The document discusses the expropriation of YPF by the Argentine government and the valuation of Repsol's 51% stake in YPF that was expropriated. It provides background on Repsol's investment history in YPF, the political and economic events leading up to the expropriation in 2012, including declining oil production and tensions between YPF and provincial governments. It also includes financial information on YPF to help determine fair compensation for Repsol's expropriated shares.
For three years Harvard CID has been working on a plan to rescue Venezuela and get the country on a path of sustainable, inclusive growth, and development. We have teamed with Venezuelan experts at home and abroad, worked with international institutions, and have started the process of building consensus around the plan among the opposition parties that control the Venezuelan National Assembly. The Venezuelan Caucus at the Kennedy School will be hosting a series of talks on Venezuela: The morning after, by different members of our team and on different topics. You can follow on their Facebook webpage. More coming soon, stay tuned!
1) Under current policies, the U.S. debt held by the public is projected to exceed GDP by over 1,000% by 2080, compared to around 60% of GDP currently.
2) Total U.S. debt including intragovernmental holdings is around $12.9 trillion or 89% of GDP currently, with 58% held by the public and 31% in intragovernmental debt.
3) Eliminating the Bush tax cuts and ending overseas military deployments would have a small impact on long-term fiscal projections, reducing the fiscal gap by around 1.8% of GDP by 2080.
Roberto Steiner - Colombia under the new global economic conditions
O Instituto Brasileiro de Economia (IBRE), da Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), realizou, no dia 19 de setembro de 2014, o seminário internacional A América Latina e as Novas Condições Econômicas Mundiais.
O evento abordou a questão das perspectivas latinoamericanas diante das mudanças impostas, entre outros fatores, pela desaceleração da China e pela gradual normalização da política monetária dos EUA.
O encontro foi organizado em três painéis, que incluiram desde estudos de casos nacionais — Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México — a apresentações mais abrangentes da economia da região como um todo ou parte dela.
Confira as fotos do evento e mais informações no site do FGV/IBRE: http://bit.ly/YdyhyL
Economic and Financial Outlook - Leslie Preston - TD EconomistWPCoC
This document provides an economic outlook and analysis from TD Economics. It summarizes recent global, US, Canadian and regional economic performance and forecasts. Key points include ongoing struggles for the global economy to accelerate, varied regional growth patterns, China's economic rebalancing, a rebounding US economy, modest Canadian growth supported by exports and consumers, and housing market resilience with slowing price gains. Risks to the outlook include geopolitical issues while upside potential exists if other economies improve more than expected.
The document is a collection of charts prepared by a research team at The Foundation analyzing the financial condition and fiscal outlook of the U.S. government. Section I focuses on debt and deficits, showing that if current policies remain unchanged, debt held by the public is projected to exceed GDP by over 1,000% by 2080. It also breaks down total debt into intragovernmental debt and debt held by the public, with the latter currently around $8.4 trillion or 58% of GDP. Within 10 years, total U.S. public debt including state and local debt is projected to reach Greece's current debt level of 120% of GDP.
The document is a collection of charts analyzing the financial condition and fiscal outlook of the U.S. government. Section I focuses on debt and deficits, showing that if current policies remain unchanged, debt held by the public is projected to exceed GDP by over 1,000% by 2080. The total debt includes intragovernmental debt owed to programs like Social Security as well as debt held by the public, both domestic and foreign. Within 10 years, total U.S. public debt including state and local debt is projected to reach the current debt level of Greece as a percentage of GDP.
The document discusses the growing fiscal challenges facing the U.S. government as seen through selected charts on debt levels:
1) The U.S. public debt as a percentage of GDP has exceeded 60% only during WWII, but is projected to rise substantially to 110% by 2020 and over 300% by 2040 under current policies.
2) In 2005, total U.S. government debt was comparable to other advanced economies, but is projected to be over 40% higher than the median for advanced economies by 2015 if reforms are not made.
3) For its first 200 years, the U.S. only accumulated debt during wars or recessions, but debt is now expected to skyrocket
For three years Harvard CID has been working on a plan to rescue Venezuela and get the country on a path of sustainable, inclusive growth, and development. We have teamed with Venezuelan experts at home and abroad, worked with international institutions, and have started the process of building consensus around the plan among the opposition parties that control the Venezuelan National Assembly. The Venezuelan Caucus at the Kennedy School will be hosting a series of talks on Venezuela: The morning after, by different members of our team and on different topics. You can follow on their Facebook webpage. More coming soon, stay tuned!
1) Under current policies, the U.S. debt held by the public is projected to exceed GDP by over 1,000% by 2080, compared to around 60% of GDP currently.
2) Total U.S. debt including intragovernmental holdings is around $12.9 trillion or 89% of GDP currently, with 58% held by the public and 31% in intragovernmental debt.
3) Eliminating the Bush tax cuts and ending overseas military deployments would have a small impact on long-term fiscal projections, reducing the fiscal gap by around 1.8% of GDP by 2080.
Roberto Steiner - Colombia under the new global economic conditions
O Instituto Brasileiro de Economia (IBRE), da Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), realizou, no dia 19 de setembro de 2014, o seminário internacional A América Latina e as Novas Condições Econômicas Mundiais.
O evento abordou a questão das perspectivas latinoamericanas diante das mudanças impostas, entre outros fatores, pela desaceleração da China e pela gradual normalização da política monetária dos EUA.
O encontro foi organizado em três painéis, que incluiram desde estudos de casos nacionais — Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México — a apresentações mais abrangentes da economia da região como um todo ou parte dela.
Confira as fotos do evento e mais informações no site do FGV/IBRE: http://bit.ly/YdyhyL
Economic and Financial Outlook - Leslie Preston - TD EconomistWPCoC
This document provides an economic outlook and analysis from TD Economics. It summarizes recent global, US, Canadian and regional economic performance and forecasts. Key points include ongoing struggles for the global economy to accelerate, varied regional growth patterns, China's economic rebalancing, a rebounding US economy, modest Canadian growth supported by exports and consumers, and housing market resilience with slowing price gains. Risks to the outlook include geopolitical issues while upside potential exists if other economies improve more than expected.
The document is a collection of charts prepared by a research team at The Foundation analyzing the financial condition and fiscal outlook of the U.S. government. Section I focuses on debt and deficits, showing that if current policies remain unchanged, debt held by the public is projected to exceed GDP by over 1,000% by 2080. It also breaks down total debt into intragovernmental debt and debt held by the public, with the latter currently around $8.4 trillion or 58% of GDP. Within 10 years, total U.S. public debt including state and local debt is projected to reach Greece's current debt level of 120% of GDP.
The document is a collection of charts analyzing the financial condition and fiscal outlook of the U.S. government. Section I focuses on debt and deficits, showing that if current policies remain unchanged, debt held by the public is projected to exceed GDP by over 1,000% by 2080. The total debt includes intragovernmental debt owed to programs like Social Security as well as debt held by the public, both domestic and foreign. Within 10 years, total U.S. public debt including state and local debt is projected to reach the current debt level of Greece as a percentage of GDP.
The document discusses the growing fiscal challenges facing the U.S. government as seen through selected charts on debt levels:
1) The U.S. public debt as a percentage of GDP has exceeded 60% only during WWII, but is projected to rise substantially to 110% by 2020 and over 300% by 2040 under current policies.
2) In 2005, total U.S. government debt was comparable to other advanced economies, but is projected to be over 40% higher than the median for advanced economies by 2015 if reforms are not made.
3) For its first 200 years, the U.S. only accumulated debt during wars or recessions, but debt is now expected to skyrocket
This document provides a summary of a book on strategies for success. It discusses categorizing people as scholars, businessmen, or scholar/businessmen based on their strengths and weaknesses. Categorizing gives people a sense of identity and belonging to a group. The document emphasizes developing positive attitudes towards one's category and creating relationships within that category. It also discusses challenges that may be faced within each category and the importance of persistence to overcome challenges and achieve success. Examples are given of successful people who persisted through difficult situations.
This document contains information about several market research companies and their services:
- Schlesinger Associates provides global market research services including qualitative and quantitative data collection. They have resources for complete global data collection.
- Precision Opinion offers phone research, online research through their Precision EngageSM process, and qualitative research through their new focus facility Precision Focus+SM. They provide a complete solution for market research needs.
- United Sample provides online access to their panelists through their website for real-time pricing and feasibility reports. They offer global panels and sample market services.
- The Researcher SourceBook from Quirk's is the largest directory of market research suppliers, listing nearly 7,000 firms in over 100
Petroleum biotechnology technology trends for the futurekimhjin
This document provides an overview of biotechnology applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses how biotechnology can help address challenges facing the petroleum industry, such as decreasing oil reserves, fluctuating prices, increasing demand, and stricter environmental regulations. The document reviews areas where biotechnology could impact the petroleum industry, including enhanced oil recovery, biorefining, desulfurization of fuels, and bioremediation. It also discusses trends in the petroleum industry, such as the growing production and use of heavy crude oil, and increasing demand for lower-sulfur fuels to meet environmental standards.
Este documento resume las inversiones y contribuciones de las empresas mixtas de petróleo y gas en Venezuela. Indica que estas empresas han invertido $29 mil millones entre 1992-2005 y se proyecta $142 mil millones entre 2011-2015. También han realizado más de 960 planes de desarrollo sustentable que han beneficiado a 1,2 millones de personas. Resalta las inversiones recientes de empresas como Chevron, Eni y otras en proyectos en la Faja del Orinoco y en responsabilidad social.
CTRM in the Cloud – Research and ReportCTRM Center
The data generated by our survey of the industry suggests that, in general, Energy and/or Commodity Trading and Risk Management (E/CTRM) buyers are increasingly open to considering alternatives to traditional “on- premises” implementation models including both SaaS and hosted in the cloud delivery. While a small, but committed, minority continue to resist anything but the traditional on-premises implementation approach, the overwhelming majority of respondents will consider SaaS/hosted in the cloud for a variety of vertical application areas in and around commodity trading.
Despite that finding, only 16% of those who responded to the survey actually utilize a SaaS or hosted in the cloud E/CTRM solution, and while the data strongly suggests a great deal of interest in the cloud for E/CTRM, it does indicate that the final procurement decision isn’t necessarily a slam-dunk in favor of the cloud. Though 54% of our respondents would consider a SaaS/hosted in the cloud alternative, there are indications that the final decision is still more likely to lean toward a traditional installation on-premises – at least for now. ComTech’s forecast growth rates of 15% per year for SaaS/hosted in the cloud solutions do seem to be reasonable but may accelerate in the future if a sufficient numbers of trading firms adopt the model, are successful with it and are willing to advocate the approach to their peers in the industry. Overall, this finding is in agreement with broader studies such as those conducted by Gartner that found that interest in cloud-based solutions is primarily in horizontal applications such as accounting, HR or billing; and that as a result of buyer concerns around integration and ability to customize, the uptake of cloud-based vertical applications like CTRM lags somewhat.
- LITASCO SA presentation on international oil market and oil trading trends
- LITASCO is LUKOIL's international marketing, supply, and trading subsidiary based in Geneva
- The presentation covers LITASCO and LUKOIL's operations, the roles of various participants in the oil market, and how the market has evolved from predominantly physical trading to also including significant paper or derivatives trading
The document discusses the effects of declining crude oil prices on the oil and gas industries in Canada and Norway. It provides the following key points:
1) Canada and Norway have both seen significant job losses in the oil and gas sector due to falling prices, with an estimated 185,000 jobs lost in Canada and 15,000 lost in Norway so far.
2) Norway is more dependent on oil and gas than Canada, with 239,000 jobs depending on the industry, but Canada has larger overall employment and population to absorb the impacts.
3) Norway has a massive sovereign wealth fund from oil revenues, but the document questions whether this money can actually be rapidly deployed to counter unemployment effects from the price drop
Fincor- Sociedade Corretora, S.A. provides brokerage services including receiving, executing, and transmitting orders. The document does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation and Fincor will not accept responsibility for any use of or effects from the content.
SWISS TRADING COMPANIES, AFRICAN OIL AND THE RISKS OF OPACITY GE 94
Swiss commodity trading companies buy a
considerable share of the oil sold by African
governments. The payments made by Swiss
companies generate a significant portion of public
revenues in some of the world’s poorest countries,
and are subject to governance risks as they take place
in environments of weak institutions and widespread
corruption. To date, however, these important
transactions have escaped oversight due to opaque
corporate practices and weak regulation.
Fincor- Sociedade Corretora, S.A. provides brokerage services including receiving, executing, and transmitting orders, but the document does not constitute investment advice. Germany's constitutional court approved further funding for the ESM bailout fund up to €190 billion, requiring parliamentary approval for higher amounts. Greece needs to implement additional austerity measures of €11.5 billion to receive further aid from the Troika.
Philippine Public Transport Assistance Program: Targeted Fuel Subsidy Approac...Paul Mithun
This document summarizes the Philippine Public Transport Assistance Program (Pantawid Pasada), which provided a targeted fuel subsidy to public transport drivers in the Philippines. The program issued smart cards to over 100,000 jeepney and tricycle drivers to receive discounted fuel. It aimed to cushion the impact of high fuel prices on these vulnerable groups. While the program was well received, it also faced challenges such as limited funding and lack of interconnected government databases to properly register recipients. The presentation evaluated key learnings from the program's implementation.
Spain has a population of 46 million people and its capital is Madrid. It has a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy. Spain borders France, Andorra, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Its official language is Spanish. Spain has a diversified modern financial system that is integrated with international markets. It has a well-developed banking system and stock market.
This document provides an overview of Argentina's economic crisis from 1998-2002 in 3 pages. It discusses the causes of the crisis, including Argentina's fixed exchange rate regime pegged to the US dollar which led to an overvalued currency. This overvaluation hurt exports and increased imports and the current account deficit. The document also notes Argentina's reliance on IMF support and how the crisis manifested as an economic recession, external sovereign debt crisis, and domestic banking crisis. Key decisions by the government to seek IMF assistance and later restructure debts exacerbated the crisis.
- US and Asian stock futures fell and European stocks dropped as concerns over global growth and the outcome of Greece's debt swap weighed on sentiment.
- A report showed the eurozone economy contracted 0.3% in Q4 due to declines in investment, exports and consumer spending.
- Private investors holding about 20% of the bonds involved in Greece's debt restructuring have agreed to participate in the swap, which aims to reduce Greece's debt by 53.5%.
- Canadian stocks opened higher led by gains in financial and materials stocks, while US stocks were mixed as investors digested corporate earnings results ahead of US economic data later in the week.
- US and Asian stock futures fell and European stocks dropped as concerns over global growth and the outcome of Greece's debt swap weighed on sentiment.
- A report showed the eurozone economy contracted 0.3% in Q4 due to declines in investment, exports and consumer spending.
- Private investors holding about 20% of the bonds involved in Greece's debt restructuring have agreed to participate in the swap, which aims to reduce Greece's debt by 53.5%.
- Canadian stocks opened higher led by gains in financial and materials stocks, while US stocks were mixed as investors digested corporate earnings results and political uncertainty persisted.
The economic crisis in Spain has multiple interconnected causes and severe impacts:
- The crisis was caused by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the collapse of Spain's housing market. This led to issues like high unemployment, rising debt levels, and a recession.
- Spain has been hit harder than Greece, as Spain has a larger economy and its potential default could destabilize the entire eurozone. The EU may need to provide Spain with a bailout package in the hundreds of billions.
- The impacts include high unemployment (over 20%), reduced GDP, higher debt levels, unsold properties, and social unrest with unions calling for strikes. Spain faces a difficult recovery even with international support.
- Repsol reported adjusted net income of €1,707 million in 2014, a 27% increase from 2013, due to improved downstream results and asset divestments. Upstream results were penalized by lower crude oil prices and interruptions in Libya.
- Production grew 2.5% to 355 thousand boe/day excluding Libya. The reserve replacement ratio was 118% and proven reserves reached 1,539 Mboe.
- Strategic projects in Brazil, the US, Algeria, Spain, Russia and Bolivia are advancing and expected to contribute significantly to production growth in coming years.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a capstone project examining the relationship between oil prices and the Norwegian exchange rate from 1999-2015. It discusses Norway's economic development and dependence on oil exports. Previous research has found correlations between oil price fluctuations and macroeconomic volatility in commodity-dependent economies as well as exchange rate movements. The document reviews models for exchange rate determination and theories on the relationship between oil prices and exchange rates specifically in Norway.
The Argentine petrochemical industry has not expanded capacity since 2006 due to insufficient natural gas feedstocks. With $15 billion of investment, capacity could double by accessing shale gas deposits which could supply feedstocks. However, without investments, Argentina's petrochemical trade deficit could reach $4.5 billion by 2025 due to stagnant capacity and rising imports. High inflation and economic uncertainty also challenge attracting the large investments needed to develop Argentina's shale gas resources and expand its petrochemical industry.
The document summarizes recent economic indicators in Spain and globally. In Spain, industrial production declined 2.1% year-over-year in January driven by drops in the energy and consumer goods sectors. Business development decreased 1.2% in 2019. Labour costs increased 3% quarter-over-quarter and 2.9% for the full year 2019. Globally, composite PMIs fell sharply in February driven by declines in manufacturing and services, particularly in China. Central banks have cut interest rates to support economic confidence. Oil prices have dropped significantly in 2020 due to weaker demand and a price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia.
The document provides an analysis of recent market and economic events from the perspective of an investment advisory firm. It discusses factors like low oil and gas prices, consumer spending, Chinese economic slowdown, European debt issues, and upcoming US Federal Reserve decisions that could impact markets. While remaining cautiously optimistic, the firm believes markets may continue fluctuating but eventually retest recent lows unless economic data improves globally. In summary, the document analyzes recent market movements in light of economic news and provides the firm's outlook on whether current conditions can sustain an upward trend.
Growing through our strengths: Repsol's strategic plan is based on four basic pillars: upstream growth, maximizing downstream returns, maintaining our financial strength and generating competitive shareholder returns.
For more information, visit: http://ow.ly/Kc1HR
This document provides a summary of a book on strategies for success. It discusses categorizing people as scholars, businessmen, or scholar/businessmen based on their strengths and weaknesses. Categorizing gives people a sense of identity and belonging to a group. The document emphasizes developing positive attitudes towards one's category and creating relationships within that category. It also discusses challenges that may be faced within each category and the importance of persistence to overcome challenges and achieve success. Examples are given of successful people who persisted through difficult situations.
This document contains information about several market research companies and their services:
- Schlesinger Associates provides global market research services including qualitative and quantitative data collection. They have resources for complete global data collection.
- Precision Opinion offers phone research, online research through their Precision EngageSM process, and qualitative research through their new focus facility Precision Focus+SM. They provide a complete solution for market research needs.
- United Sample provides online access to their panelists through their website for real-time pricing and feasibility reports. They offer global panels and sample market services.
- The Researcher SourceBook from Quirk's is the largest directory of market research suppliers, listing nearly 7,000 firms in over 100
Petroleum biotechnology technology trends for the futurekimhjin
This document provides an overview of biotechnology applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses how biotechnology can help address challenges facing the petroleum industry, such as decreasing oil reserves, fluctuating prices, increasing demand, and stricter environmental regulations. The document reviews areas where biotechnology could impact the petroleum industry, including enhanced oil recovery, biorefining, desulfurization of fuels, and bioremediation. It also discusses trends in the petroleum industry, such as the growing production and use of heavy crude oil, and increasing demand for lower-sulfur fuels to meet environmental standards.
Este documento resume las inversiones y contribuciones de las empresas mixtas de petróleo y gas en Venezuela. Indica que estas empresas han invertido $29 mil millones entre 1992-2005 y se proyecta $142 mil millones entre 2011-2015. También han realizado más de 960 planes de desarrollo sustentable que han beneficiado a 1,2 millones de personas. Resalta las inversiones recientes de empresas como Chevron, Eni y otras en proyectos en la Faja del Orinoco y en responsabilidad social.
CTRM in the Cloud – Research and ReportCTRM Center
The data generated by our survey of the industry suggests that, in general, Energy and/or Commodity Trading and Risk Management (E/CTRM) buyers are increasingly open to considering alternatives to traditional “on- premises” implementation models including both SaaS and hosted in the cloud delivery. While a small, but committed, minority continue to resist anything but the traditional on-premises implementation approach, the overwhelming majority of respondents will consider SaaS/hosted in the cloud for a variety of vertical application areas in and around commodity trading.
Despite that finding, only 16% of those who responded to the survey actually utilize a SaaS or hosted in the cloud E/CTRM solution, and while the data strongly suggests a great deal of interest in the cloud for E/CTRM, it does indicate that the final procurement decision isn’t necessarily a slam-dunk in favor of the cloud. Though 54% of our respondents would consider a SaaS/hosted in the cloud alternative, there are indications that the final decision is still more likely to lean toward a traditional installation on-premises – at least for now. ComTech’s forecast growth rates of 15% per year for SaaS/hosted in the cloud solutions do seem to be reasonable but may accelerate in the future if a sufficient numbers of trading firms adopt the model, are successful with it and are willing to advocate the approach to their peers in the industry. Overall, this finding is in agreement with broader studies such as those conducted by Gartner that found that interest in cloud-based solutions is primarily in horizontal applications such as accounting, HR or billing; and that as a result of buyer concerns around integration and ability to customize, the uptake of cloud-based vertical applications like CTRM lags somewhat.
- LITASCO SA presentation on international oil market and oil trading trends
- LITASCO is LUKOIL's international marketing, supply, and trading subsidiary based in Geneva
- The presentation covers LITASCO and LUKOIL's operations, the roles of various participants in the oil market, and how the market has evolved from predominantly physical trading to also including significant paper or derivatives trading
The document discusses the effects of declining crude oil prices on the oil and gas industries in Canada and Norway. It provides the following key points:
1) Canada and Norway have both seen significant job losses in the oil and gas sector due to falling prices, with an estimated 185,000 jobs lost in Canada and 15,000 lost in Norway so far.
2) Norway is more dependent on oil and gas than Canada, with 239,000 jobs depending on the industry, but Canada has larger overall employment and population to absorb the impacts.
3) Norway has a massive sovereign wealth fund from oil revenues, but the document questions whether this money can actually be rapidly deployed to counter unemployment effects from the price drop
Fincor- Sociedade Corretora, S.A. provides brokerage services including receiving, executing, and transmitting orders. The document does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation and Fincor will not accept responsibility for any use of or effects from the content.
SWISS TRADING COMPANIES, AFRICAN OIL AND THE RISKS OF OPACITY GE 94
Swiss commodity trading companies buy a
considerable share of the oil sold by African
governments. The payments made by Swiss
companies generate a significant portion of public
revenues in some of the world’s poorest countries,
and are subject to governance risks as they take place
in environments of weak institutions and widespread
corruption. To date, however, these important
transactions have escaped oversight due to opaque
corporate practices and weak regulation.
Fincor- Sociedade Corretora, S.A. provides brokerage services including receiving, executing, and transmitting orders, but the document does not constitute investment advice. Germany's constitutional court approved further funding for the ESM bailout fund up to €190 billion, requiring parliamentary approval for higher amounts. Greece needs to implement additional austerity measures of €11.5 billion to receive further aid from the Troika.
Philippine Public Transport Assistance Program: Targeted Fuel Subsidy Approac...Paul Mithun
This document summarizes the Philippine Public Transport Assistance Program (Pantawid Pasada), which provided a targeted fuel subsidy to public transport drivers in the Philippines. The program issued smart cards to over 100,000 jeepney and tricycle drivers to receive discounted fuel. It aimed to cushion the impact of high fuel prices on these vulnerable groups. While the program was well received, it also faced challenges such as limited funding and lack of interconnected government databases to properly register recipients. The presentation evaluated key learnings from the program's implementation.
Spain has a population of 46 million people and its capital is Madrid. It has a parliamentary government under a constitutional monarchy. Spain borders France, Andorra, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Its official language is Spanish. Spain has a diversified modern financial system that is integrated with international markets. It has a well-developed banking system and stock market.
This document provides an overview of Argentina's economic crisis from 1998-2002 in 3 pages. It discusses the causes of the crisis, including Argentina's fixed exchange rate regime pegged to the US dollar which led to an overvalued currency. This overvaluation hurt exports and increased imports and the current account deficit. The document also notes Argentina's reliance on IMF support and how the crisis manifested as an economic recession, external sovereign debt crisis, and domestic banking crisis. Key decisions by the government to seek IMF assistance and later restructure debts exacerbated the crisis.
- US and Asian stock futures fell and European stocks dropped as concerns over global growth and the outcome of Greece's debt swap weighed on sentiment.
- A report showed the eurozone economy contracted 0.3% in Q4 due to declines in investment, exports and consumer spending.
- Private investors holding about 20% of the bonds involved in Greece's debt restructuring have agreed to participate in the swap, which aims to reduce Greece's debt by 53.5%.
- Canadian stocks opened higher led by gains in financial and materials stocks, while US stocks were mixed as investors digested corporate earnings results ahead of US economic data later in the week.
- US and Asian stock futures fell and European stocks dropped as concerns over global growth and the outcome of Greece's debt swap weighed on sentiment.
- A report showed the eurozone economy contracted 0.3% in Q4 due to declines in investment, exports and consumer spending.
- Private investors holding about 20% of the bonds involved in Greece's debt restructuring have agreed to participate in the swap, which aims to reduce Greece's debt by 53.5%.
- Canadian stocks opened higher led by gains in financial and materials stocks, while US stocks were mixed as investors digested corporate earnings results and political uncertainty persisted.
The economic crisis in Spain has multiple interconnected causes and severe impacts:
- The crisis was caused by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the collapse of Spain's housing market. This led to issues like high unemployment, rising debt levels, and a recession.
- Spain has been hit harder than Greece, as Spain has a larger economy and its potential default could destabilize the entire eurozone. The EU may need to provide Spain with a bailout package in the hundreds of billions.
- The impacts include high unemployment (over 20%), reduced GDP, higher debt levels, unsold properties, and social unrest with unions calling for strikes. Spain faces a difficult recovery even with international support.
- Repsol reported adjusted net income of €1,707 million in 2014, a 27% increase from 2013, due to improved downstream results and asset divestments. Upstream results were penalized by lower crude oil prices and interruptions in Libya.
- Production grew 2.5% to 355 thousand boe/day excluding Libya. The reserve replacement ratio was 118% and proven reserves reached 1,539 Mboe.
- Strategic projects in Brazil, the US, Algeria, Spain, Russia and Bolivia are advancing and expected to contribute significantly to production growth in coming years.
This document provides an introduction and literature review for a capstone project examining the relationship between oil prices and the Norwegian exchange rate from 1999-2015. It discusses Norway's economic development and dependence on oil exports. Previous research has found correlations between oil price fluctuations and macroeconomic volatility in commodity-dependent economies as well as exchange rate movements. The document reviews models for exchange rate determination and theories on the relationship between oil prices and exchange rates specifically in Norway.
The Argentine petrochemical industry has not expanded capacity since 2006 due to insufficient natural gas feedstocks. With $15 billion of investment, capacity could double by accessing shale gas deposits which could supply feedstocks. However, without investments, Argentina's petrochemical trade deficit could reach $4.5 billion by 2025 due to stagnant capacity and rising imports. High inflation and economic uncertainty also challenge attracting the large investments needed to develop Argentina's shale gas resources and expand its petrochemical industry.
The document summarizes recent economic indicators in Spain and globally. In Spain, industrial production declined 2.1% year-over-year in January driven by drops in the energy and consumer goods sectors. Business development decreased 1.2% in 2019. Labour costs increased 3% quarter-over-quarter and 2.9% for the full year 2019. Globally, composite PMIs fell sharply in February driven by declines in manufacturing and services, particularly in China. Central banks have cut interest rates to support economic confidence. Oil prices have dropped significantly in 2020 due to weaker demand and a price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia.
The document provides an analysis of recent market and economic events from the perspective of an investment advisory firm. It discusses factors like low oil and gas prices, consumer spending, Chinese economic slowdown, European debt issues, and upcoming US Federal Reserve decisions that could impact markets. While remaining cautiously optimistic, the firm believes markets may continue fluctuating but eventually retest recent lows unless economic data improves globally. In summary, the document analyzes recent market movements in light of economic news and provides the firm's outlook on whether current conditions can sustain an upward trend.
Growing through our strengths: Repsol's strategic plan is based on four basic pillars: upstream growth, maximizing downstream returns, maintaining our financial strength and generating competitive shareholder returns.
For more information, visit: http://ow.ly/Kc1HR
- The US stock market declined in May amid concerns over rising interest rates and inflation. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq fell nearly 3% and 6% respectively.
- Economic data was mixed, with GDP growth revised up but consumer confidence falling. Unemployment remained low while manufacturing grew unexpectedly.
- Housing sales declined slightly in April but prices rose over 4% year-over-year, suggesting a soft landing for the housing market so far.
- Corporate profits were solid, with the majority of S&P 500 companies reporting earnings above analyst estimates led by energy firms.
The Global Oil Market and the Covid-19 CrisisEdouardLotz
La crise sanitaire, économique et énergétique provoquée par le coronavirus a bouleversé les grands équilibres mondiaux. Dans le domaine de l'énergie, l'effondrement de la demande, provoquée par les mesures de confinement, a entraîné le prix des matières premières à des niveaux historiquement bas, mettant en péril l'industrie de ce secteur.
Ce rapport (en anglais) vise à détailler comment le coronavirus a affecté l'économie mondiale et les marchés énergétiques, avec un focus sur le marché pétrolier, particulièrement touché par cette crise.
Les perspectives d'avenir pour la consommation, la production et les prix des différentes matières premières (pétrole, gaz naturel, charbon et électricité) sont analysées au sein de cette publication, afin de donner une idée globale du futur secteur énergétique.
Une dernière partie, rédigée par Ronan Fleckstein, est consacrée aux effets de cette crise sur l'économie, le secteur hospitaliers et la chute des revenus pétroliers des Etats africains.
Ce rapport est également disponible sur le site américain Energy Central : https://energycentral.com/c/og/global-oil-market-and-covid-19-crisis-impact-and-forecast
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2. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 2
VALUATION OF AN EXPROPRIATED COMPANY:
THE CASE OF YPF AND REPSOL IN ARGENTINA
Pablo Fernandez1
Abstract
On April 16, 2012 the Argentine federal government decreed the intervention of YPF. The share
price of YPF declined 29% the day after. Two weeks later (May 3), the Argentinean Parliament
approved the expropriation of 51% of the YPF shares owned by Repsol. Repsol had a 57.4%
stake. YPF was the second biggest company in Argentina. In 2011, sales were $13 billion and
dividends $1.3 billion.
1
Professor, Financial Management, PricewaterhouseCoopers Chair of Finance, IESE
3. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 3
VALUATION OF AN EXPROPRIATED COMPANY:
THE CASE OF YPF AND REPSOL IN ARGENTINA
On April 16, 2012 the Argentine federal government decreed the intervention of YPF. The
share price of YPF declined 29% the day after. Two weeks later (May 3), the Argentinean
Parliament approved the expropriation of 51% of the YPF shares owned by Repsol. Repsol
had a 57.4% stake.
YPF was the second biggest company in Argentina (see Exhibit 1). In 2011, sales were
$13 billion and dividends $1.3 billion.
Main shareholders of YPF in April 2012
Before the expropriation
Number of shares (%)
After the
expropriation
Repsol YPF 225,890,313 57.43% 6.43%
Petersen Group 100,145,077 25.46% 25.46%
Public 67,225,593 17.09% 17.09%
Argentine federal and provincial
governments
11,388 0.003% 51.00%
Employee fund 40,422 0.01% 0.010%
Total 393,312,793
A tribunal will determine the compensation Repsol will receive for its YPF shares.
You are required to help the tribunal. What is your best estimation of the compensation
that Repsol should receive for its expropriated 51% of YPF shares?
The following sections provide you with information and data to answer this question.
1. Short History of Repsol in YPF
2. The Months Before the Expropriation
3. Precedent Transactions of YPF Shares
4. Analyst Reports About YPF
5. Vaca Muerta: A Huge Oil and Gas Shale
6. YPF’s Bylaws Valuation Methodology
7. Cash Flows of Repsol Due to Its Investment in YPF
4. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 4
Exhibit 1. The Biggest Companies in Argentina
Exhibit 2. Argentina: Some Indicators
Exhibit 3. Some Reactions to the Expropriation
Exhibit 4. Balance Sheets and P&Ls of YPF. 1999 – 2011
Exhibit 5. Additional Information About YPF
Exhibit 6. 85 Analyst Reports on YPF in the Period From April 2011 – April 2012 That Included “Target
Price”
Exhibit 7. Analyst Expectations for YPF
Exhibit 8. About Repsol
Exhibit 9. Vaca Muerta: Unconventional Resources
1. Short History of Repsol in YPF
In January 1999, Repsol acquired a 14.99% stake of YPF from the Argentine government
and subsequently launched a tender offer at US$44.78/share for the rest of YPF’s share
capital. Analysts said the price was fair and welcomed the strategic fit between the two
companies, which they said would provide a balance to Repsol’s overexposure in refining
and marketing while YPF had focused on exploration and production.
YPF was privatized in 1993 and had a strong financial profile: YPF could borrow on the
international capital markets and achieved a credit rating better than that of Argentina.
1993. July. IPO of YPF shares (previously owned by the Argentine government) in ADS form. New
York Stock Exchange.
1999. Repsol acquired 97.81% of YPF shares for more than $15 billion.
2001. Merge of YPF with Astra (an Argentinean company owned by Repsol since 1996 with market
value of $1.6 billion).
2008. The Petersen Group (belongs to Eskenazi family) acquires from Repsol 15% of YPF shares.
Shareholders’ agreement to distribute 90% of YPF’s net income as dividends.
2011. The Petersen Group buys additional shares to reach a 25.46% stake in YPF.
2010 – 2011. Repsol sells YPF shares to several funds and through an initial public offering. Sell side
analysts start covering the YPF stock. Repsol keeps 57.43% of the shares.
2011. May. Communication of the discovery of Vaca Muerta Shale Oil.
2012. February 3. Repsol YPF (according to resources auditor Ryder Scott) raises its hydrocarbons
reserves and resources estimate in the Vaca Muerta play to 22.8 billion barrels of oil
equivalent.
2012. March 6. YPF executive says Vaca Muerta shale could produce 300,000 barrels/day in 10 years.
2012. April 15. YPF has 17% free-float and two major shareholders: Repsol (57.43%) and the
Petersen Group (25.46%).
2012. April 16. The Argentine federal government decrees the intervention of YPF and sends a bill to
Congress for the expropriation of 51% of YPF shares owned by Repsol.
5. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 5
Figure 1
Evolution of the YPF share price in US$
10
40
50
60
70
Dec -98 Dec -99 Dec -00 Dec -01 Dec -02 Dec -03 Dec -04 Dec -05 Dec -06 Dec -07 Dec -08 Dec -09 Dec -10 Dec -11 Dec -12
20
30
YPF share price (US $)
10
40
50
60
70
Dec -98 Dec -99 Dec -00 Dec -01 Dec -02 Dec -03 Dec -04 Dec -05 Dec -06 Dec -07 Dec -08 Dec -09 Dec -10 Dec -11 Dec -12Dec -98 Dec -99 Dec -00 Dec -01 Dec -02 Dec -03 Dec -04 Dec -05 Dec -06 Dec -07 Dec -08 Dec -09 Dec -10 Dec -11 Dec -12
20
30
YPF share price (US $)
Source: Datastream.
Some Opinions About YPF
President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner:
2009. June 22. “This investment (of YPF) shows the vital links forged between businesses, workers and
the government to grow in harmony and allow everybody to benefit from this growth.”
2009. December 22. “YPF is the largest company in terms of tax contributions to the state, not only by
paying taxes but also by the dreams of Argentina that is now trying to get back on track.” “This plan
reaffirms the hope and optimism in the present and in the future we are seeing in almost every
Argentine businessman.”
2010. September 3. She praised YPF and encouraged it “to continue with their investments in the country
and be a major contributor.” You are leading “the most important company of Argentina.”
2010. December 12. “We are very happy because this is going to keep up the country’s growth.” YPF’s
discoveries “make the growth of the country even more sustainable.”
2011. May 10. The discovery of Vaca Muerta “will allow us to maintain and further promote development.”
Other:
2009. June 22. “In our company the Argentinean flag must fly next to the Spanish flag ... Our Spanish
friends are just as Argentinean as us, and we are just as Spanish as them.” Mr. Eskenazi, owner of
the Petersen Group and VP of YPF.
2011. February 3. “YPF is doing a great effort, supplying to 64% of our market.” Vice president Boudou.
2011. November 2. “The federal government is in full agreement with the activities that YPF is developing.”
Roberto Baratta, national government of Argentina representative on the Board of YPF.
2011. December 6. YPF “is our flag company.” Julio de Vido, planning minister.
6. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 6
2. The Months Before the Expropriation
The rumors, news and announcements around a potential YPF expropriation started on
January 27, 2012. YPF share price declined by 10.6% the day after, much more than the S&P
Integrated Oil & Gas Index and the MERVAL Index1
(which declined by 0.2% and 2.1%).
Over the next three months, YPF suffered cancellations of concessions for oil fields in
several provinces. The governors of those southern regions accused YPF of not making
investments to increase production. YPF share price dropped by 41% from January 27,
2012 to April 17, 2012, much more than the S&P Integrated Oil & Gas Index and the
MERVAL Index, which declined by 9% and 16% (see Figure 2). On April 18, 2012, YPF’s
share price dropped 28.6%.
Figure 2
Evolution of the YPF share price compared with the Merval Index in 2012. December 2011 = 100
40
60
80
100
120
30-Dec -11 29-Jan-12 28-Feb-12 29-Mar-12 28-Apr-12 28-May -12 27-Jun-12 27-Jul-12 26-Aug-12 25-Sep-12 25-Oct -12
YPF share price (Pesos) Merval Index
40
60
80
100
120
30-Dec -11 29-Jan-12 28-Feb-12 29-Mar-12 28-Apr-12 28-May -12 27-Jun-12 27-Jul-12 26-Aug-12 25-Sep-12 25-Oct -12
YPF share price (Pesos) Merval Index
Source: Datastream.
Some events of the pressure building up on YPF in 2012 were the following:
27-29 Jan. 2012. Strong press rumors regarding a potential expropriation of YPF. Its share price fell
10.6% the day after.
29 Jan. Newspaper Pagina/12 reports that the government is considering the nationalization
of YPF.
1 Feb. Repsol’s CEO to travel to Argentina amid YPF rumors of nationalization.
3 Feb. Argentina’s government suspended its Oil Plus and Refining Plus programs, which
had aimed to encourage new investment.
8 Feb. YPF issues press release highlighting highest-ever capex (50% increase year-on-
year) and Repsol publishes the Ryder Scott report about shale oil and gas resources
in Vaca Muerta.
23 Feb. Roberto Baratta, the government’s representative on YPF’s Board, walks out after
other officials including Energy Secretary Daniel Cameron and Deputy Economy
Minister Axel Kicillof are barred from attending the Board meeting.
24 Feb. Oil producing provinces demand that oil companies increase production by 15% in the
next two years or face losing their licenses.
29 Feb. Ambito Financiero reports that President Cristina Fernandez Kirchner could announce
a takeover of YPF.
1
The MERVAL Index is the most important index of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange. It is a price-weighted
index, calculated as the market value (in pesos) of a portfolio of stocks selected based on their market share,
number of transactions and quotation price.
7. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 7
2 Mar. Chubut province gives seven days to YPF to provide a working plan for its regional
investments.
3 Mar. Argentinean state news agency reports that the Santa Cruz province has given YPF a
five-day deadline to justify its lack of investment in more than 20 oil and gas fields.
6 Mar. Mendoza province gives one month to YPF to boost investments in two fields.
8 Mar. YPF 2011 accounts approved with the single negative vote of the government
representative in the Board of Directors.
9 Mar. Neuquén province gives YPF a seven-day deadline to provide a development plan for
some fields in the province.
13 Mar. YPF asks the Santa Cruz government to extend oil license withdrawal deadlines.
14 Mar. Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces withdraw five concessions from YPF.
23 Mar. Mendoza, Salta, Río Negro and Neuquén regions withdraw YPF licenses.
29 Mar. YPF announced a new oil field discover in Mendoza region.
11 Apr. Santa Cruz region withdraws YPF license.
12 Apr. New press rumors regarding a potential expropriation of YPF.
16 Apr. Argentina’s president announces that a 51% stake in YPF controlled by Repsol will be
expropriated (out of its 57.4%).
Source: Various press reports.
Figure 3
Evolution of the YPF share price compared with the price of Brent oil. December 2011 = 100
40
60
80
100
120
30-Dec -11 29-Jan-12 28-Feb-12 29-Mar-12 28-Apr-12 28-May -12 27-Jun-12 27-Jul-12 26-Aug-12 25-Sep-12 25-Oct -12
YPF share price (US$)
Price Oil Brent (US$/barrel)
40
60
80
100
120
30-Dec -11 29-Jan-12 28-Feb-12 29-Mar-12 28-Apr-12 28-May -12 27-Jun-12 27-Jul-12 26-Aug-12 25-Sep-12 25-Oct -12
YPF share price (US$)
Price Oil Brent (US$/barrel)
Source: Datastream.
Announcing the expropriation, President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner said energy was a
“vital resource” and accused YPF of not investing enough to increase output from its
oilfields, and so lessen the need for imports.
million US$ 2009 2010 2011
YPF. Capital expenditures and investments 1,528 2,256 3,169
Annual increase 48% 40%
Exhibit 3 shows some reactions to the expropriation. Exhibit 4 shows the evolution of the
P&L and balance sheet of YPF. Exhibit 5 contains the evolution of the reserves of YPF.
Exhibit 8 provides some basic information about Repsol.
But on top of the reserves, according to the EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration),
Argentina has some of the world’s largest resources of shale oil and gas. Repsol announced
in May 2011 the discovery of one of the world’s largest deposits of shale oil and gas at
Vaca Muerta in western Argentina.
8. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 8
3. Precedent Transactions of YPF Shares
Table 1 contains all the precedent transactions involving an acquisition of shares of YPF
and the price paid in each of them in US$/share. It includes both sales to third parties and
acquisitions by Repsol (initial acquisition of a 14.99% stake in January 1999 and
subsequent tender offer at US$44.78/share for the remaining YPF share capital).
Table 1
Transactions of YPF shares
Event
Million
US$
US$/
share
1999. January 20. Repsol acquired 14.99% of YPF previously owned by the
Argentine government.
2,011 38.0
1999. June 24. Repsol tender offer and acquisition of an additional 82.47%. Total
cost US$13.04 billion.
13,036 44.8
1999. November. Repsol acquires an additional 0.35%. 55 44.8
2008. February 21. The Petersen Group acquires 14.9% of the shares from
Repsol. Agreement to distribute 90% of YPF’s net income as dividends.
2,235 38.1
2008. May. The Petersen Group exercises an option to buy an additional 0.1%. 13 34.3
2008. October 21. Tender offer of the Petersen Group. Acquisition of 0.462%. 89 49.5
2010.The Repsol Group sells 0.97% to several funds. 147 38.5
2010. Dec. 23. Eton Park and Capital funds acquire 3.26% from Repsol. 500 39.0
2011. May 4. The Petersen Group exercises its option and acquires an additional
10% stake in YPF (39.3 million shares). Price agreed upon in 2008.
1,304 33.2
2011. March 14. Lazard AM (2.9%) and other funds (0.93%) acquire 3.83% from Repsol. 639 42.4
2011. March 23. Repsol sells a 7.67% stake through a public offering in ADS on the
New York SE.
1,209 40.1
2011. Repsol sells 0.88% to several funds. 153 44.1
In February 2008, Repsol sold 14.9% of the capital stock of YPF to Petersen Energía in the
amount of US$2.235 billion. In addition, in May 2008, Petersen Energía exercised an
option to buy an additional 0.10%, launching a takeover, and in May 2011, the Petersen
Group exercised its call option to buy another 10% of YPF, ahead of the exercise deadline
in February 2012. The deal size was US$1.304 billion. Following the transaction date, the
Petersen Group owned 25.46% of YPF. The key price reference for the entire acquisition
(US$38.14/share or $15 billion for the equity value) was determined in February 2008.
In December 2010, Repsol sold 1.63% of the share capital of YPF to funds managed by
Eton Park Capital Management and another 1.63% to funds managed by Capital Guardian
Trust Company and Capital International, Inc. for US$500 million (US$39/share).
On March 14, 2011, Repsol sold 3.83% of the share capital of YPF to Lazard Asset
Management and other funds (US$42.4/share). Also in March 2011, Repsol YPF sold,
through a secondary offering, 7.67% of YPF’s share capital, raising total net proceeds of
US$1.209 billion (US$40.1/share).
Repsol’s ownership interest in YPF at December 31, 2011 stood at 57.43%.
9. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 9
These transactions did not incorporate any value from Vaca Muerta because its discovery
was announced in May 2011.
4. Analyst Reports About YPF
Table 4 contains the “target price” or “fair value” of YPF shares according to the analyst
reports listed in Exhibit 6.
Figure 4
“Target price” of YPF in analyst reports published between April 2011 and April 16, 2012
“Target price” or “fair value” in US$ / share
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
12-Apr-11 11-Jun-11 10-Aug-11 9-Oct-11 8-Dec-11 6-Feb-12 6-Apr-12
“Target price” or “fair value” in US$ / share
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
12-Apr-11 11-Jun-11 10-Aug-11 9-Oct-11 8-Dec-11 6-Feb-12 6-Apr-12
Average until February 2012: US$50.7/share.
Table 2
Last recommendation before January 27, 2012
Broker Date
Target price
(US$/share) Recommendation
Capital Markets Argentina 5-Nov-11 45.96 Buy
Allaria Ledesma & Co 24-Jan-12 46.50 Buy
ITAU BBA 26-Jan-12 46.80 Outperform
Wright Investors Service 15-Jul-11 47.30 AAA5
Raymond James 21-Dec-11 48.00 Outperform
BBVA Bancomer 22-Dec-11 48.70 Buy
Credit Suisse 8-Nov-11 50.00 Outperform
Deutsche Bank 7-Nov-11 51.00 Hold
Santander 2-Aug-11 51.00 Hold
Morgan Stanley 8-Nov-11 55.00 Overweight
Exhibit 7 contains the forecasts of EBITDA and net income for YPF according to the analysts.
5. Vaca Muerta: A Huge Oil and Gas Shale
New technologies have enabled the production of oil and gas from previously untapped
shale reservoirs. These technologies were first commercially applied in 1998 in the U.S.
Barnett Shale and in 2005 in the U.S. Bakken formation (North Dakota).
10. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 10
Over the last decade shale gas production in the United States has boomed and it currently
accounts for 25% of total domestic production, offsetting the decline of conventional
fields and reducing the quantity of liquid gas imports.
In 2012, U.S. crude oil domestic production was expected to reach 6.2 million barrels per
day (mbpd), of which 2 mbpd would come from unconventional fields. Conventional
production is declining and unconventional production is growing rapidly. In 2012, the
investment in non-conventional resources in the United States amounted to US$87 billion.
Transactions in the world oil industry (upstream)
World United States
Number of transactions 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2009 2010 2011 2012*
Conventional 1,002 984 1,001 848 213 238 310 215
Non-conventional 272 376 431 359 97 200 220 155
Total 1,274 1,360 1,432 1,207 310 438 530 370
% Non-conventional/Total 21% 28% 30% 30% 31% 46% 42% 42%
Average value of non-conventional
transaction (US$ million)
727 741 452 476 1228 454 509 417
Until November 7, 2012.
Source: IHS Herold database.
In May 2011, Repsol YPF announced one of its largest discoveries of unconventional
hydrocarbons at the Vaca Muerta formation located in the Argentinean province of
Neuquén. The total hydrocarbon resources and reserves discovered at Vaca Muerta
amounted to 22,807 million barrels of oil equivalent (mboe), according to the international
specialist Ryder Scott. These discovered volumes equated less than half of the mining rights
held by YPF (three million acres) in this formation because the Ryder Scott report only
covered an acreage of around 1.99 million acres (YPF owns 1.2 million of them).
The information about the extraction costs of Vaca Muerta is still insufficient for a precise
valuation, but given the acreage of YPF (around three million acres) and the range of the
recent transactions of unconventional resources in the United States (from 2,500 to
$30,000/acre, being the average $5,000/acre), its value should be in the interval between
US$7.5 billion and US$90 billion. Analyst’s reports2
written in 2012, and before the
expropriation, estimated an average value of $6.269 billion.
Certified prospective volumes represent about 30 years of oil supply and 50 years of gas
supply at the current consumption rates in Argentina. The current oil and gas production
capacity of Argentina could double in 10 years’ time, but it would be necessary to invest
$25 billion per year to develop the whole of existing prospective resources. A program of
such magnitude would require an important capital investment in Argentina from
international markets; a powerful domestic industry (equipment, services, etc.), and highly
technically qualified human resources since Argentina competes against other similar
developments worldwide (the United States, China, Australia, Eastern Europe, etc.).
2
Ahorro, Allaria Ledesma, Bank of America ML, BBVA, BPI, BTG Pactual, Cheuvreux, Credit Suisse, Deutsche
Bank, Exane-BNP, Goldman Sachs, Itau BBA, Raymond James, RBC, TPH, UBS.
11. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 11
A Credit Suisse analyst wrote (February 9, 2012) that “YPF’s resource potential in the Vaca
Muerta formation keeps getting bigger. After announcing a 150 mboe resource estimate
back in May 2011, YPF surprised the market in November 2011 with a 927 mboe resource
number. Yesterday the company did it once again, with Ryder Scott’s resource certification
report providing a 22.8 billion boe resource estimate.” “Our $47/ADR target price does not
incorporate any shale value.”
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner (May 2011): Vaca Muerta “is a discovery of YPF, but for all
Argentineans” (Pagina/12, May 10, 2011).
Rodrigo Alvarez, Argentine economist, in the Argentine newspaper Perfil: “Vaca Muerta,
the real reason behind the renationalization of YPF.” “With such shale gas reserves,
Argentina could position itself as a nation with cheap and abundant energy, and profit
from the high prices in the international market.”
6. YPF’s Bylaws Valuation Methodology
Articles 7 and 28 of YPF’s bylaws were approved by the Argentinean government in 1993
at the time of the privatization. These articles were included in YPF’s bylaws by the
Argentinean government at the time of the IPO (in 1993), as a protection for investors.
Article 28 establishes that if, as a result of acquisitions, the national Argentinean
government becomes the owner of 49% of the capital stock, it would need to launch a
tender offer for all YPF’s share capital. The price to be offered is determined by Article 7.
There are four methodologies to determine the offer price and the highest of these four is
the one that should be paid:
A. The highest price per share paid by the bidder within the two-year period
preceding the notice of takeover.
B. The highest closing price per share during the 30-day period preceding the
notice of takeover.
C. A price per share equal to the market price calculated in B. multiplied by the
ratio between the highest price per share paid by the bidder within the two-year
period preceding the notice of takeover and the price per share the day
preceding the two-year period preceding the notice of takeover.
D. YPF net income per share during the last four complete fiscal quarters
preceding the notice of takeover multiplied by the highest of: a) the
price/income ratio for that period; b) the highest price/income ratio during the
two-year period preceding the notice of takeover.
Methodologies A and C are not applicable as there were no acquisitions by the Argentinean
government in the two-year period preceding the expropriation.
B. Considering January 27, 2012 [April 16, 2012] as the day immediately preceding the
takeover, the highest closing price during the 30-day period preceding the notice was
US$43.5 [US$34.3] per share.
12. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 12
D. Considering January 27, 2012 [April 16, 2012] as the day immediately preceding the
takeover, the relevant price/income ratio is 18.1 [15.1]. Multiplying the price/income ratio
by the net income per share of 2011 (1232/393.31), we get US$56.7 [US$47.3] per share.
Therefore, considering January 27, 2012 as the day immediately preceding the takeover
notice, the price for the tender offer should have been US$56.7/share. Considering April
16, 2012, the price for the tender offer should have been US$47.3/share.
7. Cash Flows of Repsol Due to Its Investment in YPF
Table 3 shows the cash flows of Repsol due to its investment in YPF.
Table 3
Cash flows of Repsol due to its investment in YPF (US$ million)
Shares
Astra Shares YPF
US$
million € million
Merge (*) Bought Sold Dividends Total Total
1999 -15,102.0 366.8 -14,735.2 -14,699.9
2000 304.8 304.8 324.6
2001 -1,652 1,644.0 -8.0 -9.0
2002 437.5 437.5 416.9
2003 1,039.1 1,039.1 823.8
2004 1,828.1 1,828.1 1,344.9
2005 1,656.4 1,656.4 1,404.2
2006 767.8 767.8 582.2
2007 752.9 752.9 515.0
2008 1,232.0 2,435.8 3,667.8 2,638.6
2009 1,088.1 1,088.1 758.4
2010 647.0 942.0 1,589.0 1,184.5
2011 2,679.0 767.0 3,446.0 2,654.5
2012 (1) 744.6 581.7
Sum -1,652 -15,102 4,558 14,030.2 2,578.7 -1,479.6
Internal rate of return 1.9% -1.2%
(*) In January 2001 Astra and Repsol Argentina merged with YPF. The assets and liabilities of Astra and Repsol
Argentina were transferred to YPF in exchange for 40,312,793 new YPF shares that were given to Repsol. The market
value of the Astra shares was US$1.6 billion. After this merge, the number of YPF shares increased from 353 million to
393,312,793. Repsol owned 99.04% of YPF shares.
(1) The cash flow that appears in 2012 is the market value (October 31, 2012) of the YPF stock that belonged to
Repsol:
6.43% just after the expropriation, plus
5.38% of the YPF stock recovered by Repsol in May 2012 from the Petersen Group because they could not
pay Repsol the loans agreed upon in 2008 ($1.015 billion) and in 2011 ($626 million).
13. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 13
Exhibit 1
The Biggest Companies in Argentina
US$ million in 2010RK
2010
Company Industry
Sales Net income EBITDA
Increase in
sales 10/09 (%)
1 TECHINT Steel 19,092 N.A. N.A. 7
2 YPF Oil/Gas 11,013 1,444 3,678 23
3 TENARIS Steel 7,712 1,127 2,080 -5
4 TERNIUM Steel 7,382 780 1,437 49
5 CARGILL Agribusiness 4,111 N.A. N.A. 3
6 CENCOSUD Trade 3,720 N.A. N.A. 15
7 TELECOM Telecommunications 3,661 454 1,136 15
8 CARREFOUR Trade 3,635 N.A. N.A. 11
9 PETROBRAS ENERGY Oil/Gas 3,602 152 676 15
10 BUNGE Agribusiness 3,441 N.A. N.A. 5
Source: http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2011/500/pais_argentina.php.
Exhibit 2
Argentina: Some Indicators
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*
Real GDP growth -4.4% -10.9% 8.8% 9.0% 9.2% 8.5% 8.7% 6.8% 0.9% 9.2% 8.9% 4.2%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*
Public debt (general government gross debt as a % of GDP) 58.5% 58.7% 49.1% 44.2% 43.3%
Public deficit (general government net lending/borrowing as a % of GDP) -0.8% -3.6% -1.6% -3.3% -3.1%
Inflation Rate (from GDP price deflator) 19.4% 9.6% 20.7% 19.6%
*Estimate.
Population 2012: 40,868,853 Area total: 2,766,890 km
2
Coastline: 4,989 km
Main cities and population in 2012: Greater Buenos Aires: 13,015,875; Cordoba: 1,529,092;
Rosario: 1,230,275.
1
2
3
4
5
Exchange rate. Pesos / US$
Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11Dec-93 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97
1
2
3
4
5
Exchange rate. Pesos / US$
Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11Dec-93 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11Dec-93 Dec-94 Dec-95 Dec-96 Dec-97
14. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 14
Exhibit 3
Some Reactions to the Expropriation
Repsol. It “considers the announced measure to be manifestly unlawful and gravely
discriminatory.”
Spanish Foreign Minister Garcia Margallo. The action had “broken the climate of
friendship.”
The U.S. State Department. “These kinds of actions against foreign investors can
ultimately have an adverse effect on the Argentine economy and could further
dampen the investment climate in Argentina.”
Mexican President Calderón. The expropriation was not “very responsible nor very
rational.” “It is very regrettable, because this will not be good for anyone, especially
the Repsol investors, where Pemex owns close to 10% of its shares.”
Chilean government. The expropriation “clearly violates agreements and treaties.”
U.K. foreign secretary: “This goes against all the commitments Argentina has made
in the G20 to promote transparency and reduce protectionism.”
An Argentinean economist: “This is Malvinas two.”
Oil analyst at Oppenheimer. The financial risk associated with Argentina had
increased considerably.
An advisor for energy companies. “Vaca Muerta was truly the main reason behind
the nationalization of YPF.”
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. This expropriation was aimed at “recovering
sovereignty” over natural resources.
Economy Minister A. Kicillof. Environmental liabilities would be deducted from the
Repsol compensation.
16. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 16
Exhibit 5
Additional Information About YPF
YPF. Capital expenditures and investments
million US$ 2009 2010 2011
Exploration and production 1,132 1,580 2,120
Refining and marketing 308 460 740
Chemicals 41 179 255
Corporate and other 47 38 53
Total 1,528 2,256 3,169
Annual increase 48% 40%
Reserves and production YPF
Million equivalent oil barrels
Reserves Production
Revisions, discoveries,
acquisition, salesYear
Liquids Gas Total Liquids Gas Total Liquids Gas Total
2011 585 427 1,012 99 80 179 153 48 201
2010 532 460 992 108 90 198 100 63 163
2009 538 475 1,013 111 94 205 69 16 85
2008 580 553 1,133 115 108 223 72 1 73
2007 623 660 1,283 120 112 232 63 54 117
2006 680 716 1,396 126 116 242 29 -2 27
2005 777 834 1,611 134 119 253 -153 -59 -212
2004 1,064 1,012 2,076 146 126 272 8 -11 -3
2003 1,202 1,149 2,351 157 115 272 -28 -334 -362
2002 1,387 1,598 2,985 160 97 257 -118 -118 -236
2001 1,665 1,813 3,478 182 100 282 185 116 301
2000 1,662 1,681 3,343 164 103 267 377 -74 303
1999 1,449 1,858 3,307 174 106 280 106 233 339
The first strong expropriation rumors took place on January 27 – 29, 2012, and a
continued negative news flow translated into a significant decline with higher than average
trading volumes.
17. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 17
Exhibit 6
85 Analyst Reports on YPF in the Period From April 2011 – April 2012 That Included “Target
Price” or “Fair Value”
Analyst Date
Target
price ($) Recommendation WACC Ke
Allaria Ledesma & Co 24-jan-12 46.50 Buy 17.1% Pesos
Allaria Ledesma & Co 23-mar-12 37.40 Buy 17.0% Pesos
Allaria Ledesma & Co 29-mar-12 46.87 Buy 17.0% Pesos
Capital Markets Argentina 05-aug-11 48.21 Buy 7.5% P
Capital Markets Argentina 16-mar-12 40.18 Hold 7.4% 12.3% P
Capital Markets Argentina 23-aug-11 47.91 Buy 7.5% P
Capital Markets Argentina 30-aug-11 54.45 Buy P
Capital Markets Argentina 12-sep-11 45.00 Buy 7.5% 12.8% P
Capital Markets Argentina 05-nov-11 45.96 Buy 7.4% P
Capital Markets Argentina 19-mar-12 40.18 Hold 7.4% 12.3% P
BBVA Bancomer 04-nov-11 43.37 Hold P
BBVA Bancomer 22-dic-11 48.70 Outperform 15.2% P
BBVA Bancomer 13-mar-12 58.00 Outperform P
Credit Suisse 12-sep-11 50.00 Outperform 13.0% 16.4% $
Credit Suisse 3 & 8-nov-11 50.00 Outperform 14.0% 15.6% $
Credit Suisse 6 & 9-feb-12 47.00 Outperform 12.0% 15.6% $
Credit Suisse 2, 12 & 13-mar-12 47.00 Outperform 12.0% 15.6% $
Credit Suisse 23 & 29-mar-12 43.00 Outperform 12.0% 15.6% $
Credit Suisse 11-apr-12 30.00 Neutral 12.0% 19.9% $
Deutsche Bank
8, 11-my; 27, 31-jul;
26, 31-oct; 2, 3, 7-
nov-11
51.00 Hold 11.0% 11.6% $
Deutsche Bank
6, 9, 29-feb; 1, 12,
14, 20, 21, 23, 29-
mar-12
51.00 Buy 12.0% 14.3% $
Deutsche Bank 01-apr-12 51.00 Buy $
Deutsche Bank 10 & 12-apr-12 33.00 Hold 13.4% 16.3% $
Deutsche Bank 16-apr-12 33.00 Hold 17.0% $
ITAU BBA
14-ap, 6 & 10-may,
6, 25, 29-jul-11
55.00 Market Perform 9.8% $
ITAU BBA 07-aug-11 55.00 Outperform 9.6% $
ITAU BBA 25, 27-oct-11 52.00 Outperform 10.3% $
ITAU BBA 03-nov-11 50.00 Outperform 10.2% $
ITAU BBA
18-dic-11, 26-jan;
26-feb; 1, 11, 14,
21-mar; 1-apr-12
46.80 Outperform 11.6% $
Morgan Stanley 9, 10-may-11 57.00 Overweight/Buy $
Morgan Stanley 01-aug-11 57.00 Overweight $
Morgan Stanley 09-aug-11 55.00 Overweight $
Morgan Stanley 3, 8, 28-nov-11 55.00 Overweight $
Raymond James 28-oct-11 48.00 Outperform 2 12.1% 15.0% $
Raymond James 3, 8, 30-nov-11 48.00 Outperform 2 $
Raymond James 21-dic-11 48.00 Outperform 2 $
Raymond James 5, 9-feb; 12-mar-12 44.00 Outperform 2 12.1% 15.0% $
Raymond James 10-apr-12 27.00 Market Perform 3 13.2% 16.5% $
Santander 02-aug-11 51.00 Hold 10.8%
Wright Investors Service 15-jul-11 47.30 Aaa5
Credit Suisse 17-apr-12 11.00 Underperform 15.7% 19.9% $
Raymond James 18-apr-12 SUSP Suspended
Deutsche Bank 03-may-12 25.00 Hold 16.7% 21.1% $
18. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 18
Exhibit 7
Analyst Expectations for YPF
Expected EBITDA ($ million) Expected net income ($ million)
Analyst Date Target price ($) WACC 2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 2013 2014 2015
Allaria Ledesma & Co 24-jan-12 46.50 4407 5272 6414 7335 1846 2263 2887 3422
Allaria Ledesma & Co 23-mar-12 37.40 3913 4698 5671 6607 1491 1900 2412 2943
Capital Markets Argentina 05-aug-11 48.21 7.5% 4092 1673
Capital Markets Argentina 16-mar-12 40.18 7.4% 3801 4109 1492 1595
Credit Suisse 12-sep-11 50.00 13.0% 4827 6157 6967 7896 1724 2395 2774 3287
Credit Suisse 03-nov-11 50.00 14.0% 4827 6157 6967 7896 1724 2395 2774 3287
Credit Suisse 06-feb-12 47.00 12.0% 4267 5547 1420 1981
Credit Suisse 23-mar-12 43.00 12.0% 3936 4946 5728 1243 1715 2072
Credit Suisse 11-apr-12 30.00 12.0% 3772 4788 5748 1148 1627 2084
Credit Suisse 17-apr-12 11.00 15.7% 3772 4788 5748 1148 1627 2084
Deutsche Bank 08-may-11 51.00 11.0% 4886 5118 2135 2364
Deutsche Bank 31-jul-11 51.00 11.0% 4742 2159
Deutsche Bank 07-nov-11 51.00 4726 2127
Deutsche Bank 29-feb-12 51.00 12.0% 4550 1768
Deutsche Bank 10-apr-12 33.00 13.4% 4292 4673 1640 1928
Deutsche Bank 03-may-12 25.00 16.7% 4292 4673 1640 1928
ITAU BBA 14-apr-11 55.00 9.8% 4413 4894 5441 6215 1660 1994 2429 3013
ITAU BBA 07-aug-11 55.00 9.6% 4913 5444 5722 5791 2016 2420 2682 2782
ITAU BBA 26-jan-12 46.80 11.6% 4458 5083 5344 5680 1406 1960 2091 2342
Morgan Stanley 09-may-11 57.00 4344 4631 1674 1685
Morgan Stanley 09-aug-11 55.00 4378 4694 1579 1608
Raymond James 28-oct-11 48.00 12.1% 4739 5242 5474 5729 1834 2121
Raymond James 05-feb-12 44.00 12.1% 4364 4695 5079 5546 1556 1767
Raymond James 10-apr-12 27.00 13.2% 4250 4581 5079 5546
19. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 19
Exhibit 8
About Repsol
Repsol is an integrated Spanish oil and gas company with operations in 30 countries. The
bulk of its assets are located in Spain. In 2012 it was the 15th largest petroleum company
according to the Fortune Global 500 list, employing over 40,000 people worldwide.
Main magnitudes. Million €. January – September 2012
Capitalization 19,755 EBITDA 5,405
Capital employed 40,572 EBIT 3,543
Net debt 9,703 Net income 1,796
Preferred shares 3,211 CCS adj. net income 1,437
Equity 27,656 Investments 2,504
The Repsol YPF Group is engaged in all the activities relating to the oil and gas industry,
including exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, the
transportation of oil products, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas, refining, the
production of a wide range of oil products and the retailing of oil products, oil derivatives,
petrochemicals, LPG and natural gas, as well as the generation, transportation, distribution
and retailing of electricity.
Its exploration activities are spread around the globe – from Brazil, the United States and Canada,
in the Western Hemisphere, to Norway, Ireland and Russia, in Europe, and to West Africa.
The production sites are primarily located in the Americas and North Africa: deep-water
production in the United States, and onshore production in North Africa (Libya) and Latin
America (Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia).
Repsol YPF, S.A.’s shares trade on the Spanish stock exchanges and the Buenos Aires stock
exchange. Repsol YPF, S.A.’s American depositary shares (ADSs) are traded in the OTCQX
market (until March 2011 in the New York Stock Exchange).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Price Oil Brent (US$/barrel)
20
30
40
50
Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11
10
Market Capitalization of Repsol (US$ billion)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Price Oil Brent (US$/barrel)
20
30
40
50
Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11
10
Market Capitalization of Repsol (US$ billion)
20. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 20
Exhibit 8 (continued)
Repsol has built a solid pipeline of contingent resources. Drilled resources in delineation
phase are mostly located in Alaska, Brazil, Sierra Leone, the United States and Libya.
Repsol has developed a portfolio of prospective resources covering multiple locations such
as the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Angola and Namibia, the Norwegian offshore, Louisiana,
Beaufort Sea and East Canada, Colombia, Peru and Guyana, among others.
The Platts Top 250 Global Energy Company Rankings™ recognize outstanding
accomplishments of the top performing energy companies around the world. Each company
listed has distinguished itself through its remarkable performance and the outstanding
efforts and dedication of its team in the previous year:
The Platts Top Integrated Oil and Gas 2011
1 Exxon Mobil 8 China Petroleum & Chemical 15 TNK-BP Holdings
2 Chevron 9 OJSC Rosneft Oil Company 16 Ecopetrol
3 Gazprom OAO 10 Lukoil Oil Company 17 Occidental Petroleum
4 PetroChina Co 11 Statoil ASA 18 PTT Plc
5 Total SA 12 Petrobras-Petroleo Brasilier 19 Gazprom Neft JSC
6 Royal Dutch Shell 13 Repsol YPF 20 Marathon Oil Corp
7 ConocoPhillips 14 Eni SpA
21. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 21
Exhibit 9
Vaca Muerta: Unconventional Resources
The Vaca Muerta oil and gas field is located mainly in the Neuquén Province in Argentina.
And it was here where energy giant Repsol-YPF struck black gold. The presence of shale
gas and shale oil is proven. It began production in 2011 and produces oil. In February
2012, YPF raised its estimate of oil and gas resources to more than 22 billion barrels.
According to a newspaper, “Vaca Muerta makes Argentina third in the world in terms of
shale gas reserves, after the United States and China according to the American Energy
Information Administration.”
According to Repsol, some $25 billion per year would be needed to exploit Vaca Muerta’s
shale oil and gas potential. This could double the Argentine production in 10 years. But
this would require some 3,000 shale oil and gas wells in an area where there are only 28 at
the moment.
Mr. Galuccio, YPF CEO after the expropriation, said to journalists that YPF hopes to invest
$37 billion through the end of 2017. Of this, 73% will be devoted to production, 22% to
improving refinery capacity and 4% to new exploration.
Non-Conventional Resources. Shale Gas and Oil
Any basin having a production of conventional hydrocarbons in the past is a candidate to
be explored in search of shale gas and oil.
YPF started applying these new techniques in Argentina. YPF revised all the existing
opportunities in the country and selected Vaca Muerta to adapt what was going on in the
United States to Argentina. It proved to be successful. In the second half of 2010, YPF
drilled two wells and discovered the capacity of Vaca Muerta to produce commercial grade
gas and oil.
By the end of January 2012, YPF SA had drilled 28 new wells. The Vaca Muerta formation
spreads over an area of about 30,000 km2
(7.4 million acres), from which YPF holds an
interest in 12,000 km2
(three million acres – 40% of the total). Initial results would indicate
that 77% of its area would be in the oil area and the rest would be distributed between wet
gas and dry gas.
With Vaca Muerta, Argentina has the opportunity of creating a new industry of shale and
what this involves; manufacturing of drilling and workover equipment in the country,
creation of companies that engage in the construction of wells, valves, tubes, equipment, etc.
Unconventional oil is petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the
conventional (oil well) method. Oil industries and governments across the globe are investing in
unconventional oil sources due to the increasing scarcity of conventional oil reserves. Although
the depletion of such reserves is evident, unconventional oil production is a less efficient
process and has greater environmental impacts than that of conventional oil production.
22. IESE Business School-University of Navarra - 22
Exhibit 9 (continued)
Argentina is South America’s largest natural gas producer and a significant producer of oil.
However, the heavily regulated energy sector includes policies that limit the industry’s
attractiveness to private investors while shielding consumers from rising prices.
Consequently, demand for energy in Argentina’s rapidly growing economy continues to
rise while production of both oil and gas are in decline – leading Argentina to depend
increasingly upon energy imports.
August 23, 2012. DowJones. Argentina ranked third in the world, behind China and the
United States, in potentially recoverable shale-gas reserves, according to a study last year by
the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Argentina also has large quantities of shale oil.
Chevron also plans to drill three exploratory wells in the Vaca Muerta formation this year
targeting unconventional oil and gas, Mr. Moshiri, Chevron’s president of Latin America
and Africa, said.
Argentina has enough unconventional gas locked away in shale formations to become a
gas exporter again if it can develop those resources, he said.
The country’s untapped energy riches have attracted the attention of France’s Total SA
(TOT, FP.FR) and U.S.-based Apache Corp. (APA) and Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM).
“Last year, we spent almost 20% of our exploration money, about $2.5 billion,
exploring for unconventional,” Mr. Moshiri said. “Ten years ago I would never have
thought of that.”