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This medical document discusses various conditions affecting the lungs and respiratory system including pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis, tuberculosis, fungal balls, pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax, lung cancer, lung masses, lung abscesses, and pulmonary edema. Many of the conditions discussed involve fluid or masses in the lungs or chest cavity.
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This document discusses various conditions that can be identified on ICU imaging. It lists numerous pulmonary complications that can be seen on chest imaging for patients in the ICU, such as ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism. It also lists various brain conditions that might appear on neuroimaging, such as hemorrhage, infarcts, and hydrocephalus. Finally, it discusses findings that can be identified on lung ultrasound, including pneumothorax, pleural effusions, and lung consolidations.
CXR: Multiple Cavities
The chest x-ray shows multiple cavitary lesions bilaterally with areas of consolidation and fibrosis in both lungs. A CT scan found fibrotic changes in both upper lobes with bronchiectatic changes in the left lower lobe. There are multiple thin-walled cavities seen ranging in size from 10x2x4.2 cm in the left lung to 11x3x5.4 cm in the right lung. Patchy consolidation is seen in the left lower lobe along with fibrosis and traction bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe.
CXR - Cavity in Lung
The chest x-ray shows a wedge-shaped opacity in the right middle lobe of the lung with a thick-walled irregular cavity and associated collapse. This could indicate sequelae from a previous infection, malignancy, or other conditions. Cavities in the lung can be caused by infections like tuberculosis, fungi, and parasites; immune-mediated diseases like Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis; neoplasms; blood clots; or airway diseases such as bullae and cystic bronchiectasis. Further evaluation is needed to determine the underlying etiology.
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This document discusses various types of cavitary lung lesions seen on imaging. It includes 18 figures showing examples of cavitary lesions caused by conditions such as bacterial abscesses, tuberculosis, fungal infections, metastases, pulmonary emboli, bronchiectasis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and papillomatosis. The cavities vary in appearance depending on the etiology, with differences in size, wall thickness, presence of air-fluid levels, and associated findings. Proper diagnosis relies on correlating the clinical history and imaging appearance.
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This document appears to be a set of slides for a 6th year teaching session on pulmonary and cardiac topics. It includes brief bullet points on various diseases and conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thyroid disorders, rheumatological conditions, cardiac arrhythmias, lung diseases, liver diseases, neurological conditions, hematological malignancies, and infectious diseases. Diagnostic tests and procedures are also mentioned such as Doppler ultrasound, ventilation/perfusion scans, CT scans, and angiography.
Medicine 6th year, Teaching Slides/part two
This document appears to be a set of teaching slides covering various medical conditions. It lists numerous medical terms and brief descriptions, organized with headings but without full sentences or paragraphs. The slides touch on topics like acute myocardial ischemia, different types of arrhythmias, various congenital heart defects, pulmonary conditions, rheumatological disorders, hematological diseases, neurological disorders, and several others.
Differential diagnosis of pulmonary cyst: 1. Bullous Emphysema. 2. Cystic Bro...
For quick reference you can learn this ppt in short period of time. 4 main d/d is discussed with beautiful CT-Scan findings.
Differential diagnosis of cavitary lung lesions
For quick review for D/D of lung cavities you can go through it. always waiting for your suggestions so that i can improve it...
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This document discusses various conditions that can be identified on ICU imaging. It lists numerous pulmonary complications that can be seen on chest imaging for patients in the ICU, such as ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism. It also lists various brain conditions that might appear on neuroimaging, such as hemorrhage, infarcts, and hydrocephalus. Finally, it discusses findings that can be identified on lung ultrasound, including pneumothorax, pleural effusions, and lung consolidations.
CXR: Multiple Cavities
The chest x-ray shows multiple cavitary lesions bilaterally with areas of consolidation and fibrosis in both lungs. A CT scan found fibrotic changes in both upper lobes with bronchiectatic changes in the left lower lobe. There are multiple thin-walled cavities seen ranging in size from 10x2x4.2 cm in the left lung to 11x3x5.4 cm in the right lung. Patchy consolidation is seen in the left lower lobe along with fibrosis and traction bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe.
CXR - Cavity in Lung
The chest x-ray shows a wedge-shaped opacity in the right middle lobe of the lung with a thick-walled irregular cavity and associated collapse. This could indicate sequelae from a previous infection, malignancy, or other conditions. Cavities in the lung can be caused by infections like tuberculosis, fungi, and parasites; immune-mediated diseases like Wegener's granulomatosis and sarcoidosis; neoplasms; blood clots; or airway diseases such as bullae and cystic bronchiectasis. Further evaluation is needed to determine the underlying etiology.
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For quick reference you can learn this ppt in short period of time. 4 main d/d is discussed with beautiful CT-Scan findings.
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This document discusses cavitary lung lesions seen on imaging and their characteristics. It defines bullae, cysts and cavities. Cavities are air-filled spaces surrounded by a thick wall (>3mm) and are often due to necrosis. Characteristics like wall thickness, inner contour, internal content, number and location can help determine if a cavitary lesion is benign or malignant. Thick-walled cavities often indicate infection or cancer while thin-walled cavities suggest granulomatous diseases or metastases. Common causes of cavitary lesions discussed are infections, neoplasms, vascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders.
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This x-ray shows opacity in the right lower lung zone and pleural thickening on the right side. A CT scan confirms pleural effusion on the right lung with thickening and fibrotic changes in the right middle and lower lobes. Pleural thickening represents the end stage of various inflammatory processes like infection or asbestos exposure, and can cause ventilatory impairment. It appears as a band of soft tissue density parallel to the chest wall, and is seen as homogenous echogenic layer on ultrasound if over 1cm thick.
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Diseaes of the pleura
The pleura are two-layered membranous sacs that fold back on themselves. The pleural cavity is the thin fluid-filled space between the two pleural layers surrounding each lung. It contains pleural fluid and allows for lung expansion. Pleural effusions are accumulations of fluid in the pleural space that can be exudative due to infections or malignancy, or transudative due to conditions like heart failure. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, and tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters but cannot exit the pleural space on exhalation.
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This document discusses various types of atelectasis including obstructive, compressive, adhesive, replacement, and cicatrization atelectasis. It also discusses occupational lung diseases such as pneumoconiosis, chemical pneumonitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Rounded atelectasis is described as presenting as a subpleural mass associated with pleural disease. The comet tail sign seen on CT is described as bronchovascular bundles appearing to be pulled into a mass. Examples of rounded atelectasis seen on CT in cases of silicosis and asbestosis are provided along with images.Tree in-bud sign golden s sign
This document discusses imaging findings related to pulmonary diseases. It begins with an outline of topics, including the tree-in-bud sign and Golden S sign. It then provides more detail on these signs. The tree-in-bud sign represents inflammatory material filling small airways and appears on CT as small centrilobular nodules connected to linear branching opacities. The Golden S sign refers to a reverse S-shaped shadow caused by right upper lobe collapse around a central mass. Case studies and images are presented to illustrate these signs. The document serves to educate practitioners about recognizing patterns associated with various pulmonary conditions on imaging.
CXR: Pneumothorax / Pleural Thickening
A 30-year-old male presented with complaints of breathlessness and cough with expectoration for one month. Chest X-ray and CT scan revealed left hydropneumothorax, right bullous disease/hydropneumothorax, and bilateral lower lobe bronchiectasis. Needle aspiration was performed to relieve the pneumothorax. Idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax often recurs, with at least 20-30% experiencing recurrence within 5 years, usually within the first year. Distinguishing features between a skin fold and genuine pneumothorax on chest X-ray include lung markings extending beyond the fold and absence of a fine pleural line.
Imaging of Focal Lung Lesions
1. A pulmonary hamartoma is a benign lung tumor composed of various tissues that is common and typically asymptomatic.
2. A tuberculoma is a well-defined mass caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most commonly appearing in the lungs and brain.
3. Less common focal lung lesions include bronchial carcinoids, rheumatoid nodules, and intrapulmonary lymph nodes.
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This document discusses various cystic lung lesions and patterns of lung disease visible on CT scans. It describes findings such as honeycombing seen in usual interstitial pneumonia, thin-walled cysts in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and small nodules and cysts in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Differential diagnoses are discussed for different cystic and reticular radiographic lung patterns. HRCT features of various interstitial lung diseases and emphysema types are also outlined.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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