Primitive wrappers allow primitive values like integers and floats to be treated as objects by wrapping them in classes like Integer and Float. This allows primitives to be added to collections and returned from methods that return objects. The wrapper classes provide utility methods for converting between primitive types and for converting between primitives and their string representations in different bases like binary and hexadecimal.
Encapsulation isolates the internal complexity of an object's operation from the rest of the application. Inheritance allows one class to reuse the state and behavior of another class. Polymorphism allows a client to treat different objects in the same way even if they were created from different classes and exhibit different behaviors.
vectors.(join ALL INDIA POLYTECHNIC (AICTE)).pptxVivekSharma34623
Vectors implement a dynamic array that can hold objects of any type and number. Vectors are similar to arrays but are synchronized and contain legacy methods like Enumeration and Iterator. Vectors can be created with or without specifying an initial size. Methods like add(), addElement(), and capacity() allow adding elements and retrieving the vector's capacity. Wrapper classes allow primitive types to be used as objects and stored in collections by "wrapping" the primitive in a class like Integer or Float. Boxing and unboxing convert between primitive types and their corresponding wrapper class objects.
This document provides an overview of variables and functions in C++. It discusses basic variable types like integers and strings, and how variable type determines valid operations. It also covers compound types like references and pointers. The document defines functions and their usage, explaining how to write and call functions. Function basics covered include return types, parameters, and defining versus declaring functions. Implicit and explicit type conversions are also summarized.
C/C++ Programming interview questions and answers document discusses key concepts in C++ including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, constructors, destructors, copy constructors, references, virtual functions, abstract classes, and memory alignment. The document provides definitions and examples to explain each concept.
The document discusses Java wrapper classes. Wrapper classes wrap primitive data types like int, double, boolean in objects. This allows primitive types to be used like objects. The main wrapper classes are Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Character, Boolean, Double, Float. They provide methods to convert between primitive types and their wrapper objects. Constructors take primitive values or strings to create wrapper objects. Methods like parseInt() convert strings to primitive types.
Primitive wrappers allow primitive values like integers and floats to be treated as objects by wrapping them in classes like Integer and Float. This allows primitives to be added to collections and returned from methods that return objects. The wrapper classes provide utility methods for converting between primitive types and for converting between primitives and their string representations in different bases like binary and hexadecimal.
Encapsulation isolates the internal complexity of an object's operation from the rest of the application. Inheritance allows one class to reuse the state and behavior of another class. Polymorphism allows a client to treat different objects in the same way even if they were created from different classes and exhibit different behaviors.
vectors.(join ALL INDIA POLYTECHNIC (AICTE)).pptxVivekSharma34623
Vectors implement a dynamic array that can hold objects of any type and number. Vectors are similar to arrays but are synchronized and contain legacy methods like Enumeration and Iterator. Vectors can be created with or without specifying an initial size. Methods like add(), addElement(), and capacity() allow adding elements and retrieving the vector's capacity. Wrapper classes allow primitive types to be used as objects and stored in collections by "wrapping" the primitive in a class like Integer or Float. Boxing and unboxing convert between primitive types and their corresponding wrapper class objects.
This document provides an overview of variables and functions in C++. It discusses basic variable types like integers and strings, and how variable type determines valid operations. It also covers compound types like references and pointers. The document defines functions and their usage, explaining how to write and call functions. Function basics covered include return types, parameters, and defining versus declaring functions. Implicit and explicit type conversions are also summarized.
C/C++ Programming interview questions and answers document discusses key concepts in C++ including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, constructors, destructors, copy constructors, references, virtual functions, abstract classes, and memory alignment. The document provides definitions and examples to explain each concept.
The document discusses Java wrapper classes. Wrapper classes wrap primitive data types like int, double, boolean in objects. This allows primitive types to be used like objects. The main wrapper classes are Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Character, Boolean, Double, Float. They provide methods to convert between primitive types and their wrapper objects. Constructors take primitive values or strings to create wrapper objects. Methods like parseInt() convert strings to primitive types.
Wrapper classes allow primitive data types to be used as objects. The key reasons for wrapper classes are:
1) Collections like ArrayList only support objects, so wrapper classes allow primitive types to be stored.
2) Wrapper classes have useful methods to manipulate primitive values as objects.
3) There are eight wrapper classes that correspond to the eight primitive types: Integer, Double, Character, etc. These classes have methods like parse, toString, and type conversion methods.
This document is a project report submitted by Nikita Totlani for their BCA degree. The project discusses wrapper classes in Java, which allow primitive data types like int and float to be used in collections. It covers converting between primitive and object types, parsing strings, and auto-boxing/unboxing features. The document also demonstrates nesting methods, where one method calls another method in the same class. Code examples and outputs are provided.
Mobile Software Engineering Crash Course - C02 Java PrimerMohammad Shaker
This document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java concepts like object-oriented programming, the Java Virtual Machine, primitive data types, variables, control flow, classes and objects, inheritance, interfaces, exceptions, collections, multithreading, design patterns, and more. It also includes code examples and references to Oracle's Java documentation for further reading.
This document is a project report submitted by Aanchal Gupta on wrapper classes and nesting of methods in Java. It discusses wrapper classes for converting primitive data types to object types. It also covers methods for converting between primitive types and wrapper class types, as well as between numbers and strings. The document then explains autoboxing and unboxing in Java 5.0 for automatic conversion between primitive types and wrapper classes. Finally, it discusses nesting of methods, where one method can call another method in the same class.
Objective Min-heap queue with customized comparatorHospital emerg.pdfezhilvizhiyan
Objective: Min-heap queue with customized comparator
Hospital emergency room assign patient priority base on symptom of the patient. Each patient
receives an identity number which prioritizes the order of emergency for the patient. The lower
the number is, the higher the emergency will be.
Use java.util.PriorityQueue to write a java program to create the emergency room registration
database. The patient.txt is the input file for patient record. Download patient.txt, Patient.java to
perform following specifications:
(a)Load all records from the input file.
(b)At the end, print the list in assigned priority order.
Given Code:
//*******************************************************************
// Patient.java
//*******************************************************************
public class Patient
{
private int id;
private String name;
private String emergencyCase;
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a customer with the specified id number.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public Patient (int number, String custName,String er )
{
id = number;
name = custName;
emergencyCase = er;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string description of this customer.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
return \"Patient priority id: \" + id+\" Patient name: \"+name+\" Symptom: \"+emergencyCase;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public int getId()
{
return id;
}
public String getCase()
{
return emergencyCase;
}
}
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
import java.util.*;
import java.math.*;
/** A bunch of utility functions. */
class DSutil {
/** Swap two Objects in an array
@param A The array
@param p1 Index of one Object in A
@param p2 Index of another Object A
*/
public static void swap(E[] A, int p1, int p2) {
E temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the Objects in an array.
@param A The array
*/
// int version
// Randomly permute the values of array \"A\"
static void permute(int[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
public static void swap(int[] A, int p1, int p2) {
int temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the values in array A */
static void permute(E[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
/** Initialize the random variable */
static private Random value = new Random(); // Hold the Random class object
/** Create a random number function from the standard Java Random
class. Turn it into a uniformly distributed value within the
range 0 to n-1 by taking the value mod n.
@param n The upper boun.
The document summarizes several Java 5 features including generics, enhanced for loops, autoboxing/unboxing, typesafe enums, varargs, static imports, and annotations. It provides examples and explanations of each feature.
JavaScript objects must implement certain standard properties and methods. Objects have a prototype property that is either an object or null, and prototype chains must have finite length. The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of a variable or value. JavaScript supports basic types like undefined, null, boolean, number, string, and object. Functions are objects that can be called, and have properties like length and arguments. Variables declared with var have function scope, while variables assigned without var have global scope. Arrays, objects, and functions can be declared using various syntaxes. JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance rather than classes.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of objects and protocols in CPython. Some key points:
- Everything in Python is an object, with a common header including a reference count and pointer to its type. Types are defined by TypeObjects which store metadata like function pointers.
- Protocols like Number, Sequence, Mapping are defined by slots on TypeObjects like tp_as_number and tp_as_sequence. These allow objects to support common operations even if they are different types, through duck typing.
- Magic methods fill in protocol slots, so e.g. a class with a __len__ method will support the len() operation by filling tp_as_sequence->sq_length. This provides a
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine and is fully interoperable with Java. It was developed by JetBrains as an alternative to Java for Android development, with improvements like null safety, lambdas, and concise syntax. Kotlin aims to be a safer language than Java by eliminating NullPointerExceptions and adding features like data classes, extensions, and higher-order functions. These features allow for more readable, concise code compared to Java.
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special chara.pdfKUNALHARCHANDANI1
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special characteristics to an element.
Static elements are allocated storage only once in a program lifetime in static storage area. And
they have a scope till the program lifetime. Static Keyword can be used with following, Static
variable in functions Static Class Objects Static member Variable in class Static Methods in class
Static variables inside Functions Static variables when used inside function are initialized only
once, and then they hold there value even through function calls. These static variables are stored
on static storage area , not in stack. void counter() { static int count=0; cout << count++; } int
main(0 { for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 1 2 3 4 Let\'s se the same program\'s
output without using static variable. void counter() { int count=0; cout << count++; } int main(0
{ for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 0 0 0 0 If we do not use static keyword, the
variable count, is reinitialized everytime when counter() function is called, and gets destroyed
each time when counter() functions ends. But, if we make it static, once initialized count will
have a scope till the end of main() function and it will carry its value through function calls too.
If you don\'t initialize a static variable, they are by default initialized to zero. Static class Objects
Static keyword works in the same way for class objects too. Objects declared static are allocated
storage in static storage area, and have scope till the end of program. Static objects are also
initialized using constructors like other normal objects. Assignment to zero, on using static
keyword is only for primitive datatypes, not for user defined datatypes. class Abc { int i; public:
Abc() { i=0; cout << \"constructor\"; } ~Abc() { cout << \"destructor\"; } }; void f() { static Abc
obj; } int main() { int x=0; if(x==0) { f(); } cout << \"END\"; } Output : constructor END
destructor You must be thinking, why was destructor not called upon the end of the scope of if
condition. This is because object was static, which has scope till the program lifetime, hence
destructor for this object was called when main() exits. Static data member in class Static data
members of class are those members which are shared by all the objects. Static data member has
a single piece of storage, and is not available as separate copy with each object, like other non-
static data members. Static member variables (data members) are not initialied using constructor,
because these are not dependent on object initialization. Also, it must be initialized explicitly,
always outside the class. If not initialized, Linker will give error. class X { static int i; public:
X(){}; }; int X::i=1; int main() { X obj; cout << obj.i; // prints value of i } Once the definition for
static data member is made, user cannot redefine it. Though, arithmetic operations can be
performed on it. Static Member Functions These functions work for the .
Receiver types allow functions to be declared that operate on a specific receiver type. This includes function types with receivers, which define interfaces for functions, and function literals with receivers, which implement those interfaces. Examples show how Bundle.apply uses a function literal with Bundle as the receiver to configure a Bundle instance. This is a common pattern in Kotlin for building objects through fluent APIs.
Ctypes provides an easy way to extend Python with functions from C libraries without needing to write C code or dependencies like SWIG. It works by dynamically loading shared libraries and allowing Python functions to call C functions. Ctypes abstracts away the complexities of type conversions and memory management to make the process simple. Developers can write Python callback functions, define C structures and unions in Python, and interface with C libraries using just a few lines of Python code. This makes ctypes a popular modern alternative for creating Python bindings for C code.
The document discusses operator overloading in Kotlin using the example of a Coin enum and Wallet class. It defines a Coin enum with values for common coins (PENNY, NICKEL, etc) that each have a cents value. A Wallet class is defined with a plusAssign operator function that allows adding Coin values to the wallet amount. Examples are shown incrementing a wallet variable by adding Coin values like QUARTER to demonstrate operator overloading.
The document discusses inheritance, virtual functions, and dynamic casting in C++. It explains that inheritance allows a new class to inherit attributes from a base class. Virtual functions allow dynamic binding at runtime rather than compile time. Dynamic casting uses the dynamic_cast operator to cast polymorphic objects, ensuring the cast is valid based on inheritance. Downcasting and cross casting between unrelated base classes is also possible using dynamic_cast. RTTI provides type information at runtime that can be accessed via typeid.
The document discusses various Java programming concepts such as Hello World, primitive data types, variables, input/output, and control structures like if/else, switch/case, while loops. It provides examples of declaring and using variables, type casting between primitives, and commenting code. Various Java classes for input/output like Scanner and System.out are demonstrated.
Wrapper classes allow primitive data types to be used as objects. The key reasons for wrapper classes are:
1) Collections like ArrayList only support objects, so wrapper classes allow primitive types to be stored.
2) Wrapper classes have useful methods to manipulate primitive values as objects.
3) There are eight wrapper classes that correspond to the eight primitive types: Integer, Double, Character, etc. These classes have methods like parse, toString, and type conversion methods.
This document is a project report submitted by Nikita Totlani for their BCA degree. The project discusses wrapper classes in Java, which allow primitive data types like int and float to be used in collections. It covers converting between primitive and object types, parsing strings, and auto-boxing/unboxing features. The document also demonstrates nesting methods, where one method calls another method in the same class. Code examples and outputs are provided.
Mobile Software Engineering Crash Course - C02 Java PrimerMohammad Shaker
This document provides an introduction to the Java programming language. It discusses Java concepts like object-oriented programming, the Java Virtual Machine, primitive data types, variables, control flow, classes and objects, inheritance, interfaces, exceptions, collections, multithreading, design patterns, and more. It also includes code examples and references to Oracle's Java documentation for further reading.
This document is a project report submitted by Aanchal Gupta on wrapper classes and nesting of methods in Java. It discusses wrapper classes for converting primitive data types to object types. It also covers methods for converting between primitive types and wrapper class types, as well as between numbers and strings. The document then explains autoboxing and unboxing in Java 5.0 for automatic conversion between primitive types and wrapper classes. Finally, it discusses nesting of methods, where one method can call another method in the same class.
Objective Min-heap queue with customized comparatorHospital emerg.pdfezhilvizhiyan
Objective: Min-heap queue with customized comparator
Hospital emergency room assign patient priority base on symptom of the patient. Each patient
receives an identity number which prioritizes the order of emergency for the patient. The lower
the number is, the higher the emergency will be.
Use java.util.PriorityQueue to write a java program to create the emergency room registration
database. The patient.txt is the input file for patient record. Download patient.txt, Patient.java to
perform following specifications:
(a)Load all records from the input file.
(b)At the end, print the list in assigned priority order.
Given Code:
//*******************************************************************
// Patient.java
//*******************************************************************
public class Patient
{
private int id;
private String name;
private String emergencyCase;
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a customer with the specified id number.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public Patient (int number, String custName,String er )
{
id = number;
name = custName;
emergencyCase = er;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns a string description of this customer.
//----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
return \"Patient priority id: \" + id+\" Patient name: \"+name+\" Symptom: \"+emergencyCase;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public int getId()
{
return id;
}
public String getCase()
{
return emergencyCase;
}
}
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
import java.util.*;
import java.math.*;
/** A bunch of utility functions. */
class DSutil {
/** Swap two Objects in an array
@param A The array
@param p1 Index of one Object in A
@param p2 Index of another Object A
*/
public static void swap(E[] A, int p1, int p2) {
E temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the Objects in an array.
@param A The array
*/
// int version
// Randomly permute the values of array \"A\"
static void permute(int[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
public static void swap(int[] A, int p1, int p2) {
int temp = A[p1];
A[p1] = A[p2];
A[p2] = temp;
}
/** Randomly permute the values in array A */
static void permute(E[] A) {
for (int i = A.length; i > 0; i--) // for each i
swap(A, i-1, DSutil.random(i)); // swap A[i-1] with
} // a random element
/** Initialize the random variable */
static private Random value = new Random(); // Hold the Random class object
/** Create a random number function from the standard Java Random
class. Turn it into a uniformly distributed value within the
range 0 to n-1 by taking the value mod n.
@param n The upper boun.
The document summarizes several Java 5 features including generics, enhanced for loops, autoboxing/unboxing, typesafe enums, varargs, static imports, and annotations. It provides examples and explanations of each feature.
JavaScript objects must implement certain standard properties and methods. Objects have a prototype property that is either an object or null, and prototype chains must have finite length. The typeof operator returns a string indicating the type of a variable or value. JavaScript supports basic types like undefined, null, boolean, number, string, and object. Functions are objects that can be called, and have properties like length and arguments. Variables declared with var have function scope, while variables assigned without var have global scope. Arrays, objects, and functions can be declared using various syntaxes. JavaScript uses prototypal inheritance rather than classes.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an overview of objects and protocols in CPython. Some key points:
- Everything in Python is an object, with a common header including a reference count and pointer to its type. Types are defined by TypeObjects which store metadata like function pointers.
- Protocols like Number, Sequence, Mapping are defined by slots on TypeObjects like tp_as_number and tp_as_sequence. These allow objects to support common operations even if they are different types, through duck typing.
- Magic methods fill in protocol slots, so e.g. a class with a __len__ method will support the len() operation by filling tp_as_sequence->sq_length. This provides a
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine and is fully interoperable with Java. It was developed by JetBrains as an alternative to Java for Android development, with improvements like null safety, lambdas, and concise syntax. Kotlin aims to be a safer language than Java by eliminating NullPointerExceptions and adding features like data classes, extensions, and higher-order functions. These features allow for more readable, concise code compared to Java.
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special chara.pdfKUNALHARCHANDANI1
Static Keyword Static is a keyword in C++ used to give special characteristics to an element.
Static elements are allocated storage only once in a program lifetime in static storage area. And
they have a scope till the program lifetime. Static Keyword can be used with following, Static
variable in functions Static Class Objects Static member Variable in class Static Methods in class
Static variables inside Functions Static variables when used inside function are initialized only
once, and then they hold there value even through function calls. These static variables are stored
on static storage area , not in stack. void counter() { static int count=0; cout << count++; } int
main(0 { for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 1 2 3 4 Let\'s se the same program\'s
output without using static variable. void counter() { int count=0; cout << count++; } int main(0
{ for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { counter(); } } Output : 0 0 0 0 0 If we do not use static keyword, the
variable count, is reinitialized everytime when counter() function is called, and gets destroyed
each time when counter() functions ends. But, if we make it static, once initialized count will
have a scope till the end of main() function and it will carry its value through function calls too.
If you don\'t initialize a static variable, they are by default initialized to zero. Static class Objects
Static keyword works in the same way for class objects too. Objects declared static are allocated
storage in static storage area, and have scope till the end of program. Static objects are also
initialized using constructors like other normal objects. Assignment to zero, on using static
keyword is only for primitive datatypes, not for user defined datatypes. class Abc { int i; public:
Abc() { i=0; cout << \"constructor\"; } ~Abc() { cout << \"destructor\"; } }; void f() { static Abc
obj; } int main() { int x=0; if(x==0) { f(); } cout << \"END\"; } Output : constructor END
destructor You must be thinking, why was destructor not called upon the end of the scope of if
condition. This is because object was static, which has scope till the program lifetime, hence
destructor for this object was called when main() exits. Static data member in class Static data
members of class are those members which are shared by all the objects. Static data member has
a single piece of storage, and is not available as separate copy with each object, like other non-
static data members. Static member variables (data members) are not initialied using constructor,
because these are not dependent on object initialization. Also, it must be initialized explicitly,
always outside the class. If not initialized, Linker will give error. class X { static int i; public:
X(){}; }; int X::i=1; int main() { X obj; cout << obj.i; // prints value of i } Once the definition for
static data member is made, user cannot redefine it. Though, arithmetic operations can be
performed on it. Static Member Functions These functions work for the .
Receiver types allow functions to be declared that operate on a specific receiver type. This includes function types with receivers, which define interfaces for functions, and function literals with receivers, which implement those interfaces. Examples show how Bundle.apply uses a function literal with Bundle as the receiver to configure a Bundle instance. This is a common pattern in Kotlin for building objects through fluent APIs.
Ctypes provides an easy way to extend Python with functions from C libraries without needing to write C code or dependencies like SWIG. It works by dynamically loading shared libraries and allowing Python functions to call C functions. Ctypes abstracts away the complexities of type conversions and memory management to make the process simple. Developers can write Python callback functions, define C structures and unions in Python, and interface with C libraries using just a few lines of Python code. This makes ctypes a popular modern alternative for creating Python bindings for C code.
The document discusses operator overloading in Kotlin using the example of a Coin enum and Wallet class. It defines a Coin enum with values for common coins (PENNY, NICKEL, etc) that each have a cents value. A Wallet class is defined with a plusAssign operator function that allows adding Coin values to the wallet amount. Examples are shown incrementing a wallet variable by adding Coin values like QUARTER to demonstrate operator overloading.
The document discusses inheritance, virtual functions, and dynamic casting in C++. It explains that inheritance allows a new class to inherit attributes from a base class. Virtual functions allow dynamic binding at runtime rather than compile time. Dynamic casting uses the dynamic_cast operator to cast polymorphic objects, ensuring the cast is valid based on inheritance. Downcasting and cross casting between unrelated base classes is also possible using dynamic_cast. RTTI provides type information at runtime that can be accessed via typeid.
The document discusses various Java programming concepts such as Hello World, primitive data types, variables, input/output, and control structures like if/else, switch/case, while loops. It provides examples of declaring and using variables, type casting between primitives, and commenting code. Various Java classes for input/output like Scanner and System.out are demonstrated.
Similar to Wraper class slide in advance Java programming (20)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. Autoboxing :
The automatic conversion of primitive data type into its corresponding wrapper
class is known as autoboxing, for example, byte to Byte, char to Character, int to
Integer, long to Long, float to Float, boolean to Boolean, double to Double, and
short to Short.
3. Example: Primitive to Wrapper
//Java program to convert primitive into objects
//Autoboxing example of int to Integer
class Auto
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20;
Integer i=Integer.valueOf(a); //Converting int into Integer
//converting int into Integer explicitly
Integer j=a; //autoboxing, now compiler will write Integer.valueOf(a) internally
System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);
}
}
Output:
20 20 20
4. Unboxing :
The automatic conversion of wrapper type into its corresponding primitive type is
known as unboxing. It is the reverse process of autoboxing.
5. Example: Wrapper to Primitive
//Java program to convert object into primitives
//Unboxing example of Integer to int
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Integer a=new Integer(8); //Converting Integer to int
int i=a.intValue(); //converting Integer to int explicitly
int j=a; //unboxing, now compiler will write a.intValue() internally
System.out.println(a+" "+i+" "+j);
}
}
Output:
8 8 8
6. A. Conversion function (data type to object type) using .valueOf() function
Example :
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 20;
String str = "22";
System.out.println(String.valueOf(x) + str);
}}
O/P : 2022