to “incorporate social-justice
issues into a more localized system; Alleviate constraints on people’s access to adequate,
nutritious food; Develop the economic capacity of local people to purchase food; Train people to
grow, process, and distribute this food; Maintain adequate land to produce a high proportion of
locally required food; Educate people, who have been increasingly removed from food
production, to participate in, and respect, its generation; and Integrate environmental stewardship
into this process.” (12)
Community gardening can be beneficial to families and communities by bringing them together
to work towards raising food for each other. (13) Community gardening helps people realize a
direct connection to where their food originates. Communities are creating a better environment
for themselves, by increasing productive green space. Community gardening can also work as a
catalyst for individuals and communities to become more stable with a greater sense of
entitlement by controlling their own food security and combating hunger. Community gardening
also offers skills that teach people how to be more self reliant and ending dependency on others
for basic life needs. (13)
Community gardening can contribute to increasing the biodiversity of urban areas impacting the
overall urban ecosystem. With more plants growing in the urban areas, there is a possibility of
helping to remove pollutants in air and water system. In addition, community gardening is also a
way for people to reduce their overall carbon footprint. It can also contribute to the reduction of
33. soil loss and siltation of waterways. Urban Agriculture has the ability for individuals to decrease
the amount of waste they produce through composting and reuse of wastewater. (13)
In some cases around the country, an economic benefit of tax incentives can be found for Urban
Agriculture techniques. Legislation in New York City provides a tax incentive for owners and
developers of green roof systems in the form of a tax credit. The intent of the credit is to assist
the individuals who install such systems with the associated costs. The legislation is called the
Green Roof Tax Abatement. According to the legislation, owners who install green roofs that
cover a minimum of half of the roof space are entitled to a one-year credit of up to $100,000
dollars. (11 )
The benefits and challenges that surround community gardens can be overwhelming. I suggest
that these should not be hindrances, but rather unending opportunities for individuals to become
more sustainable. The example of Fairfax County’s community gardens is just one small
instance of the range of possibilities that exist and are increasing daily.
33
Conclusion
One of the exciting aspects of becoming more sustainable through community gardening is that
the techniques are being improved upon constantly. While getting a project started or
designating a piece of land for a garden may be the hardest step, the potential benefits are eye
opening. In community gardens such as Nottoway Park, citizens must not simply be content to
know that there is a space available if necessary. Citizens must be proactive in making sure that
all of the space is being utilized to it’s fullest. As long as there is enough space it is crucial for
the success of the garden that the public be aware that if they want a garden plot it is available.
Keeping the public interested in the community garden will be necessary to make sure the land
designation stays and that the land remains safe and productive.
While the Nottoway Park community garden is fairly self sufficient and appears to be running
smoothly there are a few issues that could be addressed to increase the productivity and exposure
of the garden.
34. From 2007 through 2009 the author has been on a waiting list to get a garden plot in Nottoway
park. It is clear from my visual survey that there is at least 22 plots that are either bare or poorly
maintained that could have been utilized. This speaks to a issue with proper management of the
space that is available in the garden. While there may be outside limitations restricting the
effective management of the individual plots, a better management and plot allocation is needed.
One of the limitations that could be restricting the efficiency of the garden could be public
awareness or interest. The park has built very large interpretive signs that could be used to
generate interest, while simultaneously educating the public about the community gardening. It
is not hard to see that with a few small management changes and the proper utilization of
existing signage, the park could drum up more support and interest in the community garden.
The garden area of the park may not be the main focus of the park management, but interest in
the park and visitorship surely is and both could benefit from the changes suggested above. The
key to success is to empower individuals to become more self sufficient.
34
35. 35
Appendix A: Nottoway Park Assessment of Current Community Garden
Practices
Example Data Sheet/Question Form
Plot Number: ______________
1. Has the plot been rented?
Yes No
2. Does the plot appear to be maintained and/or tended for?
Yes No
3. Does the tenant appear to be actively gardening in their plot?
Yes No
4. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for growing vegetables?
Yes No
5. Is the tenant growing vegetables and ornamentals in the plot?
Yes No
6. Is the tenant utilizing the plot for gardening only ornamentals?
Yes No
Notes About the Plot:
36. 36
Appendix B: Photo Series for Nottoway Park
Set 1: Example Plots Growing Vegetables
Photo 1.
Photo 2.
37. 37
Set 2: Example Plot Growing Only Ornamentals
Photo 1.
38. 38
Set 3: Example Plots Growing Both Vegetables and Ornamentals
Photo 1.
Photo 2.
39. 39
Set 4: Example of Poorly Maintained Plots
Photo 1.
Photo 2.
40. 40
Set 5: Example of Bare or Overgrown Plots
Photo 1.
Photo 2.
All photos were taken by Ryan Sloan, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2009.
41. 41
Appendix C: Photo of Outreach Opportunity Location
This is a photo of an information board located at the entrance to the Nottoway Park community
garden area. Information about Urban Agriculture and benefits of the practice of community
gardening for food production could be included in this informational kiosk. The information
could be a form of education and outreach for members of the community.
Photo was taken by Ryan Sloan, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2009.
42. 42
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