This document discusses the evolution of GATT and WTO and their significance for Nepal's economic growth and international trade. It provides the following key points:
- GATT was established in 1947 as a temporary rule-based system for international trade until the International Trade Organization was formed. It was replaced by the WTO in 1995.
- Nepal applied for GATT membership in 1989 and became a WTO member in 2004, allowing it to benefit from more predictable market access, special treatment as an LDC, and dispute settlement procedures.
- WTO membership provides opportunities for Nepal such as increased investment, industrialization through secured market access, transit rights, policy stability, and attracting foreign direct investment through a predictable
World Trade Organization - functions, principles and trade agreements
Case Studies include USA vs Mexico (Tuna), USA vs ASIA (Shrimp) and USA vs EU (Poultry)
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and provide formal organization to regulate international trade. The key goals of the WTO are to improve standards of living, ensure full employment, increase production and trade, and ensure optimal use of global resources in a sustainable manner. It oversees agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement between member countries.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1995. The key functions and structure of the WTO are described, including administering trade agreements, resolving disputes, and establishing principles like most favored nation. Agreements within the WTO like TRIPS and TRIMS are also summarized. The role and relevance of the WTO for developing countries is highlighted.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. The WTO aims to help the trading system become more transparent, fair and predictable through agreements and by settling trade disputes between members. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document outlines the structure, functions, principles and relevant agreements of the WTO including TRIPS and TRIMS as well as its role in promoting development.
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade agreements from the 1930s Great Depression through the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It provides details on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the 8 rounds of GATT negotiations, the Uruguay Round that established the WTO, functions and principles of the WTO, the Doha Development Round, advantages and drawbacks of the WTO, types of trade barriers, and implications for Indian seafood trade.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 and has 160 member countries. It oversees international trade agreements and acts as a forum for trade negotiations and disputes. The WTO aims to promote open trade for the benefit of all. Key functions include administering trade agreements, monitoring trade policies, and providing technical assistance. Major agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, textiles and other areas. While WTO membership has benefited India through increased exports, it also faces challenges in agriculture and intellectual property that require domestic reforms and a leadership role in negotiations.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on the formation of the WTO including that it was established in 1995 and replaced the GATT. The objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, promote world trade, ensure benefits for developing countries, increase competitiveness and employment, and establish rules for an open trading system. It has 153 member countries and agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement.
World Trade Organization - functions, principles and trade agreements
Case Studies include USA vs Mexico (Tuna), USA vs ASIA (Shrimp) and USA vs EU (Poultry)
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and provide formal organization to regulate international trade. The key goals of the WTO are to improve standards of living, ensure full employment, increase production and trade, and ensure optimal use of global resources in a sustainable manner. It oversees agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement between member countries.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1995. The key functions and structure of the WTO are described, including administering trade agreements, resolving disputes, and establishing principles like most favored nation. Agreements within the WTO like TRIPS and TRIMS are also summarized. The role and relevance of the WTO for developing countries is highlighted.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. The WTO aims to help the trading system become more transparent, fair and predictable through agreements and by settling trade disputes between members. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document outlines the structure, functions, principles and relevant agreements of the WTO including TRIPS and TRIMS as well as its role in promoting development.
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade agreements from the 1930s Great Depression through the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It provides details on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the 8 rounds of GATT negotiations, the Uruguay Round that established the WTO, functions and principles of the WTO, the Doha Development Round, advantages and drawbacks of the WTO, types of trade barriers, and implications for Indian seafood trade.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 and has 160 member countries. It oversees international trade agreements and acts as a forum for trade negotiations and disputes. The WTO aims to promote open trade for the benefit of all. Key functions include administering trade agreements, monitoring trade policies, and providing technical assistance. Major agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, textiles and other areas. While WTO membership has benefited India through increased exports, it also faces challenges in agriculture and intellectual property that require domestic reforms and a leadership role in negotiations.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on the formation of the WTO including that it was established in 1995 and replaced the GATT. The objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, promote world trade, ensure benefits for developing countries, increase competitiveness and employment, and establish rules for an open trading system. It has 153 member countries and agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement.
The document discusses several key WTO agreements including those covering goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and the establishment of the WTO. It also summarizes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. These agreements establish the principles of international trade liberalization and standards for trade barriers, intellectual property protection, and dispute resolution.
The document discusses the establishment and evolution of international trade organizations and agreements from 1944 onwards. It provides details about the establishment of IMF, World Bank, ITO and GATT in the 1940s and discusses the objectives and principles of GATT. It then summarizes the key outcomes and achievements of GATT as well as exceptions. Finally, it outlines the establishment of WTO in 1995 and highlights some important features of the Uruguay Round agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property rights, agriculture etc.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on:
1. The WTO operates as a forum for negotiations among its member countries regarding trade agreements and settling trade disputes. It oversees a system of global trade rules.
2. Important agreements under the WTO include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
3. The WTO's Doha Round of negotiations, launched in 2001, aims to make global trade more inclusive but has faced obstacles over issues like agricultural subsidies.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the WTO's establishment, location, membership, budget, and functions. The WTO administers trade agreements, acts as a forum for trade negotiations, handles trade disputes, monitors trade policies, and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document also outlines the WTO's structure, including its main bodies and agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property, trade policies, and settling disputes.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was formed in 1995 and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 153 member countries and its key functions include implementing trade agreements, settling disputes, and reviewing members' economic policies. The document outlines several major WTO agreements related to goods, services, intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy reviews. It also discusses the impact of WTO on Indian agriculture, particularly related to market access, domestic support, and export subsidies.
OBJECTIVE
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Trade Agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. In this webinar, we shall understand the role and functions of the WTO and the importance and impact of Trade Agreements in global trade.
The document discusses the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards through non-discriminatory trade policies. It resolves disputes and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The organizational structure of the WTO consists of councils, committees, and a ministerial conference to govern international trade agreements.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its relevance to India. It discusses that the WTO was formed in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The objectives of the WTO include promoting multilateral trade and reducing barriers to free trade. India is a founding member of the WTO and the organization's rules have impacted India's agriculture, services, and intellectual property sectors. The document also outlines some of the key WTO agreements such as GATT, GATS, TRIPS, and provisions related to market access, domestic support, and export subsidies in agriculture.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade flows. The WTO aims to help producers conduct business freely and predictably while providing a forum for negotiating trade agreements and settling disputes between members. It has over 160 member countries representing over 98% of world trade. The WTO agreements cover trade in goods, services, and intellectual property, with the goal of promoting economic growth and development.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes international trade. It was established on January 1, 1995 as the successor to GATT. The WTO provides a forum for negotiating and settling trade disputes. It aims to ensure transparency and coherence in global economic policymaking through monitoring national trade policies.
The document discusses the evolution of global trade agreements from GATT to the WTO. Key points include:
1) GATT was established in 1948 to liberalize trade and became the WTO in 1995.
2) The Uruguay Round expanded the scope of trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, investment measures, and agriculture.
3) The WTO aims to lower trade barriers through principles like non-discrimination and prohibiting quotas. It also provides a forum for resolving trade disputes.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade, building upon previous agreements like GATT. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards by encouraging predictable and non-discriminatory trade policies. It provides various services to members and works to help developing economies through trade.
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It outlines the key objectives and principles of GATT, including trade without discrimination, protection only through tariffs, a stable basis for trade, and consultations. It then discusses the TRIPS agreement and its principles and coverage areas. Finally, it describes the establishment of the WTO as the successor to GATT and its objectives, functions, structure, membership rules, and role in promoting globalization through freer trade.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO) and India's involvement with the WTO. It discusses how the WTO was formed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its key objectives of promoting multilateral trade and free trade. It describes India as a founding member of GATT and its participation in the WTO. While India supports participating in a rules-based global trade system, it has some concerns about imbalances that negatively impact developing countries. The document also outlines India's commitments and progress related to the WTO as well as arguments in favor of WTO membership.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides details about:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 159 member countries. It oversees international trade and resolves trade disputes between nations.
- The key objectives of the WTO are to promote trade liberalization and ensure fair trade practices. It aims to help developing countries increase their trade competitiveness.
- The WTO built upon previous trade agreements like GATT. Compared to GATT, the WTO has stronger commitments and also covers trade in services and intellectual property.
- India has benefited from being a founding WTO member, seeing increased exports and stronger trade rules. While issues remain, the WTO has largely
Basic information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). Establishment, evolution and formation of the final act in 1994. The Result of Uruguay Round negotiation for a multilateral Trading System.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 and has 160 member countries. It regulates and liberalizes international trade through agreements negotiated and ratified by member states. The main purpose of the WTO is to ensure fair and predictable global trade through principles of non-discrimination, open markets, and binding dispute resolution.
The document discusses several key WTO agreements including those covering goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and the establishment of the WTO. It also summarizes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. These agreements establish the principles of international trade liberalization and standards for trade barriers, intellectual property protection, and dispute resolution.
The document discusses the establishment and evolution of international trade organizations and agreements from 1944 onwards. It provides details about the establishment of IMF, World Bank, ITO and GATT in the 1940s and discusses the objectives and principles of GATT. It then summarizes the key outcomes and achievements of GATT as well as exceptions. Finally, it outlines the establishment of WTO in 1995 and highlights some important features of the Uruguay Round agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property rights, agriculture etc.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on:
1. The WTO operates as a forum for negotiations among its member countries regarding trade agreements and settling trade disputes. It oversees a system of global trade rules.
2. Important agreements under the WTO include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
3. The WTO's Doha Round of negotiations, launched in 2001, aims to make global trade more inclusive but has faced obstacles over issues like agricultural subsidies.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the WTO's establishment, location, membership, budget, and functions. The WTO administers trade agreements, acts as a forum for trade negotiations, handles trade disputes, monitors trade policies, and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document also outlines the WTO's structure, including its main bodies and agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property, trade policies, and settling disputes.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was formed in 1995 and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 153 member countries and its key functions include implementing trade agreements, settling disputes, and reviewing members' economic policies. The document outlines several major WTO agreements related to goods, services, intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy reviews. It also discusses the impact of WTO on Indian agriculture, particularly related to market access, domestic support, and export subsidies.
OBJECTIVE
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Trade Agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. In this webinar, we shall understand the role and functions of the WTO and the importance and impact of Trade Agreements in global trade.
The document discusses the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade, succeeding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after World War II. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards through non-discriminatory trade policies. It resolves disputes and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The organizational structure of the WTO consists of councils, committees, and a ministerial conference to govern international trade agreements.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its relevance to India. It discusses that the WTO was formed in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The objectives of the WTO include promoting multilateral trade and reducing barriers to free trade. India is a founding member of the WTO and the organization's rules have impacted India's agriculture, services, and intellectual property sectors. The document also outlines some of the key WTO agreements such as GATT, GATS, TRIPS, and provisions related to market access, domestic support, and export subsidies in agriculture.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It was established in 1995 to oversee and liberalize international trade flows. The WTO aims to help producers conduct business freely and predictably while providing a forum for negotiating trade agreements and settling disputes between members. It has over 160 member countries representing over 98% of world trade. The WTO agreements cover trade in goods, services, and intellectual property, with the goal of promoting economic growth and development.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes international trade. It was established on January 1, 1995 as the successor to GATT. The WTO provides a forum for negotiating and settling trade disputes. It aims to ensure transparency and coherence in global economic policymaking through monitoring national trade policies.
The document discusses the evolution of global trade agreements from GATT to the WTO. Key points include:
1) GATT was established in 1948 to liberalize trade and became the WTO in 1995.
2) The Uruguay Round expanded the scope of trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, investment measures, and agriculture.
3) The WTO aims to lower trade barriers through principles like non-discrimination and prohibiting quotas. It also provides a forum for resolving trade disputes.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established in 1995 to supervise and liberalize international trade, building upon previous agreements like GATT. The WTO has 160 member countries and aims to promote sustainable development and raise living standards by encouraging predictable and non-discriminatory trade policies. It provides various services to members and works to help developing economies through trade.
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It outlines the key objectives and principles of GATT, including trade without discrimination, protection only through tariffs, a stable basis for trade, and consultations. It then discusses the TRIPS agreement and its principles and coverage areas. Finally, it describes the establishment of the WTO as the successor to GATT and its objectives, functions, structure, membership rules, and role in promoting globalization through freer trade.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO) and India's involvement with the WTO. It discusses how the WTO was formed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its key objectives of promoting multilateral trade and free trade. It describes India as a founding member of GATT and its participation in the WTO. While India supports participating in a rules-based global trade system, it has some concerns about imbalances that negatively impact developing countries. The document also outlines India's commitments and progress related to the WTO as well as arguments in favor of WTO membership.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides details about:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 159 member countries. It oversees international trade and resolves trade disputes between nations.
- The key objectives of the WTO are to promote trade liberalization and ensure fair trade practices. It aims to help developing countries increase their trade competitiveness.
- The WTO built upon previous trade agreements like GATT. Compared to GATT, the WTO has stronger commitments and also covers trade in services and intellectual property.
- India has benefited from being a founding WTO member, seeing increased exports and stronger trade rules. While issues remain, the WTO has largely
Basic information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). Establishment, evolution and formation of the final act in 1994. The Result of Uruguay Round negotiation for a multilateral Trading System.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 and has 160 member countries. It regulates and liberalizes international trade through agreements negotiated and ratified by member states. The main purpose of the WTO is to ensure fair and predictable global trade through principles of non-discrimination, open markets, and binding dispute resolution.
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WtO, GATT - Trade (Subin Aryal).pptx
1. Analyzing the significance of GATT,
WTO and International Trade in
driving economic growth in Nepal
Subin Aryal
027362-20
Development Economics-2
BECON: 3rd Sem/ 1st Semester
2. EVOLUTION OF GATT
• GATT stands for General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade.
• It is the precursor of WTO.
• GATT's founding members agreed on a draft charter for
an International Trade Organization.
3. EVOLUTION OF GATT
• 1947, October 30: GATT came into existence until ITO to be formed
• 1948, January 1: GATT contracting Parties:
- 23 founding Members nations ( Australia, Belgium, China, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia, France, India, Lebanon, Luxemburg, Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia, Syria, South
Africa, UK, US)
Between 1st January 1948-1st January 1995: GATT worked as the
facilitator for multilateral trade system and monitoring body.
1948, June 30: Tariff subsidy regulations came into existence.
4. Evolution of GATT
• GATT's founding members agreed on a draft charter for an
International Trade Organization (ITO).
• ITO charter also agreed by UN Conference on Trade and
Employment of the UN Economic and Social Council.
• GATT remained the only multilateral instrument governing
international trade.
5. PRINCIPLE OF GATT
• Non-Discrimination:
- goods, once lawfully imported, will be treated in the same manner as
domestic goods.
- must not be treated any less favorably such as in relation to tax, consumer
laws, regulations and requirements
• Most favored Nation:
- State parties must apply the same duties and charges on the import of goods
between GATT parties, regardless of its origin.
• Tariff Only:
- Trade restraints should be by way of tariffs
- Referable to a percentage of the value of the goods
6. Continued:
• States must respect the principle of transparency
• States must disclose their rules, regulations and practices
internationally to allow exporters comply.
• States may apply sales and consumption taxes, regulation and
regulatory requirements
• must not be intended nor have the effect of creating a greater burden
on imported goods relative to domestic goods
7.
8. EVOLUTION OF WTO
• WTO stands for World Trade Organization.
• The ministers of member countries signed the final Act of WTO at a
meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco in April 1994.
• WTO replaced GATT on 1st January 1995 with successful completion of the
Uruguay negotiations.
• There are 159 membership nation on January 2022
• WTO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
9. GATT & Nepal
- Nepal applied for GATT membership on
16th May 1989
- With the transformation of GATT into
WTO, Nepal had likewise transferred the
membership application and became an
observer in WTO on December 1995.
- 2004 April 23: Nepal got membership with
WTO.
12. Principles of WTO
1. Non-discrimination
(a) Most Favored Nation (MFN) – no discrimination among the countries,
except
• Enabling Clause (Developing, LDC)
• Free Trade Areas (SAFTA, BIMSTEC)
• Government Procurement
• Public Morale/Health Hazard/ Environment
• Security Exception
• Measure permitted by WTO Agreements
(b) National Treatment – no discrimination between domestic and
imported, except
• Subsidies to Domestic Producers
• Government Procurement
2. Tariff only regime - Protection only by tariff, with ceiling bindings
3. Transparency – No rule should be a surprise.
13. WTO Agreements
• Final Act
• Marrakesh Agreement
• Annex 1A: Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods
• General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)
• Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)x
• Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
• Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
• Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM)
• Agreement on Customs Valuations
• Agreement on Rules of Origin
• Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
• Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
• Agreement on Safeguards
• Agreement on Pre-shipment Inspection
• Marrakesh Protocol on Understandings to GATT
14. WTO Agreements
• Annex 1B: General Agreements on Trade in Services (GATS)
• Annex 1C: Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)
• Annex 2: Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes
• Annex 3: Trade Policy Review Mechanism
• Annex 4: Plurilateral Agreements (optional)
• Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft
• Agreement on Government Procurement
15. Tariff only regime for goods trade
• Member countries cannot impose
• any ban,
• quantitative restrictions or
• other restrictions on trade
• (except SPS/TBT ).
• Make market access transparent, predictable and
competitive
16. Market Access: General Provisions
1. Tariffication – converting non-tariff barriers to
tariff
• Special Safeguard measures (SSG)
• Minimum access commitments: 5% of domestic
consumption
• Current access guarantee
2. Ceiling binding of tariff
• Bound tariff (remain fixed) gives ceiling for
applied tariff (can be changed) that matters for
trade.
Bound rates higher (42%) than the applied rate (~13%).
17. Bound tariff of major commodities in Nepal
• Cereal and products 50 –60%
• Dairy products 50% (ex. 40)
• Meat products 40-60% (ex. 30)
• Fruits and fruit products 30–50%
• Vegetables and products 50% (ex. 40)
• Tea, coffee, cardamom, ginger 40 – 50%
• Alcoholic products 100%
• Tobacco and products 200%
• ODC = Existing to zero (in 2 to 10 years)
18. Export Subsidies
Export subsidy is allowed
- only if in the Schedules,
- must be reduced in value and volume, and
- Developing countries - exemption for
transport and marketing
• Phase out by 2013 (2018 for developing)
19. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)
• copyright;
• trademarks;
• geographic indications;
• industrial designs;
• undisclosed information/trade secrets/confidential
information;
• layout designs for integrated circuits.
• patents (including plant varieties);
• sui generis laws (Plant variety protection Act)
20. Opportunities from WTO membership
• Nepal was the 1st LDC country to negotiate its accession to WTO
(Wagle et al., 2014)
• Major reasons that was presented before joining the WTO was the
rapid economic growth, poverty reduction and promotion of human
development.
Nepal government was keen to join WTO because WTO membership
provided:
21. 1) Market Access:
- Lead to further investment addressing the constraint of limited
domestic market for economic scale of productive operation.
E.g.: Raise investment, economic production of goods and services,
industrialization process.
- secured extended market opportunities.
- Nepal's excessive reliance on three exports markets—India,
Germany and the United States (US) (Bhatta, 2006)
- WTO membership would provide Nepal the opportunity to explore
other destinations for exports.
22. 2) Special and differentials treatments:
- WTO offers special and differential treatments for LDCs like Nepal.
- Includes longer time periods for implementing agreements,
technical assistance, restrictions on disputes concerning
LDCs, and special considerations during the process of
liberalizing the services industry.
3) Transit Right:
- Nepal joined GATT due to transit problem it encountered during Indo-
Nepal transit stalemate in 1989.
- It was expected that under the GATT/WTO, Nepal would be granted
access to the sea as a right as per Article V of the GATT
- In theory, as a WTO Member, Nepal should benefit from access to
international markets without discrimination.
23. 4) Policy Stability:
- WTO regime provides opportunity for policy stability internally. It
provide an environment of predictability for investment and
industrialization.
- National policy decisions are locked to the framework of WTO
provisions, which enhance the credibility of the country in terms
of economic governance .
5) Attract FDI:
- WTO membership provides credibility to the nation in terms of
economic activities with predictable environment.
- This attracts foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology to
expedite industrialization process in Nepal.
24. Similarly, others are:
• Benefit from liberalization
• Access to dispute settlement body
• Mobilization of trade related technical assistance
29. References:
• Ministry of Finance (2009). Nepal’s trade structure 2009
• Wagle, S, Pandey, P.R, & Adhikari, R. (2014). Nepal’s Accession to the
world trade organization: Case study of issues relevant to least developed
countries. Department of economic and social Affairs. Retrieved from:
https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_
papers/bp2014_23.pdf Accessed on: 27th January 2023
• World Bank. 2021. “World Trade Indicators Database 2021.” Washington,
DC.