Unit VIII Final Research Paper Draft Purpose The purpose of.docxdickonsondorris
Unit VIII Final Research Paper Draft
Purpose:
The purpose of this final draft is to finish the paper you have been working on throughout the course by adding a conclusion and an abstract.
Description:
In this assignment, you will assemble the final draft of your Research Paper you have been working on throughout the course. Your Research Paper Final Draft should include the elements listed below.
Elements:
The grade of your Research Paper Final Draft is largely based on your inclusion of these elements and the overall quality of your writing. Your paper must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Research Paper. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Abstract:
The abstract is a 150-250 word summary of your Research Paper, and it should be written only after you have finished writing the entire paper because how your abstract is worded largely depends on the development of your paper. Your abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent, and readable. Your abstract may be modeled after the theoretical paper model or empirical study model. For information or an example of an abstract, see p. 12 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition) and p. 511 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers. Note that the abstract presented references MLA, but yours should be in APA style. The abstract should be the second page in the paper, after the cover page, and the abstract should be on its own page. The text of the paper itself should begin on page 3. Your abstract must meet the following standards:
• Be 150-250 words • Be located on the second page of your final draft • Have a heading of Abstract that is centered at the top of the page.
3. Introduction:
There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction” on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
4. Review of literature:
The review of literature should be a smooth transition from the introduction of your paper and should present a controlled summary of the conversation surrounding your topic.
5. Body paragraphs:
Each paragraph of the body of your Research Paper should be a cohesive unit. It should be tight, but developed. It should serve a function, and its purpose should always be to bolster the thesis. Therefore, you should use the following order for each paragraph in the body.
a. Topic sentence: This sentence summarizes the entire paragraph in one strong, well-written sentence, and it dir ...
When you’re undertaking tertiary study there are often a lot of assignments and writing to do, which can be daunting at first. The most important thing to remember is to start - and start early. This presentation was made based on an article published on Open Polytechnic NZ.
Unit VIII Final Research Paper Draft Purpose The purpose of.docxdickonsondorris
Unit VIII Final Research Paper Draft
Purpose:
The purpose of this final draft is to finish the paper you have been working on throughout the course by adding a conclusion and an abstract.
Description:
In this assignment, you will assemble the final draft of your Research Paper you have been working on throughout the course. Your Research Paper Final Draft should include the elements listed below.
Elements:
The grade of your Research Paper Final Draft is largely based on your inclusion of these elements and the overall quality of your writing. Your paper must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Research Paper. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Abstract:
The abstract is a 150-250 word summary of your Research Paper, and it should be written only after you have finished writing the entire paper because how your abstract is worded largely depends on the development of your paper. Your abstract should be accurate, self-contained, concise and specific, non-evaluative, coherent, and readable. Your abstract may be modeled after the theoretical paper model or empirical study model. For information or an example of an abstract, see p. 12 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition) and p. 511 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers. Note that the abstract presented references MLA, but yours should be in APA style. The abstract should be the second page in the paper, after the cover page, and the abstract should be on its own page. The text of the paper itself should begin on page 3. Your abstract must meet the following standards:
• Be 150-250 words • Be located on the second page of your final draft • Have a heading of Abstract that is centered at the top of the page.
3. Introduction:
There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction” on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
4. Review of literature:
The review of literature should be a smooth transition from the introduction of your paper and should present a controlled summary of the conversation surrounding your topic.
5. Body paragraphs:
Each paragraph of the body of your Research Paper should be a cohesive unit. It should be tight, but developed. It should serve a function, and its purpose should always be to bolster the thesis. Therefore, you should use the following order for each paragraph in the body.
a. Topic sentence: This sentence summarizes the entire paragraph in one strong, well-written sentence, and it dir ...
When you’re undertaking tertiary study there are often a lot of assignments and writing to do, which can be daunting at first. The most important thing to remember is to start - and start early. This presentation was made based on an article published on Open Polytechnic NZ.
WRITING AN ANALYTIC ESSAY The analytic essay goes beyond .docxericbrooks84875
WRITING AN ANALYTIC ESSAY
The analytic essay goes beyond simple summary and description. Rather than telling the reader the
facts of the situation, the analytic essay demands that you examine information and evaluate it. Put
another way, the analytic essay does not simply ask what, where and when; it asks why and how.
High School Essays University-level Essays
�Topic often broad or general �In-depth analysis of focused topic
�Thesis must be stated in one sentence �Thesis indicates that the essay will explain and give
evidence for its claims, but no specific length
�Five-paragraph essay with three main points �No fixed format; the number of paragraphs depends
on the argument
�Introduction (with thesis statement), body, and
conclusion
�Introduction (with thesis statement), body, and
conclusion
Getting Started
The first step in writing an analytic essay is ensuring that you have read through the material critically
and carefully. It is important to know exactly what the author is saying and why. The second step is
ensuring that you understand the assignment and what you need to complete it.
1. Read the assignment prompt very carefully. Be aware of the differences between “consider,”
“explain,” and “evaluate.”
2. Select a topic and brainstorm around it. Try to come up with as many ideas as possible that
relate to the assignment.
3. Highlight the best ideas from opposing perspectives.
4. Decide which perspective you want to defend.
5. Develop a working thesis.
6. Identify the areas you will discuss in order to defend or explain your thesis, and what your point
will be with regard to each area.
Developing the Analysis
Once you have developed a working thesis and a list of points that need to be discussed, it is
important to assess whether your thesis is defensible and which points support it and which detract
from it.
1. Focus on quality, not quantity. There may be dozens of reasons that support your view. Pick
only the best.
2. Consider opposing viewpoints and possible reasons for defending them. Are any of these
reasons compelling? If so, why? If not, why not?
3. Revise and rethink your thesis as various arguments or interpretations emerge. You may have
to try different—even opposite—conclusions before you can be sure that your position is the
best one.
Structuring the Essay
There are many different ways to structure an analytic essay. Which structure is best depends on the
type of essay, the main goals of the essay and the discipline for which it is written. Here are some
examples of alternative structures:
Introduction (Including thesis
statement)
Main Position
Alternative Perspectives
A
B
C
Defense of Main Position
A
B
C
Conclusion
Introduction (Including thesis statement)
Alternative Perspectives
A
B
C
Reasons why Alternative Perspectives are
Wrong
A
.
Pages: 2
Topic: Vietnam war
Style: Chicago
Sources: 5
Level: College
Subject:
Language: U.S
Instructions
hi
prompts 2 is the best and the easy one out of the 3. " the vietnam war"
thanks.
1302-3001Assignment #4
Student Essay
Background Information
Creating an argument through the use of historical evidence is one of the key skills you should develop in this course.
As this is our second essay, you should feel more comfortable with writinga well-polished essay.Just as with our previous essay, I am giving you multiple prompts to choose from as well as additional information that should help you feel more confident in writing an effective essay.
Directions
Please chose
one
of the following prompts to write a 600+ word essay. Your essay should create an argument to fully answer the question and draw any conclusions that may be substantiated by data. You need to incorporate historical evidence such as people, events, legislation, etc. to support your conclusions. To prepare for this essay, I am including directions on writing an outline. Students need to turn in their outlines with their essay.
This essay is due in the dropbox by 11:55pm Tuesday, July 7
th
.
Writing Prompts
1.American prosperity in the 1950s birthed a new era of consumerism. Evaluate the changing political, social, cultural, and economic landscape within the nation that led to this new “consumer culture.” Be sure to include analysis on groups that did not partake in this prosperity.
2.
Analyze the Vietnam War. Explain how and why the Vietnam War brought turmoil to American society and eventually drove Johnson and the divided Democrats from power in 1968.
3.
Analyze post-WWII civil rights as it applied to two of the following:
African Americans
Homosexuals
Women
Native Americans
Hispanic Americans
Grading
This essay is worth
100
points and will be graded as follows:
-
20
points for a well developed thesis that fully addresses the prompt
-
50
points for content (accurate, thorough, and effective use of evidence to prove thesis)
-
10
points for writing style (Chicago format, grammar, and proof reading)
-
10
points for your works cited and footnotes (your essay must include at least four sources, (you may use your textbook as one of your sources)
-
10
points for your outline (include at the end of the document. It can be typed or hand-written and scanned)
How to write successful essays for History 1302
Different Types of Essays
In your history courses you might write different types of essays.
Most of them involve description of events, discussion of ideas, summarization of information, and analysis or evaluation.
Analysis might involve classifying, comparing and contrasting, explaining causes and effects, exploring a topic's history, or describing a process.
Or, you might be asked to write an essay that explains the effects of something: the effects of a war, of a law, of a social movement.
Sometimes you may need to take a stan.
Annotating & SummarizingSo that your reader can, like, underst.docxjustine1simpson78276
Annotating & Summarizing
So that your reader can, like, understand what you are talking about
Structure of the Research Paper
Intro
Sets up and develops the major (overall) claim of the paper
Major claim: last few sentences of paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Topic sentences: sub-claims
Uses evidence to support the sub-claim
Conclusion
Articulates the implications (or stakes) of the research
Uses analysis to explain how the evidence supports the sub-claim
Connects paragraphs to show how the major claim develops
Connects the claim to a larger context
Can ask new questions or suggest ideas for further research
Body Paragraphs
Argument
Summarize relevant research
Analyze and interpret the research
Annotating Scholarly Articles
STEP 1: BEFORE YOU BEGIN
Establish your purpose
Imagine the writing situation
Skim and scan – headings, visuals, footnotes, references
Pre-reading gives you a lot of information right off the bat!
STEP 2: GET A TASTE OF THE ARGUMENT
Read the abstract
Read the first and last sentence of paragraphs
Read the conclusion
What have you learned about this article thus far?
STEP 3: READ THE TEXT
Annotate
Read ACTIVELY
Use your pen!
Circle, underline, star
Look up words
Leave marginal comments
Have a conversation with the text!
Step 4: After reading
Annotation Matrix
Write a summary
Reflect: How will you write about this source strategically for the paper?
Don’t assume you’ll remember later: leave yourself a trail of clues!
Summary Definition
A summary is an objective, condensed, accurate description of an original work (an article, essay, report, etc)
Think of your audience! They know nothing and you know everything: teach them!
Use your own words
Main arguments, main supporting ideas, and main analyses
The summary is specific and precise
NO personal opinion
Be strategic: the summary precedes your analysis in the research paper
USE YOUR OWN WORDS
Copying and pasting the same words without citing them = plagiarism
Using just a few of the same words without citing them = plagiarism
Changing a few words and keeping the sentence structure in tact = plagiarism
Changing every other word by replacing them with synonyms = plagiarism
Step 1
Read slowly and carefully, annotating as you read.
main arguments
main pieces of evidence
main analyses
how the writer develops their argument
stakes/implications
keywords
Step 2
Outline the text in a short, bullet-point list.
USE YOUR OWN WORDS in the outline to prevent plagiarism
Outline in chronological order: write out the main ideas in each paragraph, going in the order they were written
Only write out the main, major, or central ideas, arguments, analyses, and pieces of evidence
Make decisions about what’s most important to get across to your reader
Step 3
Turn your outline into a narrative summary
Write a first draft from your outline.
1. Essay-writing Essay The word Essay is defined in The Concise O.docxambersalomon88660
1. Essay-writing Essay The word Essay is defined in "The Concise Oxford Dictionary" as "a literary composition (usually prose and short) on any subject.“ It is a written composition giving expression to one's own personal ideas or opinions on some topic; but the term usually covers also any written composition, whether it expresses personal opinions, or gives information on any given subject, or details of a narrative or description.
2. Characteristics of Essay-writing A good essay must contain the following characteristics: Unity Order Brevity Style Personal Touch An essay must be a unity, treating in an orderly manner of one subject; it should be concisely written and not too long, and the style should by simple, direct and clear; and it should have an individuality, or show the personal touch of the writer.
3. Classification of Essay-Writing Essays may be classified as: Narrative Descriptive Expository Reflective Imaginative
4. Classification of Essay- Writing(cont’d) Narrative: In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. While telling a story may sound easy to do, the narrative essay challenges students to think and write about themselves. When writing a narrative essay, writers should try to involve the reader by making the story as vivid as possible. Descriptive: A descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show through the use of colorful words and sensory details.
5. Classification of Essay- Writing(cont’d) Expository: In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Reflective: A reflective essay consists of reflections or thoughts on some topic, which is generally of an abstract nature; for example; (a) habits, qualities, (b) social, political and domestic topics (c) philosophical subjects, (d) religious and theological topics.
6. Classification of Essay- Writing(cont’d) Imaginative :Essays on subjects such as the feelings and experiences of the sailor wrecked on a desert island may be called imaginative Essays. In such the writer is called to place himself in imagination in a position of which he has had no actual experience. Such subjects as "If I were a king," or "The autobiography of a horse," would call for imaginative essays.
7. Overview of Essay-Writing
8. How to write an effective essay? Every essay has a beginning, a middle and an end. In a 5 paragraph essay, the first paragraph is called the introduction. The next three paragraphs consist of the body of the essay. The fifth and final paragraph is the concl.
1 How to Write a Analytical Essay Writing an analyti.docxhoney725342
1
How to Write a Analytical Essay
Writing an analytical essay can seem daunting, especially if you've never done it before. Don't
worry! Take a deep breath, buy yourself a caffeinated beverage, and follow these steps to create
a well-crafted analytical essay.
What do you want to analyze?
Your analysis must have the following four sections:
Introduction
Summary
Analysis
Conclusion (optional)
Part 1: Prewriting your essay
1. Understand the objective of an analytical essay. An analytical essay means you will
need to present some type of argument, or claim, about what you are analyzing. Most
often you will have to analyze another piece of writing or a film, but you could also be
asked to analyze an issue, or an idea. To do this, you must break the topic down into parts
and provide evidence, either from the text/film or from your own research, that supports
your claim.
For example, "Stanley Kubrick's The Shining uses a repeating motif of Native American
culture and art to comment on America's history of colonizing Native Americans' lands" is an
analytical thesis. It is analyzing a particular text and setting forth an argument about it in the
form of a thesis statement.
2. Decide what to write about. If you are writing this for a class, your teacher will
generally assign you a topic (or topics) to write about. Read the prompt carefully. What is
the prompt asking you to do? However, sometimes you will have to come up with your
own topic.
If you're writing an analytical essay about a work of fiction, you could focus your
argument on what motivates a specific character or group of characters. Or, you could
argue why a certain line or paragraph is central to the work as a whole. For example:
Explore the concept of vengeance in the epic poem Beowulf.
If you're writing about a historical event, try focusing on the forces that contributed to
what happened.
If you're writing about scientific research or findings, analyze your results.
2
3. Brainstorm. You may not immediately know what your thesis statement should be, even
once you've chosen your topic. That's okay! Doing some brainstorming can help you
discover what you think about your topic. Consider it from as many angles as you can.
[2]
Look for repeated imagery, metaphors, phrases, or ideas. Things that repeat are often
important. See if you can decipher why these things are so crucial. Do they repeat in the
same way each time, or differently?
How does the text work? If you're writing a rhetorical analysis, for example, you might
analyze how the author uses logical appeals to support her argument and decide whether
you think the argument is effective. If you're analyzing a creative work, consider things
like imagery, visuals in a film, etc. If you're analyzing research, you may want to
consider the methods and results and analyze whether the experiment is a good design.
A mind map can be hel ...
Unit VII Research Paper Draft 3 Follow the directions below for .docxdickonsondorris
Unit VII Research Paper Draft 3
Follow the directions below for the completion of your Research Paper Draft 3 (introduction, review of literature, and body) for Unit VII. If you have questions, please email your professor for assistance. As always, you may also seek out the guidance of the Success Center; the tutors are always there to assist you with your writing and comprehension. You may
submit writing assignments to the Success Center by using a “Writing Center Request form” located on the myCSU Student Portal. To submit a “Writing Center Request form,” log into the myCSU Student Portal, click on “Success Center,” and then click on “Tutoring.” If you have questions concerning APA or your writing assignment, you can contact the Success Center at [email protected]or by phone at ext. 6538.
Purpose:
The purpose of Draft 3 is to build upon Draft 2 and to move your drafting process forward so that you can add a body, conclusion, and abstract to your paper, making it a cohesive, whole academic paper.
Description:
In this assignment, you will take Draft 2 (introduction and review of literature), written in Unit VI, and add the body of your paper. Your body paragraphs should contain the six elements indicated below and be developed in an appropriate manner. If the body does not contain these elements, it is likely you have not fully developed the body, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment. You will need to write at least four body paragraphs while incorporating five academic sources for this assignment. The paragraphs should be thorough and cover all the listed elements. Your Draft 3 (introduction, review of literature, and body) should include the elements listed below. With the addition of your Body, you should have a paper that is approximately 7-10 pages long, without the addition of a conclusion or abstract and without counting your cover page or references page.
Elements:
Your grade for Draft 3 is largely based on your inclusion of various elements and the overall quality of your writing. Your Draft 3 must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Draft 3. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Introduction:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 2, revise your introduction. There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction” on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
3. Review of literature:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 1 ...
Last name 1Student NameMy speech topic is about using metaph.docxcroysierkathey
Last name 1
Student Name
My speech topic is about using metaphors in a speech.
20 April 2014
Annotated Bibliography
Aristotle. On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse (2nd ed.). Trans, Kennedy, George. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
Aristotle recommended the use of metaphors when giving a speech because metaphor has clarity, the sweetness of poems and the strangeness of novelty. If the speaker wishes to enhance a thing, Aristotle advises speakers to use a metaphor using something of higher value in the same category; to denigrate a thing, use a metaphor of the same category of lower value. I love the poetic way metaphor was explained.
“Metaphor.” Literary Devices, 2019, www.literarydevices.net/metaphor/ Accessed 15 July 2019.
This online article explained that a metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two thing that have something(s) in common. One example is “This assignment is a breeze!”
Xu, Xu. “Interpreting Metaphorical Statements.” Journal of Pragmatics 39.2 (2009): 1622-1636. ArticleFirst. Web. 10 March 2010.
This article explained that unfamiliar concepts in a speech can be better understood by using metaphors when B is a widely known concept and A is not. A metaphor is when a speakers say A is B and a simile is when they say A is like B. This experiment found that audiences perceive a stronger connection to A, when a metaphor was used (A pen is a sword), than when a simile was used (A pen is like a sword).
REQUIREMENTS
1. Formal Outline: You will be required to turn in a full-sentence outline complete with in-text citations and a works cited page on the day of your speech.
2. Sources: Minimum of 3 (three) orally cited sources from at least 2 types of research with 1 being a journal article from CPP library portal. This means that if you cite all web sites, you do not meet the assignment requirements. For example: 1 newspaper article, 1 peer reviewed or industry specific journal article, and 1 pamphlet OR 1 government (.gov) or university (.edu) web site article, 1.book.
a. Sources must be heard during the speech
b. Cited in the text of the outline (called in-text citation)
c. Work Cited page
· You may use either citation MLA or APA format (do not mix the two formats)
INFORMATIVE SPEECH WORKSHEET
This worksheet is meant to be a simple guide to helping you prepare your presentation (written) outline for your speech. Keep in mind, the contents will differ from student to student, depending on your topic/organizational pattern but the “parts” or the sections should be very similar. I expect ALL parts to be included in your final outline, typed out and checked for grammar/spelling/punctuation.
Informative speeches are meant to present NEW information to your audience. So, you may think of yourself as “teacher for a day.” You may select any Cal Poly Pomona service, activity, or club that benefits students: LRC, confidential survivor advocate, sorority, health center, psychology services, c ...
WRITING AN ANALYTIC ESSAY The analytic essay goes beyond .docxericbrooks84875
WRITING AN ANALYTIC ESSAY
The analytic essay goes beyond simple summary and description. Rather than telling the reader the
facts of the situation, the analytic essay demands that you examine information and evaluate it. Put
another way, the analytic essay does not simply ask what, where and when; it asks why and how.
High School Essays University-level Essays
�Topic often broad or general �In-depth analysis of focused topic
�Thesis must be stated in one sentence �Thesis indicates that the essay will explain and give
evidence for its claims, but no specific length
�Five-paragraph essay with three main points �No fixed format; the number of paragraphs depends
on the argument
�Introduction (with thesis statement), body, and
conclusion
�Introduction (with thesis statement), body, and
conclusion
Getting Started
The first step in writing an analytic essay is ensuring that you have read through the material critically
and carefully. It is important to know exactly what the author is saying and why. The second step is
ensuring that you understand the assignment and what you need to complete it.
1. Read the assignment prompt very carefully. Be aware of the differences between “consider,”
“explain,” and “evaluate.”
2. Select a topic and brainstorm around it. Try to come up with as many ideas as possible that
relate to the assignment.
3. Highlight the best ideas from opposing perspectives.
4. Decide which perspective you want to defend.
5. Develop a working thesis.
6. Identify the areas you will discuss in order to defend or explain your thesis, and what your point
will be with regard to each area.
Developing the Analysis
Once you have developed a working thesis and a list of points that need to be discussed, it is
important to assess whether your thesis is defensible and which points support it and which detract
from it.
1. Focus on quality, not quantity. There may be dozens of reasons that support your view. Pick
only the best.
2. Consider opposing viewpoints and possible reasons for defending them. Are any of these
reasons compelling? If so, why? If not, why not?
3. Revise and rethink your thesis as various arguments or interpretations emerge. You may have
to try different—even opposite—conclusions before you can be sure that your position is the
best one.
Structuring the Essay
There are many different ways to structure an analytic essay. Which structure is best depends on the
type of essay, the main goals of the essay and the discipline for which it is written. Here are some
examples of alternative structures:
Introduction (Including thesis
statement)
Main Position
Alternative Perspectives
A
B
C
Defense of Main Position
A
B
C
Conclusion
Introduction (Including thesis statement)
Alternative Perspectives
A
B
C
Reasons why Alternative Perspectives are
Wrong
A
.
Pages: 2
Topic: Vietnam war
Style: Chicago
Sources: 5
Level: College
Subject:
Language: U.S
Instructions
hi
prompts 2 is the best and the easy one out of the 3. " the vietnam war"
thanks.
1302-3001Assignment #4
Student Essay
Background Information
Creating an argument through the use of historical evidence is one of the key skills you should develop in this course.
As this is our second essay, you should feel more comfortable with writinga well-polished essay.Just as with our previous essay, I am giving you multiple prompts to choose from as well as additional information that should help you feel more confident in writing an effective essay.
Directions
Please chose
one
of the following prompts to write a 600+ word essay. Your essay should create an argument to fully answer the question and draw any conclusions that may be substantiated by data. You need to incorporate historical evidence such as people, events, legislation, etc. to support your conclusions. To prepare for this essay, I am including directions on writing an outline. Students need to turn in their outlines with their essay.
This essay is due in the dropbox by 11:55pm Tuesday, July 7
th
.
Writing Prompts
1.American prosperity in the 1950s birthed a new era of consumerism. Evaluate the changing political, social, cultural, and economic landscape within the nation that led to this new “consumer culture.” Be sure to include analysis on groups that did not partake in this prosperity.
2.
Analyze the Vietnam War. Explain how and why the Vietnam War brought turmoil to American society and eventually drove Johnson and the divided Democrats from power in 1968.
3.
Analyze post-WWII civil rights as it applied to two of the following:
African Americans
Homosexuals
Women
Native Americans
Hispanic Americans
Grading
This essay is worth
100
points and will be graded as follows:
-
20
points for a well developed thesis that fully addresses the prompt
-
50
points for content (accurate, thorough, and effective use of evidence to prove thesis)
-
10
points for writing style (Chicago format, grammar, and proof reading)
-
10
points for your works cited and footnotes (your essay must include at least four sources, (you may use your textbook as one of your sources)
-
10
points for your outline (include at the end of the document. It can be typed or hand-written and scanned)
How to write successful essays for History 1302
Different Types of Essays
In your history courses you might write different types of essays.
Most of them involve description of events, discussion of ideas, summarization of information, and analysis or evaluation.
Analysis might involve classifying, comparing and contrasting, explaining causes and effects, exploring a topic's history, or describing a process.
Or, you might be asked to write an essay that explains the effects of something: the effects of a war, of a law, of a social movement.
Sometimes you may need to take a stan.
Annotating & SummarizingSo that your reader can, like, underst.docxjustine1simpson78276
Annotating & Summarizing
So that your reader can, like, understand what you are talking about
Structure of the Research Paper
Intro
Sets up and develops the major (overall) claim of the paper
Major claim: last few sentences of paragraph
Body Paragraphs
Topic sentences: sub-claims
Uses evidence to support the sub-claim
Conclusion
Articulates the implications (or stakes) of the research
Uses analysis to explain how the evidence supports the sub-claim
Connects paragraphs to show how the major claim develops
Connects the claim to a larger context
Can ask new questions or suggest ideas for further research
Body Paragraphs
Argument
Summarize relevant research
Analyze and interpret the research
Annotating Scholarly Articles
STEP 1: BEFORE YOU BEGIN
Establish your purpose
Imagine the writing situation
Skim and scan – headings, visuals, footnotes, references
Pre-reading gives you a lot of information right off the bat!
STEP 2: GET A TASTE OF THE ARGUMENT
Read the abstract
Read the first and last sentence of paragraphs
Read the conclusion
What have you learned about this article thus far?
STEP 3: READ THE TEXT
Annotate
Read ACTIVELY
Use your pen!
Circle, underline, star
Look up words
Leave marginal comments
Have a conversation with the text!
Step 4: After reading
Annotation Matrix
Write a summary
Reflect: How will you write about this source strategically for the paper?
Don’t assume you’ll remember later: leave yourself a trail of clues!
Summary Definition
A summary is an objective, condensed, accurate description of an original work (an article, essay, report, etc)
Think of your audience! They know nothing and you know everything: teach them!
Use your own words
Main arguments, main supporting ideas, and main analyses
The summary is specific and precise
NO personal opinion
Be strategic: the summary precedes your analysis in the research paper
USE YOUR OWN WORDS
Copying and pasting the same words without citing them = plagiarism
Using just a few of the same words without citing them = plagiarism
Changing a few words and keeping the sentence structure in tact = plagiarism
Changing every other word by replacing them with synonyms = plagiarism
Step 1
Read slowly and carefully, annotating as you read.
main arguments
main pieces of evidence
main analyses
how the writer develops their argument
stakes/implications
keywords
Step 2
Outline the text in a short, bullet-point list.
USE YOUR OWN WORDS in the outline to prevent plagiarism
Outline in chronological order: write out the main ideas in each paragraph, going in the order they were written
Only write out the main, major, or central ideas, arguments, analyses, and pieces of evidence
Make decisions about what’s most important to get across to your reader
Step 3
Turn your outline into a narrative summary
Write a first draft from your outline.
1. Essay-writing Essay The word Essay is defined in The Concise O.docxambersalomon88660
1. Essay-writing Essay The word Essay is defined in "The Concise Oxford Dictionary" as "a literary composition (usually prose and short) on any subject.“ It is a written composition giving expression to one's own personal ideas or opinions on some topic; but the term usually covers also any written composition, whether it expresses personal opinions, or gives information on any given subject, or details of a narrative or description.
2. Characteristics of Essay-writing A good essay must contain the following characteristics: Unity Order Brevity Style Personal Touch An essay must be a unity, treating in an orderly manner of one subject; it should be concisely written and not too long, and the style should by simple, direct and clear; and it should have an individuality, or show the personal touch of the writer.
3. Classification of Essay-Writing Essays may be classified as: Narrative Descriptive Expository Reflective Imaginative
4. Classification of Essay- Writing(cont’d) Narrative: In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. While telling a story may sound easy to do, the narrative essay challenges students to think and write about themselves. When writing a narrative essay, writers should try to involve the reader by making the story as vivid as possible. Descriptive: A descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show through the use of colorful words and sensory details.
5. Classification of Essay- Writing(cont’d) Expository: In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Reflective: A reflective essay consists of reflections or thoughts on some topic, which is generally of an abstract nature; for example; (a) habits, qualities, (b) social, political and domestic topics (c) philosophical subjects, (d) religious and theological topics.
6. Classification of Essay- Writing(cont’d) Imaginative :Essays on subjects such as the feelings and experiences of the sailor wrecked on a desert island may be called imaginative Essays. In such the writer is called to place himself in imagination in a position of which he has had no actual experience. Such subjects as "If I were a king," or "The autobiography of a horse," would call for imaginative essays.
7. Overview of Essay-Writing
8. How to write an effective essay? Every essay has a beginning, a middle and an end. In a 5 paragraph essay, the first paragraph is called the introduction. The next three paragraphs consist of the body of the essay. The fifth and final paragraph is the concl.
1 How to Write a Analytical Essay Writing an analyti.docxhoney725342
1
How to Write a Analytical Essay
Writing an analytical essay can seem daunting, especially if you've never done it before. Don't
worry! Take a deep breath, buy yourself a caffeinated beverage, and follow these steps to create
a well-crafted analytical essay.
What do you want to analyze?
Your analysis must have the following four sections:
Introduction
Summary
Analysis
Conclusion (optional)
Part 1: Prewriting your essay
1. Understand the objective of an analytical essay. An analytical essay means you will
need to present some type of argument, or claim, about what you are analyzing. Most
often you will have to analyze another piece of writing or a film, but you could also be
asked to analyze an issue, or an idea. To do this, you must break the topic down into parts
and provide evidence, either from the text/film or from your own research, that supports
your claim.
For example, "Stanley Kubrick's The Shining uses a repeating motif of Native American
culture and art to comment on America's history of colonizing Native Americans' lands" is an
analytical thesis. It is analyzing a particular text and setting forth an argument about it in the
form of a thesis statement.
2. Decide what to write about. If you are writing this for a class, your teacher will
generally assign you a topic (or topics) to write about. Read the prompt carefully. What is
the prompt asking you to do? However, sometimes you will have to come up with your
own topic.
If you're writing an analytical essay about a work of fiction, you could focus your
argument on what motivates a specific character or group of characters. Or, you could
argue why a certain line or paragraph is central to the work as a whole. For example:
Explore the concept of vengeance in the epic poem Beowulf.
If you're writing about a historical event, try focusing on the forces that contributed to
what happened.
If you're writing about scientific research or findings, analyze your results.
2
3. Brainstorm. You may not immediately know what your thesis statement should be, even
once you've chosen your topic. That's okay! Doing some brainstorming can help you
discover what you think about your topic. Consider it from as many angles as you can.
[2]
Look for repeated imagery, metaphors, phrases, or ideas. Things that repeat are often
important. See if you can decipher why these things are so crucial. Do they repeat in the
same way each time, or differently?
How does the text work? If you're writing a rhetorical analysis, for example, you might
analyze how the author uses logical appeals to support her argument and decide whether
you think the argument is effective. If you're analyzing a creative work, consider things
like imagery, visuals in a film, etc. If you're analyzing research, you may want to
consider the methods and results and analyze whether the experiment is a good design.
A mind map can be hel ...
Unit VII Research Paper Draft 3 Follow the directions below for .docxdickonsondorris
Unit VII Research Paper Draft 3
Follow the directions below for the completion of your Research Paper Draft 3 (introduction, review of literature, and body) for Unit VII. If you have questions, please email your professor for assistance. As always, you may also seek out the guidance of the Success Center; the tutors are always there to assist you with your writing and comprehension. You may
submit writing assignments to the Success Center by using a “Writing Center Request form” located on the myCSU Student Portal. To submit a “Writing Center Request form,” log into the myCSU Student Portal, click on “Success Center,” and then click on “Tutoring.” If you have questions concerning APA or your writing assignment, you can contact the Success Center at [email protected]or by phone at ext. 6538.
Purpose:
The purpose of Draft 3 is to build upon Draft 2 and to move your drafting process forward so that you can add a body, conclusion, and abstract to your paper, making it a cohesive, whole academic paper.
Description:
In this assignment, you will take Draft 2 (introduction and review of literature), written in Unit VI, and add the body of your paper. Your body paragraphs should contain the six elements indicated below and be developed in an appropriate manner. If the body does not contain these elements, it is likely you have not fully developed the body, and this lack of development can severely impact your grade for this assignment. You will need to write at least four body paragraphs while incorporating five academic sources for this assignment. The paragraphs should be thorough and cover all the listed elements. Your Draft 3 (introduction, review of literature, and body) should include the elements listed below. With the addition of your Body, you should have a paper that is approximately 7-10 pages long, without the addition of a conclusion or abstract and without counting your cover page or references page.
Elements:
Your grade for Draft 3 is largely based on your inclusion of various elements and the overall quality of your writing. Your Draft 3 must contain the following elements.
1. Cover page and APA formatting:
You should include an APA-style cover page for your Draft 3. See the example on page 16 of The CSU APA Guide (6th edition). Your cover page should include the following: the title of your paper, your name, and the name of your university (Columbia Southern University). The running head should include up to 50 characters from the title of the paper, along with a sequential page number in the upper right-hand corner.
2. Introduction:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 2, revise your introduction. There are some pitfalls to writing an introductory paragraph, and you can avoid some of them by reading through the Checklist: “Avoid Certain Mistakes in the Introduction” on p. 495 of Strategies for Writing Successful Research Papers.
3. Review of literature:
Using the comments that you received on your Draft 1 ...
Last name 1Student NameMy speech topic is about using metaph.docxcroysierkathey
Last name 1
Student Name
My speech topic is about using metaphors in a speech.
20 April 2014
Annotated Bibliography
Aristotle. On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse (2nd ed.). Trans, Kennedy, George. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
Aristotle recommended the use of metaphors when giving a speech because metaphor has clarity, the sweetness of poems and the strangeness of novelty. If the speaker wishes to enhance a thing, Aristotle advises speakers to use a metaphor using something of higher value in the same category; to denigrate a thing, use a metaphor of the same category of lower value. I love the poetic way metaphor was explained.
“Metaphor.” Literary Devices, 2019, www.literarydevices.net/metaphor/ Accessed 15 July 2019.
This online article explained that a metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two thing that have something(s) in common. One example is “This assignment is a breeze!”
Xu, Xu. “Interpreting Metaphorical Statements.” Journal of Pragmatics 39.2 (2009): 1622-1636. ArticleFirst. Web. 10 March 2010.
This article explained that unfamiliar concepts in a speech can be better understood by using metaphors when B is a widely known concept and A is not. A metaphor is when a speakers say A is B and a simile is when they say A is like B. This experiment found that audiences perceive a stronger connection to A, when a metaphor was used (A pen is a sword), than when a simile was used (A pen is like a sword).
REQUIREMENTS
1. Formal Outline: You will be required to turn in a full-sentence outline complete with in-text citations and a works cited page on the day of your speech.
2. Sources: Minimum of 3 (three) orally cited sources from at least 2 types of research with 1 being a journal article from CPP library portal. This means that if you cite all web sites, you do not meet the assignment requirements. For example: 1 newspaper article, 1 peer reviewed or industry specific journal article, and 1 pamphlet OR 1 government (.gov) or university (.edu) web site article, 1.book.
a. Sources must be heard during the speech
b. Cited in the text of the outline (called in-text citation)
c. Work Cited page
· You may use either citation MLA or APA format (do not mix the two formats)
INFORMATIVE SPEECH WORKSHEET
This worksheet is meant to be a simple guide to helping you prepare your presentation (written) outline for your speech. Keep in mind, the contents will differ from student to student, depending on your topic/organizational pattern but the “parts” or the sections should be very similar. I expect ALL parts to be included in your final outline, typed out and checked for grammar/spelling/punctuation.
Informative speeches are meant to present NEW information to your audience. So, you may think of yourself as “teacher for a day.” You may select any Cal Poly Pomona service, activity, or club that benefits students: LRC, confidential survivor advocate, sorority, health center, psychology services, c ...
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. WHAT ABOUT ACADEMIC
WRITING
Writing
1. to provide clear evidence, being open-
minded, and disciplined in study.
2. with the dominance of reason over
emotions or sensual perception.
3. to an imagined reader who is coolly
rational, reading for information, and
intending to formulate a reasoned response.
3. ACADEMIC WRITING IS
IMPERSONAL:
E.g It could be argued that…….(correct)
Instead of
I can argue that………….. (wrong)
The writer looks at the issue………(wrong)
The writer examines the issue……..(right)
4. ESSAYS
DEFINITION
A piece of writing written to convince someone of
something or to simply inform the reader about a
particular topic
5. TYPES OF ESSAYS
Narrative- telling a story
Descriptive- painting a picture
Expository- requires the student to investigate, evaluate
evidence, expound and set forth an argument
Persuasive- convincing
8. LENGTH OF ESSAYS
Usually between1,000 and 5,000 words.
You must keep to this limit, although
deviations of 5 per cent more or less are
generally acceptable.
At planning stage
you need to consider what proportion of the
essay to allocate to each part of the question.
9. As a basic guide, 20 per cent is usually
sufficient for the introduction and
conclusion together (references are not
included in the word count).
Therefore, in a 2,000 word essay the main
body would have 1,600 words.
11. OUTLINING AN ESSAY
Depends on the key words in the
question.
Example: ‘Describe the typical social,
cultural and environmental impacts
experienced by tourist destinations in
developing countries.’ ‘How can
harmful impacts be reduced or
avoided?’
12. KEY WORDS
1. Social impacts
• increase in variety of jobs available
• price inflation
• new range of business opportunities
2. Cultural impacts
• new patterns of dress and behaviour may
cause problems
• market for traditional crafts and/or rituals
grows
13. KEY WORDS
3. Environmental impacts
• increased pressure on limited resources,
e.g. water
• loss of natural habitat to building projects
• provision of new infrastructure, e.g. roads
14. IDENTIFY THE KEY WORDS
‘How can harmful impacts be reduced or
avoided?’
15. INTRODUCTION
Its your response to the essay question
Written to attract reading
It states the purpose and goals of the writing
Gives background information on the issue
or question addressed
it clearly outlines the answer or position,
contention, thesis or main argument
16. 1.broad overview of
topic
2. background
3. Thesis (argument
towards end of
introduction)
4. relevant
information
5.Try to avoid
clichés.
6. Don’t feel
pressured to write
your intro first
7. Make it
interesting
8. Show Outline
17. MAIN BODY
The Key words lead to the breakdown of the
main body into paragraphs
This depends on the subtitles under the key
words
Create an outline of the main body guided by
key words and subtitles
Estimate the number of words per segment
18. EXAMPLE
Number of words
Social Impact 300
Cultural impact 200
Environmental Impact 350
Reducing harmful social impacts 250
Reducing harmful cultural
impacts
250
Reducing harmful environmental
impacts
250
19. ORGANISING PARAGRAPHS
Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of
academic writing.
Well-structured paragraphs help the reader
understand the topic more easily by dividing
up the argument into convenient sections.
20. We will look at:
• the components of paragraphs
• the way the components are linked together
• the linkage between paragraphs in the
overall text
21. (a) A paragraph:-
a group of sentences that deal with a
single topic.
(b) The length of paragraph- no less than
four or five sentences.
(c) First sentence introduces the topic.
Other sentences may give
definitions, examples, information, reasons,
restatements and summaries.
22. PARAGRAPHS
A paragraph is a mini essay with a three-
part structure:
1.topic sentence (also known as
introductory sentence)
2. body of the paragraph
3. concluding sentence (necessary for
long paragraphs but otherwise optional).
23. TOPIC SENTENCE
The topic sentence introduces a general
overview of the topic and the purpose of the
paragraph.
The topic sentence answers the question
'what's the paragraph about?'.
24. BODY OF THE PARAGRAPH
The body of the paragraph develops this
topic.
It may elaborate directly on the topic
sentence by giving definitions,
classifications, explanations, contrasts,
examples and evidence.
25. CONCLUDING SENTENCE
The final sentence in many, but not all,
paragraphs is the concluding sentence.
It does not present new information, but
often either summarises or comments on the
paragraph content.
26. It can also provide a link, by showing how
the paragraph links to the topic sentence of
the next paragraph.
The concluding sentence often answers the
question ‘so what?’, by explaining how this
paragraph relates back to the main topic.
27. COHESION IN PARAGRAPHS
Each new paragraph begins with a phrase
that links it to the previous paragraph, in
order to maintain continuity of argument:
28. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES
Despite this (i.e. the lack of a conclusive link)
All these claims (i.e. arguments in favour of home
ownership)
29. In order to begin a new topic you may use:
Turning to the issue of . . . Rates of infection
must also be examined . . . . . . is another area for
consideration
Paragraphs can also be introduced with adverbs:
Traditionally, few examples were . . .
Finally, the performance of . . .
30. CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion is closely related to the
introduction and is often described as its
‘mirror image’.
This means that if the introduction begins
with general information and ends with
specific information, the conclusion moves in
the opposite direction.
31. A conclusion should provide three main
points of your essay and wrap it up with a
final observation.
Make it interesting to create an impression
on your reader.
Perhaps you may want to end with a
quotation.
32. Never use words like “in conclusion……”
If it’s a research paper, you may indicate the
next topic to be researched on
ends with a more general statement about
how this topic relates to its context.
This may take the form of an evaluation of
the importance of the topic.
33. FINDING SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
Find a suitable source of information
identify relevant sections of text
select the key points that relate to your topic
make notes on them by writing the idea in your own
words.
34. Record the source of your notes
(useful for writing the list of
references).
Notes are written quickly, so keep them
simple.
Keep your notes organised into clear
headings (underlined) and numbering
systems (a, b, c, or 1, 2, 3,).
35. Use symbols (+, >, = ) to save time.
Use abbreviations (e.g. = for example).
You need to make up your own abbreviations for
your subject area.
But do not abbreviate too much, or you may find
your notes hard to understand in the future!
36. SUMMARISING
The notes are then summarised in own
words
summarising aims to reduce information to a
suitable length
37. PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing means changing the wording of
a text so that it is significantly different from
the original source, without changing the
meaning.
Effective paraphrasing is a key academic skill
needed to avoid the risk of plagiarism:
38. PARAPHRASING
it demonstrates your understanding of a
source.
paraphrasing attempts to restate the relevant
information in own words without losing
meaning
39. LEARNING HOW TO
PARAPHRASE (READ)
Allen (2009) argues that the best explanation
for the British location of the industrial
revolution is found by studying demand
factors.
By the early eighteenth century high wages
and cheap energy were both features of the
British economy.
40. Consequently, the mechanisation of industry
through such inventions as the steam engine
and mechanical spinning was profitable
because employers were able to economise
on labour by spending on coal.
At that time, no other country had this
particular combination of expensive labour
and abundant fuel.
41. PARAPHRASE 1
A focus on demand may help to explain the
UK origin of the industrial revolution. At that
time workers’ pay was high, but energy from
coal was inexpensive. This encouraged the
development of mechanical inventions based
on steam power, which enabled bosses to
save money by mechanising production
(Allen, 2009).
42. PARAPHRASE 2
The reason why Britain was the birthplace of
the industrial revolution can be understood
by analysing demand in the early 1700s,
according to Allen (2009). He maintains
that, uniquely, Britain had the critical
combination of cheap energy from coal and
high labour costs. This encouraged the
adoption of steam power to mechanise
production, thus saving on wages and
increasing profitability.
43. PARAPHRASE 3
Allen (2009) claims that the clearest
explanation for the UK location of the
industrial revolution is seen by examining
demand factors. By the eighteenth century
cheap energy and high wages were both
aspects of the British economy.
As a result, the mechanisation of industry
through inventions such as the steam engine
and mechanical spinning was profitable
because employers were able to save money
on employees by spending on coal. At that
44. FOR EXAMPLE,
the following sentence:
There has been much debate about the
reasons for the industrial revolution
happening in eighteenth-century Britain,
rather than in France or Germany.
could be paraphrased:
Why the industrial revolution occurred in
Britain in the eighteenth century, instead of
on the continent, has been the subject of
considerable discussion.
45. Note that an effective paraphrase usually: •
has a different structure to the original
• has mainly different vocabulary
• retains the same meaning
• keeps some phrases from the original that
are in common use e.g. ‘industrial revolution’
or ‘eighteenth century’
46. TECHNIQUES FOR
PARAPHRASING
(a) Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:
argues > claims
eighteenth century > 1700s
wages > labour costs
economise > saving.
Do not attempt to paraphrase every word, since
some have no true synonyms, e.g. demand,
economy, energy
47. (b) Changing word class:
explanation (n.) > explain (v.)
mechanical (adj.) > mechanise (v.)
profitable (adj.) > profitability (n.)
(c) Changing word order: . . . the best
explanation for the British location of the
industrial revolution is found by studying
demand factors. > A focus on demand may help
explain the UK origin of the industrial
revolution.
48. EXERCISE
FOUR WHEELS GOOD
The growth of the car industry parallels the development
of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany,
but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford
adapted the moving production line from the Chicago
meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing
mass production. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s
management theories helped General Motors to become
the world’s dominant car company.
49. After the second world war the car makers focused on
the styling of their products to encourage more frequent
model changes. From the 1970s there was criticism of
the industry due to the inefficiency of most vehicles,
which used petrol wastefully. At the same time, trades
unions became increasingly militant in defence of their
members’ jobs. Today the industry owns some of the
most famous brands in the world. However, many car
makers are currently threatened by increased
competition and saturated markets
50. FIND SYNONYMS FOR THE
WORDS UNDERLINED
(a). (i) The growth of the car industry parallels the
development of modern capitalism.
Example: The rise of the automobile industry matches
the progress of contemporary capitalism. (ii) It began in
France and Germany, but took off in the United States.
(iii) There Henry Ford adapted the moving production
line from the Chicago meat industry to motor
manufacturing, thus inventing mass production.
51. WRITING STYLES
Writing clearly & persuasively
is a valuable skill
Descriptive: Portrayal of the
main features: “Describe…………..”
Critical/Analytical: A synonym might be “interpretive”
Stating a point, providing evidence, contrasting this
with other evidence, drawing logical conclusions.
“Analyse and discuss…………”
52. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
Descriptive writing is characterized with
descriptions of objects, places, persons,
emotions, experiences, situations, and so on.
You’re asked to analyze something and
paint a picture in words.
53. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
The important thing to remember is that
you’re not writing for the sake of giving
descriptions.
You’re supposed to convey a deeper meaning
through this type of academic writing.
54. FOR EXAMPLE
Here is a scene from War and Peace, where
Tolstoy used descriptive writing style:
“Down below, the little town could be seen
with its white, red-roofed houses, its
cathedral, and its bridge, on both sides of
which streamed jostling masses of Russian
troops.”
55. MY ADDITION
Myriads of screaming voices could be heard as machine
guns erupted one after another. Rubble surmounted into
uneven hills as storey buildings fell in response to
quaking sounds of grenades.
56. EXPOSITORY ESSAY
Most common type of essays
Aims at explaining, informing, or describing
Introduction
Say what you are going to say
Body- evidence based
Say it
Conclusion
Say what you said
57. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
Presents arguments on both sides of an issue.
Structure
1. Introduction
2.Body
3.Counter argument
An argument to refute earlier arguments and give weight
to your actual position
Conclusion
58. CRITICAL ESSAY
The main objective of a critical essay
is to analyze, interpret, and evaluate a
subject from multiple sources to
develop an argument.
It starts by the author expressing his
claims and validating them by
providing citations from primary and
secondary sources.
It is an argument, persuasion essay
that in its broadest sense MAKES A
POINT and SUPPORTS IT.
59. criticizing an object or a text for a
critical essay only means that you
are taking the topic limb by limb to
be able to study its many unique
aspects which can only lead to
thorough understanding.
60. Critical essay can also open novel
ways on how to approach the topic
which can lead to further
appreciation of it.
It doesn’t seek to judge the
content or the quality of the topic
under study, but it assesses it
instead to give way to interpreting
its meaning and grasping its
significance
61. DESCRIPTIVE VERSUS
CRITICAL WRITING
Descriptive writing Critical writing
Reports what happened Evaluates the importance
Hypothesizes why something
happened
Outlines what something is
like
Evaluates the strengths and
weaknesses of something
States evidence Argues using evidence
Explains what a theory says Determines why a theory is
relevant
Quotes, summarizes or
paraphrases
Compares and contrasts views
Considers the relevance or
validity of information from
different writers