This document summarizes progress made in implementing Action Line C2 of the WSIS, which focuses on information and communication infrastructure. Some key points:
- Access to ICTs has improved due to wireless technology, though coverage gaps remain in developing areas. Many countries have universal service programs to extend coverage.
- Convergence of voice, data and video onto IP networks is placing increasing strain on network infrastructure as more content is accessed via smartphones and tablets.
- International standards help create a level playing field and reduce costs. The ITU has developed standards to support emerging technologies.
- Broadband access and national broadband plans have significant economic and social impacts, but deployment challenges remain in rural areas.
Caz Research Paper Latest&Updated Presentationguest48c8eba8
The document summarizes a paper presentation on the market demand for ICT in rural and peri-urban areas of Zambia. It defines key terms, describes the research sites in Zambia, analyzes opportunities and challenges of ICT provision in rural and peri-urban areas, and proposes strategies for developing ICT infrastructure in these areas including using mobile internet vehicles, computer kiosks, and partnerships with educational institutions.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ON TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTH...IJCSES Journal
The document discusses telecommunication network infrastructure in Nigeria's Northwest province and proposes solutions to optimize it. It finds the region currently has poor infrastructure compared to other areas, with minimum network connection, inadequate power supply, and high costs. The paper analyzes the current 3G network infrastructure, mobile market, and key network providers. It recommends upgrading to 4G to improve data bandwidth, internet penetration, and quality of service in the region.
Ponencia para el taller "El papel del Estado en la promoción de la banda ancha" en Lima (Perú) el 18 de mayo de 2011.
Presentation for the workshop "The role of the state in the promotion of the broadband" in Lima (Peru) May 18th 2011.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Mobile Telecommunications Services in ...Moses Oduh
This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of willingness to pay for mobile telecommunications services in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 5,600 individual consumers to estimate a censored Tobit model of willingness to pay. The results showed that demand for mobile services varies with socioeconomic factors, while access is limited by network coverage, quality of service, interconnectivity, and call tariffs. The study recommends price cap regulation and number portability to improve access and ensure productivity gains are passed to consumers.
Economic and social impact of broadband accessPrayukth K V
Fixed and mobile broadband, as well as digitization, can have economic, social, and political impacts. Economically, they may contribute to GDP growth and job creation through their infrastructure effects, productivity and efficiency effects, and new services effects. Socially, they may improve access to information, education, healthcare, and social connections. Politically, they may increase transparency, civic participation, and administrative efficiency. The impacts depend on factors like levels of adoption, affordability, reliability, and usage.
Information and communications technologiesWilly Mutenza
The document summarizes a presentation given by Uganda's Minister of ICT on driving Africa's growth through information and communications technologies. The presentation outlines Uganda's ICT sector structure, how ICTs have revolutionized the world and drive economic growth, Uganda's national philosophy and policies supporting ICT development, and key developments and prospects for Uganda's ICT sector including increased internet/mobile access, investment in national backbone infrastructure, and growth areas like business process outsourcing and e-government.
The document summarizes key developments in Myanmar's information and communication technology sector. It notes that the first phase of the Yatanarpon cyber city was completed, establishing a telecommunications hub and incubation centers. It also discusses the establishment of reliable international internet connections and a government fiber network linking ministries. While there has been progress, challenges remain such as a lack of an officially adopted ICT master plan and the exodus of ICT professionals to other countries.
REGULATION, COMTHE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS IN INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS’...ijmpict
This document analyzes productivity changes in the African telecommunications industry from 2000 to 2009. It finds that the industry has improved productivity levels during this period, though most productivity growth resulted from technological advancement rather than gains in technical efficiency. Market competition and increasing subscriptions also positively impacted productivity. The study concludes that African countries can further boost productivity in their telecommunications sectors by improving technical efficiencies, increasing outputs like mobile phone penetration, and allowing more competition through international network operators.
Caz Research Paper Latest&Updated Presentationguest48c8eba8
The document summarizes a paper presentation on the market demand for ICT in rural and peri-urban areas of Zambia. It defines key terms, describes the research sites in Zambia, analyzes opportunities and challenges of ICT provision in rural and peri-urban areas, and proposes strategies for developing ICT infrastructure in these areas including using mobile internet vehicles, computer kiosks, and partnerships with educational institutions.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ON TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NORTH...IJCSES Journal
The document discusses telecommunication network infrastructure in Nigeria's Northwest province and proposes solutions to optimize it. It finds the region currently has poor infrastructure compared to other areas, with minimum network connection, inadequate power supply, and high costs. The paper analyzes the current 3G network infrastructure, mobile market, and key network providers. It recommends upgrading to 4G to improve data bandwidth, internet penetration, and quality of service in the region.
Ponencia para el taller "El papel del Estado en la promoción de la banda ancha" en Lima (Perú) el 18 de mayo de 2011.
Presentation for the workshop "The role of the state in the promotion of the broadband" in Lima (Peru) May 18th 2011.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Mobile Telecommunications Services in ...Moses Oduh
This document summarizes a study that examined determinants of willingness to pay for mobile telecommunications services in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 5,600 individual consumers to estimate a censored Tobit model of willingness to pay. The results showed that demand for mobile services varies with socioeconomic factors, while access is limited by network coverage, quality of service, interconnectivity, and call tariffs. The study recommends price cap regulation and number portability to improve access and ensure productivity gains are passed to consumers.
Economic and social impact of broadband accessPrayukth K V
Fixed and mobile broadband, as well as digitization, can have economic, social, and political impacts. Economically, they may contribute to GDP growth and job creation through their infrastructure effects, productivity and efficiency effects, and new services effects. Socially, they may improve access to information, education, healthcare, and social connections. Politically, they may increase transparency, civic participation, and administrative efficiency. The impacts depend on factors like levels of adoption, affordability, reliability, and usage.
Information and communications technologiesWilly Mutenza
The document summarizes a presentation given by Uganda's Minister of ICT on driving Africa's growth through information and communications technologies. The presentation outlines Uganda's ICT sector structure, how ICTs have revolutionized the world and drive economic growth, Uganda's national philosophy and policies supporting ICT development, and key developments and prospects for Uganda's ICT sector including increased internet/mobile access, investment in national backbone infrastructure, and growth areas like business process outsourcing and e-government.
The document summarizes key developments in Myanmar's information and communication technology sector. It notes that the first phase of the Yatanarpon cyber city was completed, establishing a telecommunications hub and incubation centers. It also discusses the establishment of reliable international internet connections and a government fiber network linking ministries. While there has been progress, challenges remain such as a lack of an officially adopted ICT master plan and the exodus of ICT professionals to other countries.
REGULATION, COMTHE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS IN INFLUENCING CUSTOMERS’...ijmpict
This document analyzes productivity changes in the African telecommunications industry from 2000 to 2009. It finds that the industry has improved productivity levels during this period, though most productivity growth resulted from technological advancement rather than gains in technical efficiency. Market competition and increasing subscriptions also positively impacted productivity. The study concludes that African countries can further boost productivity in their telecommunications sectors by improving technical efficiencies, increasing outputs like mobile phone penetration, and allowing more competition through international network operators.
The Indian telecom sector has grown exponentially since liberalization began in 1999. Total telephone subscribers have increased from 76 million in 2004 to over 764 million in 2010. However, rural teledensity remains low and broadband penetration needs to increase. The strategic plan aims to provide reliable, affordable connectivity anywhere through developing a strong telecom network with a focus on rural areas, promoting research and indigenous manufacturing, and creating a knowledge-based society through broadband proliferation. Key challenges include the need for policies around FDI, taxes, technology evolution and convergence, and spectrum availability and management to further boost growth.
Economic impacts of submarine fiber optic cables and broadband connectivity i...Fola Odufuwa
Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. They connect us to the cloud, deliver streaming video, and increase efficiency and productivity for business. Subsea cables’ importance is all the more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic when many of us have switched to working from home, remote learning, and online gaming and entertainment.
We studied the economic impacts from subsea cables that arrived in Nigeria (e.g., WACS) to understand how they changed the economy. Improved connectivity led to increases in internet usage and decreases in costs, but infrastructure and affordability challenges meant that impacts were limited to select urban areas. Our results signal the promise connectivity improvements could have in other parts of the country.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
Economic impacts of submarine fiber optic cables and broadband connectivity i...Fola Odufuwa
Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. They connect us to the cloud, deliver streaming video, and increase efficiency and productivity for business. Subsea cables’ importance is all the more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic when many of us have switched to working from home, remote learning, and online gaming and entertainment.
We studied the economic impact of subsea cables and broadband connectivity on the DRC. Landing in 2012, the DRC’s sole cable led to transformational effects, increasing productivity and efficiency, leading to significant impacts on employment and economic growth.
This document discusses Africa's ICT infrastructure and the mobile revolution on the continent. It finds that while mobile access has grown rapidly, reliability and infrastructure bottlenecks remain problems. Market reforms promoting competition have led to falling prices and more investment, but state regulation is still developing. Significant future investment will be needed to expand networks and deploy broadband infrastructure to close coverage gaps, though commercial viability will depend on factors like revenue potential and costs. Overall the mobile sector growth provides an opportunity, but infrastructure, policy reforms, and financing challenges must still be addressed to maximize social and economic benefits from ICT.
Customer perceptions of south African cellular network operators.8hearingpta
This document summarizes a study on customer perceptions of South African cellular network operators. It provides background on the growth of mobile phones in South Africa, describing the key cellular operators (Vodacom, MTN, Cell C) and contracts (prepaid vs postpaid). The study examines how declining average revenue per user is impacting sustainability from a customer relationship perspective. It administered surveys to 500 subscribers in KwaZulu-Natal to understand customer needs and relationships with operators. The results emphasized the need for marketing strategies to align with customer care and the influence of cost on usage patterns.
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
Broadband internet provides high-speed data transmission and has significant benefits for national economic growth. It allows for fast downloads, live streaming, online lectures, and more. Broadband growth is associated with increases in GDP, job creation, productivity, and improved access to services like healthcare and education. The document argues that investing in broadband infrastructure is key to realizing these economic and social benefits, and that Nigeria in particular needs to improve its ICT ecosystem to better position itself for the opportunities provided by broadband connectivity.
Future-Sat Africa, June 2016_concept documentAdrian Hall
Extensia's inaugural Satellite summit, scheduled for June 2016 in South Africa, will focus on satellite playing an essential role in Africa’s future digital communications strategy across all sectors.
The document discusses the concepts of development and measuring development. It provides an overview of ICT penetration globally and the digital divide between developed and developing countries based on metrics like internet users, broadband access, and mobile phone ownership. It also discusses frameworks for measuring ICT development and progress towards targets set by the UN's World Summit on the Information Society.
Note: Previous report was issued in September, 2013; find it by the link http://www.slideshare.net/dymil/bb-annualreport20131
The Broadband Commission for Digital Development was launched by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in response to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s call to step up efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Established in May 2010,
the Commission unites top industry executives with government leaders, thought leaders, policy pioneers, international agencies and organizations concerned with development.
The Broadband Commission embraces a range of different perspectives in a multi-stakeholder approach to promoting the roll-out of broadband, and represents a fresh approach to UN and business engagement. To date, the Commission has published a number of high-level policy reports, best practices and case studies.
More information about the Commission is available at www.broadbandcommission.org.
Switzerland, Geneva, September 2014
The report explores how broadband can be universalized by examining trends like mobile growth, the benefits of broadband for development, progress towards connectivity targets, strategies for the last mile, and generating demand through content. It finds that while progress has been made in policies and connectivity, achieving universal access by 2015 will be difficult, and that partnerships between governments, industry and others are needed to develop innovative solutions tailored to each country's unique challenges. The report also examines how to balance internet freedoms with other societal concerns as connectivity increases.
The role of ICTs for environmental observation. Collecting and helping to interpret and model the environment and more specifically the climate are key to climate action. Wireless sensor networks, the IoT, embedded microprocessors, remote sensing and earth observation systems, etc. are described. Today, they continue to be very important and their role and use os growing.
Slide presentations developed to demonstrate how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) be used to address climate change, and why ICTs are a crucial part of the solution – i.e. in promoting efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable development, in dealing with climate change and for climate and environmental action. These slide presentations were delivered in February 2011 in Seongnam, near Seoul in Korea.
These presentations were developed and delivered over 2.5 days on the occasion of a Regional Training of Trainers Workshop for upcoming Academy modules on ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Abatement. These modules were developed as part of the Academy of ICT Essentials for Government leaders developed by the United Nations (UN) Asia Pacific Centre for ICT Training (APCICT), based in Songdo City, in the Republic of South Korea.
These presentations were developed in 2011, and are somewhat out of date, but most of the principles still apply. Module 10, which has been published, does not include much of the information outlined in these presentations, which are fairly technical. They were developed to address a significant gap in understanding of the technical basis of using ICTs for climate action and because there is a clear bias in development circles against the importance of dealing with climate change mitigation in developing countries. These presentations are an attempt to redress this lack and are published here with this purpose in mind.
The author, Richard Labelle, is presently working on updating these presentations to further highlight the importance of addressing climate change and the important role that technology including ICTs, play in this effort.
The document outlines the Digital Agenda for Europe, which aims to deliver digital growth and jobs. It discusses several pillars of the agenda, including developing a digital single market, improving interoperability and standards, enhancing trust and security, providing fast internet access, increasing research and innovation, and improving digital skills. The agenda is expected to increase EU GDP by 5% and create 1.2 million jobs in infrastructure and up to 3.8 million jobs total by 2020. Member states are implementing national digital agendas aligned with the overarching EU strategy.
The document summarizes the student's clinical experience in occupational therapy. It includes two level II fieldworks in pediatrics and physical dysfunction rehabilitation, a level I fieldwork in geriatrics, and two level I fieldworks in pediatrics and mental health. The experiences involved evaluating and treating patients, developing treatment plans, conducting assessments, and leading therapy groups. The student is competent in various evaluation tools and assessments across different patient populations and settings. Shadowing experiences in inpatient rehabilitation and hand therapy provided exposure to various diagnoses and treatment techniques.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Este documento presenta una guía didáctica sobre el consumo responsable dirigida a profesores. Incluye cinco fichas didácticas sobre tecnología, moda, alimentación, medio ambiente y ocio/tiempo libre. Cada ficha presenta el tema, objetivos educativos, actividades para el aula e información adicional. El objetivo general es ofrecer conocimientos sobre el consumo responsable y fomentar su práctica entre estudiantes.
El documento presenta la historia de un hombre llamado Jhon que parecía tener éxito pero se sentía insatisfecho y agobiado. Su esposa Rachael lo animó a hablar con el pastor, quien sugirió que Jhon hiciera un retiro espiritual en un monasterio cristiano para aclarar sus pensamientos. El documento también presenta varios conceptos sobre el liderazgo discutidos en un curso de posgrado, incluyendo definiciones de liderazgo, poder y autoridad, así como la importancia de escuchar, establecer un
This document discusses how social media and online activism have changed the face of activism. It provides examples like the #Kony2012 and #JusticeForTrayvon campaigns that spread awareness about issues through hashtags and viral videos/images online, garnering millions of tweets. The document suggests social media allows activists to potentially create more change than traditional street protests alone by rapidly spreading information to a wide online audience.
Prezi es una aplicación multimedia para crear presentaciones que permite copiar archivos de PowerPoint. Ofrece herramientas como marcos y flechas para presentaciones no lineales.
O documento discute a história e o campo da psicologia educacional, descrevendo como ela estuda o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em diferentes idades e contextos. Também aborda as origens de áreas relacionadas como a psicologia escolar e seu papel em apoiar o desenvolvimento cognitivo, humano e social dos estudantes.
The Indian telecom sector has grown exponentially since liberalization began in 1999. Total telephone subscribers have increased from 76 million in 2004 to over 764 million in 2010. However, rural teledensity remains low and broadband penetration needs to increase. The strategic plan aims to provide reliable, affordable connectivity anywhere through developing a strong telecom network with a focus on rural areas, promoting research and indigenous manufacturing, and creating a knowledge-based society through broadband proliferation. Key challenges include the need for policies around FDI, taxes, technology evolution and convergence, and spectrum availability and management to further boost growth.
Economic impacts of submarine fiber optic cables and broadband connectivity i...Fola Odufuwa
Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. They connect us to the cloud, deliver streaming video, and increase efficiency and productivity for business. Subsea cables’ importance is all the more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic when many of us have switched to working from home, remote learning, and online gaming and entertainment.
We studied the economic impacts from subsea cables that arrived in Nigeria (e.g., WACS) to understand how they changed the economy. Improved connectivity led to increases in internet usage and decreases in costs, but infrastructure and affordability challenges meant that impacts were limited to select urban areas. Our results signal the promise connectivity improvements could have in other parts of the country.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
Economic impacts of submarine fiber optic cables and broadband connectivity i...Fola Odufuwa
Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. They connect us to the cloud, deliver streaming video, and increase efficiency and productivity for business. Subsea cables’ importance is all the more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic when many of us have switched to working from home, remote learning, and online gaming and entertainment.
We studied the economic impact of subsea cables and broadband connectivity on the DRC. Landing in 2012, the DRC’s sole cable led to transformational effects, increasing productivity and efficiency, leading to significant impacts on employment and economic growth.
This document discusses Africa's ICT infrastructure and the mobile revolution on the continent. It finds that while mobile access has grown rapidly, reliability and infrastructure bottlenecks remain problems. Market reforms promoting competition have led to falling prices and more investment, but state regulation is still developing. Significant future investment will be needed to expand networks and deploy broadband infrastructure to close coverage gaps, though commercial viability will depend on factors like revenue potential and costs. Overall the mobile sector growth provides an opportunity, but infrastructure, policy reforms, and financing challenges must still be addressed to maximize social and economic benefits from ICT.
Customer perceptions of south African cellular network operators.8hearingpta
This document summarizes a study on customer perceptions of South African cellular network operators. It provides background on the growth of mobile phones in South Africa, describing the key cellular operators (Vodacom, MTN, Cell C) and contracts (prepaid vs postpaid). The study examines how declining average revenue per user is impacting sustainability from a customer relationship perspective. It administered surveys to 500 subscribers in KwaZulu-Natal to understand customer needs and relationships with operators. The results emphasized the need for marketing strategies to align with customer care and the influence of cost on usage patterns.
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
Broadband internet provides high-speed data transmission and has significant benefits for national economic growth. It allows for fast downloads, live streaming, online lectures, and more. Broadband growth is associated with increases in GDP, job creation, productivity, and improved access to services like healthcare and education. The document argues that investing in broadband infrastructure is key to realizing these economic and social benefits, and that Nigeria in particular needs to improve its ICT ecosystem to better position itself for the opportunities provided by broadband connectivity.
Future-Sat Africa, June 2016_concept documentAdrian Hall
Extensia's inaugural Satellite summit, scheduled for June 2016 in South Africa, will focus on satellite playing an essential role in Africa’s future digital communications strategy across all sectors.
The document discusses the concepts of development and measuring development. It provides an overview of ICT penetration globally and the digital divide between developed and developing countries based on metrics like internet users, broadband access, and mobile phone ownership. It also discusses frameworks for measuring ICT development and progress towards targets set by the UN's World Summit on the Information Society.
Note: Previous report was issued in September, 2013; find it by the link http://www.slideshare.net/dymil/bb-annualreport20131
The Broadband Commission for Digital Development was launched by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in response to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s call to step up efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Established in May 2010,
the Commission unites top industry executives with government leaders, thought leaders, policy pioneers, international agencies and organizations concerned with development.
The Broadband Commission embraces a range of different perspectives in a multi-stakeholder approach to promoting the roll-out of broadband, and represents a fresh approach to UN and business engagement. To date, the Commission has published a number of high-level policy reports, best practices and case studies.
More information about the Commission is available at www.broadbandcommission.org.
Switzerland, Geneva, September 2014
The report explores how broadband can be universalized by examining trends like mobile growth, the benefits of broadband for development, progress towards connectivity targets, strategies for the last mile, and generating demand through content. It finds that while progress has been made in policies and connectivity, achieving universal access by 2015 will be difficult, and that partnerships between governments, industry and others are needed to develop innovative solutions tailored to each country's unique challenges. The report also examines how to balance internet freedoms with other societal concerns as connectivity increases.
The role of ICTs for environmental observation. Collecting and helping to interpret and model the environment and more specifically the climate are key to climate action. Wireless sensor networks, the IoT, embedded microprocessors, remote sensing and earth observation systems, etc. are described. Today, they continue to be very important and their role and use os growing.
Slide presentations developed to demonstrate how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) be used to address climate change, and why ICTs are a crucial part of the solution – i.e. in promoting efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable development, in dealing with climate change and for climate and environmental action. These slide presentations were delivered in February 2011 in Seongnam, near Seoul in Korea.
These presentations were developed and delivered over 2.5 days on the occasion of a Regional Training of Trainers Workshop for upcoming Academy modules on ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Abatement. These modules were developed as part of the Academy of ICT Essentials for Government leaders developed by the United Nations (UN) Asia Pacific Centre for ICT Training (APCICT), based in Songdo City, in the Republic of South Korea.
These presentations were developed in 2011, and are somewhat out of date, but most of the principles still apply. Module 10, which has been published, does not include much of the information outlined in these presentations, which are fairly technical. They were developed to address a significant gap in understanding of the technical basis of using ICTs for climate action and because there is a clear bias in development circles against the importance of dealing with climate change mitigation in developing countries. These presentations are an attempt to redress this lack and are published here with this purpose in mind.
The author, Richard Labelle, is presently working on updating these presentations to further highlight the importance of addressing climate change and the important role that technology including ICTs, play in this effort.
The document outlines the Digital Agenda for Europe, which aims to deliver digital growth and jobs. It discusses several pillars of the agenda, including developing a digital single market, improving interoperability and standards, enhancing trust and security, providing fast internet access, increasing research and innovation, and improving digital skills. The agenda is expected to increase EU GDP by 5% and create 1.2 million jobs in infrastructure and up to 3.8 million jobs total by 2020. Member states are implementing national digital agendas aligned with the overarching EU strategy.
The document summarizes the student's clinical experience in occupational therapy. It includes two level II fieldworks in pediatrics and physical dysfunction rehabilitation, a level I fieldwork in geriatrics, and two level I fieldworks in pediatrics and mental health. The experiences involved evaluating and treating patients, developing treatment plans, conducting assessments, and leading therapy groups. The student is competent in various evaluation tools and assessments across different patient populations and settings. Shadowing experiences in inpatient rehabilitation and hand therapy provided exposure to various diagnoses and treatment techniques.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Este documento presenta una guía didáctica sobre el consumo responsable dirigida a profesores. Incluye cinco fichas didácticas sobre tecnología, moda, alimentación, medio ambiente y ocio/tiempo libre. Cada ficha presenta el tema, objetivos educativos, actividades para el aula e información adicional. El objetivo general es ofrecer conocimientos sobre el consumo responsable y fomentar su práctica entre estudiantes.
El documento presenta la historia de un hombre llamado Jhon que parecía tener éxito pero se sentía insatisfecho y agobiado. Su esposa Rachael lo animó a hablar con el pastor, quien sugirió que Jhon hiciera un retiro espiritual en un monasterio cristiano para aclarar sus pensamientos. El documento también presenta varios conceptos sobre el liderazgo discutidos en un curso de posgrado, incluyendo definiciones de liderazgo, poder y autoridad, así como la importancia de escuchar, establecer un
This document discusses how social media and online activism have changed the face of activism. It provides examples like the #Kony2012 and #JusticeForTrayvon campaigns that spread awareness about issues through hashtags and viral videos/images online, garnering millions of tweets. The document suggests social media allows activists to potentially create more change than traditional street protests alone by rapidly spreading information to a wide online audience.
Prezi es una aplicación multimedia para crear presentaciones que permite copiar archivos de PowerPoint. Ofrece herramientas como marcos y flechas para presentaciones no lineales.
O documento discute a história e o campo da psicologia educacional, descrevendo como ela estuda o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em diferentes idades e contextos. Também aborda as origens de áreas relacionadas como a psicologia escolar e seu papel em apoiar o desenvolvimento cognitivo, humano e social dos estudantes.
C.A.T.A. INFORMATICA & ACG presentano ACG ENTERPRISE: Il Nuovo Software Gesti...C.A.T.A. INFORMATICA
il 23 giugno alle 15.00 presenteremo in una location prestigiosa, EXPO 2015, l'innovazione basata su solide esperienza !!! ACG Enterprise, il nuovo gestionale aziendale di ACG Teamsystem che sfrutta la migliore tecnologia oggi disponibile; Durante l'incontro toccheremo con mano la tecnologia utilizzata e fornire alcuni spunti su come calarla al meglio nella tua azienda. Ovviamente sarete nostri ospiti in EXPO 2015 !
El documento habla sobre los principales avances tecnológicos de 2015, incluyendo mejoras en las baterías, el surgimiento de la realidad virtual, el desarrollo de prendas inteligentes, el lanzamiento de Windows 10 y la creación de un nuevo estándar WiFi. El texto también brinda información general sobre lo que son los avances tecnológicos y cómo la tecnología evoluciona a través del tiempo.
1. The document provides instructions for using Dropbox to store and share files across devices. It explains how to install Dropbox on computers and mobile devices, upload and access files from any device, and share files and folders with others by generating links or setting up shared folders for collaboration.
2. Dropbox allows users to automatically backup files to the cloud and access them from any device. The app can be installed on Windows, Mac, iOS and Android devices. Files can be uploaded through the desktop or mobile apps or through the Dropbox website.
3. The document also describes how to send large files through Dropbox by generating shareable links and how to collaborate on documents by creating shared folders and adding other users to work on files simultaneously.
This document summarizes Errth Flex, an exterior finishing system made of recycled rubber. It is a water-based acrylic stucco substitute that forms a durable, flexible film protecting surfaces from moisture and weathering. It can be used for new construction or retrofitting projects. Errth Flex has been tested across climates from -30 degrees F to 120 degrees F and offers benefits like low maintenance, impact resistance, and containing 100% recycled rubber.
El documento describe los métodos de evaluación que un profesor usa en su clase de patología especial. El profesor evalúa a los estudiantes a través de tres módulos: 1) el uso de plataformas virtuales, 2) discusiones de casos clínicos en grupos, y 3) seminarios sobre láminas de patología. Cada módulo dura dos meses. El profesor también diseñó objetivos y competencias de aprendizaje basados en el contenido de patología especial. El profesor concluye que el curso en lí
Registro anecdotico optica de la visionmarye15960361
El documento habla sobre la óptica de la visión y describe diferentes tipos de ojos: ojo emétrope (normal), ojo miope, ojo hipermétrope y presbicia. Explica brevemente cada tipo de ojo y los materiales ópticos involucrados en la visión.
Las neuronas células del sistema nerviosoJuleima Leon
Las neuronas son un tipo de células del sistema nervioso cuya principal función es la excitabilidad eléctrica de su membrana plasmática; están especializadas en la recepción de estímulos y conducción del impulso nervioso entre ellas o con otros tipos celulares.
This slide deck covers 10 helpful tricks for acquiring email addresses, maintaining those emails with best-practices, and keeping those customers loyal to your brand. They also focus on tactics for utilizing a variety of channels to collect emails.
- How to leverage your web presence to capture as many emails as possible without interrupting the user experience
- Ways to incentivize registrations on your website, brick and mortar locations, and other channels
- Best-practices in email marketing, and leveraging those tactics to optimize your ROI
Questions? Tweet @FluentInc or email marketing@fluentco.com !
Este trabajo esta realizado por los alumnos de Bachilleres Plantel Cancun Uno, para la materia de economia .
Por los integrantes:
Alejandro Lami Diana
Fritz Salazar Olivert
Tamargo Rodriguez Alejandra
:D
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
The document discusses trends in telecommunication reforms and the transition to next-generation networks (NGN). Key points include:
- Telecom sectors are evolving from service-specific networks to advanced IP-based networks capable of providing a full range of services.
- While NGN will be an evolution, not a revolution, the move to all-IP networks is unstoppable.
- Developed countries are more likely to adopt fixed NGN access like fiber, while wireless will remain important for mobility. Regulators aim to balance innovation and competition during the NGN transition.
- Digital transformation requires high quality and affordable access to communication networks for all, which involves significantly upgrading infrastructure to address increasing demand from connected devices.
- Investing in fibre networks and mobile 5G is critical to support future technologies and the growing Internet of Things, with an estimated 20 billion connected devices by 2022.
- Promoting competition through infrastructure sharing, reducing barriers to investment, and addressing rural connectivity divides can encourage the investment needed to expand high-quality access.
This document is Japan's report on the implementation of outcomes from the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) 10 years after the summit. It provides an overview of Japan's ICT development including infrastructure expansion, increased internet and mobile usage, and impacts on society such as changes to communication behaviors and online shopping. It also outlines government policies and investments to further develop ICT access, education, healthcare, and other sectors.
Performance comparison of umts and lte on the basis of data ratesIAEME Publication
This document compares the 3G and 4G mobile communication technologies of UMTS and LTE. UMTS (3G) uses WCDMA technology and has a maximum theoretical downlink speed of 42Mbps, while LTE (4G) uses OFDM and more advanced MIMO schemes, providing much higher maximum theoretical downlink speeds of 100Mbps with the ability to reach 1Gbps. The document outlines the network architectures and standards of UMTS and LTE. It also lists the objectives of 4G networks in providing improved quality of service, mobility, bandwidth and a fully IP-based network compared to 3G technologies.
This document provides recommendations for a Telecom Equipment Manufacturing Policy in India. It notes that telecom infrastructure is critical for socioeconomic development but India currently imports a major share of its telecom equipment. The document aims to develop a policy framework to promote domestic manufacturing in order to capture more of the economic benefits of telecom growth for India. It outlines the rapid growth India has experienced in telecom connections and estimates that connections will exceed 5 billion by 2020. This will drive significant investment in networks and require vast amounts of telecom equipment. The document recommends measures to promote both domestic manufacturing of full products and component manufacturing to make India more self-reliant in telecom infrastructure and capture more value locally from the country's telecom growth
Starting in Asia, Ericsson has led the development and championed widespread acceptance of the APT700 band, creating a global LTE ecosystem opportunity, benefiting consumers and operators.
The superior propagation characteristics of digital dividend spectrum, made available through the re-farming and re-stacking of terrestrial broadcast TV spectrum, is gaining widespread attention and momentum across the world, specifically in Asia, Oceania and Latin America. This global band is already proving to be a key pillar in mobile operators’ strategies to enhance both rural coverage and metro capacity.
August 2013
Next Generation National Broadband Network development - A ppp for an open ac...Mohamed Bouanane
As many countries seek to introduce greater competition there may be valuable lessons to be drawn from applying open access policies to next generation broadband infrastructure with partial public ownership or financed by utilities (e.g. backbone fibre associated with transport or electricity grids). Therefore, governments and regulators need to consider such policies – especially where there is insufficient competition – along with a public-private partnership to enhance capacity; speed, QoS and decrease costs so that the entire economy can continue to fully leverage its potential.
A Survey on new generation of wireless networksEditor IJMTER
If you think that 4G and LTE is the best thing and it's in the process of solving every
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get ready for this: the wireless industry is already starting to think 5G (5th generation) wireless
technology.
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future persp...IJECEIAES
Since about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every decade. Mobile phones started with first-generation (1G), then the successful second generation (2G), and then mixed successful auctions since the launch of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were providing voice and gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today, we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently being discussed include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency of just 1 millisecond, and a very high capacity. Given the enormous potential of 5G communication networks and their expected evolution, what should 6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as well as the ability to connect users from anywhere. This article details possible 6G communication networks. More specifically, the primary influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G.
Session 5 Gabrielle Gauthey Communications Regulation Time To Start Overguest6559451
The document discusses several topics related to multimedia content delivery and broadband networks, including:
1) Traditional broadcasters are facing competition from telecom companies in delivering multimedia content via IPTV and mobile networks.
2) Regulatory approaches to broadband differ between the EU and US. The EU takes a more regulated approach while the US market is less regulated.
3) Significant investments estimated at 250-300 billion euros will be needed to deploy next generation access (NGA) broadband networks in Europe. Public-private partnerships are seen as important to help achieve broadband goals.
Gabrielle Gauthey of Alcatel-Lucent reviews and compares regulatory initiatives and experiences concerned with broadband deployments around the world and particularly between the US and Europe and predicts outcomes
By Robert Crandall, William Lehr and Robert Litan
Issues in Economic Policy, The Brookings Institution, Number 6, July 2007.
Key figure:
“For every one percentage point increase in broadband penetration in a state, employment is projected to increase by 0.2 to 0.3 percent per year”
Module 10 - Section 2: ICTs, the environment and climate change & Section 3: ...Richard Labelle
Innovation in ICTs can have a significant impact in mitigating the impact of climate change and have an important role to play in facilitating and managing adaptation to climate change.
Slide presentations developed to demonstrate how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) be used to address climate change, and why ICTs are a crucial part of the solution – i.e. in promoting efficiency, Green Growth & sustainable development, in dealing with climate change and for climate and environmental action. These slide presentations were delivered in February 2011 in Seongnam, near Seoul in Korea.
These presentations were developed and delivered over 2.5 days on the occasion of a Regional Training of Trainers Workshop for upcoming Academy modules on ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Abatement. These modules were developed as part of the Academy of ICT Essentials for Government leaders developed by the United Nations (UN) Asia Pacific Centre for ICT Training (APCICT), based in Songdo City, in the Republic of South Korea.
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The author, Richard Labelle, is presently working on updating these presentations to further highlight the importance of addressing climate change and the important role that technology including ICTs, play in this effort.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's 5G white paper on 5G radio access requirements, concepts, and technologies. It outlines the need for 5G due to growing mobile data usage and new services. 5G aims to meet stringent requirements including 100x higher system capacity, 100x more connected devices, near real-time latency under 1ms, and 100x typical user data rates. The white paper explores technical components to achieve this vision such as phantom cells, flexible duplexing, waveform design, massive MIMO, and non-orthogonal multiple access. It also highlights DOCOMO's 5G field trials and pre-standardization activities to enable an initial 5G deployment for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
This document discusses NTT DOCOMO's views on 5G mobile network requirements, concepts, and technologies. It outlines the need for 5G networks to support 1000x higher capacity, 100x more connected devices, and 1ms latency to enable new services like remote monitoring, augmented reality, and high resolution video. DOCOMO proposes a dual-layer 5G network using both existing lower bands for coverage and new higher bands for capacity. Key 5G technologies include exploiting massive MIMO, new waveforms, and non-orthogonal multiple access to achieve these goals and integrate lower and higher frequency bands.
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This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
TIA experts, including featured guest, former FCC Commissioner Harold Furchtgott-Roth, analyze FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski's proposal to reclassify broadband as a Title II service under Telecommunications Act. Watch webinar: http://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/21172
Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
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Toptal Tech is at the forefront of this innovation, connecting you with the brightest minds in blockchain development. Together, we can unlock the potential of this transformative technology, building a future of transparency, security, and endless possibilities.
Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to Indiadavidjhones387
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Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
Unlocking the full potential of Google Analytics is crucial for understanding and optimizing your website’s performance. This guide dives deep into the essential aspects of Google Analytics, from analyzing traffic sources to understanding user demographics and tracking user engagement.
Traffic Sources Analysis:
Discover where your website traffic originates. By examining the Acquisition section, you can identify whether visitors come from organic search, paid campaigns, direct visits, social media, or referral links. This knowledge helps in refining marketing strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
User Demographics Insights:
Gain a comprehensive view of your audience by exploring demographic data in the Audience section. Understand age, gender, and interests to tailor your marketing strategies effectively. Leverage this information to create personalized content and improve user engagement and conversion rates.
Tracking User Engagement:
Learn how to measure user interaction with your site through key metrics like bounce rate, average session duration, and pages per session. Enhance user experience by analyzing engagement metrics and implementing strategies to keep visitors engaged.
Conversion Rate Optimization:
Understand the importance of conversion rates and how to track them using Google Analytics. Set up Goals, analyze conversion funnels, segment your audience, and employ A/B testing to optimize your website for higher conversions. Utilize ecommerce tracking and multi-channel funnels for a detailed view of your sales performance and marketing channel contributions.
Custom Reports and Dashboards:
Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize and interpret data relevant to your business goals. Use advanced filters, segments, and visualization options to gain deeper insights. Incorporate custom dimensions and metrics for tailored data analysis. Integrate external data sources to enrich your analytics and make well-informed decisions.
This guide is designed to help you harness the power of Google Analytics for making data-driven decisions that enhance website performance and achieve your digital marketing objectives. Whether you are looking to improve SEO, refine your social media strategy, or boost conversion rates, understanding and utilizing Google Analytics is essential for your success.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
1. 1
Progress in the Implementation of the WSIS Action Line: C2. Information and communication infrastructure: an essential foundation for the Information Society
This draft document is for information purposes only. It has been prepared by an external expert and does not necessarily reflect the views of ITU or its Secretariat.
1. Introduction
This document presents a brief summary of the progress made in the implementation of Action Line C2 since the first World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in 2003.
2. Review
Access to ICTs has improved dramatically over the last ten years primarily due to the deployment of wireless technology. Nevertheless there remain coverage gaps in many developing nations, primarily in rural areas. A rising number of countries have adopted universal service programs to extend coverage to commercially unattractive areas and reduce the digital divide. Convergence has grown with voice, data and video services increasingly shifting to next generation Internet Protocol (IP) networks. This has been accompanied by the introduction of new access devices such as smartphones, tablets and "phablets", increasingly providing consumers the ability to access information anyplace, anytime and anywhere. This trend is placing increasing strains on ICT networks. Broadband has emerged as a critical general purpose technology with powerful social and economic impacts. International efforts are seeking ways to enhance broadband connectivity in developing countries in order for them to meet development goals.
Access to ICT
Access to ICT has changed significantly in the decade since WSIS in 2003, largely driven by wireless technology. Global mobile penetration has skyrocketed from just over a quarter in 2003 to almost 100 in 2013 far surpassing fixed telephone penetration which has been stagnant (Figure 1, left). The situation is similar for broadband where subscriptions to high-speed mobile networks far surpass those for wired networks (Figure 1, right).
2. 2
Figure 1: Global telephone and broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)
Source: ITU.
International standards act as defining elements in the global infrastructure of ICTs. Conforming to international standards avoids costly market battles over different technologies. For companies from emerging markets, international standards create a level playing field which provides access to new markets. They are an essential aid to developing countries in building their infrastructure and encouraging economic development, and through economies of scale, they can reduce costs for all: manufacturers, operators and consumers.
The first global mobile standard IMT-2000 was developed by the ITU in 1999.1 The ITU also developed standards for fourth generation of wireless systems and in October 2010 it designated two technologies as fulfilling the high-speed requirements (peak data rates of 100 Mbit/s for high mobility and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility) of IMT-Advanced.2 Similarly, the ITU has been active in developing fixed broadband specifications including those for ADSL technology (G series of ITU-T Recommendations)3 and Passive Optical Networks (PON) (ITU-T G.983 and ITU- T G.984 standards).
Similarly, global backbone infrastructure has grown rapidly over the last decade. International Internet bandwidth delivered over undersea fiber optic cables increased 53% a year between 2007 and 2012.4 Some 54 Tbps of capacity was added between 2007 and 2012 (Figure 2) with demand in developing countries rising the fastest. Africa in particular has benefited from this growth with seven regional undersea cables alone deployed since 2009 adding 22 Tb/s of capacity compared to just one cable in 2001.
1 There have been twelve revisions of Recommendation ITU-R M.1457. The latest is M.1457-11 of February 2013. See: ITU. February 2013. Recommendation ITU-R M.1457-11: Detailed specifications of the terrestrial radio interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.1457/e.
2 “ITU paves way for next-generation 4G mobile technologies.” Press Release, October 21, 2010. http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/40.aspx
3 See” Study Group 15 at a Glance” at: http://www.itu.int/net/ITU-T/info/sg15.aspx
4 Telegeography. 2013. “International bandwidth demand is decentralising.” http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2013/04/17/international-bandwidth-demand-is-decentralising/..
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Figure 2: Incremental in use submarine cable capacity on major routes
Source: TeleGeography/www.telegeography.com.
Existing bottlenecks to backbone infrastructure include the lack of open access to international connectivity in some countries. Landlocked countries also face a challenge in ensuring terrestrial transit arrangements to undersea cables. The high cost of national backbone deployment is also a hindrance to the spread of broadband outside urban areas. This can be ameliorated through infrastructure sharing, an area where the ITU has advocated a number of principles in order to lower rollout costs.5
Broadband
The economic impact of broadband is significant. According to a World Bank study, each 10 percentage point increase in broadband penetration triggers a 1.21 percentage point increase in economic growth in developed economies and 1.38 in developing ones (Figure 3, left).6 Also, the importance of prioritizing broadband and adopting a strategy is emphasized by ITU research showing that the existence of a broadband plan boosts penetration (Figure 3, right). 7
5 “ITU advocates infrastructure sharing to counter investment drought.” 2008. Press Release, November 27. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2008/35.html.
6 Qiang, Christine Zhen-Wei, Carlo Rossotto, and Kaoru Kimura. 2009. “Economic Impacts of Broadband.” In Information and Communications for Development. Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTIC4D/Resources/IC4D_Broadband_35_50.pdf.
7 “National broadband plans: Significant influence.” 2013. EIU Views, July 10. http://eiuviews.com/index.php/telecoms/2013/07/10/national-broadband-plans-significant-influence/
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Figure 3: Economic growth impact of broadband and broadband growth due to national plan
Note: In the left chart, the y axis represents the percentage-point increase in economic growth per 10-percentage-point increase in telecommunications penetration.
Source: World Bank and ITU.
Convergence
The digitization of text, data, audio and video and subsequent transmission over packet- switched Internet Protocol (IP) network infrastructure has continued unabated over the last decade. This convergence of media has been accompanied by the introduction of new access devices such as smartphones and tablet computers which did not exist at the time of the first WSIS. As a result, users have unprecedented options for how, when and where they want to access digitized information and entertainment.
This migration to IP infrastructure platforms and growth of "smart" devices is generating a massive amount of traffic. It is estimated that IP traffic will grow by 21% a year over fixed networks and 68% over mobile networks between 2012-2017 with video accounting for the lion's share, growing from 57% of all traffic in 2012 to 69% by 2017. This rapid increase in IP network traffic presents legal and technical challenges to ensuring that there is sufficient infrastructure capacity.
To accommodate the growth of converged data traffic over IP infrastructure, ITU has developed standards for Next Generation Networks (NGNs) including two fundamental recommendations: Y.2001, General overview of NGN and Y.2011, General principles and general reference model for next generation networks.8 It also plays a leading role in identifying policy and regulatory issues related to NGNs.9
8 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/1D/0B/T1D0B0000010003PDFE.pdf
9 http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ngn/index.phtml
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Figure 4: Global consumer Internet Traffic
Note: PB=Petabyte. Internet video: Includes short-form Internet video (for example, YouTube), long-form Internet video (for example, Hulu), live Internet video, Internet-video-to-TV (for example, Netflix through Roku), online video purchases and rentals, webcam viewing, and web-based video monitoring (excludes P2P video file downloads).
Source: ITU adapted from http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11- 481360_ns827_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html
Universal service
Competitive mobile markets have significantly boosted access to telecommunications services. However there continue to be pockets of un-served, mainly in areas that are deemed to be commercially unattractive. A number of countries have adopted universal service policies to extend access and reduce the digital divide. In 2012 almost three quarters of nations had adopted a universal access/service policy and almost half had an operational universal service fund (Table 1).
Table 1: Countries with universal service/access policies
There are also special groups that face challenges in using ICTs such as the elderly, the disabled and indigenous communities. Those with a disability form a significant group numbering around one billion people. A recent report found that ICTs accelerate the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities.10 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with
10 “The ICT Opportunity for a Disability-inclusive Development Framework.” 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: ITU. http://www.itu.int/en/action/accessibility/Pages/hlmdd2013.aspx.
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Disabilities (CRPD) adopted in December 2006,11 features several dispositions related to ICT accessibility and 52 countries have ratified it.
The digital dividend refers to the benefits of transitioning terrestrial broadcasting services from analog to digital.12 This liberates radio spectrum for new services such as mobile broadband, of particular relevance for rural areas because analog broadcasting uses lower frequencies which have a wider transmission range resulting in lower costs for deploy new services. The 2007 ITU World Radiocommunication Conference identified candidate UHF bands for IMT-2000 services.
The growing availability of WLAN-enabled devices has led to the provision of free Wi-Fi access. Some telecommunication operators offer free Wi-Fi to existing subscribers of their other broadband services. Some governments have promoted Wi-Fi as a universalization strategy, encouraging operators to provide free access is to users, usually limited to a certain amount of time or volume of data used.
3. Actions taken
High-speed networks have assumed strategic importance for economic and social development. In response, also as an enabler for achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the ITU and UNESCO established the Broadband Commission for Digital Development at the opening press conference of the WSIS Forum 201013. The multi-stakeholder Commission -- consisting of private sector leaders, government policy-makers, international agencies, academia and others - - works towards making broadband a development priority and identifies practical ways of achieving broadband growth. The Commission has adopted four broadband targets to be achieved by 2015 (Table 2), and recommended actions are taken to achieve these targets.
Table 2: Broadband Commission targets to achieved by 2015
Goal
Target
Status 2013
1.
Making broadband policy universal
All countries should have a national broadband plan or strategy or include broadband in their Universal Access / Service Definitions
134 or 69% of all countries had a national plan, strategy, or policy
2.
Making broadband affordable
Entry-level broadband services should be made affordable in developing countries through adequate regulation and market forces (for example, amount to less than 5% of average monthly income).
Developing countries where broadband cost less that 5% of average income: 48
3
Connecting homes to broadband
40% of households in developing countries should have Internet access
In the developing world, 28% of households have Internet access
4
Getting people online
Internet user penetration should reach 60% worldwide, 50% in developing countries and 15% in Least Developed Countries (LDCs).
Worldwide penetration: 39% Developing country penetration: 31% LDC penetration: 10%
Source: Adapted from Broadband Commission. 2013. The State of Broadband 2013: Universalizing Broadband. Geneva, Switzerland: ITU and UNESCO.
11 http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=269
12 ITU. 2012a “Digital Dividend: Insights for spectrum Decisions.” http://www.itu.int/ITU- D/tech/digital_broadcasting/Reports/DigitalDividend.pdf
13 “ITU and UNESCO announce top-level global Broadband Commission.” 2010. Press Release, May 10. http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2010/18.aspx#.UkamChYR924.
7. 7
A number of global standards have been developed to promote infrastructure development. These include IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced for mobile broadband networks as well as relevant recommendations for broadband telephone (ADSL), fiber optic networks and next generation networks.
The Action Line C2 facilitator has supported eight WSIS Action Line C2 Facilitation Meetings in the framework of WSIS Forums. The meetings have had Ministers, CEOs and other high-level representatives as speakers and panelists, exchanging ideas on best practices, emerging trends and recommendations.
ITU has organized several "Connect Summits" aimed at mobilizing additional funds and new partnerships to attain the WSIS goals, including the development of infrastructure and has also supported countries to develop national wireless broadband plans. Also, within the framework of the Connect the World initiative, ITU is implementing broadband wireless networks and developing ICT applications to provide free or low cost digital access for schools and hospitals, and for underserved populations in rural and remote areas. Within the context of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the ITU has developed guidelines and toolkits to mainstream access and use of ICTs for the disabled.14
4. Conclusions and challenges
The ICT world is a much changed place since the first WSIS in 2003. Basic access to telecommunications has increased dramatically thanks to the rapid take-up of wireless technology. Competitive markets, lower cost of deployment compared to wireline networks, falling device prices and no contract subscription has driven mobile penetration to almost 100 at the end of 2013, up dramatically from 22 in 2003. Nevertheless there remain a significant number of unconnected people with over four billion persons around the world still not using the Internet at the end of 2013.15 In order to extend access, a number of countries have adopted universal access strategies such as extending telecommunications coverage to rural areas. Greater sharing of such strategies is needed to identify best practices in order to accelerate digital inclusion.
Convergence of telecommunications, broadcasting and the Internet has continued unabated over the last decade. Telephone and cable television networks are used to access the Internet while the Internet is delivering audio and video information and entertainment. New devices to access the Internet such as smartphones and tablets which did not exist at the time of the first WSIS allow users to access the Internet anytime and anyplace. However growing IP traffic is straining infrastructure networks, confronting policy makers, regulators, operators and consumers with technical, legal and commercial challenges.
Broadband has emerged as a critical general purpose technology with beneficial social and economic impacts. The Broadband Commission has been established to increase the visibility of broadband in policy making and propose practical strategies for increasing access. It has proposed four key targets for monitoring the take-up of broadband worldwide. Effective regulatory frameworks, enhanced market liberalization, public private partnerships and expanded human capacity development will be needed for many developing countries to achieve the high-speed network targets.
14 http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/PwDs/
15 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
8. 8
Going forward, the world faces three key infrastructure challenges: connecting the unconnected, dealing effectively with ever growing IP traffic and promoting the widespread adoption of ever speedier broadband networks.