La carrera espacial entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética comenzó después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial impulsada por la Guerra Fría. Ambos países lanzaron satélites y enviaron humanos y animales al espacio, con hitos como Sputnik 1, Laika, Yuri Gagarin y el alunizaje de Apollo 11. También hubo tragedias como la muerte de Laika y los accidentes de Apollo 1 y Challenger. La carrera espacial finalizó con el encuentro de las naves Apollo y Soyuz en 1975, aunque ambos
The document provides details about the Apollo 11 moon mission from July 16-24, 1969. It introduces the presenters and gives an overview of the mission duration and spacecrafts used. It describes the crew of 3 astronauts, highlights of the mission including launch from Earth, lunar orbit and landing, and the first steps on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. It concludes with the successful return to Earth and the legacy and significance of Apollo 11 being the first manned lunar landing.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, Spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document discusses the first moon landing by Apollo 11 in July 1969. It provides background information on previous Soviet and American space missions. It then summarizes the six successful Apollo missions that landed astronauts on the moon between 1969-1972. The document notes that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first men to walk on the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission. Finally, it addresses various conspiracy theories that the moon landing was fake, but provides scientific explanations for how the moon landing photos were possible.
The document provides a history of major events in space exploration from 1957 to 1998. It begins with the Soviet Union launching Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, carrying the first animal into space. The US launched its first satellites Explorer 1 and Vanguard 1 in response. NASA was formed in 1958 to lead US space initiatives. The space race then involved firsts such as putting humans into space and on the moon. International cooperation grew over time, culminating in the launch of the International Space Station module in 1998.
Reference Guide To The International Space StationSérgio Sacani
The International Space Station is a unique place – a convergence of science, technology and human innovation that demonstrates new technologies and makes research breakthroughs not possible on Earth.
It is a microgravity laboratory in which an international crew of six people live and work while traveling at a speed of five miles per second, orbiting Earth every 90 minutes.
The space station has been continuously occupied since November 2000. In that time, more than 200 people from 15 countries have visited.
Crew members spend about 35 hours each week conducting research in many disciplines to advance scientific knowledge in Earth, space, physical, and biological sciences for the benefit of people living on our home planet.
The station facilitates the growth of a robust commercial market in low-Earth orbit, operating as a national laboratory for scientific research and facilitating the development of U.S. commercial cargo and commercial crew space transportation capabilities.
More than an acre of solar arrays provide power to the station, and also make it the next brightest object in the night sky after the moon. You don’t even need a telescope to see it zoom over your house. And we’ll even send you a text message or email alert to let you know when (and where) to look up, spot the station, and wave!
La carrera espacial entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética comenzó después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial impulsada por la Guerra Fría. Ambos países lanzaron satélites y enviaron humanos y animales al espacio, con hitos como Sputnik 1, Laika, Yuri Gagarin y el alunizaje de Apollo 11. También hubo tragedias como la muerte de Laika y los accidentes de Apollo 1 y Challenger. La carrera espacial finalizó con el encuentro de las naves Apollo y Soyuz en 1975, aunque ambos
The document provides details about the Apollo 11 moon mission from July 16-24, 1969. It introduces the presenters and gives an overview of the mission duration and spacecrafts used. It describes the crew of 3 astronauts, highlights of the mission including launch from Earth, lunar orbit and landing, and the first steps on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. It concludes with the successful return to Earth and the legacy and significance of Apollo 11 being the first manned lunar landing.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Astronomy Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 3000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 8 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow and meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and follow up questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation. Teaching Duration = 5+ weeks. Areas of Focus in the Astronomy Topics Unit: The Solar System and the Sun, Order of the Planets, Our Sun, Life Cycle of a Star, Size of Stars, Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse, The Inner Planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Craters, Tides, Phases of the Moon, Mars and Moons, Rocketry, Asteroid Belt, NEOs, The Torino Scale, The Outer Planets and Gas Giants, Jupiter / Moons, Saturn / Moons, Uranus / Moons, Neptune / Moons, Pluto's Demotion, The Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud, Comets / Other, Beyond the Solar System, Types of Galaxies, Blackholes, Extrasolar Planets, The Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Special Theory of Relativity, Hubble Space Telescope, Constellations, Spacetime and much more. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
The document discusses the first moon landing by Apollo 11 in July 1969. It provides background information on previous Soviet and American space missions. It then summarizes the six successful Apollo missions that landed astronauts on the moon between 1969-1972. The document notes that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first men to walk on the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission. Finally, it addresses various conspiracy theories that the moon landing was fake, but provides scientific explanations for how the moon landing photos were possible.
The document provides a history of major events in space exploration from 1957 to 1998. It begins with the Soviet Union launching Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, carrying the first animal into space. The US launched its first satellites Explorer 1 and Vanguard 1 in response. NASA was formed in 1958 to lead US space initiatives. The space race then involved firsts such as putting humans into space and on the moon. International cooperation grew over time, culminating in the launch of the International Space Station module in 1998.
Reference Guide To The International Space StationSérgio Sacani
The International Space Station is a unique place – a convergence of science, technology and human innovation that demonstrates new technologies and makes research breakthroughs not possible on Earth.
It is a microgravity laboratory in which an international crew of six people live and work while traveling at a speed of five miles per second, orbiting Earth every 90 minutes.
The space station has been continuously occupied since November 2000. In that time, more than 200 people from 15 countries have visited.
Crew members spend about 35 hours each week conducting research in many disciplines to advance scientific knowledge in Earth, space, physical, and biological sciences for the benefit of people living on our home planet.
The station facilitates the growth of a robust commercial market in low-Earth orbit, operating as a national laboratory for scientific research and facilitating the development of U.S. commercial cargo and commercial crew space transportation capabilities.
More than an acre of solar arrays provide power to the station, and also make it the next brightest object in the night sky after the moon. You don’t even need a telescope to see it zoom over your house. And we’ll even send you a text message or email alert to let you know when (and where) to look up, spot the station, and wave!
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and accomplishments in space exploration from 1957 to 2004, including the first satellites, spaceflights of animals and humans, lunar landings, Mars missions, and key figures like Neil Armstrong, Yuri Gagarin, and Sally Ride. It also profiles several famous explorers and their missions, and includes videos and diagrams related to space travel.
Marte es el planeta rojo, aproximadamente la mitad del tamaño de la Tierra. Tiene una atmósfera delgada y estaciones debido a su inclinación axial de 25 grados. Presenta cráteres de impacto, volcanes, cauces secos y dos lunas pequeñas llamadas Fobos y Deimos.
Los planetas diapositivas d informatica nuevasminny_g12
El documento describe el Sistema Solar, incluyendo los planetas interiores como Mercurio, Venus y la Tierra, y los planetas exteriores como Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y Neptuno. Explica que el Sistema Solar está formado por el Sol y los ocho planetas que orbitan alrededor de él, así como otros cuerpos menores.
Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, launched on July 16, 1969 carrying astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the lunar surface, with Armstrong famously stating "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Additional objectives of the Apollo 11 mission included deploying scientific experiments and transmitting live television footage of the lunar landing.
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun. It has extreme temperature variations between day and night due to its proximity to the Sun and lack of atmosphere. The landscape is heavily cratered due to asteroid impacts over billions of years. Only two spacecrafts have visited Mercury, finding a terrain shaped by ancient impacts. Future missions aim to better understand Mercury's composition, magnetic field, and two sunrises visible from certain locations due to its long days.
Marte es el cuarto planeta desde el Sol y tiene características similares pero también diferencias con respecto a la Tierra. Su superficie presenta variados accidentes geográficos como montañas, cañones y cráteres, y evidencia de que en el pasado hubo agua. A lo largo de los años se han realizado numerosas misiones espaciales para explorar Marte y su atmósfera.
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large research facility in low Earth orbit that serves as a microgravity and space environment laboratory. It is a joint project of several space agencies including NASA, RKA, JAXA, CSA, and ESA. Microbes were the first inhabitants of the ISS, carried aboard by crews and hardware, posing health risks. Researchers conduct experiments on the ISS related to protein crystal growth, tissue engineering, combustion, and other areas while living and working in its 43,000 cubic feet of pressurized volume. Maintaining human life aboard requires recycling air and water while mitigating effects of microgravity like muscle and bone loss through exercise.
1. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has extreme surface temperatures, ranging from 450 degrees C during the day to -170 degrees C at night.
2. Mercury's thin atmosphere contains hydrogen, helium, and oxygen as the three most abundant gases.
3. Mercury's surface temperature reaches a blistering 740 degrees kelvin during the day.
La carrera espacial comenzó entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con cada país buscando demostrar su superioridad tecnológica. En 1961, Yuri Gagarin de la Unión Soviética se convirtió en el primer humano en el espacio. En 1969, los estadounidenses lograron el hito de enviar a los primeros humanos a la Luna. Aunque los soviéticos tuvieron éxitos iniciales, el alto costo económico de la carrera espacial y la carrera
Chandrayaan 2 | Facts You Should Know | India's Second Lunar MissionAlan Das Mannoosseril
Brief Presentation on the highlights of the mission.
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics,
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technolgy, Shibpur (IIESTS), Kolkata
This document provides an overview of missile technology, including:
- The history of missiles dating back to medieval China and their use by Indian rulers against British forces.
- The key components of missiles like warheads, guidance systems, and propulsion systems.
- Types of missiles classified by range, propulsion, and guidance systems.
- India's indigenous missile programs and missiles like Prithvi, Agni, Akash, Dhanush, and the supersonic BrahMos cruise missile developed with Russia.
- The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program established in the 1980s that developed India's strategic missiles and concluded successfully in 2008.
The document summarizes key facts about the planet Mars. It describes Mars' thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, cold temperatures, lower gravity than Earth, two small moons named Phobos and Deimos, and red color caused by iron dust. It also notes that Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, and the largest canyon, Valles Marineris. The document discusses past missions to Mars and ongoing exploration by rovers like Curiosity, which is still active on the surface.
SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR MANKINDVishal Pandey
The space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in designing and fabricating the instruments having more than 6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In 1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500 kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened a variety of new vistas of science and technology.
There are two types of eclipses: solar and lunar. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes into the Earth's shadow, appearing red or dark. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow on Earth. There are three types of each: total, partial, and penumbral/annular. Lunar eclipses are more common as anyone experiencing nighttime can see it, while only a small area experiences a solar eclipse due to the moon's small umbral shadow. Eclipses occur during eclipse seasons when the sun, Earth, and moon are directly aligned.
El documento proporciona información sobre las características físicas y geológicas de Marte, incluidos sus satélites Fobos y Deimos. Describe las misiones espaciales a Marte de la NASA y la Agencia Espacial Europea, incluidos los descubrimientos de los rovers como evidencia de antiguos manantiales y una atmósfera más densa con agua dulce. Concluye que aunque actualmente no hay agua líquida, Marte tuvo agua en el pasado y es posible que aún quede agua
This document provides information about various events taking place around the UK in 2011 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin becoming the first human to travel into outer space. Events include the installation of a Gagarin statue in London, film screenings, lectures, concerts, and exhibitions focused on the history and future of human spaceflight.
Yuri Gagarin was the first person to journey into outer space, completing one orbit of Earth on April 12, 1961. He was a Russian pilot and cosmonaut who was selected for the Soviet space program in 1960 due to his excellent physical and psychological test results. On his historic spaceflight, Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth and received widespread honors, cementing his place in history. He later died in a 1968 plane crash at age 34.
This document provides a timeline and overview of major events and accomplishments in space exploration from 1957 to 2004, including the first satellites, spaceflights of animals and humans, lunar landings, Mars missions, and key figures like Neil Armstrong, Yuri Gagarin, and Sally Ride. It also profiles several famous explorers and their missions, and includes videos and diagrams related to space travel.
Marte es el planeta rojo, aproximadamente la mitad del tamaño de la Tierra. Tiene una atmósfera delgada y estaciones debido a su inclinación axial de 25 grados. Presenta cráteres de impacto, volcanes, cauces secos y dos lunas pequeñas llamadas Fobos y Deimos.
Los planetas diapositivas d informatica nuevasminny_g12
El documento describe el Sistema Solar, incluyendo los planetas interiores como Mercurio, Venus y la Tierra, y los planetas exteriores como Júpiter, Saturno, Urano y Neptuno. Explica que el Sistema Solar está formado por el Sol y los ocho planetas que orbitan alrededor de él, así como otros cuerpos menores.
Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, launched on July 16, 1969 carrying astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the lunar surface, with Armstrong famously stating "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Additional objectives of the Apollo 11 mission included deploying scientific experiments and transmitting live television footage of the lunar landing.
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun. It has extreme temperature variations between day and night due to its proximity to the Sun and lack of atmosphere. The landscape is heavily cratered due to asteroid impacts over billions of years. Only two spacecrafts have visited Mercury, finding a terrain shaped by ancient impacts. Future missions aim to better understand Mercury's composition, magnetic field, and two sunrises visible from certain locations due to its long days.
Marte es el cuarto planeta desde el Sol y tiene características similares pero también diferencias con respecto a la Tierra. Su superficie presenta variados accidentes geográficos como montañas, cañones y cráteres, y evidencia de que en el pasado hubo agua. A lo largo de los años se han realizado numerosas misiones espaciales para explorar Marte y su atmósfera.
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large research facility in low Earth orbit that serves as a microgravity and space environment laboratory. It is a joint project of several space agencies including NASA, RKA, JAXA, CSA, and ESA. Microbes were the first inhabitants of the ISS, carried aboard by crews and hardware, posing health risks. Researchers conduct experiments on the ISS related to protein crystal growth, tissue engineering, combustion, and other areas while living and working in its 43,000 cubic feet of pressurized volume. Maintaining human life aboard requires recycling air and water while mitigating effects of microgravity like muscle and bone loss through exercise.
1. Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has extreme surface temperatures, ranging from 450 degrees C during the day to -170 degrees C at night.
2. Mercury's thin atmosphere contains hydrogen, helium, and oxygen as the three most abundant gases.
3. Mercury's surface temperature reaches a blistering 740 degrees kelvin during the day.
La carrera espacial comenzó entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con cada país buscando demostrar su superioridad tecnológica. En 1961, Yuri Gagarin de la Unión Soviética se convirtió en el primer humano en el espacio. En 1969, los estadounidenses lograron el hito de enviar a los primeros humanos a la Luna. Aunque los soviéticos tuvieron éxitos iniciales, el alto costo económico de la carrera espacial y la carrera
Chandrayaan 2 | Facts You Should Know | India's Second Lunar MissionAlan Das Mannoosseril
Brief Presentation on the highlights of the mission.
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics,
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technolgy, Shibpur (IIESTS), Kolkata
This document provides an overview of missile technology, including:
- The history of missiles dating back to medieval China and their use by Indian rulers against British forces.
- The key components of missiles like warheads, guidance systems, and propulsion systems.
- Types of missiles classified by range, propulsion, and guidance systems.
- India's indigenous missile programs and missiles like Prithvi, Agni, Akash, Dhanush, and the supersonic BrahMos cruise missile developed with Russia.
- The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program established in the 1980s that developed India's strategic missiles and concluded successfully in 2008.
The document summarizes key facts about the planet Mars. It describes Mars' thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, cold temperatures, lower gravity than Earth, two small moons named Phobos and Deimos, and red color caused by iron dust. It also notes that Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons, and the largest canyon, Valles Marineris. The document discusses past missions to Mars and ongoing exploration by rovers like Curiosity, which is still active on the surface.
SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR MANKINDVishal Pandey
The space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in designing and fabricating the instruments having more than 6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In 1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500 kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened a variety of new vistas of science and technology.
There are two types of eclipses: solar and lunar. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes into the Earth's shadow, appearing red or dark. A solar eclipse happens when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow on Earth. There are three types of each: total, partial, and penumbral/annular. Lunar eclipses are more common as anyone experiencing nighttime can see it, while only a small area experiences a solar eclipse due to the moon's small umbral shadow. Eclipses occur during eclipse seasons when the sun, Earth, and moon are directly aligned.
El documento proporciona información sobre las características físicas y geológicas de Marte, incluidos sus satélites Fobos y Deimos. Describe las misiones espaciales a Marte de la NASA y la Agencia Espacial Europea, incluidos los descubrimientos de los rovers como evidencia de antiguos manantiales y una atmósfera más densa con agua dulce. Concluye que aunque actualmente no hay agua líquida, Marte tuvo agua en el pasado y es posible que aún quede agua
This document provides information about various events taking place around the UK in 2011 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin becoming the first human to travel into outer space. Events include the installation of a Gagarin statue in London, film screenings, lectures, concerts, and exhibitions focused on the history and future of human spaceflight.
Yuri Gagarin was the first person to journey into outer space, completing one orbit of Earth on April 12, 1961. He was a Russian pilot and cosmonaut who was selected for the Soviet space program in 1960 due to his excellent physical and psychological test results. On his historic spaceflight, Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth and received widespread honors, cementing his place in history. He later died in a 1968 plane crash at age 34.
Yuri Gagarin foi o primeiro homem no espaço em 1961. Ele completou uma órbita ao redor da Terra em 108 minutos a bordo da espaçonave Vostok 3KA, tornando-se um herói soviético e marcando uma vitória da União Soviética sobre os Estados Unidos na corrida espacial durante a Guerra Fria. Gagarin expressou sua admiração pela beleza do planeta visto do espaço e pediu que as pessoas cuidem da Terra.
Yuri Gagarin was the first person to journey into outer space. He was born in 1934 in the village of Klushino in Russia and had an interest in physics, mathematics, and aviation from a young age. On April 12, 1961, Gagarin achieved global fame as the first human to orbit Earth, completing one orbit in 108 minutes aboard Vostok 1. Upon his safe return, he became a national hero in the Soviet Union and inspired youth around the world with his bravery and accomplishments as a cosmonaut.
Yuri Gagarin foi o primeiro homem no espaço a bordo da nave Vostok 1 em 12 de abril de 1961. Ele completou uma órbita da Terra em 1 hora e 48 minutos a uma altitude de 315 km. Embora o voo fosse automatizado, Gagarin tinha um envelope com uma chave caso precisasse assumir o controle manual da nave. Após a reentrada na atmosfera terrestre, Gagarin ejetou da nave e pousou com paraquedas, tornando-se o primeiro humano a orbitar e retornar da Terra.
This document contains a list of names of famous people from various fields such as entertainment, music, art, politics and more. Some of the names included are Michael Caine, Morgan Freeman, Liam Neeson, Bruce Willis, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone, James Hetfield, Fred Durst, Marilyn Manson, Ozzy Osbourne, Winston Churchill, Bob Marley, Mick Jagger, Salvador Dali, Robert Downey Jr., Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, Freddie Mercury, Jim Morrison, Robert Redford, Paul Newman, James Dean, Mickey Rourke, Johnny Depp, Allen Ginsberg, Nelson Mandela, Michael Jackson, Muhammad
Neil Armstrong was born in 1930 in Ohio and died in 2012. He was the first person to walk on the moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Armstrong was chosen for the mission due to his experience as a pilot for NASA, which included being commander of the Gemini 8 mission. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong landed the lunar module safely on the moon's surface and became the first person to set foot on the moon, saying the famous words "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. He was born in 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio and passed away in 2012 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Armstrong attended college on a Navy scholarship and married Janet Sheraon in 1956. He had two children, Eric and Karen. As an astronaut, Armstrong was part of the Apollo 11 mission in 1969 that made him the first person to step foot on the moon. His famous quote upon landing was "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Armstrong inspired many children to pursue careers in science and astronomy. He received several awards for his accomplishments, including the Moon Rock award from NASA.
U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong, who took a giant leap for mankind when he became the first person to walk on the moon, has died at the age of 82, his family said on Saturday.
Neil Armstrong was born in 1930 in Ohio and took flying lessons when he was 14. He served as a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952 and joined NASA in 1955. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon as commander of the Apollo 11 mission, uttering the famous words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." He received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor for his contributions. Armstrong died in 2012 in Ohio.
Yuri Gagarin was a Russian-Soviet pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed an orbit of the Earth on April 12, 1961. He became an international celebrity after his historic flight and was awarded many honors, including Hero of the Soviet Union. While Vostok 1 was his only spaceflight, he later served as backup crew on another mission and worked as deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre outside Moscow. Gagarin tragically died in a 1968 plane crash while training as a pilot.
Libertà è Cultura - Momenti per la XIV Settimana della Cultura 2012
Lunedì 16 Aprile Istituto Tecnico Commerciale De Fazio Lamezia Terme
ore 10.30 Conferenza/Dibattito
Potere e Ricerca. La conquista dello spazio
a cura di Tommaso Sorrentino – AstroPramantha
introduce Antonio Bruno Umberto Colosimo
Excursus storico/scientifico sui passaggi della conquista dello spazio, con particolare riferimento al legame esistente tra interessi militari e ricerca scientifica e tecnologica.
Tommaso Sorrentino è un giovane studente di Fisica all'università di Pisa,
nato con la passione per L'Astronomia. Responsabile della divulgazione nel dipartimento astronomico della nostra associazione, per la sezione denominata "AstroLogos"
Perchè le stelle? Almeno 5 motivi ci spingono prima a guardare lassù (curiosità; romanticismo-poesia-amore; desiderio di conquista; andare altrove cioè migrare per star meglio [...]
Judica Cordiglia "I Banditi dello Spazio"salcariello43
Achille e Giovanni Battista Judica Cordiglia, i due fratelli radioamatori di Torino che intercettarono e registrarono le voci e i suoni dei primi drammatici lanci spaziali sovietici negli anni '50 - '60. (XP--W7)
N8. Lamberti - "Paolo appassionato divulgatore di astronomia"
Yuri Gagarin
1. Yuri Gagarin e l’astronautica sovietica (1957 – 1961) Alessandro Fumagalli G.A.V. Gruppo Astrofili Villasanta Via Bestetti 8, 20852 Villasanta (MB) http://gav.altervista.org
2. L’inizio della corsa allo spazio La storia dell’esplorazione spaziale ha rappresentato la realizzazione del sogno più antico dell’Umanità. Le vicende degli ultimi 50 anni del secolo scorso rappresentano l’insieme degli sforzi effettuati dalle due principali potenze mondiali per il predominio nel campo della scienza e della tecnica, nonché sul campo ideologico.
3. Un po’ di storia Il viaggio di Yuri Gagarin fu il risultato finale di un intenso lavoro di ricerca, impegno ed investimenti che vide impegnati i migliori scienziati e ricercatori dell’epoca. Il risultato finale venne realizzato grazie anche agli studi di fisica condotti da alcuni scienziati, i quali pensavano che andare nello spazio fosse un obiettivo realizzabile e non relegato ad un racconto di Jules Verne.
4. Gli inizi La possibilità di inviare un essere vivente nello spazio e farlo rientrare a Terra era già stata ipotizzata agli inizi del XX secolo. L’idea di base era quella di costruire un razzo vettore molto potente in grado di superare l’attrazione gravitazionale terrestre sulla superficie. Velocità di fuga sulla Terra: 11 Km/s (circa 40300 Km/h) G = costante di gravitazione MT = Massa della Terra RT = raggio della Terra
5. Equazione del razzo L’uomo avrebbe trovato collocazione in un modulo abitativo in grado di garantirgli la sopravvivenza per tutto il viaggio. Il primo a ritenere realizzabile quest’idea fu Konstantin Ciolkovskij (1857 – 1935). Egli formulò l’equazione del razzo che è alla base della propulsione spaziale. ve= velocità eiezione dei gas mi= massa iniziale mf = massa finale ∆v = variazione di velocità del razzo
6. Gli studi dei pionieri Hermann Oberth (1894 – 1989) uno scienziato tedesco disegnò la prima tuta spaziale e si impegnò nello studio del funzionamento dei propulsori Robert Goddard(1882 – 1945) americano, progettò il primo razzo a propellente liquido
7. Wernher Von Braun Nel decennio 1920 – 1930 l’intuizione di Ciolkovskij venne accettata e venne studiata in dettaglio in Germania nel corso della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. L’esigenza principale dello studio era di motivo bellico: il principale attore che approfondì gli studi in tal senso fu Wernher von Braun (1912 – 1977) Grazie a lui si formarono moltissimi scienziati che migrarono alcuni in U.R.S.S. ed altri in U.S.A.
8. L’inizio Von Braun progettò le V2, una classe di missili balistici usati durante i bombardamenti tedeschi su Londra a partire dal 1944. Il termine della II Guerra Mondiale segna l’inizio della corsa allo spazio Nel 1948, l’U.R.S.S. mise le mani sulla tecnologia tedesca delle V2 e costruisce i missili balistici R1. Missile V2
9. Sergej Korolev Sergej Pavlovich Korolev (1907 – 1966) era il direttore della ricerca missilistica sovietica. Studiò i razzi a propellente liquido a partire dai primi anni 30 L’ingegnere ucraino, che conobbe i campi di lavoro, nel 1938 costruì, grazie alla tecnologia tedesca, i primi razzi vettori R1.
10. La Guerra Fredda La fine della Seconda Guerra mondiale aveva portato il fatto emergere nello scenario mondiale le due maggiori potenze: U.S.A. e U.R.S.S. La contrapposizione sul piano politico, ideologico dei due Paesi era sfociata in uno stato di tensione noto come Guerra Fredda.
11. La Guerra Fredda Questa situazione portò ad una corsa agli armamenti ed allo sviluppo di nuovi settori strategici come la ricerca nucleare e la missilistici
12. U.R.S.S. – U.S.A. a confronto Dal punto di vista tecnologico l’U.R.S.S uscì vittoriosa nel confronto con gli U.S.A. dalla prima fase alla corsa allo spazio (1948 – 1961) Gli U.S.A. erano superiori e più avanzati dal punto di vista della tecnologia nucleare. Costruirono bombe più leggere, compatte che non richiedevano vettori potenti per il trasporto. L’U.R.S.S. usava dispositivi nucleari più semplici ma più pesanti; fu così costretta a progettare ed usare lanciatori più potenti. Il volo di Gagarin rappresenta il punto più alto raggiunto dall’U.R.S.S. ed una grossa vittoria nei confronti dell’avversario politico.
13. Obiettivi L’obiettivo era ambizioso: mandare il primo essere umano nella storia nello spazio in una capsula che lo proteggesse, compiere un’orbita intorno alla Terra e farlo rientrare vivo. L’obiettivo venne raggiunto tramite obiettivi intermedi costellati a volte da insuccessi e fallimenti. - Invio di un satellite in orbita intorno alla Terra. - Invio di un essere vivente (cane, scimmietta) in orbita. - Studio della fase di rientro con altri esseri viventi e manichini. - Invio un essere umano con rientro in sicurezza.
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15. Il 3 Novembre 1957: lancio dello Sputnik II. A bordo c’è la cagnetta Kudrjavka (‘Laika’) per studiare le reazioni degli esseri viventi. Lo Sputnik II si disintegra nell’atmosfera
17. U.S.A : gli inizi Nel frattempo gli U.S.A. assistono ai primi fallimenti dei lanci del vettore Vanguard che, nel 1957, esplode sulla rampa di lancio. Il 31 Gennaio 1958 L’Explorer I diviene il primo satellite americano ad orbitare intorno alla Terra. Nasce la NASA (Luglio 1958) ed assistiamo alla nascita dei vettori Pioneer. Le prime sonde falliscono l’obiettivo, migliori successi hanno le Pioneer 5 e le Pioneer 6. Pickering, Van Allen e Von Braun
18. Le Lunik 1 - 2 - 3 Sono sonde lanciate per uscire dalla zona di influenza terrestre; la Lunik 2 raggiunge la Luna ma si schianta sulla superficie. Lunik 3 Data di lancio: 4 ottobre 1959 Lunik 1 Data di lancio: 2 gennaio 1959 Lunik 2 Data di lancio: 12 settembre 1959
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20. Non tutti si conclusero con successo, ovvero con il rientro a terra di un animale dopo essere stati in orbita.
21. Tra Giugno e dicembre 1960 vengono inviati diverse capsule con a bordo esseri viventi addestrati per il volo.
22. Si ricordano per esempio, Bars e Lisichka(esplose in volo), KometaeShutha(che rientrarono a Terra)
23. Parallelamente ai test su esseri viventi, l’U.R.S.S. invia alcune sonde con a bordo Ivan Ivanovich, un manichino.
24. Bisognava studiare gli effetti dello spazio sul corpo umano.Strelka, Chernushka, Zvezdochka e Belka Ivan il fantoccio
25. Gli Sputnik 4 - 5 Sputnik 4 15 Maggio 1960 Sputnik 5 19 Agosto 1960 Sputnik 5: Belka e Strelka rientrano a terra sane e salve dopo 18 giri del globo terrestre. Per la prima volta un essere vivente è tornato vivo dallo spazio. Sputnik 9 9 Marzo 1961 Sputnik 10 25 Marzo 1961
26. La scelta di progetto Il progetto base dell’Ufficio Progettazione (1956) prevedeva inizialmente il lavoro su due progetti paralleli: Un modulo di ricognizione terrestre (OD-1) Un modulo per il lancio di esseri viventi, dei cani, nello spazio (OD-2) Il primo (OD-1) consisteva in un satellite spia, mentre per il secondo (OD-2) era fondamentale il rientro in sicurezza e venne deciso un sistema di paracaduti. I responsabili scrissero una relazione di progetto che chiariva i punti da affrontare (Febbraio 1958), ma a causa dei limiti di gestione del sistema e per razionalizzare le risorse la scelta cadde sul secondo. Nel 1958, Korolev ottiene il via libera da Mosca alla realizzazione del progetto per il futuro volo del primo essere umano. Il modulo era costituito da: Uno stadio per l’alloggio del cosmonauta (Spuskaemyjj Apparat). Un secondo stadio per la strumentazione (Pribornyj Otsek).
27. La capsula Modulo SA (apparato di discesa): Una sfera di 2,5 m di diametro per l’equipaggio (per minimizzare gli sforzi termici e perché è il solido che a parità di volume offre una superficie minore) Un sedile eiettabile Peso: circa 3000 Kg Rientro per normale decadenza con orbita circolare in 10 giorni circa. Modulo PO (strumentazione): Peso: circa 2270 Kg Modulo a perdere. Sezione strumentale pressurizzata costituita da 2 compartimenti in forma conica che consentivano il volo pilotato. Motore da 375 Kg che poteva essere acceso una sola volta.
31. Nel 1951 si trasferisce alla scuola industriale di Saratov, dove si iscrive alla scuola di volo e nel 1955 riceve il battesimo del volo su uno YAK 18Yak 18
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33. Riceve una differente formazione tecnica: si studiano gli aerei a reazione, funzionamento dei motori e termodinamica.
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35. In questo periodo conosce sua moglie Valya Goryacheva e nel 1959 nasce la sua prima figlia Yelena. (10 Aprile)
36. Diventato tenente si trasferisce nella base di Nikel (Murmansk), oltre il circolo polare artico con ad altri compagni di scuola.
37. Studia e pratica i voli notturni con MIG-15 e in condizioni meteorologiche difficili.Fa domanda per essere ammesso nel programma spaziale Mig -15
40. Cartella clinica e condizioni fisiche: massima attenzione fu riservata alla vista, udito e cuore.
41. La commissione esaminatrice presieduta dal colonnello medicoYevhueniKarpov selezionò più di 3000 candidati. Yuri con il personale medico
42. questioni Bisognava rispondere a tante domande: Quali saranno le sue reazioni? Come può un essere umano sopravvivere nello spazio? Può ingoiare cibo? Era necessario stabilire una campagna di prove ad hoc per rispondere a queste ed altre domande che oggigiorno sono diventate elementari.
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44. test di stress: capacità di risoluzione di problemi matematici in condizione di disturbo sensoriale (rumori).
50. L’allenamento dei cosmonauti era focalizzato sulla navicella spaziale: imparare le procedure e le tecniche di orientamento.Gagarin nuotatore Il 25 gennaio 1961 Gagarin apprende di essere nella rosa finale dei candidati assieme a Adrian Nikolajev, Gherman Titov, Pavel Popovich, ValeryBykovsky e GrigoriNelyubov. Yuri Gagarin, Pavel Popovich, German Titov and AndriyanNikolayev
53. 40 lanci con il paracadute per simulare la ‘discesa’Per simulare l’assenza di peso (microgravità) i candidati volarono sui Tupolev (TU-104) in traiettorie paraboliche per brevi periodi ripetuti.
54. La scelta La decisione finale di Korolev cadde su Yuri Gagarin solo pochi giorni prima del lancio La riserva di Gagarin fu Gherman Titov, il quale ricevette il suo battesimo dello spazio sulla Vostok II nell’agosto del 1961 compiendo 17 orbite intorno alla Terra.
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56. Alla mattina si procedette alla vestizione: una sottotuta blu e una tuta arancione.
57. Trasferimento alla rampa in pullmino insieme a Titov. Prima di salire sulla rampa di lancio abbraccia Korolev.Durante il trasferimento si ferma a fare pipì sulla ruota del pullman e da allora è diventata una tradizione per i cosmonauti. E’ tradizione inoltre piantare una albero prima della partenza di ogni cosmonauta russo. Curiosità
64. Il sistema di orientamento provvedeva a mantenere l’asse del’ugello principale rivolto verso il Sole, di conseguenza la spinta sarebbe stata opposta al Sole per non confondere i sensori ottici
69. GiroscopiOltre al sistema di assetto del Sole (per il controllo della velocità) c’erano a bordo dei giroscopi per il controllo dell’imbardata. Uno specchio serviva per il controllo del rollio e beccheggio. Pannello degli strumenti
70. L’interno della caspula Pannello degli strumenti Pannello di controllo Contenitore con cibo Dispositivo ottico di orientamento Vzor Manopola di controllo per orientamento della navicella
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72. Alla fine del 1957 vennero ideati due varianti per un vettore a tre stadi: 8K72 e 8K73: la scelta cadde sul primo (8K72K).
73. Nel Gennaio 1959 venne modificato aggiungendo un motore in grado di generare una capacità di spinta adeguata.
79. 19.995 MHz per la telemetria Le condizioni di volo furono assistite da sistemi radio – telemetrici e televisivi. Venne trasmessa della musica e segnali morse per sincronizzare i vari centri di controllo.
82. Sistema Tral-T per i video.La musica servì a Gagarin per avere un riscontro sulla qualità della comunicazione
83. Il viaggio Kedr: nome in codice di Gagarin Altitudine min: 175 Km Altitudine max: 302 Km Durata: 108 minuti Velocità: 27400 Km/h
84. Il viaggio 8:51Pressurizzazione della cabina, Gagarin ascolta della musica 8:57 Preparazione alle operazioni di accensione. 9:07 Decollo dalla piattaforma /rampa del poligono di Baikonur (Kazakistan) Pulsazioni: 157 battiti/minuto 9:09 (T=119 s) Si staccano i 4 sovralimentatori del terzo stadio e poco dopo anche il cono di testa. Gagarin subisce circa 6 g di accelerazione 9:12 (T=300 s) Il secondo stadio si spegne e si accende l’ultimo stadio. 9:18:15 (T=676 s) Si spenge il terzo stadio. In orbita !!!!
85. In orbita !!! “Il volo procede regolarmente... Mi sento bene … La Terra è azzurra e bellissima... Vedo le nuvole … “ In orbita Yuri A. Gagarin 12 Aprile 1961
87. Il viaggio 9:21Gagarin è sopra la Kamchatka 9:32A Shemya (Alaska), una stazione americana, capta le comunicazioni tra Gagarin e la base, demodulando il segnale video. Immagini video di Gagarin demodulate 9:37 Gagarin incrocia sopra le isole Hawaii 9:47 Ha da poco passato l’equatore. Tutto OK. Trasmette i parametri stato (T, p, umidità) 9:49 E’ notte, si trova dentro l’ombra della Terra 10:00 La TASS (agenzia stampa U.R.S.S.) emette un comunicato ufficiale. 10:10 E’ l’alba. Il sistema di orientamento solare è già attivo. Grazie agli ugelli laterali la capsula si mette in posizione per il rientro.
88. Il viaggio 10:25Sopra l’Angola si accendono i retrorazzi per il rientro, ma il motore di frenaggio si spegne in anticipo. La capsula sobbalza ed inizia a roteare su se stessa. La PO non si stacca completamente dalla PA. 10:35 Fortunatamente i cavi di aggancio bruciano nell’atmosfera.
91. Viene scortato a Kuybyshev, sul Volga dove i responsabili della missione lo raggiungeranno La capsula Vostok a terra. A sinistra si intravede il paracadute.
111. Ha creato nuove prospettive reali di ricerca per nuove discipline: telecomunicazioni, aeronautica, meteorologia e medicina.Mosca: Monumento di 40 m in titanio di Yuri Gagarin
112. Filmato La figlia Elena, il cosmonauta Leonov, l'istruttore Usachov e il progettista Lubinskiy ricordano la figura di Yuri Gagarin
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114. La conquista dello spazio - Varcare la frontiera 1944 – 1966: dai missili V1 all’ultima missione gemini. Le Scienze
115. Gagarin e lo shuttle: due grandi anniversari spaziali. Nuovo Orione, Aprile 2011