The document provides background information on the events leading up to World War II. It discusses how the Treaty of Versailles set the stage by humiliating Germany and contributing to economic instability. The Great Depression exacerbated unemployment and poverty, aiding the rise of authoritarian governments in Germany and elsewhere. Hitler steadily expanded German territory through the 1930s in violation of the treaty but faced little resistance. Key events included remilitarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, and the invasion of Poland, which triggered Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany, marking the start of World War II.
The document discusses post-World War II economic anxieties in the United States. It describes how the GI Bill helped veterans reintegrate into civilian life and boosted the economy. It also discusses how the Truman administration took steps like the Employment Act of 1946 and VA loans to prevent another Great Depression. The economy remained shaky in the initial postwar years but then experienced unprecedented growth from the 1950s to 1970s, fueled by factors like defense spending, shifts in the workforce, and increased consumerism.
After Germany's defeat in WWI, they were forced to pay heavy reparations that crippled their economy. This caused widespread resentment and economic hardship in Germany. Adolf Hitler blamed the Allies and Jews for Germany's problems. He rose to power by promising to restore Germany's power and rebuild its economy. Once in power in 1933, Hitler implemented the racist ideologies of the Nazi party and began rearming Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, setting the stage for World War II.
Comparative history articles by miguel cardenasmiiiggg
The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It originated in the US with the stock market crash but quickly spread worldwide. Countries were devastated as unemployment rose to over 25% in the US and 33% elsewhere. Farming and rural areas suffered greatly due to falling crop prices. During this time, authoritarian governments rose to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan, ending unemployment but destroying democracy. World War II helped end the Great Depression as countries geared up for war.
This document provides an overview of World War II through summarizing the contents of an atlas about the war. It discusses key events like the German occupation of Paris in 1940 and the US Marines battle at Iwo Jima in 1945. It also provides historical context about the lead up to the war and its devastating global impact. The introduction frames World War II as the culmination of tensions between Britain and Germany over European dominance dating back to World War I.
The document provides information about why the League of Nations failed to prevent war after World War 1. It states that the League's goals were to disarm countries and settle disputes peacefully, but it was ultimately unsuccessful for several reasons. Key reasons for its failure included major countries like the US and Germany not joining, making it weak. Economic sanctions did not work because countries could still trade with non-members. Leading members like Britain and France often made decisions based on self-interest rather than collective security. The League also could not make decisions quickly and unanimously. As a result, it appeared powerless and some countries ignored its rulings.
FDR believed that Democrats could regain control of Congress once the Republicans led the country into a serious economic depression, as occurred in the 1930s with the Great Depression. FDR seized the opportunity presented by the crisis to implement durable reforms through his New Deal policies aimed at providing security for Americans. His reforms like Social Security, FDIC, and SEC endured because they reduced risks for future generations rather than just addressing the immediate crisis. FDR understood that crises can enable progress through reforms by creating both peril and possibility. Obama similarly aims to advance long-stalled reforms using the current economic crisis as an opportunity, as FDR did.
World War II began in 1939 and lasted until 1945. It involved many countries around the world, including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Germany, Italy and Japan. Over 50 million people died in the war. Some of the key causes included the impact of the Great Depression, the Treaty of Versailles which handicapped Germany, and Japan's invasion of China to seek resources. The war resulted in the rise of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers and weakened Western European influence globally. It also led to the emergence of the Cold War and beginning of the nuclear age.
The Interwar period between World War I and World War II saw many social, political, and economic changes. Women were granted suffrage, new inventions like cars and airplanes emerged, and the Great Depression started with the 1929 stock market crash, plunging many into poverty. The Treaty of Versailles officially ended WWI but its terms dissatisfied many. The interwar years also saw the rise of prohibition, mass immigration, and racial segregation before culminating in the outbreak of World War II.
The document discusses post-World War II economic anxieties in the United States. It describes how the GI Bill helped veterans reintegrate into civilian life and boosted the economy. It also discusses how the Truman administration took steps like the Employment Act of 1946 and VA loans to prevent another Great Depression. The economy remained shaky in the initial postwar years but then experienced unprecedented growth from the 1950s to 1970s, fueled by factors like defense spending, shifts in the workforce, and increased consumerism.
After Germany's defeat in WWI, they were forced to pay heavy reparations that crippled their economy. This caused widespread resentment and economic hardship in Germany. Adolf Hitler blamed the Allies and Jews for Germany's problems. He rose to power by promising to restore Germany's power and rebuild its economy. Once in power in 1933, Hitler implemented the racist ideologies of the Nazi party and began rearming Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, setting the stage for World War II.
Comparative history articles by miguel cardenasmiiiggg
The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It originated in the US with the stock market crash but quickly spread worldwide. Countries were devastated as unemployment rose to over 25% in the US and 33% elsewhere. Farming and rural areas suffered greatly due to falling crop prices. During this time, authoritarian governments rose to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan, ending unemployment but destroying democracy. World War II helped end the Great Depression as countries geared up for war.
This document provides an overview of World War II through summarizing the contents of an atlas about the war. It discusses key events like the German occupation of Paris in 1940 and the US Marines battle at Iwo Jima in 1945. It also provides historical context about the lead up to the war and its devastating global impact. The introduction frames World War II as the culmination of tensions between Britain and Germany over European dominance dating back to World War I.
The document provides information about why the League of Nations failed to prevent war after World War 1. It states that the League's goals were to disarm countries and settle disputes peacefully, but it was ultimately unsuccessful for several reasons. Key reasons for its failure included major countries like the US and Germany not joining, making it weak. Economic sanctions did not work because countries could still trade with non-members. Leading members like Britain and France often made decisions based on self-interest rather than collective security. The League also could not make decisions quickly and unanimously. As a result, it appeared powerless and some countries ignored its rulings.
FDR believed that Democrats could regain control of Congress once the Republicans led the country into a serious economic depression, as occurred in the 1930s with the Great Depression. FDR seized the opportunity presented by the crisis to implement durable reforms through his New Deal policies aimed at providing security for Americans. His reforms like Social Security, FDIC, and SEC endured because they reduced risks for future generations rather than just addressing the immediate crisis. FDR understood that crises can enable progress through reforms by creating both peril and possibility. Obama similarly aims to advance long-stalled reforms using the current economic crisis as an opportunity, as FDR did.
World War II began in 1939 and lasted until 1945. It involved many countries around the world, including Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Germany, Italy and Japan. Over 50 million people died in the war. Some of the key causes included the impact of the Great Depression, the Treaty of Versailles which handicapped Germany, and Japan's invasion of China to seek resources. The war resulted in the rise of the United States and Soviet Union as superpowers and weakened Western European influence globally. It also led to the emergence of the Cold War and beginning of the nuclear age.
The Interwar period between World War I and World War II saw many social, political, and economic changes. Women were granted suffrage, new inventions like cars and airplanes emerged, and the Great Depression started with the 1929 stock market crash, plunging many into poverty. The Treaty of Versailles officially ended WWI but its terms dissatisfied many. The interwar years also saw the rise of prohibition, mass immigration, and racial segregation before culminating in the outbreak of World War II.
The document summarizes some of the major social, economic, and political effects of World War I. Socially, the war shattered optimism and women gained greater independence and rights. Industry became more mass-produced and cities grew enormously. Attitudes shifted from pre-war optimism to post-war negativism. Economically, the war was hugely expensive and shifted financial power from London to New York. Politically, the international system was devastated and countries rethought how to interact to maintain security.
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations after World War 1. The Treaty imposed harsh terms on Germany which caused resentment. The League of Nations had good intentions but structural weaknesses like requiring unanimous agreement made it ineffective. Many countries were prosperous in the 1920s but economic troubles in the late 1920s led to the global Great Depression.
War and civilization have developed together throughout history. Major civilizations first emerged around 3100 BC in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and other early civilizations included the Indus Valley civilization, ancient China, and ancient America. As civilizations grew, conflicts over resources, land, ethnicity, and ideology often led to war between societies. Different types of war have emerged throughout history, including civil wars, wars of religion, world wars, and liberation wars. Most modern civilizations remain connected to war, though international organizations now aim to reduce conflict and maintain peace between nations.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and Asia in the 1930s leading up to World War 2, and the evolving US response from isolationism to increased involvement. It describes how Roosevelt pulled out of the failed London Conference in 1933, weakening international cooperation. Fascist regimes rose in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s, pursuing aggressive expansionism. The US passed Neutrality Acts aiming to stay out of conflicts but which had the effect of aiding the fascists. Germany remilitarized, invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia despite appeasement. Japan invaded China, and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. World War 2 began with the German invasion of Poland in 1939. The US moved
- At the start of World War I in 1914, European powers dominated global affairs politically and economically through colonial rule over large parts of Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific.
- This dominance was the outcome of political revolutions, industrialization, and powerful imperial expansion between 1750-1914 that gave European nations large empires and colonies.
- World War I began as a conflict between European powers over colonial disputes and nationalist aspirations, but drew in colonies and dependencies of European empires, turning the war truly global in scope. By 1918, the economic and political primacy of European powers was exhausted.
This document provides an overview of World War 2 including its powers, causes, casualties, effects, and some benefits. It discusses the major Allied powers including the US, UK, Soviet Union, and China as well as the major Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The major causes of WW2 highlighted include the rise of Hitler, militarism, Japanese expansionism, the Treaty of Versailles, and appeasement. Over 60 million people were killed making it the deadliest military conflict in history. The war had widespread effects and some unexpected benefits for economic growth and international power.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
This document summarizes the collapse and recovery of Europe between 1914 and the 1970s. It discusses the causes and outcomes of World War I and World War II, including the roles of alliances, nationalism, and appeasement policies. It also examines the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany in the early 20th century, as well as economic crises like the Great Depression. Finally, it reviews international efforts to rebuild Europe after WWII through organizations like the UN, World Bank, IMF, Marshall Plan and NATO.
The document summarizes the origins and causes of the Great Depression in the United States from 1929-1933. It describes how the stock market crash led to a steep decline in manufacturing output, prices, and GDP. Unemployment rose dramatically to around 25% as one-third of the workforce had reduced hours or pay. The banking system also collapsed as there was no deposit insurance and thousands of banks closed. The New Deal policies under President Franklin Roosevelt aimed to provide relief, reform, and recovery through new programs and increased government intervention in the economy from 1933-1938.
This document provides a summary of important historical events in Greece and Europe between 1920 and 1940. It discusses the Greek-Turkish War from 1919-1922, the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 that established borders, the proclamation of a republic in Greece without a king in 1924, economic and political developments in the late 1920s, and the return of the monarchy and King George II to Greece in 1935 prior to World War II.
The lecture discusses the period from 1900-1920, focusing on the pre-WWI era in the US, the outbreak and causes of WWI, American involvement in the war, key events of the war like the Russian Revolution, Wilson's Fourteen Points, the Treaty of Versailles, and the enormous human and political impacts of WWI and the subsequent influenza pandemic. The decade marked the end of one era and birth of a new, transformative period defined by a shift in global power to the US.
The document summarizes World War I and its aftermath. It describes how several factors led European nations to plunge into an industrialized war in 1914. The war soon involved nations and colonies around the world. By 1918, the Allies had defeated the Central Powers, but the ensuing Treaty of Versailles imposed a harsh peace that left many feeling betrayed, sowing the seeds for future conflicts.
The document discusses the Interwar Period from the 1930s Global Depression to the rise of totalitarianism. It explores how the expansion of production capacities negatively impacted the global economy, reasons for protectionism, how the US Stock Market Crash of 1929 contributed to the global depression, how the depression led to the rise of fascism in Germany and the Nazi party's persecution of Jews, and why the Soviet Union and China were impacted to a much lesser degree by the economic downturn.
The document discusses World War I and how it was a new kind of war, with innovations in warfare like machine guns, artillery, tanks, airplanes, submarines, gas weapons, and trench warfare. Key battles discussed include the Battle of the Marne, Battle of Tannenberg, and Gallipoli. Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against ships, including sinking the Lusitania. Several events pushed the US to join the war on the side of the Allies, including the Zimmerman Telegram and resumption of submarine warfare. Propaganda was used by both sides to portray the other as committing atrocities.
The document traces the history of international relations from the rise of the modern state system in Europe to the post-Cold War period. It highlights several major themes of change and continuity, including the transition from feudalism to the modern state system in Europe; the age of absolutism and revolutions which challenged divine monarchy; the era of total war in the 20th century including World War I and II; the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union defined by containment; and the post-Cold War period marked by both changes like the end of bipolarity but also continuities such as NATO and a multipolar economic order.
The Marshall Plan was a US program to provide economic and technical assistance to help rebuild European economies devastated by World War II. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed allocating $13 billion in aid to 16 European countries between 1947-1951 to restore infrastructure and prevent the spread of communism. While most Western European countries participated, the Soviet Union refused aid and prohibited Eastern Bloc countries from accepting it, seeing the plan as a threat to Soviet control. The Marshall Plan was largely successful, contributing to economic growth and recovery across much of Western Europe.
The document provides an overview of key events and factors related to World War 2, including:
1) It summarizes the origins and early phases of the war, with the failures of the League of Nations and appeasement policies allowing fascist expansionism.
2) It describes the early Axis victories across Europe and North Africa from 1939-1941 through the effective Blitzkrieg strategy.
3) It outlines the turning point in 1942 as the Axis powers suffered major defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, and Midway, marking the shift to Allied advances.
Major causes of World War II included the punitive Treaty of Versailles, rise of fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany, Japanese expansionism, worldwide Great Depression, appeasement of aggressors, militarism, nationalism, and American isolationism in the interwar period. Key figures that contributed to tensions were Mussolini, Hitler, and Japan's Tojo, while world powers like Britain, France and the U.S. struggled to contain aggression through appeasement or non-intervention.
The document summarizes the aggressive foreign policies and expansionism of fascist regimes in the 1930s and 1940s, including Japan's invasion of China, Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, and Germany's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. It led to the formation of the Axis alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan and the outbreak of World War 2 with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939. The war engaged most nations around the world and resulted in over 50 million deaths before the Allied powers of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States defeated Germany, Italy and Japan between 1942-1945. Europe was left devastated as the world transitioned to a new geopolitical landscape dominated by the two new super
The document provides background information on the economic factors that led to the Great Depression in the United States. It describes how strong economic growth in the 1920s masked underlying weaknesses like uneven wealth distribution. The stock market crash of 1929 exposed these flaws and triggered a widespread economic crisis. As consumer spending declined, businesses collapsed and unemployment rose sharply, plunging the US into the Great Depression, a time of immense hardship for many Americans.
This document discusses major events and developments in international history between 1900-1990, with a focus on the World Wars and Cold War era. It covers:
1) World War I beginning in Europe and spreading globally, changing warfare into "total war".
2) World War II being even more global in scope and bringing fundamental changes to global politics.
3) The Cold War emerging after WWII with the division of Europe and military/nuclear confrontation between the US and USSR dominating international affairs.
The document summarizes some of the major social, economic, and political effects of World War I. Socially, the war shattered optimism and women gained greater independence and rights. Industry became more mass-produced and cities grew enormously. Attitudes shifted from pre-war optimism to post-war negativism. Economically, the war was hugely expensive and shifted financial power from London to New York. Politically, the international system was devastated and countries rethought how to interact to maintain security.
The document discusses the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations after World War 1. The Treaty imposed harsh terms on Germany which caused resentment. The League of Nations had good intentions but structural weaknesses like requiring unanimous agreement made it ineffective. Many countries were prosperous in the 1920s but economic troubles in the late 1920s led to the global Great Depression.
War and civilization have developed together throughout history. Major civilizations first emerged around 3100 BC in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and other early civilizations included the Indus Valley civilization, ancient China, and ancient America. As civilizations grew, conflicts over resources, land, ethnicity, and ideology often led to war between societies. Different types of war have emerged throughout history, including civil wars, wars of religion, world wars, and liberation wars. Most modern civilizations remain connected to war, though international organizations now aim to reduce conflict and maintain peace between nations.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and Asia in the 1930s leading up to World War 2, and the evolving US response from isolationism to increased involvement. It describes how Roosevelt pulled out of the failed London Conference in 1933, weakening international cooperation. Fascist regimes rose in Germany, Italy and Japan in the 1930s, pursuing aggressive expansionism. The US passed Neutrality Acts aiming to stay out of conflicts but which had the effect of aiding the fascists. Germany remilitarized, invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia despite appeasement. Japan invaded China, and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. World War 2 began with the German invasion of Poland in 1939. The US moved
- At the start of World War I in 1914, European powers dominated global affairs politically and economically through colonial rule over large parts of Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific.
- This dominance was the outcome of political revolutions, industrialization, and powerful imperial expansion between 1750-1914 that gave European nations large empires and colonies.
- World War I began as a conflict between European powers over colonial disputes and nationalist aspirations, but drew in colonies and dependencies of European empires, turning the war truly global in scope. By 1918, the economic and political primacy of European powers was exhausted.
This document provides an overview of World War 2 including its powers, causes, casualties, effects, and some benefits. It discusses the major Allied powers including the US, UK, Soviet Union, and China as well as the major Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The major causes of WW2 highlighted include the rise of Hitler, militarism, Japanese expansionism, the Treaty of Versailles, and appeasement. Over 60 million people were killed making it the deadliest military conflict in history. The war had widespread effects and some unexpected benefits for economic growth and international power.
The Cold War began after WWII as political divisions grew between Western allies like the US and UK, and the Soviet Union. The US and Western Europe formed NATO in response to the USSR establishing control over Eastern Europe. Germany was divided, with the West embracing democracy and capitalism while the East was controlled by Moscow-backed communist governments. Despite early postwar meetings between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill, the two sides were unable to agree on a lasting peace and Europe became firmly split into Western and Eastern blocs, marking the beginning of the Cold War era.
This document summarizes the collapse and recovery of Europe between 1914 and the 1970s. It discusses the causes and outcomes of World War I and World War II, including the roles of alliances, nationalism, and appeasement policies. It also examines the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany in the early 20th century, as well as economic crises like the Great Depression. Finally, it reviews international efforts to rebuild Europe after WWII through organizations like the UN, World Bank, IMF, Marshall Plan and NATO.
The document summarizes the origins and causes of the Great Depression in the United States from 1929-1933. It describes how the stock market crash led to a steep decline in manufacturing output, prices, and GDP. Unemployment rose dramatically to around 25% as one-third of the workforce had reduced hours or pay. The banking system also collapsed as there was no deposit insurance and thousands of banks closed. The New Deal policies under President Franklin Roosevelt aimed to provide relief, reform, and recovery through new programs and increased government intervention in the economy from 1933-1938.
This document provides a summary of important historical events in Greece and Europe between 1920 and 1940. It discusses the Greek-Turkish War from 1919-1922, the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 that established borders, the proclamation of a republic in Greece without a king in 1924, economic and political developments in the late 1920s, and the return of the monarchy and King George II to Greece in 1935 prior to World War II.
The lecture discusses the period from 1900-1920, focusing on the pre-WWI era in the US, the outbreak and causes of WWI, American involvement in the war, key events of the war like the Russian Revolution, Wilson's Fourteen Points, the Treaty of Versailles, and the enormous human and political impacts of WWI and the subsequent influenza pandemic. The decade marked the end of one era and birth of a new, transformative period defined by a shift in global power to the US.
The document summarizes World War I and its aftermath. It describes how several factors led European nations to plunge into an industrialized war in 1914. The war soon involved nations and colonies around the world. By 1918, the Allies had defeated the Central Powers, but the ensuing Treaty of Versailles imposed a harsh peace that left many feeling betrayed, sowing the seeds for future conflicts.
The document discusses the Interwar Period from the 1930s Global Depression to the rise of totalitarianism. It explores how the expansion of production capacities negatively impacted the global economy, reasons for protectionism, how the US Stock Market Crash of 1929 contributed to the global depression, how the depression led to the rise of fascism in Germany and the Nazi party's persecution of Jews, and why the Soviet Union and China were impacted to a much lesser degree by the economic downturn.
The document discusses World War I and how it was a new kind of war, with innovations in warfare like machine guns, artillery, tanks, airplanes, submarines, gas weapons, and trench warfare. Key battles discussed include the Battle of the Marne, Battle of Tannenberg, and Gallipoli. Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against ships, including sinking the Lusitania. Several events pushed the US to join the war on the side of the Allies, including the Zimmerman Telegram and resumption of submarine warfare. Propaganda was used by both sides to portray the other as committing atrocities.
The document traces the history of international relations from the rise of the modern state system in Europe to the post-Cold War period. It highlights several major themes of change and continuity, including the transition from feudalism to the modern state system in Europe; the age of absolutism and revolutions which challenged divine monarchy; the era of total war in the 20th century including World War I and II; the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union defined by containment; and the post-Cold War period marked by both changes like the end of bipolarity but also continuities such as NATO and a multipolar economic order.
The Marshall Plan was a US program to provide economic and technical assistance to help rebuild European economies devastated by World War II. Secretary of State George Marshall proposed allocating $13 billion in aid to 16 European countries between 1947-1951 to restore infrastructure and prevent the spread of communism. While most Western European countries participated, the Soviet Union refused aid and prohibited Eastern Bloc countries from accepting it, seeing the plan as a threat to Soviet control. The Marshall Plan was largely successful, contributing to economic growth and recovery across much of Western Europe.
The document provides an overview of key events and factors related to World War 2, including:
1) It summarizes the origins and early phases of the war, with the failures of the League of Nations and appeasement policies allowing fascist expansionism.
2) It describes the early Axis victories across Europe and North Africa from 1939-1941 through the effective Blitzkrieg strategy.
3) It outlines the turning point in 1942 as the Axis powers suffered major defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, and Midway, marking the shift to Allied advances.
Major causes of World War II included the punitive Treaty of Versailles, rise of fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany, Japanese expansionism, worldwide Great Depression, appeasement of aggressors, militarism, nationalism, and American isolationism in the interwar period. Key figures that contributed to tensions were Mussolini, Hitler, and Japan's Tojo, while world powers like Britain, France and the U.S. struggled to contain aggression through appeasement or non-intervention.
The document summarizes the aggressive foreign policies and expansionism of fascist regimes in the 1930s and 1940s, including Japan's invasion of China, Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, and Germany's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. It led to the formation of the Axis alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan and the outbreak of World War 2 with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939. The war engaged most nations around the world and resulted in over 50 million deaths before the Allied powers of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States defeated Germany, Italy and Japan between 1942-1945. Europe was left devastated as the world transitioned to a new geopolitical landscape dominated by the two new super
The document provides background information on the economic factors that led to the Great Depression in the United States. It describes how strong economic growth in the 1920s masked underlying weaknesses like uneven wealth distribution. The stock market crash of 1929 exposed these flaws and triggered a widespread economic crisis. As consumer spending declined, businesses collapsed and unemployment rose sharply, plunging the US into the Great Depression, a time of immense hardship for many Americans.
This document discusses major events and developments in international history between 1900-1990, with a focus on the World Wars and Cold War era. It covers:
1) World War I beginning in Europe and spreading globally, changing warfare into "total war".
2) World War II being even more global in scope and bringing fundamental changes to global politics.
3) The Cold War emerging after WWII with the division of Europe and military/nuclear confrontation between the US and USSR dominating international affairs.
This document discusses major events and developments in international history between 1900-1990, with a focus on the World Wars and Cold War era. It covers:
1) World War I beginning in Europe and spreading globally, mobilizing total war efforts.
2) World War II being even more global in scope and bringing fundamental changes to global politics.
3) The Cold War emerging after WWII with the division of Europe and military/nuclear confrontation between the US and USSR dominating international affairs.
World War II was a global war that started in 1937 in Asia and 1939 in Europe, involving all major powers across continents. It resulted in an estimated 50-80 million deaths, making it the deadliest conflict in history. The war was caused by struggles that emerged in the interwar period after WWI, as nationalist sentiment in Germany gave rise to new dictatorships like fascism in Italy and increased militarism in Japan. One of the most significant causes was the rise of the Nazi party in Germany in 1933, as totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan consolidated power in the lead up to WWII.
This document discusses major events in international history from 1900-1990, with a focus on the two World Wars and the Cold War era.
[1] World War 1 began in Europe in 1914 and became the first "total war", fully mobilizing societies and economies. [2] World War 2 was even more global in scale and brought an end to European dominance in global politics. [3] The postwar period saw the rise of two superpowers, the US and USSR, and the start of the Cold War, characterized by political, military, and nuclear confrontation between the two sides.
World War 2 lasted from 1939 to 1945 between the Allied forces and the Axis powers. It began when Germany invaded Poland and resulted in unprecedented casualties with over 60 million deaths worldwide. The war redrew European borders and led to the formation of the United Nations to promote peace. It also marked the end of dictatorships in Europe and established the U.S. and Soviet Union as global superpowers, laying the foundation for the Cold War.
World War 2 lasted from 1939 to 1945 between the Allied forces and the Axis powers. It began when Germany invaded Poland and resulted in unprecedented casualties with over 60 million deaths worldwide. The war redrew European borders and led to the formation of the United Nations to promote peace. It also marked the end of dictatorships in Europe and established the U.S. and Soviet Union as global superpowers, laying the foundation for the Cold War.
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The Great Depression began in 1929 and affected economies worldwide. Countries hit bottom around 1933 but the economic slump lasted until WWII began in 1939. During this time, authoritarian governments rose to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan and ended unemployment but destroyed democracy. The depression originated in the US and spread globally, devastating personal income, trade, profits, and prices. Unemployment rose as high as 33% in some places. Multiple factors caused and prolonged the depression, including bank failures, tariffs that reduced international trade, drought, and dust storms. WWII began in 1939 with Germany invading Poland. Germany and the Soviet Union then divided control of Poland. France fell to Germany in 1940 despite British military support. The US aided Britain through
F3 HISTORY History Revision (Second World War to Cold War)الحرب العالمية الثا...鄺 豪傑
1. The document provides a summary of key events from the interwar period between World War 1 and World War 2, as well as the origins and early stages of the Cold War. It covers the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, Japanese militarism, the policy of appeasement, and World War 2 events like the Holocaust and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2. After World War 1, Germany was required to accept harsh terms in the Treaty of Versailles while the US adopted isolationism. During the interwar period, totalitarian regimes arose in Germany, Italy and Japan which pursued expansionist foreign policies.
3. World War 2 began in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland
F3 HISTORY History Revision (Second World War to Cold War)الحرب العالمية الثا...鄺 豪傑
1. The document provides a summary of key events from the interwar period between World War 1 and World War 2, as well as the origins and early stages of the Cold War. It covers the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, Japanese militarism, the policy of appeasement, and World War 2 events like the Holocaust and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2. After World War 1, Germany was required to accept harsh terms in the Treaty of Versailles while the US adopted isolationism. During the interwar period, totalitarian regimes arose in Germany, Italy and Japan which pursued expansionist foreign policies.
3. World War 2 began in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
1. IC : PTias(III53) E (1) of (14)
PT’s IAS Academy
Unit 5
The path to success is
to take massive, determined
action.
LECTURE – 3
World War II
PAPE R– II
GENERAL STUDIES-I
Indian Heritage and Culture,
History and Geography
of the World and Society
Unit 5
History of the world will include
events from 18th century such as
industrial revolution, world wars,
redrawal of national boundaries,
colonization, decolonization, political
philosophies like communism,
capitalism, socialism etc. their
forms and effect on the society.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
‘The war to end all wars’ as World War I was called, had ended in 1919 but
the issues remained unresolved. The foundations of World War II were
allmost the same as the first World War. This was exacerbated by the
humiliating treaty of Versailles which Germany was forced to sign. But the
treaty was signed by the civilians. The army had not surrendered. In 1929
the Economic Depression which began in America and spread to the rest of
the world also contributed to increasing the instability of the region.
1.1 The Great Depression
The severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World
War II is known as the Great Depression. It started in 1929 and lasted till
the end of the Second World War. It was the longest, most widespread,
and deepest depression of the 20th century.
The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries rich and poor.
Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international
trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%,
and in some countries rose as high as 33%.
Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many
countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by
approximately 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few
alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector
industries such as cash cropping, mining and logging suffered
the most.
Some economies started to recover by the mid1930s. In many
countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted
until the end of World War II.
1.1.1 The Great Depression & WW II
Ø Unemployment: Mass unemployment in Germany and
poverty in Japan caused great anger. This created the
ground for rise of rightwing, dictatorial governments who
told them their country was superior and it was valid for
them to take what they wanted by force. It was the kind of
thing they wanted to hear in the circumstances. 25 countries
became dictatorships 192939.
Ø America: America called in her loans to Germany. This
precipitated the collapse of Germany industry and led directly
to Hitler's rise to power.
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German Newspaper, 1919.
Vengeance!
German
Nation
Today in the Hall of Mirrors, the disgraceful
Treaty is being signed. Do not forget it. The
German people will with unceasing labour
press forward to reconquer the place among
nations to which it is entitled. Then will come
vengeance for the shame of 1919
2. IC : PTias(III53) E (2) of (14)
Ø Politics: Many leaders know that, when things get bad at home, one way to stay in power is to turn people's attention to foreign
affairs, direct people's hatred against other countries and indulge in jingoism which resulted in a more aggressive, nationalistic
foreign policy.
Ø Empirebuilding: In the atmosphere of cutthroat economic trade, the answer of countries like Japan & Italy was to build an
empire this would secure their supplies of raw materials and natural resources. Countries like Japan ( Manchuria ), Italy
(Abyssinia) and Germany (eastern Europe), therefore, set about building an empire leading to international conflict and tension.
Ø Self Interest: Countries who were prepared to be philanthropic during the 1920s, could not afford to give way during the
1930s. They left the League of nations thereby destroying the international cooperation ideal on which the League of Nations
was formed.
Ø Britain and France: Britian and France were also suffering economically which is why they did not send an army to Manchuria
or impose sanctions on Italy over Abyssinia. This is the same reason as to why they did not begin to rearm against Hitler in the
1930s.
1.2 The treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles punished the people of Germany. These people had
already suffered during the war which had caused them to have an entire
change of their political system. The new treaty was signed by a newly
formed Republic government and therefore the blame for its harshness was
passed on to this government. Many Germans saw the new government as
having 'stabbed Germany in the back' by signing the treaty which was so
harsh on them. This only encouraged the political instability and gave rise to
fascism in Germany.
The Treaty caused Germany to have to repay massive war debts called
'reparations' to Allied countries. What these debts didn't take into account
was that Germany was broken too by the war and that much of the land lost
in the Treaty had industries which were profitable to Germany. Following
their first payment, the passiveresistance of the German workers after the
French invasion of certain areas and the resulting hyperinflation, America
loaned Germany significant amounts of money. This allowed German society
to progress, but it was living on false prosperity. When these loans were
retracted following the Wall Street Crash, Germany was hit especially hard.
This did little to help the struggling democracy in Germany and provided
conditions necessary for the rise of an extreme government, in this case the
fascists.
The loss of land and the loss of the German Empire was not only detrimental
economically for Germany, but also shameful. Combined with the war guilt
clause, the Treaty of Versailles angered many Germans and caused resentment
against the Allied forces to build up. This motivated extreme political groups
like the Nazis fostered beliefs that the German people had been 'harddone
by' and therefore were entitled to certain privileges such as more 'living
space' which led Hitler to invade countries such as Poland and Russia.
1.3 Eight steps to war
Ø SAAR Plebiscite: In 1935, the historian Hal Fisher wrote that 'a country
which is determined to have a war can always have it.'
The Treaty of Versailles had put the Saar under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years. In 1935 the inhabitants of
the Saar voted to return to Germany. The Saar plebiscite is cited by many historians as the first step to war.
Ø Conscription and ReArmament: Hitler began to build up his armed forces. In 1935 he introduced conscription (calling up
men to the army). This broke the Treaty of Versailles, but Britain and France let him get away with it.
Ø Rhineland: Hitler invaded the Rhineland on 7 March 1936. This broke the Treaty of Versailles. It was a bluff because the
German army had only 22,000 soldiers and had orders to retreat if they met any resistance. But once again, Britain and France
did nothing.
Ø Austria: In 1938, Hitler took over Austria. First, Hitler encouraged the Austrian Nazis to demand union with Germany. Then
Hitler invaded Austria on 11 March 1938. This broke the Treaty of Versailles, but Britain and France did nothing.
Ø Munich: In 1938, Hitler tried to take over the Sudetenland. First, Hitler encouraged the Sudeten Nazis to demand union with
Germany. Then, Hitler made plans to invade Czechoslovakia. Neville Chamberlain appeased Hitler.At Munich, on 29 September
1938, Britain and France gave Hitler the Sudetenland.
Ø Czechoslovakia: On 15 March 1939, Hitler's troops marched into the rest of Czechoslovakia. This, for most British people, was
the time when they realised that the only thing that would stop Hitler was a war.
3. IC : PTias(III53) E (3) of (14)
Ø USSR/Nazi Pact: In summer 1939, Hitler began to unfold his plan to take over Poland. First, the Germans in Danzig demanded
union with Germany. Then, Hitler threatened war. Chamberlain promised the Poles that Britain would support them if Germany
attacked Poland. In August 1939, Hitler made a secret treaty with Russia. He thought this would stop Britain & France helping
Poland.
Ø Poland: In April 1939, Chamberlain announced the 'Polish Guarantee' a promise to defend Poland if Hitler invaded (this was the
event which ended appeasement).On 1 September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.
2.0 HITLER AND MUSSOLINI'S RISE TO POWER
A new democratic German republic, known as the Weimar Republic, came into being.
After some success it was hit by hyperinflation and other serious economic problems.
Right wing nationalist elements under a variety of movements, but most notably the Nazi
Party of Adolf Hitler, sought to blame Germany's "humiliating" status on the harshness of
the postwar settlement, on the weakness of democratic government, and on the Jews,
whom it claimed possessed a financial stranglehold on Germany. Hitler was appointed
Reichskanzler (Chancellor) on January 30, 1933, by the aged President von Hindenburg.
Hitler's government exercised much of its power through the special emergency powers
possessed by the President under the constitution.
These powers enabled a government with the President's powers to effectively bypass
the Reichstag (federal parliament). Under a further disastrous clause in the Weimar constitution
when the President died, his office was temporarily assumed by the Chancellor. As a result, when
Hindenburg died, the immense powers of the presidency fell into the hands of Adolf Hitler. Through
the possession of those powers and an Enabling Act that allowed the Nazi government to bypass
and ignore the constitution, Hitler ensured his possession of the presidential powers became
permanent and so gained dictatorial control over Germany.
The Italian economy also fell into a deep slump following World War I. Anarchists were endemic,
Communist and other Socialist agitators abounded among the trade unions, and many were gravely
worried that a Bolshevikstyle Communist revolution was imminent.
After a number of liberal governments failed to rein in these threats, Italy's King Victor Emmanuel
III invited rightwing politician Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party to form a government in 1922,
following their largely symbolic Marca su Roma (March on Rome). The Fascists maintained an
armed paramilitary wing, which they employed to fight Anarchists, Communists, and Socialists.
Within a few years, Mussolini had consolidated dictatorial power, and Italy became
a police state. On January 7, 1935, he and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval
signed the ItaloFrench agreements.
Meanwhile in Germany, once political consolidation (Gleichschaltung) was in place,
the Nazis turned their attention to foreign policy with several increasingly daring
acts.
On March 16, 1935, the Versailles Treaty was violated as Hitler ordered Germany
to rearm. Germany also reintroduced military conscription (the treaty stated that
the German Army should not exceed 100,000 men).
These steps produced nothing more than official protests from Britain and France,
for they were more serious about enforcing the economic provisions of the treaty
than its military restrictions. A majority of the Britishers felt that restrictions placed
on Germany in Versailles had been too harsh, and they believed that Hitler's aim was simply to undo the extremes of the treaty, not
to go beyond that. Faced with no opposition, Hitler moved troops into the Rhineland on March 7, 1936. Under the Versailles treaty,
the Rhineland should have been demilitarized because France wanted it as a buffer between herself and Germany. But, as before,
Hitler's defiance was met with inaction.
3.0 THE GERMAN RUSSIAN NONAGGRESSION PACT
The Economic Agreement: The first pact between Germany and Russia was an economic agreement, which Ribbentrop and
Molotov signed on August 19, 1939.
The economic agreement committed the Soviet Union to provide food products as well as raw materials to Germany in exchange for
furnished products such as machinery from Germany.
During the first years of the war, this economic agreement helped Germany bypass the British blockade.
The NaziSoviet NonAggression Pact: On August 23, 1939, four days after the economic agreement was signed and a little
over a week before the beginning of World War II, Ribbentrop and Molotov signed the NaziSoviet NonAggression Pact. The pact is
also referred to as the GermanSoviet NonAggression Pact and the RibbentropMolotov Pact. Publicly, this agreement stated that
the two countries, Germany and the Soviet Union, would not attack each other. If there were ever a problem between the two
countries, it was to be handled amicably. The pact was supposed to last for ten years; it lasted for less than two.
Adolf Hitler
5. IC : PTias(III53) E (5) of (14)
Battle of France: In May 1940, the Germans launched
the Battle of France. The Western Allies (primarily the
French, Belgian and British land forces) soon collapsed
under the onslaught of the "blitzkrieg" strategy. The
majority of the British and elements of the French forces
escaped at Dunkirk. With the fighting ended, the Germans
began to consider ways of resolving the question of how
to deal with Britain. If the British refused to agree to a
peace treaty, one option was to invade. However, the
German Navy (Kriegsmarine), had suffered serious losses
in Scandinavia, and in order to even consider an amphibious
landing, Germany's Air Force (the Luftwaffe) had to first
gain air superiority or air supremacy. On June 22, France
surrendered.
The Battle for Britain: After a year of war, Adolf Hitler
was ready to contemplate an attack on Britain. But, by
August 1940, the heavy losses suffered in the Norwegian
campaign had reduced the German fleet to the strength
of one pocket battleship, four cruisers, and a dozen
destroyers. The British Home Fleet, based on Scapa Flow
was much stronger than this, making an invasion by sea a
less than inviting prospect. In the skies above the English
Channel and the North Sea however, it was a different
story. The Luftwaffe had numerical strength and, if they
could gain ascendancy over the air, then an invasion would
be feasible.
If the Germans were able to get through to English soil,
things would be rather bleak for the British. At the time of
the French Armistice in June, 1940, the British Army in
Britain totaled some 26 divisions, of which 12 had been
formed recently and were not yet fully trained or equipped. Only 25 of the 600 tanks, which were in action in France, were back in
Britain. The Americans agreed to provide Britain with 500,000 rifles and 900 75millimeter guns, each complete with 1,000 shells.
The implementation of Hitler's Order No.16 the
invasion of England took the following four phases:
Phase One (July 10 to August 7): German attacks on
shipping and coastal ports. The German's fighter tactics proved
superior. Throughout this time the British concentration was on
raising pilot strength and building up for the battle ahead.
Phase Two (August 8 to 23): German attacks on radar
stations and forward fighter bases. The RAF suffers heavy losses
and pilots suffer from extreme fatigue.
Phase Three (August 24 to September 6): German attacks
on aircraft production and inland fighter bases. British pilot losses
and fatigue reach desperately high levels.
Phase Four (September 7 to 30): German attacks on London
in a final effort to destroy British air power. After a climax on
September 15th, the Germans postponed ‘Operation Sea Lion'
indefinitely. Up until around September 6th the scales of battle were firmly tilted in favor of the Luftwaffe, even though they had lost,
since August 24, 378 aircraft compared to 262 for the British. The German losses were shared between the fighters and the bombers,
whereas the entire British losses came from Fighter Command. Its less than 1,000 pilots were constantly in action and desperately in
need of rest. But, then the entire picture suddenly changed.
On the evening of August 24th, a German Bomber formation accidentally bombed some nonmilitary targets in London. Winston
Churchill immediately ordered reprisal attacks on non military German targets in Berlin. This prompted a furious response from Hitler,
who ordered that a blitz campaign of bombing start immediately on London. This began on September 7th, when a massive 330 tons
of bombs were dropped on London.
The bombing of London continued for 57 consecutive nights. While it caused devastation in that city, it meant that the grinding
pressure was taken off the RAF. The British had recovered from the losses received over the previous months and had quickly gained
the upper hand over the Luftwaffe, destroying some 380 aircraft for a loss of just 178 of their own. The bravery and tenacity of the
RAF pilots prompted Churchill to utter perhaps his most famous words ; ‘Never in the field of human conflict has so much been
owed by so many to so few.'
6. IC : PTias(III53) E (6) of (14)
4.2 Phase II (Germany attacks Russia)
On June 22, 1941, the Germans launched a surprise invasion,
codenamed Operation Barbarossa, against their
erstwhile Soviet allies. The early weeks of the invasion were
devastating for the Soviet Army. Enormous numbers of Soviet
troops were encircled in pockets and fell into German hands.
However, it wasn't only German troops that went into the
Soviet Union. Italian, Hungarian and Romanian troops were
also involved in the campaign.
Operation Barbarossa suffered from several fundamental
flaws. The most serious of these was the logistical situation
of the attack. Ultimately it is logistics that determine what a
military can do. The sheer vastness of the distances in the
Soviet Union meant that the Germans could only advance so
far before outrunning their supply chains. By the time the
German attack froze to a halt before Moscow on December
5, 1941, it literally could not go any further. There simply
were not enough supplies reaching the front to conduct proper
defensive operations, let alone a proper offense. The
timetable that Barbarossa was planned to, assumed that the
Soviets would collapse before the Russian winter set in. The
failure of that also fatally affected German plans.
During their long retreat, the Soviets employed a scorched
earth policy. They burnt crops and destroyed utilities as they
withdrew before the Germans. That helped to contribute to
the logistical problems that the Germans experienced. The
extension of the campaign beyond the length that the
Germans expected meant that the German Army suffered
hundreds of thousands of casualties in the bitter cold of the
Russian winter, and from the counterattacks of Soviet units.
Even with their advance grinding to a halt due to a lack of supplies and the onset of winter, the
Germans had conquered a vast amount of territory. Dislodging them cost the Soviet Union dearly
and took until late 1944.
Once the Germans had conquered some part of the Soviet Union, the siege of Leningrad began:
Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) was reached fairly quickly, from the North by Finnish forces,
and from the South by the German Wehrmacht. Finland's CinC Mannerheim had halted at the
River Svir and refrained from attacking the city.
Hitler had ordered that the city of Leningrad must "vanish from the surface of the earth", with its
entire population exterminated. Rather than storming the city, the Wehrmacht was ordered to
blockade Leningrad so as to starve the city to death, while attacking it with bombers and artillery.
About one million civilians died in the Leningrad siege 800,000 by starvation. It lasted 900 days,
and at its height the only way into the city was across Lake Ladoga, between the German and
Finnish lines.
After enduring the winter of 1941/42, the German army prepared for further offensive operations.
Instead of trying to reach Moscow, the objective was changed to Stalingrad (now Volgograd) near the Caucasus region of Russia.
Stalingrad was captured. However the course of the campaign took a turn for the worse due to disparate objectives, and a lack of
focus.
Indecision by Hitler, dissent among the higher ranked German officers, and extended supply lines combined in a prolonged battle in
the streets of Stalingrad. In an attempt to capture the city, almost all Germans in the area were funneled into the city leaving only
weak Romanian and Hungarian forces on the flanks of the salient. After a Soviet counteroffensive destroyed these forces, the
German 6th Army was cut off in the city itself, along with part of the 4th Panzer Army. Starved of food, fuel and ammunition, the
pocket was gradually reduced, with the last portion surrendering in early 1943. In a cynical attempt to prevent the surrender, Hitler
promoted the commander of 6th Army to Field Marshal, because no German of that rank had ever surrendered. Heavy losses affected
both sides in the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the bloodiest battles in history. An estimated 2 million people perished in this battle,
including 500,000 civilians.
After Stalingrad, the initiative had passed from the Germans but had not yet been seized by the Soviets. A desparate counterattack in
the spring of 1943 by the forces of von Manstein halted the Soviet advance for the moment, and set up the largest tank battle in history,
Kursk. Kursk was the last major offensive by the Germany Army on the eastern front. The Soviets had intelligence of what was to come
and prepared massive defences in huge depth in the Kursk salient. They stopped the German armoured thrusts after a maximum
penetration of 17 miles. After Kursk the Red Army never ceased being on the offensive until Berlin was captured in May 1945.
Josef Stalin
7. IC : PTias(III53) E (7) of (14)
The Soviets bore the brunt of World War II. More
Soviet citizens died during World War II than those
of all other countries combined. Approximately 27
million Soviets, among them more than 13 million
civilians, were killed in the German invasion of the
Soviet Union. Civilians were rounded up and burned
or shot in many cities conquered by the Nazis. Since
the Nazis considered Slavs to be "subhuman", this
was ethnically targeted mass murder.
It would be wrong however to say the Soviets fought
alone. Supply convoys sailed to Soviet ports at great
risk. Allied activities may have tied up only a few
divisions in actual fighting, but many more were
forced to guard lonely coasts against raids that never
came or to man antiaircraft guns throughout Europe.
It should also be mentioned that the Soviets took
virtually no part in the great naval campaigns of the
war, had a very limited effect on the strategic bombing
offensive, and contributed very little to the defeat
of Japan.
The Japanese Prepare for Attack: The Japanese practiced and
prepared carefully for their attack on Pearl Harbor. They knew their
plan was extremely risky. The probability of success depended heavily
on complete surprise.
On November 26, 1941, the Japanese attack force, led by Vice Admiral
Chuichi Nagumo, left Etorofu Island in the Kurils (located northeast of
Japan) and began its 3,000mile journey across the Pacific Ocean.
Sneaking six aircraft carriers, nine destroyers, two battleships, two
heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and three submarines across the
Pacific Ocean was not an easy task.
Worried that they might be spotted by another ship, the Japanese
attack force continually zigzagged and avoided major shipping lines.
After a week and a half at sea, the attack force made it safely to its
destination, about 230 miles north of the Hawaiian island of Oahu.
On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor began. At 6:00 a.m., the Japanese aircraft carriers began
launching their planes amid rough sea. In total, 183 Japanese aircraft
took to the air as part of the first wave of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
At 7:15 a.m., the Japanese aircraft carriers, plagued by even rougher
seas, launched 167 additional planes to participate in the second wave
of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The first wave of Japanese planes reached the U.S. Naval Station at
Pearl Harbor (located on the south side of the Hawaiian island of Oahu) at 7:55 a.m. on December 7, 1941. Just before the first bombs
dropped on Pearl Harbor, Commander Mitsuo Fuchida, leader of the air attack, called out, "Tora! Tora! Tora!" ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!"),
a coded message which told the entire Japanese navy that they had caught the Americans totally by surprise.
At 8:00 a.m., Admiral Husband Kimmel, in charge of Pearl Harbor, sent out a hurried dispatch to all in the U.S. naval fleet, "AIR RAID
ON PEARL HARBOR X THIS IS NOT DRILL."
The Attack on Battleship Row: The Japanese had been hoping to catch U.S. aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor, but the aircraft
carriers were out to sea that day. The next major important naval target was the battleships.
On the morning of December 7, 1941, there were eight U.S. battleships at Pearl Harbor, seven of which were lined up at what was
called Battleship Row and one (the Pennsylvania) was in dry dock for repairs. (The Colorado, the only other battleship of the U.S.'s
Pacific fleet, was not at Pearl Harbor that day.)
Since the Japanese attack was a total surprise, many of the first torpedoes and bombs dropped on the unsuspecting ships hit their
targets. The damage done was severe. Although the crews on board each battleship worked feverishly to keep their ship afloat,
some were destined to sink. The Seven US Battleships were Nevada, Arizona, Tennessee, West Virginia, Maryland,
Oklahoma, California
9. IC : PTias(III53) E (9) of (14)
Mussolini was rescued by the Germans and installed
as the head of a Nazi puppet state in northern Italy.
He continued in this role until he was captured and
lynched by mobs on April 28, 1945, as the Allied
forces closed in on Milan.
The Germans had built a fortified zone in the
mountains called the Gustav line. The Allied forces
attacked both sides of the line, attacking Monte
Cassino from the south and landing at Anzio in the
north.
The Allies finally entered Rome on June 4, 1944, two
days before the landings in Normandy. The Germans
regrouped at the Gothic Line further north. After a
landing in southern France in August to threaten the
German flank, British forces started the attack on
the line September 10. The offensive by Allied and
some Italian forces continued until the Germans
surrendered in Italy on April 29, two days after
Mussolini's capture.
The Allies' invasion of France: Essentially
simultaneously with the fall of Rome came the long
awaited invasion of France. Operation Neptune put troops ashore in Normandy on June 6 1944. A long grinding campaign for two
months followed as American, British and Canadian forces were slowly built up in the bridgehead, and German forces slowly worn
down. When the breakout finally did come it was spectacular, with American forces under Patton racing across France to the German
border. The German forces that had been fighting in Normandy were trapped in a pocket around Falaise.
Incessant bombing of Germany's infrastructure and cities caused tremendous casualties and disruption. Internally, Hitler survived a
number of assassination attempts. The most serious was the July 20 Plot, in which Hitler was slightly injured.
Operation Neptune was complemented by an invasion of southern France in August codenamed Operation Dragon the combined
operation was referred to as Operation Overlord. By September, three Allied Army Groups were in line against German formations in
the west. There was optimism that the war in Europe might be over by the end of 1944.
An attempt was made to force the situation with
Operation Market Garden. The Allies attempted to
capture bridges with an airborne assault, to open the
way into Germany and liberate the northern
Netherlands. Unfortunately, heavier German forces
than intelligence had predicted were present. The British
1st Airborne Division was almost completely destroyed.
The cold winter of 1944 combined with a poor situation
for the Allies led to a stagnant situation on the western
front. The Americans continued to grind away at the
defenders in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest. As long as
they stayed on the defense, the Allies were hard
pressed to advance rapidly.
That changed when the Germans mounted a major
counteroffensive on Dec 16, 1944. The Ardennes
offensive, also called the Battle of the Bulge, drove
back and surrounded some American units. The Allied
forces were eventually successful in driving back the
Germans, in what turned out to be their last major
advance of the war.
The final obstacle to the Allies was the River Rhine. It
was crossed in April 1945, and the way lay open to the
heart of Germany. The last German forces in the west
were encircled in the Ruhr.
10. IC : PTias(III53) E (10) of (14)
4.4 THE END OF THE WAR
Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners. In early April, the first Rheinwiesenlagers are established in western
Germany to hold hundreds of thousands captured or surrendered enemy personnel. SHAEF reclassifies all prisoners as Disarmed
Enemy Forces not POWs; the legal fiction circumvents provisions under the Geneva Convention on the treatment of former combatants.
By October, thousands had died in the camps from starvation, exposure and disease.
Germans leave Finland: On 25 April 1945, the last Germans are expelled by the Finnish Army from Finland and retreat into
Norway.
Mussolini's death: On 25 April 1945, as Allied forces closed in on
Milan, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans
on the 27th. It is disputed that he was trying to flee from Italy to
Switzerland and was traveling with a German antiaircraft battalion.
On 28 April, Mussolini was executed in Giulino (a civil parish of
Mezzegra); the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo
and executed there. The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung
for public display in one of the main squares of the city. On 29 April,
Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at
Caserta. This included Army Group Liguria. Graziani was the Minister
of Defense for Mussolini's Italian Social Republic puppet state.
Hitler's death: On 30 April, as the Battle of Berlin raged above him,
realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini's fate,
German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker
along with Eva Braun, his longterm mistress whom he had married
less than 40 hours before their joint suicide. In his will, Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring who was his secondin
command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich. Hitler
in their place appointed his successors as follows; Admiral Karl Donitz as the new Reichsprasident ("President of Germany") and
Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler (Chancellor of Germany). However, Goebbels committed suicide the following day, leaving
Donitz as sole leader of Germany.
German forces in Italy surrender: On 1 May, SS
General Karl Wolff and the CommanderinChief of
the Army Group C, General Heinrich von Vietinghoff,
after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with
the Western Allies named Operation Sunrise, which
were viewed as trying to reach a separate peace by
the Soviet Union, ordered all German armed forces in
Italy to cease hostilities and signed a surrender
document which stipulated that all German forces in
Italy were to surrender unconditionally to the Allies
on 2 May.
German forces in Berlin surrender: The Battle
of Berlin ended on 2 May. On that date, General of
the Artillery Helmuth Weidling, the commander of the
Berlin Defense Area, unconditionally surrendered the
city to General Vasily Chuikov of the Soviet army. On
the same day the officers commanding the two armies
of Army Group Vistula north of Berlin, (General Kurt
von Tippelskirch commander of the German 21st Army
and General Hasso von Manteuffel commander of
Third Panzer Army) surrendered to the Western Allies.
After losing the Battle of Berlin and the death of Adolf Hitler, German troops in various parts of the world started surrendering before
the allied armis.
Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower: Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state,
but his Flensburg government (socalled because it was based at Flensburg and controlled only a small area around the town) was not
recognized by the Allies. On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived at Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria.
The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government
and that its members should be arrested. On 23 May, acting on SHAEF's orders and with the approval of the Soviets, American Major
General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were
under arrest, and that their Government was dissolved. The Allies had a problem, because they realized that although the German
armed forces had surrendered unconditionally, SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the "European Advisory Commission"
(EAC) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government. This was considered a very important issue,
because just as the civilian, but not military, surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the "stab in the back" argument, the
Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel.
11. IC : PTias(III53) E (11) of (14)
Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied
Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June. It included the following:
The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics, the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French
Republic, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany, including all
the powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command and any
state, municipal, or local government or authority. The assumption, for the purposes
stated above, of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of
Germany.
US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520:
The Potsdam Agreement was signed on 2 August 1945. In connection to this the Allied leaders
planned the new postwar German government, resettled war territory boundaries, de facto
annexed a quarter of prewar Germany situated east of the Oder
Neisse line, mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions
of Germans remaining in the annexed territories and elsewhere in
the east, ordered German demilitarization, denazification, industrial
disarmament and settlements of war reparations.
Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany
was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by U.S. President Truman.
Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing
of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European
Axis powers (Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland).
The Federal Republic of Germany, that had been founded on 23
May 1949 (when its Basic Law was promulgated) had its first
government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German
Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October.
End of state of war with Germany was declared by many
former Western Allies in 1950: In the Petersberg Agreement
of 22 November 1949, it was noted that the West German
government wanted an end to the state of war, but the request
could not be granted. The U.S. state of war with Germany was
being maintained for legal reasons, and though it was softened
somewhat it was not suspended since "the U.S. wants to retain a
legal basis for keeping a U.S. force in Western Germany". At a
meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France, the UK, and the U.S.
in New York from 12 September – 19 December 1950, it was stated
that among other measures to strengthen West Germany's position
in the Cold War that the western allies would "end by legislation
the state of war with Germany". In 1951, many former Western
Allies did end their state of war with Germany: Australia (9 July),
Canada, Italy, New Zealand, the Netherlands (26 July), South
Africa, the United Kingdom (9 July), and the United States (19
October). The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union
was ended in early 1955.
"The full authority of a sovereign state" was granted to the Federal
Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn
Paris conventions. The treaty ended the military occupation of
West German territory, but the three occupying powers retained
some special rights, e.g. visàvis West Berlin.
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany:
Under the terms of this peace treaty, the Four Powers renounced
all rights they formerly held in Germany, including Berlin. As a result, Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991. Under the
terms of the Treaty, the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 (articles 4 and 5). In accordance with the
Treaty, occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline. Germany remains however without the normal protection of the UN
charter due to articles 53 and 107 in the charter which has not been amended since the end of the war.
Eisenhower
12. IC : PTias(III53) E (12) of (14)
5.0 THE SURRENDER OF JAPAN
By the summer of 1945, the defeat of Japan was a foregone
conclusion. The Japanese navy and air force were destroyed. The
Allied naval blockade of Japan and intensive bombing of Japanese
cities had left the country and its economy devastated. At the end
of June, the Americans captured Okinawa, a Japanese island from
which the Allies could launch an invasion of the main Japanese home
islands. U.S. General Douglas MacArthur was put in charge of the
invasion, which was codenamed "Operation Olympic" and set for
November 1945.
The invasion of Japan promised to be the bloodiest seaborne attack
of all time but on July 16 United States secretly detonated the
world's first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert. Ten days later,
the Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration, demanding the
"unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces." Failure
to comply would mean "the inevitable and complete destruction of
the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitable the utter
devastation of the Japanese homeland." On July 28, Japanese Prime
Minister Kantaro Suzuki responded by telling the press that his
government was "paying no attention" to the Allied ultimatum. U.S.
President Harry Truman ordered the devastation to proceed, and on
August 6, the U.S. B29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb
on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing an estimated 80,000 people
and fatally wounding thousands more.
After the Hiroshima attack, a faction of Japan's supreme war council
favored acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, but the majority
resisted unconditional surrender. On August 8, Japan's desperate
situation took another turn for the worse when the USSR declared
war against Japan. The next day, Soviet forces attacked in
Manchuria, rapidly overwhelming Japanese positions there, and a
second U.S. atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese coastal city
of Nagasaki.
In the early hours of August 15, a military coup was attempted
by a faction led by Major Kenji Hatanaka. The rebels seized control
of the imperial palace and burned Prime Minister Suzuki's residence,
but shortly after dawn the coup was crushed. At noon that day,
Emperor Hirohito went on national radio for the first time to
announce the Japanese surrender. In his unfamiliar court
language, he told his subjects, "we have resolved to pave the
way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring
the unendurable and suffering what is insufferable." The United
States immediately accepted Japan's surrender.
On Sunday, September 2, more than 250 Allied warships lay
at anchor in Tokyo Bay. The flags of the United States, Britain,
the Soviet Union, and China fluttered above the deck of the
Missouri. Just after 9 a.m. Tokyo time, Japanese Foreign Minister
Mamoru Shigemitsu signed on behalf of the Japanese government.
General Yoshijiro Umezu then signed for the Japanese armed
forces, and his aides wept as he made his signature.
Supreme Commander MacArthur next signed on behalf of the United Nations, declaring, "It is my earnest hope and indeed the hope
of all mankind that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past." Ten more
signatures were made, by the United States, China, Britain, the USSR, Australia, Canada, France, the Netherlands, and New
Zealand, respectively. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz signed for the United States. As the 20minute ceremony ended, the sun burst
through lowhanging clouds.
The most devastating war in human history was over!
~
Commander MacArthurEmperor Hirohito
13. IC : PTias(III53) E (13) of (14)
¿ Suggested Time : 10 min Total questions : 20
DAILY PRACTICE QUIZ
Paper – II General Studies – I
Unit 5 (LECTURE – 3)
World War II
1. Which event is generally considered to be the first belligerent
act of World War II?
(A) Germany's attack on Russia
(B) Germany's attack on Britain
(C) Germany's attack on Poland
(D) Germany's occupation of Austria
2. Which two countries were the first to declare war on
Germany?
(A) Italy and Greece
(B) Britain and France
(C) Norway and Denmark
(D) The United States and the USSR
3. Against which country did the Soviet Union instigate an
armed conflict in late 1939?
(A) Finland (B) Yugoslavia
(C) Czechoslovakia (D) Hungary
4. What were the first two western European countries that
Germany invaded?
(A) France and Belgium
(B) Norway and Denmark
(C) Switzerland and Liechtenstein
(D) Austria and the Netherlands
5. Which best describes Germany's standard invasion strategy
at the beginning of World War II?
(A) Attack with a combination of speed and overwhelming
force
(B) Intimidate the enemy by first amassing a large force
along the enemy's border
(C) Begin with acts of sabotage behind enemy lines
(D) Draw out battles for as long as possible to wear the
enemy out
6. What major mistake did the Allies make in preparing to defend
against Germany's attack on France?
(A) They failed to anticipate that the attack would take
place
(B) They expected an attack by ground forces rather than
a naval assault
(C) They misinterpreted where the main invasion would
take place
(D) They failed to set up minefields along the border with
Germany
7. What happened at Dunkirk in May 1940?
(A) British forces retreated across the English Channel
(B) The French army lost a major battle
(C) American forces invaded France
(D) German forces were defeated in a large naval battle
8. Where was the French surrender to Germany signed?
(A) In Paris (B) In Berlin
(C) In a railway car (D) On a boat
9. Why did the British Royal Navy attack French warships at
MerselKebir?
(A) The French crews had sworn allegiance to Germany
(B) France was at war with Britain
(C) The French crews refused to surrender their ships
when the British requested
(D) They were manned by Germans
10. What was Germany's initial strategy for conquering Britain?
(A) First establish air superiority, then send in ground
forces
(B) First destroy the British navy, then send in ground
forces
(C) First send in ground forces, then attack the country
with aircraft
(D) Immobilize London with poison gas attacks
11. What was the "London Blitz"?
(A) Germany's plan for a blitzkrieg on London
(B) A term used for Germany's bombing campaign on
London
(C) A series of German missile attacks late in the war
(D) Code name for a secret British radar system
12. Overall, the Battle of Britain is considered to be
(A) A victory for Germany
(B) A victory for Britain
(C) A victory for neither
(D) A minor conflict
14. IC : PTias(III53) E (14) of (14)
13. What was Italy's primary role in the war?
(A) It helped Germany in accomplishing its main objectives
(B) It was helpful to Britain
(C) It caused problems for Japan
(D) It distracted Germany from accomplishing its main
objectives
14. What was Hitler's primary justification for invading Russia?
(A) Stalin was preparing to attack Germany
(B) Germany needed more space for its population
(C) Hitler believed that a war on two fronts would be to
his advantage
(D) He desired revenge for the execution of Tsar Nicholas II
15. What was the code name given to Germany's plan to invade
the USSR?
(A) Operation Sea Lion
(B) Operation Barbarossa
(C) Operation Wolfenstein
(D) Operation Crossbow
16. What happened to the Soviet air force during the opening
days of the German invasion?
(A) Up to 2,000 Soviet aircraft were destroyed while still
on the ground.
(B) S oviet pilot s s cor ed easy victor ies agains t
inexperienced German pilots.
(C) It was evacuated to Siberia.
(D) The Soviet air force engaged in huge dogfights
involving thousands of planes on each side.
17. Which of the following was not a part of the Soviet defense
plan against Germany?
(A) Wellorganized partisan resistance
(B) A strict policy of destroying any usable resources
before retreating
(C) The Soviets sought to lure German armies into forests,
which they would then set on fire
(D) Major factories were disassembled and moved east
18. On which region of the Soviet Union did Hitler place the
highest priority?
(A) Ukraine and southern Russia
(B) Leningrad and northern Russia
(C) Moscow and central Russia
(D) Siberia
19. Via what route did Russians manage to send some supplies
to Leningrad during the German siege of the city?
(A) A German supply line across the Black Sea
(B) An underground railroad
(C) A supply route across Lake Ladoga
(D) An airlift
20. Which country was the site of most of the Nazi extermination
camps?
(A) The USSR
(B) Czechoslovakia
(C) Poland
(D) Hungary
Please make sure that you mark the answers in this scoresheet with an HB pencil/pen.
The marking of answers must be done in the stipulated time for the test. Do not take extra time over and above the time limit.
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SCORE SHEET