This article aims to demonstrate that the world may be heading towards the 3rd World War as a result of the conflict that seems insoluble, bringing together, on the one hand, the United States and its western allies and, on the other, Russia, China and their allies. What makes the possibility of World War 3 increasingly likely is the current escalation of conflict between Russia, on the one hand, and the United States, NATO, and Ukraine, on the other. Furthermore, the United States is articulating the constitution of an Asia-Pacific NATO to militarily confront China. The world is heading towards the outbreak of the 3rd World War because the proliferation of wars interests US imperialism and its war industry, which are partners in order to achieve their objectives, the first, to maintain their world hegemony and, the second, to increase its profitability from the sale of weapons. With the wars and the consequent military expenditures, US imperialism seeks to maintain the growth of its economy and achieve its geopolitical objectives of maintaining its domination in the world and, in turn, the arms industry seeks to maximize its profits with the sale of weapons to the US government and its allies. The threat of a new world war is also strengthened by the failure of the international system to ensure world peace. How to prevent the outbreak of World War 3? In order to definitively rule out new risks of the outbreak of the 3rd World War and to bring about peace on our planet, it was proposed that all peace-loving peoples and countries not aligned with the belligerents mobilize worldwide to oppose the new world order imposed by the unified global empire under the leadership of the United States, articulating in defense of a new international system capable of guaranteeing world peace.
THE 3rd WORLD WAR AND THE RESPONSIBLES FOR ITS OUTBREAK.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that four major actors are responsible for the increase in international tensions in the world that could lead to the outbreak of the 3rd World War. These actors are the following: 1) The United States government that seeks to avoid the loss of its hegemony in the world, threatened by Russia and China, respectively, in the military and economic fields; 2) US war industry that seeks to expand arms sales with the spread of wars in the world to increase its profits; 3) UN that remains passive and inoperative in the search for world peace, and, 4) Great capitalist powers led by the United States that can unleash a new world war to prevent the debacle of the world capitalist system.
THE REAL CAUSE OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND THE CURRENT WARS IN THE WORLD Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show the real responsible for the outbreak of wars in the world such as the one involving Russia and Ukraine at the present time and the wars that occurred from the beginning of the 20th century to the contemporary era. The real cause of the war between Russia and Ukraine is not being considered by many international policy analysts. Out of ignorance or because they are at the service of those who foment this war among so many that took place from the 20th century onwards, these analysts do not reveal that the arms industry is the real cause of wars in the world. It was the war industry, especially in the United States, which, after the end of the Soviet Union, encouraged the maintenance of NATO, a military alliance created to face the Soviet Union and its allies after the 2nd World War. The logical and rational decision would be the dissolution of NATO after the end of the Soviet Union, as happened with the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of European socialist countries.
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE AND ITS FUTURE SCENARIOS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present the causes of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and its future evolution scenarios. In addition to Russia and Ukraine, the United States, European Union countries and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), a Western military alliance, are involved in this conflict. With the end of the Soviet Union in 1989, NATO was expanded to meet the geopolitical interests of the United States. During the Cold War between the States and the Soviet Union, NATO had 16 countries until 1989, attracting in 1997 another 14 countries that were part of the Eastern European socialist system. More recently, Finland and Sweden joined NATO. All of this is part of the strategy of the United States and its European allies to get closer to the borders of Russia, which is considered, along with China, an enemy of Western powers. The facts of life demonstrate that, for centuries, humanity has been faced with conflicts between great powers that are not resolved through diplomatic means but through military means because we live in a world without a world government and without international law that is respected by all countries, especially by the great powers that seek to impose their will on the world level. Without a world government and a world parliament democratically elected by the world's population, as well as without the existence of a world Supreme Court, there is no way for international law to be effectively applied and respected by all countries. It is urgent for humanity to equip itself as urgently as possible with the instruments necessary to build a world of peace.
THE IMPERATIVE OF THE END OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AND THE WAR ECON...Faga1939
This article aims to present when and how the industrial-military complex and the war economy were born and structured in the great capitalist powers and demonstrate the imperative need for both to be brought to an end in the world so that world peace can exist. It can be said that the great capitalist powers, having war industries, sponsor the arms race and the maintenance of permanently organized armies divorced from civil society and at the same time leading to the radical subversion of the economy and society. The large military-industrial complex detached from civil society requires the proliferation of wars and the adoption of a permanent war economy. One fact is evident: peace will never be built in the world with the existence of the military-industrial complex and the war economy, especially in the great capitalist powers. This is why the end of the military-industrial complex and the war economy in the world becomes imperative. This means that, for peace to exist in the world, there must be an end to the military-industrial complex and the war economy. For there to be peace in the world, there must be world disarmament. For peace to exist in the world, would the holders of political and economic power in the great capitalist powers accept global disarmament? Would the war industry leaders and lobby accept the end of the war economy? No is the answer to these two questions. This means that humanity is facing an impasse that is difficult to overcome, which is to disarm the warmongers and bring the war economy to an end to make world peace prevail.
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging impacts, including the division of Germany and Korea, dictatorships in Latin America, and the space race. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension and military buildup between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies from 1947 to 1991. Though they never engaged in direct military conflict, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through espionage, propaganda, arms development, and proxy wars. This rivalry divided Europe between capitalist and communist countries and had wide-ranging global effects. While tensions eased somewhat from 1969-1979 through détente policies, the ideological differences and military buildup that characterized the earlier Cold War continued to influence international relations throughout the latter half of the 20th century until the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991.
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging political, economic, and social impacts globally and led to conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the United States as the world's sole superpower.
FROM THE NEW COLD WAR, FROM THE TRADE WAR, FROM THE FINANCIAL WAR AND FROM TH...Faga1939
This article aims to present the characteristics of modern warfare based on in-depth research on the march of the new Cold War between the United States and Russia, the trade war between the United States and China and its consequences, financial warfare as a weapon of modern warfare, cybernetic warfare as a modern warfare, the inevitability or not of the 3rd World War, the causes of violence and wars in the world to, in the end, present how to eliminate wars on the planet. The new Cold War results from the fact that the United States and NATO forces are expanding their presence on Russia's borders. The trade warfare was triggered by the United States against China to prevent this country from assuming the status of hegemonic economic power on the planet. Financial warfare has been unleashed by the United States, against its enemies such as Iran, Russia and China, with the aim of degrading the capabilities of its enemies and subjugating them with the adoption of economic and financial sanctions, while seeking advantage geopolitics in specific areas to bring the enemy country to a state of near collapse and paralysis, to financial catastrophe while advancing on other fronts. Cyber warfare is being unleashed by the United States, Russia, China, among other countries to attack computers and networks of enemy countries that affect resources necessary for war by studying the system deeply to discover its flaws and using these flaws to control this system or destroy it. The decline of the United States and the economic rise of China, which may assume the condition of the greatest world power in the mid-21st century, may trigger the 3rd World War in the face of the tension created between them. Parallel to the effort to educate all human beings with the culture of peace, it is necessary to put into practice a democratic governance of the world to prevent the recurrence of new world wars. This is the only means of survival for the human species and to stop the decay of humanity.
THE 3rd WORLD WAR AND THE RESPONSIBLES FOR ITS OUTBREAK.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that four major actors are responsible for the increase in international tensions in the world that could lead to the outbreak of the 3rd World War. These actors are the following: 1) The United States government that seeks to avoid the loss of its hegemony in the world, threatened by Russia and China, respectively, in the military and economic fields; 2) US war industry that seeks to expand arms sales with the spread of wars in the world to increase its profits; 3) UN that remains passive and inoperative in the search for world peace, and, 4) Great capitalist powers led by the United States that can unleash a new world war to prevent the debacle of the world capitalist system.
THE REAL CAUSE OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND THE CURRENT WARS IN THE WORLD Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show the real responsible for the outbreak of wars in the world such as the one involving Russia and Ukraine at the present time and the wars that occurred from the beginning of the 20th century to the contemporary era. The real cause of the war between Russia and Ukraine is not being considered by many international policy analysts. Out of ignorance or because they are at the service of those who foment this war among so many that took place from the 20th century onwards, these analysts do not reveal that the arms industry is the real cause of wars in the world. It was the war industry, especially in the United States, which, after the end of the Soviet Union, encouraged the maintenance of NATO, a military alliance created to face the Soviet Union and its allies after the 2nd World War. The logical and rational decision would be the dissolution of NATO after the end of the Soviet Union, as happened with the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance of European socialist countries.
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE AND ITS FUTURE SCENARIOS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present the causes of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and its future evolution scenarios. In addition to Russia and Ukraine, the United States, European Union countries and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), a Western military alliance, are involved in this conflict. With the end of the Soviet Union in 1989, NATO was expanded to meet the geopolitical interests of the United States. During the Cold War between the States and the Soviet Union, NATO had 16 countries until 1989, attracting in 1997 another 14 countries that were part of the Eastern European socialist system. More recently, Finland and Sweden joined NATO. All of this is part of the strategy of the United States and its European allies to get closer to the borders of Russia, which is considered, along with China, an enemy of Western powers. The facts of life demonstrate that, for centuries, humanity has been faced with conflicts between great powers that are not resolved through diplomatic means but through military means because we live in a world without a world government and without international law that is respected by all countries, especially by the great powers that seek to impose their will on the world level. Without a world government and a world parliament democratically elected by the world's population, as well as without the existence of a world Supreme Court, there is no way for international law to be effectively applied and respected by all countries. It is urgent for humanity to equip itself as urgently as possible with the instruments necessary to build a world of peace.
THE IMPERATIVE OF THE END OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AND THE WAR ECON...Faga1939
This article aims to present when and how the industrial-military complex and the war economy were born and structured in the great capitalist powers and demonstrate the imperative need for both to be brought to an end in the world so that world peace can exist. It can be said that the great capitalist powers, having war industries, sponsor the arms race and the maintenance of permanently organized armies divorced from civil society and at the same time leading to the radical subversion of the economy and society. The large military-industrial complex detached from civil society requires the proliferation of wars and the adoption of a permanent war economy. One fact is evident: peace will never be built in the world with the existence of the military-industrial complex and the war economy, especially in the great capitalist powers. This is why the end of the military-industrial complex and the war economy in the world becomes imperative. This means that, for peace to exist in the world, there must be an end to the military-industrial complex and the war economy. For there to be peace in the world, there must be world disarmament. For peace to exist in the world, would the holders of political and economic power in the great capitalist powers accept global disarmament? Would the war industry leaders and lobby accept the end of the war economy? No is the answer to these two questions. This means that humanity is facing an impasse that is difficult to overcome, which is to disarm the warmongers and bring the war economy to an end to make world peace prevail.
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging impacts, including the division of Germany and Korea, dictatorships in Latin America, and the space race. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension and military buildup between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies from 1947 to 1991. Though they never engaged in direct military conflict, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through espionage, propaganda, arms development, and proxy wars. This rivalry divided Europe between capitalist and communist countries and had wide-ranging global effects. While tensions eased somewhat from 1969-1979 through détente policies, the ideological differences and military buildup that characterized the earlier Cold War continued to influence international relations throughout the latter half of the 20th century until the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991.
The Cold War began in 1947 after World War II as tensions grew between the United States and its Western allies and the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies. Over several decades, the two superpowers competed for power and influence around the world through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda. While direct military conflict was avoided, the Cold War had wide-ranging political, economic, and social impacts globally and led to conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars. It ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the United States as the world's sole superpower.
FROM THE NEW COLD WAR, FROM THE TRADE WAR, FROM THE FINANCIAL WAR AND FROM TH...Faga1939
This article aims to present the characteristics of modern warfare based on in-depth research on the march of the new Cold War between the United States and Russia, the trade war between the United States and China and its consequences, financial warfare as a weapon of modern warfare, cybernetic warfare as a modern warfare, the inevitability or not of the 3rd World War, the causes of violence and wars in the world to, in the end, present how to eliminate wars on the planet. The new Cold War results from the fact that the United States and NATO forces are expanding their presence on Russia's borders. The trade warfare was triggered by the United States against China to prevent this country from assuming the status of hegemonic economic power on the planet. Financial warfare has been unleashed by the United States, against its enemies such as Iran, Russia and China, with the aim of degrading the capabilities of its enemies and subjugating them with the adoption of economic and financial sanctions, while seeking advantage geopolitics in specific areas to bring the enemy country to a state of near collapse and paralysis, to financial catastrophe while advancing on other fronts. Cyber warfare is being unleashed by the United States, Russia, China, among other countries to attack computers and networks of enemy countries that affect resources necessary for war by studying the system deeply to discover its flaws and using these flaws to control this system or destroy it. The decline of the United States and the economic rise of China, which may assume the condition of the greatest world power in the mid-21st century, may trigger the 3rd World War in the face of the tension created between them. Parallel to the effort to educate all human beings with the culture of peace, it is necessary to put into practice a democratic governance of the world to prevent the recurrence of new world wars. This is the only means of survival for the human species and to stop the decay of humanity.
The document provides background on the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. It discusses the main factors that led to the Cold War, including differing ideologies between capitalism and communism, and each country's desire to dominate the world. It also examines the ongoing process of the Cold War over different time periods, how military alliances and arms races developed, and the impact the Cold War had globally and in Indonesia. Key events that marked the end of the Cold War, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, are also outlined.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and the United States and its allies on the other following World War II. This ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was expressed through military coalitions, arms races, proxy wars and espionage. Key events included the Berlin Blockade, the Space Race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two sides close to nuclear war. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic and political pressures.
There are several countries that may be foci of wars in the world, including Syria, Palestine, Israel, Iran and North Korea. In the contemporary era, international geopolitical chess points to the existence of three major players: the United States, China and Russia. From the confrontation between these three great military powers in the future, alternatives scenarios to the current may arise that are characterized by the loss of US hegemony on the world stage since the end of the bipolar world confronting the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It was characterized by ideological differences that led to an arms race with both developing nuclear weapons. Key events included the Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and proxy wars in countries like Vietnam and Korea. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War.
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Question 1.1. (TCO 6) The 1914 assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was a factor in causing World War I. What else might be considered factors? (Points : 4)
British and German competition for the largest global empire
The arms race to create weapons to defend empires
The power of nationalism, which suggested that one’s nation is superior to others
All of the above
The cold war was a decades-long geopolitical conflict between the United States and Soviet Union stemming from ideological differences and competition for global influence. Tensions arose after WWII as the former allies disagreed over the reunification of Germany and the Soviet Union's influence in Eastern Europe. This started a nuclear arms race and proxy wars as the superpowers sought to contain the spread of the other's ideology and sphere of influence. The Cold War ended in the late 1980s as reform in the Soviet Union caused its collapse.
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Question 1.1. (TCO 6) The 1914 assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was a factor in causing World War I. What else might be considered factors? (Points : 4)
British and German competition for the largest global empire
The arms race to create weapons to defend empires
The power of nationalism, which suggested that one’s nation is superior to others
All of the above
In the contemporary era, the international geopolitical chess indicates the existence of three major players: the United States, China and Russia. From confrontation between these three major military powers may result alternative scenarios to the current that is characterized at the time by the US hegemony on the world stage since the end of the bipolar world that confronted the United States and the Soviet Union.
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The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies, from 1947 to 1991. It began after WWII as relations broke down between the former allies. The US and USSR established opposing military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact respectively) and engaged in proxy wars and arms races throughout the world. Some of the most tense periods included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led Eastern Bloc countries to break away, and the USSR dissolved in 1991, ending the Cold War.
The document discusses the methods used by the United States to contain communism during the Cold War. It describes how the Cold War began in Europe and expanded to Asia and other parts of the world. The US and Soviet Union engaged in proxy conflicts and competed for influence over newly independent nations. This competition eventually led to a dangerous nuclear arms race between the two superpowers, with both sides developing powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and missiles. The strategy of deterrence, also called Mutual Assured Destruction, emerged to describe the policy of maintaining a balance of nuclear terror.
The document discusses the causes of World War 1. It identifies some of the key long-term causes as militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Specifically, it argues that nationalism contributed to the war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, while alliances and imperialism increased tensions between European powers as they competed for territory and economic dominance. Militarism also played a role as countries increased military spending and preparedness in the decades leading up to the war.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1990. It discusses the origins of the Cold War following World War 2, key events that expanded tensions like the Cuban Missile Crisis, periods of détente, the reemergence of tensions in the late 1970s, and the ultimate end of the Cold War with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The document aims to define the Cold War, trace its causes, understand its dimensions, and analyze its impact on the global order.
The Second World War was a global military conflict from 1939 to 1945 that involved most of the world's nations forming into two alliances, the Allies and Axis powers. It was the largest war in history with over 100 million military personnel. Germany invaded Poland in 1939 to start the war and sought to establish a large empire in Europe and spread Nazism ideology. The Axis advance was stopped in 1942 after defeats in North Africa and at Stalingrad, and the war in Europe ended in 1945 with the Allies capturing Berlin and Germany surrendering. The war had widespread implications and effects including the division of Germany, creation of new countries and organizations, and emergence of the US and Soviet Union as superpowers dominating the postwar world.
In the contemporary era, one of the US government strategies is to prevent Russia could rise to the status of major global or even regional power. In practice, the US government wants to avoid facing the future of a reinvigorated Russia. On Russia, it is important to note that its strategic objectives are: 1) to defend itself from the threat to their territory represented by the United States and with NATO forces; and, 2) achieving world power status lost with the collapse of the Soviet Union. To defend against the threat to their territory represented by the United States and the NATO forces, the military strategy of Russia provides for the resetting of the Army and Navy with the use of conventional and nuclear weapons in response to an attack on the country.
The worsening economic situation resulting from Russia's price drop of oil and the economic strangulation resulting of sanctions imposed by the US and European Union may radicalize the conflict with the United States making the Russian government decides on preventive military intervention in Ukraine that could further strengthen the power of Vladimir Putin in charge of Russia mobilizing the nation against foreign enemies. By contrast, the United States and NATO forces should act extending the siege of Russia starting a new Cold War.
World War I lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved many of the major world powers. Key causes of the war included nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the conflict. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling in allies on both sides. The United States initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German submarine attacks and the Zimmerman Telegram. After the war, President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points called for open diplomacy and a League of Nations, but the harsh Treaty of Versailles punished Germany, sowing seeds for future conflict.
World War II was a global military conflict between 1939-1945 involving most nations splitting into two alliances, the Allies and Axis powers. Over 100 million military personnel were mobilized, making it the largest war in history. An estimated 60 million people died, most of them civilians. After the war, the Soviet Union and United States emerged as superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, while the UN was formed to prevent future conflicts. The war had disastrous economic consequences as infrastructure was destroyed across Europe.
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L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
The document provides background on the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. It discusses the main factors that led to the Cold War, including differing ideologies between capitalism and communism, and each country's desire to dominate the world. It also examines the ongoing process of the Cold War over different time periods, how military alliances and arms races developed, and the impact the Cold War had globally and in Indonesia. Key events that marked the end of the Cold War, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, are also outlined.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and its allies on one side and the United States and its allies on the other following World War II. This ideological conflict between communism and capitalism was expressed through military coalitions, arms races, proxy wars and espionage. Key events included the Berlin Blockade, the Space Race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the two sides close to nuclear war. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic and political pressures.
There are several countries that may be foci of wars in the world, including Syria, Palestine, Israel, Iran and North Korea. In the contemporary era, international geopolitical chess points to the existence of three major players: the United States, China and Russia. From the confrontation between these three great military powers in the future, alternatives scenarios to the current may arise that are characterized by the loss of US hegemony on the world stage since the end of the bipolar world confronting the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It was characterized by ideological differences that led to an arms race with both developing nuclear weapons. Key events included the Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and proxy wars in countries like Vietnam and Korea. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War.
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Question 1.1. (TCO 6) The 1914 assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was a factor in causing World War I. What else might be considered factors? (Points : 4)
British and German competition for the largest global empire
The arms race to create weapons to defend empires
The power of nationalism, which suggested that one’s nation is superior to others
All of the above
The cold war was a decades-long geopolitical conflict between the United States and Soviet Union stemming from ideological differences and competition for global influence. Tensions arose after WWII as the former allies disagreed over the reunification of Germany and the Soviet Union's influence in Eastern Europe. This started a nuclear arms race and proxy wars as the superpowers sought to contain the spread of the other's ideology and sphere of influence. The Cold War ended in the late 1980s as reform in the Soviet Union caused its collapse.
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Question 1.1. (TCO 6) The 1914 assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was a factor in causing World War I. What else might be considered factors? (Points : 4)
British and German competition for the largest global empire
The arms race to create weapons to defend empires
The power of nationalism, which suggested that one’s nation is superior to others
All of the above
In the contemporary era, the international geopolitical chess indicates the existence of three major players: the United States, China and Russia. From confrontation between these three major military powers may result alternative scenarios to the current that is characterized at the time by the US hegemony on the world stage since the end of the bipolar world that confronted the United States and the Soviet Union.
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The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies, from 1947 to 1991. It began after WWII as relations broke down between the former allies. The US and USSR established opposing military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact respectively) and engaged in proxy wars and arms races throughout the world. Some of the most tense periods included the Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Vietnam War. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev led Eastern Bloc countries to break away, and the USSR dissolved in 1991, ending the Cold War.
The document discusses the methods used by the United States to contain communism during the Cold War. It describes how the Cold War began in Europe and expanded to Asia and other parts of the world. The US and Soviet Union engaged in proxy conflicts and competed for influence over newly independent nations. This competition eventually led to a dangerous nuclear arms race between the two superpowers, with both sides developing powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and missiles. The strategy of deterrence, also called Mutual Assured Destruction, emerged to describe the policy of maintaining a balance of nuclear terror.
The document discusses the causes of World War 1. It identifies some of the key long-term causes as militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Specifically, it argues that nationalism contributed to the war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, while alliances and imperialism increased tensions between European powers as they competed for territory and economic dominance. Militarism also played a role as countries increased military spending and preparedness in the decades leading up to the war.
The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1990. It discusses the origins of the Cold War following World War 2, key events that expanded tensions like the Cuban Missile Crisis, periods of détente, the reemergence of tensions in the late 1970s, and the ultimate end of the Cold War with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The document aims to define the Cold War, trace its causes, understand its dimensions, and analyze its impact on the global order.
The Second World War was a global military conflict from 1939 to 1945 that involved most of the world's nations forming into two alliances, the Allies and Axis powers. It was the largest war in history with over 100 million military personnel. Germany invaded Poland in 1939 to start the war and sought to establish a large empire in Europe and spread Nazism ideology. The Axis advance was stopped in 1942 after defeats in North Africa and at Stalingrad, and the war in Europe ended in 1945 with the Allies capturing Berlin and Germany surrendering. The war had widespread implications and effects including the division of Germany, creation of new countries and organizations, and emergence of the US and Soviet Union as superpowers dominating the postwar world.
In the contemporary era, one of the US government strategies is to prevent Russia could rise to the status of major global or even regional power. In practice, the US government wants to avoid facing the future of a reinvigorated Russia. On Russia, it is important to note that its strategic objectives are: 1) to defend itself from the threat to their territory represented by the United States and with NATO forces; and, 2) achieving world power status lost with the collapse of the Soviet Union. To defend against the threat to their territory represented by the United States and the NATO forces, the military strategy of Russia provides for the resetting of the Army and Navy with the use of conventional and nuclear weapons in response to an attack on the country.
The worsening economic situation resulting from Russia's price drop of oil and the economic strangulation resulting of sanctions imposed by the US and European Union may radicalize the conflict with the United States making the Russian government decides on preventive military intervention in Ukraine that could further strengthen the power of Vladimir Putin in charge of Russia mobilizing the nation against foreign enemies. By contrast, the United States and NATO forces should act extending the siege of Russia starting a new Cold War.
World War I lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved many of the major world powers. Key causes of the war included nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the conflict. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling in allies on both sides. The United States initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German submarine attacks and the Zimmerman Telegram. After the war, President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points called for open diplomacy and a League of Nations, but the harsh Treaty of Versailles punished Germany, sowing seeds for future conflict.
World War II was a global military conflict between 1939-1945 involving most nations splitting into two alliances, the Allies and Axis powers. Over 100 million military personnel were mobilized, making it the largest war in history. An estimated 60 million people died, most of them civilians. After the war, the Soviet Union and United States emerged as superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, while the UN was formed to prevent future conflicts. The war had disastrous economic consequences as infrastructure was destroyed across Europe.
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L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
LA LOI DE L'ENTROPIE ET LA CONQUÊTE DE L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'ÊTRE HUMAIN.pdfFaga1939
Cet article vise à analyser les possibilités d'atteindre l'immortalité humaine face à l'obstacle que représente la loi de l'entropie qui mesure le degré de désordre dans un système. L'entropie dans les systèmes biologiques, par exemple, s'explique lorsqu'un être vivant, lorsqu'il effectue un travail, une partie de la chaleur produite maintient son corps au chaud, mais une grande partie se dissipe dans l'environnement qui l'entoure, provoquant une grande fraction de l’énergie provenant de ses sources de combustible à transformer en chaleur. L'effet net du processus originel (diminution de l'entropie de l'être vivant) et du transfert d'énergie (augmentation de l'entropie dans l'environnement extérieur) est une augmentation générale de l'entropie de l'Univers. Tout le monde s’accorde à dire que grâce à l’entropie, le désordre de la vie se produit, les galaxies s’enfonçant dans des trous noirs, les étoiles se transformant en poussière de carbone, les moteurs de voitures et d’avions s’usant et vieillissant nous conduisant à la mort. En juin 2019, une équipe de scientifiques de l'Université technique de Munich et de l'Institut Max Planck de physique et de systèmes complexes a annoncé qu'une exception à cette règle universelle avait été trouvée dans le mystérieux monde quantique avec le phénomène de « quasi-particule » qui se produit. dans une série de cycles sans fin, les rendant en fait immortels. Ce fait continue de stimuler les discussions sur un ancien désir humain : l’immortalité du corps humain. Dans le passé, l’homme cherchait à vaincre la mort à travers les religions. À l’époque contemporaine, les gens ont commencé à croire qu’il serait possible de vaincre la mort grâce à l’utilisation de la science et de la technologie. L’année 2045 marquera le début d’une ère dans laquelle la médecine pourra offrir à l’humanité la possibilité de vivre une époque jamais vue dans l’histoire. Nous ne serons qu’à quelques pas de l’immortalité. Compte tenu de la rapidité des innovations, une personne née en 2050 aura 95 % de chances de vivre mille ans. Tous ces efforts visant à atteindre l’immortalité parviendront-ils à vaincre les forces imposées par la loi de l’entropie ? Dans quelle mesure l’immortalité des « quasi-particules » peut-elle contribuer à rendre les êtres humains immortels ? Dans quelle mesure la science et la technologie contribueront-elles à l’obtention de l’immortalité des êtres humains ?
THE LAW OF ENTROPY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMAN BEING IMMORTALITY.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to analyze the possibilities of achieving human immortality in the face of the obstacle represented by the law of entropy that measures the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy in biological systems, for example, is explained when a living being, when performing work, part of the heat produced keeps its body warm, but a large part dissipates in the environment around it, causing a large fraction of the energy of its fuel sources are transformed into heat. The net effect of the original process (decrease in the entropy of the living being) and the transfer of energy (increase in entropy in the external environment) is a general increase in the entropy of the Universe. Everyone agrees that thanks to entropy, the disorder of life occurs, with galaxies sinking into black holes, stars turning into carbon dust, car and airplane engines wearing out and aging leading us to death. In June 2019, a team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Complex Systems announced that an exception to this universal rule had been found in the mysterious quantum world with the “quasi-particle” phenomenon that occurs in a series of endless cycles, making them, in fact, immortal. This fact continues to stimulate discussions about an ancient human desire: the immortality of the human body. In the past, man sought to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. We will be just a few steps away from immortality. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will have a 95% chance of living a thousand years. Will all this effort aimed at achieving immortality be able to overcome the forces imposed by the law of entropy? To what extent can the immortality of “quasi-particles” contribute to making human beings immortal? To what extent will science and technology contribute to the achievement of immortality for human beings?
A LEI DA ENTROPIA E A CONQUISTA DA IMORTALIDADE DO SER HUMANO.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de conquista da imortalidade do ser humano diante do obstáculo representado pela lei da entropia que mede o grau de desordem de um sistema. A entropia nos sistemas biológicos, por exemplo, se explica quando o ser vivo, ao realizar trabalho, parte do calor produzido conserva seu corpo aquecido, mas uma grande parte se dissipa no ambiente a seu redor, fazendo com que uma grande fração da energia de suas fontes de combustíveis seja transformada em calor. O efeito líquido do processo original (diminuição da entropia do ser vivo) e a transferência de energia (aumento de entropia no meio exterior) é um aumento geral na entropia do Universo. Todos concordam que graças à entropia, ocorre a desordem da vida, com as galáxias afundando em buracos negros, as estrelas virando poeira de carbono, motores de carros e aviões se desgastando e o envelhecimento nos encaminhando à morte. Em junho de 2019, uma equipe de cientistas da Universidade Técnica de Munique e do Instituto Max Planck de Física e Sistemas Complexos anunciou que foi encontrada uma exceção à esta regra universal no misterioso mundo quântico com o fenômeno das “quase-partículas” que ocorre numa série de ciclos intermináveis, tornando-as, de fato, imortais. O fato não deixa de estimular discussões sobre um milenar desejo humano: a imortalidade do corpo humano. No passado, o homem procurava superar a morte através das religiões. Na era contemporânea, passou-se a acreditar que seria possível vencer a morte com o uso da ciência e da tecnologia. O ano de 2045 marcará o início de uma era em que a medicina poderá oferecer à humanidade a possibilidade de viver por um tempo jamais visto na história. Estaremos a poucos passos da imortalidade. Considerando a rapidez das inovações, uma pessoa nascida em 2050 terá 95% de chance de viver mil anos. Todo este esforço voltado para a conquista da imortalidade será capaz de vencer as forças impostas pela lei da entropia? Até que ponto a imortalidade das “quase-partículas” poderá contribuir para tornar os seres humanos imortais? Até que ponto a ciência e a tecnologia contribuirão para a conquista da imortalidade dos seres humanos?
PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REQUIRES EXTREMISTS OUT OF POWER AND RESTR...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the need for Israeli and Palestinian extremists to be removed from power and for the UN to be restructured so that there is peace between Israel and Palestine. The construction of peace can only happen in the Palestine region if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. It can be said that there is only one solution to the conflict between Palestine and Israel: on the one hand, Israel needs to accept the constitution of the Palestinian State, seek a fair and negotiated solution regarding Jerusalem and the fate of Palestinian refugees and end the settlements Jews in the West Bank and, on the other, Palestinians need to recognize the State of Israel because neither Palestinians nor Israelis can impose their will on each other. Neither the right-wing extremists who govern Israel nor the Palestinian extremist groups will be able to impose their will by force of arms in Palestine. It is unlikely that the conflict between Palestinians and Jews will be resolved today because existing international institutions are not capable of building a negotiated solution to the conflict between these two peoples and between Israel, Iran and the Arab countries. This means that there is an urgent need to restructure the international system to resolve the conflict between Israel and Palestine, between Russia and Ukraine and all international conflicts that may occur in the future. The time has come for humanity to promote the construction of world peace and to exercise control over its destiny. To achieve these objectives, it is urgent to restructure the UN with a view to transforming it into a democratic government of the world that constitutes the only means of survival for the human species.
PAZ ENTRE ISRAEL E PALESTINA EXIGE EXTREMISTAS FORA DO PODER E REESTRUTURAÇÃO...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de que extremistas israelenses e palestinos sejam colocados fora do poder e haja a reestruturação da ONU para que haja paz entre Israel e Palestina. A construção da paz só poderá acontecer na região da Palestina se o povo judeu em Israel e no mundo inteiro, bem como os palestinos repelirem politicamente os extremistas que exercem o poder em seus territórios e constituírem governos que busquem a conciliação entre os povos judeu e palestino. Pode-se afirmar que só há uma solução para o conflito entre Palestina e Israel: de um lado, Israel precisa aceitar a constituição do Estado palestino, buscar uma solução justa e negociada sobre Jerusalém e sobre o destino de refugiados palestinos e acabar com os assentamentos judeus na Cisjordânia e, de outro, os palestinos precisam reconhecer o Estado de Israel porque nem palestinos nem israelenses podem impor sua vontade um ao outro. Nem os extremistas de direita que governam Israel nem os grupos extremistas palestinos terão condições de impor sua vontade pela força das armas na Palestina. É pouco provável que o conflito entre palestinos e judeus seja solucionado na atualidade porque as instituições internacionais existentes não são capazes de construir uma saída negociada para o conflito entre estes dois povos e entre Israel, o Irã e os países árabes. Isto significa dizer que urge a reestruturação do sistema internacional para solucionar o conflito entre Israel e Palestina, entre Rússia e Ucrânia e todos os conflitos internacionais que venham a ocorrer no futuro. É chegada a hora da humanidade promover a construção da paz mundial e de exercer o controle de seu destino. Para alcançar estes objetivos, urge a reestruturação da ONU visando transformá-la em um governo democrático do mundo que se constitui no único meio de sobrevivência da espécie humana.
HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE...Faga1939
This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.
COMO SUPERAR A DEPRESSÃO E A ANSIEDADE NA VIDA DAS PESSOAS NO MUNDO EM QUE VI...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
COMO PLANEJAR AS CIDADES PARA ENFRENTAR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EXTREMOS.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para promover o planejamento das cidades capaz de enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Tem sido recorrente a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos. As inundações que devastaram algumas cidades do oeste e do sul da Alemanha, Henan na China e Londres na Inglaterra em 2021 e, no momento, no Rio Grande do Sul demonstram a vulnerabilidade de áreas altamente populosas a enchentes catastróficas. Os desastres relacionados com a água causaram perdas mundiais de US$ 306 bilhões entre 1980 e 2016. Para fazer frente a eventos climáticos extremos nas cidades, é preciso que seja realizado o controle de inundações que diz respeito a todos os métodos usados para reduzir ou impedir os efeitos prejudiciais da ação das águas. Devem ser adotadas medidas estruturais com obras de engenharia visando a correção e / ou prevenção de problemas decorrentes de inundações e medidas não estruturais que são aquelas que buscam prevenir e / ou reduzir os danos e consequências das inundações, não por meio de obras de engenharia, mas pela introdução de normas, regulamentos e programas que visam, por exemplo, disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo, implementação de sistemas de alerta e conscientização da população. A prefeitura municipal tem um papel fundamental no sentido de evitar alagamentos, enchentes e inundações nas cidades. Para tanto, deve elaborar um plano diretor de desenvolvimento municipal que contemple, entre outras medidas, a adoção de soluções para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos enfrentados pela população, a identificação sistemática de áreas de risco a fim de estabelecer regras de assentamento da população. Três órgãos são essenciais nas ações de prevenção a enchentes em um município: 1) o órgão municipal de defesa civil; 2) o órgão responsável pelo serviço de meteorologia responsável por informar a previsão do clima da cidade e/ou região; e, 3) os núcleos comunitários de defesa civil, que são pessoas que trabalham de forma voluntária nas atividades de defesa civil.
LES OBSTACLES QUI ENTRAVENT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU BRÉSIL À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAINE ...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Lula est confronté à deux défis majeurs dans ses efforts pour promouvoir le développement économique et social du Brésil. Le premier défi, d'ordre économique, est représenté par les obstacles qui existent avec la politique de plafonnement des dépenses, malgré la flexibilité offerte par le cadre budgétaire et l'existence d'une Banque centrale indépendante, qui rendent le gouvernement brésilien incapable de coordonner ses politiques monétaires et fiscales, réaliser des investissements publics dans l'expansion de l'économie et obtenir la stabilité macroéconomique et, le deuxième défi, de nature politique, est représenté par les obstacles existant au Congrès national du fait qu'il ne dispose pas de majorité au parlement, ce qui empêche le gouvernement fédéral de mettre en pratique son projet de développement national et de répondre pleinement aux exigences sociales. Pour que les forces progressistes brésiliennes puissent réélire le président Lula lors des élections présidentielles de 2026 et obtenir une majorité parlementaire au Congrès national engagé en faveur du progrès politique, économique et social, le gouvernement Lula devra réussir sur le front économique, en promouvant l'expansion du l'économie, en augmentant de manière significative en générant des emplois et des revenus, en maîtrisant l'inflation et en répondant au maximum aux revendications sociales qui profitent avant tout aux populations mal desservies du pays. Les forces progressistes du Brésil doivent s'engager, dès les élections municipales de 2024, à élire le nombre maximum de maires et de conseillers engagés dans les avancées politiques, économiques et sociales du Brésil. Telles sont les conditions pour empêcher, en 2026, les extrémistes de droite de reconquérir la présidence de la République, d’élargir leur participation aux gouvernements des États et au Congrès national et de mettre en pratique leur infâme projet antisocial et antinational.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
L'ÉVOLUTION DE L'ÉDUCATION AU BRÉSIL À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LES EXIGENCES DE...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation au Brésil à travers l’histoire et les exigences de son développement futur. De 1500 jusqu'au XIXe siècle, l'éducation brésilienne s'est concentrée exclusivement sur la formation des classes supérieures, dans le but de les préparer aux activités politico-bureaucratiques et aux professions libérales, presque toujours en charge ou sous l'influence de l'initiative religieuse privée. La relation ombilicale entre l'Église catholique et la puissance coloniale portugaise s'est maintenue au Brésil même après son indépendance en 1822 pendant la période impériale et a pris fin avec la Proclamation de la République avec le divorce officiel entre l'Église et l'État. Au niveau des politiques publiques, plusieurs tentatives de réforme éducative de la part du gouvernement central républicain ont fini par perpétuer le modèle éducatif hérité de la période coloniale. La première LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) de l’histoire de l’éducation brésilienne n’a pas brisé le binôme d’élitisme et d’exclusion qui s’était manifesté dans l’éducation brésilienne depuis la période coloniale. La LDB de 1961 a permis la cohabitation entre écoles publiques et privées. Cette situation éducative en vigueur au Brésil dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a suscité une critique acerbe de la part de Paulo Freire. En 1982, des projets éducatifs alternatifs à l'enseignement technique imposé par la dictature militaire ont émergé, comme ce qui s'est passé à Rio de Janeiro sous le gouvernement de Leonel Brizola, qui a mis en œuvre les soi-disant CIEP (Centres intégrés d'éducation publique), qui étaient des écoles à temps plein. Mais ces expériences éducatives adoptées de manière autonome et conformément aux corrélations de forces qui s’établissaient entre les tendances pédagogiques existantes étaient destinées à être de courte durée, comme cela s’est effectivement produit. Avec la fin de la dictature militaire au Brésil, la dernière décennie du XXe siècle a été marquée par l'adoption du modèle économique néolibéral qui a porté préjudice aux politiques publiques, notamment éducatives, car il a permis la croissance du secteur privé, principalement dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que dans les écoles publiques, l'enseignement est devenu encore plus inefficace, une situation qui perdure aujourd'hui. Mais aujourd'hui, l'exclusion des classes populaires a eu lieu parce que l'école publique ne garantit pas l'apprentissage effectif des connaissances essentielles requises par la société brésilienne. De ce qui précède, on peut conclure qu’il reste encore une tâche majeure à accomplir pour la société brésilienne contemporaine : la consolidation effective d’écoles publiques, laïques et de qualité pour tous. À l'époque contemporaine, il est urgent de promouvoir une révolution dans le système éducatif brésilien, ce qui est devenu nécessaire parce que les mauvaises performances du système éducatif brésilien.
THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THE REQUIREMENTS ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the evolution of education in Brazil throughout history and the requirements for its future development. From 1500 until the 19th century, Brazilian education focused exclusively on training the upper classes, with the aim of preparing them for political-bureaucratic activities and liberal professions, almost always in charge of or under the influence of private religious initiative. The umbilical relationship between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese colonial power was maintained in Brazil even after its independence in 1822 during the imperial period and came to an end with the Proclamation of the Republic when there was an official divorce between Church and State. At the level of public policies, there were several attempts at educational reform by the republican central government that ended up perpetuating the educational model inherited from the colonial period. The first LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) in the history of Brazilian education did not break the binomial of elitism and exclusion that had manifested itself in Brazilian education since the colonial period. The LDB of 1961 made it possible for public and private schools to cohabit. This educational situation in force in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century had a scathing critic in Paulo Freire. In 1982, alternative educational projects emerged to the technical education imposed by the military dictatorship, such as what occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Leonel Brizola, which implemented the so-called CIEPs (Integrated Centers for Public Education), which were full-time schools. But these educational experiences adopted autonomously and in accordance with the correlations of forces that were established between existing pedagogical trends were destined to be short-lived, as in fact happened. With the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the last decade of the 20th century was marked by the adoption of the neoliberal economic model that harmed public policies, in particular education, as it allowed the growth of the private sector, mainly in the context of higher education, while In public schools, teaching became even more inefficient, a situation that continues today. Now, however, the exclusion of the popular classes took place because the State school does not guarantee the effective learning of the essential knowledge required by Brazilian society. From the above, it can be concluded that there is still a major task to be resolved by contemporary Brazilian society: the effective consolidation of state, public, secular and quality schools for all. In the contemporary era, there is an urgent need to promote a revolution in Brazil's education system, which has become necessary because the poor performance of Brazil's education system results, among other factors, above all from insufficient investments in Brazilian education.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E OS REQUISITOS PARA SE...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da educação do Brasil ao longo da história e os requisitos para seu futuro desenvolvimento. De 1500 até o século XIX, a educação brasileira voltou-se exclusivamente à formação das camadas superiores, no intuito de prepará-las para as atividades político-burocráticas e das profissões liberais quase sempre a cargo ou sob a influência da iniciativa privada religiosa. A relação umbilical entre a Igreja Católica e o poder colonial português foi mantido no Brasil mesmo após sua independência ocorrida em 1822 durante o período imperial e chegou ao fim com a Proclamação da República quando houve o divórcio oficial entre Igreja e Estado. Ao nível das políticas públicas, houve várias tentativas de reforma educacional por parte do governo central republicano que acabaram por perpetuar o modelo educacional herdado do período colonial. A primeira LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) da história da educação brasileira não rompeu o binômio do elitismo e da exclusão que se manifestava na educação brasileira desde o período colonial. A LDB de 1961 possibilitou a coabitação da escola pública e da particular. Esta situação educacional vigente no Brasil da segunda metade do século XX teve em Paulo Freire um crítico contundente. Em 1982, surgiram projetos educacionais alternativos ao ensino tecnicista imposto pela ditadura militar, como o que ocorreu no Rio de Janeiro durante o governo de Leonel Brizola que implementou os chamados CIEPs (Centros Integrados de Educação Pública) que eram escolas de período integral. Mas essas experiências educacionais adotadas de forma autônoma e de acordo com as correlações de forças que se estabeleciam entre as tendências pedagógicas existentes estavam fadadas a ter vida curta como de fato aconteceu. Com o fim da ditadura militar no Brasil, a última década do século XX ficou marcada pela adoção do modelo econômico neoliberal que prejudicou as políticas públicas, em particular a educação, pois permitiu o crescimento do setor privado, principalmente no âmbito do ensino superior, enquanto na escola pública o ensino ficou ainda mais ineficiente, situação esta que se mantem até hoje. Agora, porém, a exclusão das classes populares se realizava porque a escola de Estado não garante a aprendizagem efetiva dos conhecimentos essenciais exigidos pela sociedade brasileira. Pelo exposto, conclui-se que ainda existe uma grande tarefa a ser resolvida pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea: a efetiva consolidação da escola de Estado, pública, laica e de qualidade para todos. Na era contemporânea, urge promover uma revolução no sistema de educação do Brasil, que se tornou necessária porque o péssimo desempenho do sistema de educação do Brasil resulta, entre outros fatores, sobretudo da insuficiência de investimentos na educação brasileira quando comparado com os investimentos em educação dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Cet article représente la suite de la Partie 1 de l'article qui aborde l'évolution de l'éducation dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l'histoire de l'humanité car c'est à cette époque que l'éducation était considérée comme un droit pour tous, qu'il y avait l'obligation de l'État de maintenir les écoles, le droit à l'enseignement public gratuit et la garantie que l'école publique n'était sous la domination d'aucune croyance religieuse (laïcité). La première révolution industrielle et la naissance des usines ont créé un espace pour l’émergence d’une institution scolaire publique moderne. L'influence catholique dans l'éducation a commencé à décliner. Au XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré comme le père de la pédagogie moderne, a contribué à l'éducation. La Révolution française de 1789 signifiait que l’intervention de l’État dans l’éducation traditionnellement confiée à l’Église catholique. La politique expansionniste de Napoléon a imposé en Europe des lignes directrices laïques, étatiques et civiles dans la réorganisation des systèmes éducatifs à partir de 1794. Au XIXe siècle naissent les pédagogies de Pestalozzi, ainsi que les pédagogies positiviste et socialiste. Au XXe siècle, le débat pédagogique impliquait deux courants théoriques majeurs : la Nouvelle École et la conception marxiste, la première identifiée au capitalisme et la seconde au socialisme. L'Escola Nova a été le mouvement pédagogique qui a eu la plus grande influence sur l'éducation au XXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, plusieurs innovations pédagogiques originales ont eu lieu dans les pays en développement, comme celle menée par Paulo Freire au Brésil. Au 21ème siècle, à l'ère contemporaine, l'enseignement ne se résume plus seulement en présentiel pour devenir également du non-présentiel ou partiellement en présentiel avec l'enseignement à distance (EAD). Le grand défi éducatif de l’avenir est de réaliser une vaste révolution dans l’enseignement, y compris la qualification des enseignants et la structuration des unités d’enseignement pour s’adapter aux besoins imposés par les progrès technologiques.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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1. 1
WORLD TOWARDS WORLD WAR 3?
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to demonstrate that the world may be heading towards the 3rd World War as a
result of the conflict that seems insoluble, bringing together, on the one hand, the United States
and its western allies and, on the other, Russia, China and their allies. What makes the possibility
of World War 3 increasingly likely is the current escalation of conflict between Russia, on the
one hand, and the United States, NATO, and Ukraine, on the other. Furthermore, the United States
is articulating the constitution of an Asia-Pacific NATO to militarily confront China. The world
is heading towards the outbreak of the 3rd World War because the proliferation of wars interests
US imperialism and its war industry, which are partners in order to achieve their objectives, the
first, to maintain their world hegemony and, the second, to increase its profitability from the sale
of weapons. With the wars and the consequent military expenditures, US imperialism seeks to
maintain the growth of its economy and achieve its geopolitical objectives of maintaining its
domination in the world and, in turn, the arms industry seeks to maximize its profits with the sale
of weapons to US government and its allies. The threat of a new world war is also strengthened
by the failure of the international system to ensure world peace.
The contribution of the war industry in the birth and expansion of US imperialism
The umbilical relationship between US imperialism and the arms industry began with US military
spending in World War II, which was the main factor that contributed to pulling the US out of the
economic depression that occurred with the crash of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929 and
not civil spending on the New Deal, the economic program adopted by President Roosevelt. It
should be noted that World War II (1939-45) was the process through which the United States
emerged from economic stagnation after the New York Stock Exchange crash in 1929 to double
its national wealth in the post-war period, asserting itself as a hegemonic power of the first order
that it maintains until today. A deep relationship took place between the United States government
and the American arms industry during World War II, when the United States became an
imperialist power based on the permanent war industry and the military occupation of almost all
countries with the installation of military bases around the world [1]. It is difficult to determine
the actual number of US military bases in the world. The first reason is that there are confidential
US military bases. It is not known exactly how many there are, nor where they are located. In
addition, even publicly known bases undergo constant changes because many are activated and
deactivated according to the interest of the moment. The most recent survey shows 742 US bases
outside the United States, which include land and sea installations.
Figure 1 shows US military bases inside and outside the United States [10].
Figure 1- US military bases in the world
2. 2
Source: https://www.oladooculto.com/noticias.php?id=250
From the 2nd World War, the war and the economy based on the arms industry became the
resources par excellence used by the US government to promote the expansion of US imperialism.
Spending on the acquisition of weapons involves heavy credits that the US government will seek
from the private financial system, which means that there is a close relationship between military
spending and the increase in circulating speculative capital, establishing strong promiscuous
political relationships between the great groups of finance capital, the arms industry and the US
government. The expansion of military spending driven by the wars sponsored by US imperialism
from the 2nd World War to the present has made the military-war sector stand out in the US
economy as a whole.
The strengthening of US imperialism with the constitution of NATO
After the 2nd World War, US imperialism clashed in the Cold War with the former Soviet Union,
when this country and the United States were indirectly fighting each other. There was no direct
confrontation between them due to the risk of a destructive nuclear conflagration. In this period
of the Cold War, the United States and its European allies united in the military plan to face the
Soviet Union and its allies with the constitution of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
in 1949 under the leadership of the United States. In turn, the Soviet Union formed a military
alliance with the socialist countries creating the Warsaw Pact. Regarding NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) [7], it is important to note that it was created in the context of the Cold War,
in 1949, with its main objective to contain the expansion of socialism in Western Europe. One of
NATO's pillars is to guarantee the security of its member countries, which can occur
diplomatically or with the use of military forces. NATO member countries provide part of their
military contingent for eventual actions of this size, since the organization does not have its own
military force.
Until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989, NATO had 16 countries: 1) Germany; 2)
Belgium; 3) Canada; 4) Denmark; 5) Spain; 6) United States; 7) France; 8) Greece; 9) Holland;
10) Iceland; 11) Italy; 12) Luxembourg; 13) Norway; 14) Portugal; 15) Turkey; 16) United
Kingdom. To meet the geopolitical interests of the United States and the arms industry, NATO
expanded, after the end of the Soviet Union, attracting 14 more countries that were part of the
socialist system of Eastern Europe, such as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, the Czech Republic and
Romania. With the accession of these countries began the siege of Russia that would be completed
with the incorporation of Ukraine to NATO (Figure 2).
Figure 2- The siege of Russia by NATO in Europe
3. 3
Source: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-60129112
It is worth noting that most of the operations carried out to date by NATO have been carried out
in the Northern Hemisphere, such as in Afghanistan, Kosovo, North Africa, and the Middle East,
among others. After 1990, NATO carried out the invasion of Iraq under the leadership of the
United States. There was also a US-led NATO intervention in the Bosnian War that led to the
dissolution of the former Yugoslavia in 1992. In addition to military cooperation between its
member countries, NATO also contributes to the United Nations (UN) as its armed wing
intervening in areas considered dangerous by the latter organization. In the 21st century, under
the leadership of the United States, NATO has engaged in missions in Iraq (2004) and
Afghanistan (2003), fought piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, in addition to
carrying out missions during the Arab Spring, with the overthrow of the Gaddafi government in
Libya in 2011 and the attempt to overthrow President Bashar El-Assad of Syria in 2013.
The Cold War, the conflict that was established between the United States and the Soviet Union,
after the 2nd World War, and the creation of NATO became the new and continued impetus to
the North American arms industry, contributing to the strengthening of the military-industrial
complex. From the Korean War (1950) to the present day, US military expenditures amounted to
unprecedented amounts. In addition to the Korean War, the United States launched the Vietnam
War and, more recently, together with its European allies, five large-scale wars of aggression —
those in Iraq, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Libya, and Syria — and in the process they profited from
spoils such as oil resources, while the peoples of these countries suffered terribly from imperialist
terror in all these wars of aggression. The most recent targets for the United States and its allies
have been the attempt to overthrow the Assad regimes in Syria and the Ayatollahs in Iran.
The recent attempt to incorporate Ukraine into NATO would serve the geopolitical interests of
the United States because it would complete the siege of Russia and, at the same time, of the
American arms industry, which increased its arms sales even before the Russian invasion by
strengthening the army Ukrainian with weapons and military training. Russia's invasion of
Ukraine has further increased the supply of weapons to this country and to NATO countries to
deal with a possible war with Russia. The strengthening of the Ukrainian army and the supply of
weapons explain Ukraine's military resistance towards the Russian army during the invasion of
the country. The US arms industry is making a lot of money from the war in Ukraine.
NATO's expansion into Europe to face Russia and the creation of an Asia-Pacific version of
NATO to face China
There is no doubt that there is a geopolitical interest of the United States to encircle and weaken
Russia, but another major interest in the conflict is of the arms industry because the existence of
the conflict represents a greater volume of arms and ammunition sales. Recently, the US Congress
voted on a bill called “Protect Ukraine” worth $500 million to supply Ukraine with weapons. The
same is happening with other NATO member countries. Nearly all countries in the region are
purchasing weapons, military equipment and ammunition from the US arms industry. The United
States government and its arms industry are primarily responsible for the outbreak of a new world
war because, in addition to promoting the siege of Russia in Europe with NATO, it is intending
to build an Asia-Pacific version of NATO to face China. China denounced the creation of an Asia-
Pacific version of NATO on the news.cgtn website [5].
It is quite evident the US military strategy of expanding NATO in Europe to encircle Russia and
building a new Asia-Pacific version of NATO to fight China. This is because Russia and China
constitute an obstacle to the world domination of the United States, respectively, from a military
and economic point of view. The new Asia-Pacific version of NATO also appears to face China's
defense system in Asia (Figure 3). The new Asia-Pacific version of NATO tends to intensify the
US conflict with China in the same way that NATO does with Russia.
4. 4
Figure 3- China's defense system in Asia
Source: https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2019/08/20/china-pode-vencer-militares-dos-eua-na-asia-em-
questao-de-horas-segundo-relatorio-australiano/
The risk of the outbreak of the 3rd World War is placed as a real possibility of happening,
including the use of nuclear weapons. Figure 4 presents the countries that have nuclear
weapons [8].
Figure 4- Countries with nuclear weapons
Source: https://rr.sapo.pt/especial/mundo/2022/02/28/armas-nucleares-quantas-existem-e-quantos-paises-
as-tem/274403/
It should be noted that, as of 2019, there are approximately 3,750 active nuclear warheads and
13,890 total nuclear warheads in the world [6]. There are currently 12,705 nuclear weapons
belonging to nine countries: the United States, Russia, China, France, the United Kingdom,
Pakistan, India, Israel and North Korea. Russia and the United States have 90% of the world's
5. 5
nuclear weapons. Together, all nuclear-armed NATO countries have 6,065 warheads, while
Russia has 5,997.
Military spending as economic, geopolitical and imperialist support for the United States
It is no coincidence that the United States is one of the countries that benefit most economically
from armed conflicts, as the largest arms exporters in the world are Americans. In addition to the
sale of ammunition and weapons, the United States also monetizes with security contracts and
military training, which makes many members of the US Congress understand wars as a machine
that generates jobs and money. Peace, for the United States, is neither desired nor pursued by its
governments because it could cost its economy dearly. The United States is the country with the
most powerful army in the world because, in addition to having the third largest army in terms of
active soldiers, it is also the one that invests the most in the armed forces [3]. The United States
invests 740 billion dollars in the army, while China, the second largest investing country, has a
budget of 178 billion dollars.
The United States also has the most advanced technology for combat and defense. Currently,
Russia has the second most powerful military force in the world. Formed in 1992, after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian army was one of the most invested in recent decades.
Russia is also one of the few countries that produce its own military equipment, having the largest
number of tanks and rocket projectors among all armies in the world. China has the largest army
in the world by number of active soldiers. China is also the second most funded in the armed
forces, behind only the United States. The great development of China in recent years makes
experts project that the Chinese army will become even stronger in the coming decades.
Global military spending reached its highest level since the end of the Cold War in 2018, fueled
by rising military spending by the United States and China, the world's two largest economies,
according to figures released by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri) [2].
In 2018, the United States and China accounted for half of the world's military spending. This is
the highest figure since 1988. The United States accounted for 36% of total global military
spending, close to the combined spending of the next eight countries on the list, according to
Sipri. China represents 14% of global investments and in the last ten years they grew by 83%.
Since 2013, China has devoted 1.9% of its GDP to armaments. Saudi Arabia, India and France
follow them. In sixth place is Russia, which, for the first time since 2006, is no longer part of the
top five on the Sipri list. One of the reasons for the drop in Russian investments, verified since
2016, is the economic sanctions of the West due to the conflict with Ukraine, which increased its
military expenditures by 21% compared to the previous year, spending 4.8 billion dollars. In
seventh place is the United Kingdom. Germany comes in eighth place.
Figure 5 presents the highest military expenditures in the world by country [9].
Figure 5- The highest military expenditures in the world by country
6. 6
Source: https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/04/25/gasto-militar-mundial-bate-recorde-e-supera-us-2-
trilhoes-em-2021-aponta-relatorio
In addition to serving the geopolitical interests of the United States, military spending has also
become the means that the system began to resort to trying to prevent the outbreak of crises in the
world capitalist system and avoid the loss of profitability in the non-war economy. Public
indebtedness, with which military expenditures are associated, rose, making the United States the
most heavily armed, but also most indebted, economy in the world. The North American capitalist
economy became war-dependent [4]. Some argue that military spending is positive because it
creates demand and creates employment. This is the first argument that is usually presented to
explain the “positive” effect of the arms industry. Another argument is that government military
orders stimulate well-paid jobs in the arms industry and in the state defense structure
(administration, etc.) that result in purchases from the productive sector of the economy.
It can be said that, of all the imperialisms that have emerged throughout history, US imperialism
has committed the greatest crimes against humanity for having promoted countless wars of
aggression and for having sponsored regimes of terror such as military dictatorships deployed
through coups d'état in Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s, including Brazil. With the support
of local governments subordinate to their interests, the US government and its allies sponsored
all possible acts of state terrorism, which include illegal arrests and detentions, torture, murders,
among other actions. Thousands of people in Asia, Africa and Latin America have suffered from
these acts of state terrorism. With 102 wars in its bellicose "curriculum", the United States is
probably, in history, one of the countries most involved in military actions in the world that began
with the annexation of land from Mexico to its territory.
The birth of the unified global empire under the leadership of the United States
A new event occurred in 1975 when all the imperialist countries were unified constituting the
contemporary global unified empire represented by the G7, which is the group of the most
industrialized countries in the world, composed of Germany, Canada, United States, France, Italy,
Japan and the United Kingdom with the participation, also, of the European Union. Organizations
such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO (World Trade Organization) and NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) work articulately with the member countries of the G7 aiming at achieving
the objectives of unified global imperialism or global empire. In the Ukraine war, global unified
imperialism or global empire is present with the united actions between the United States and its
allies in the European Union to carry out economic sanctions against Russia and the supply of
weapons to Ukraine.
The unity of action of the United States and the countries of the European Union makes it evident
that a new world order is in force in the world with the global empire exercising world power
under the leadership of the United States. The inter-imperialist contradictions responsible for the
1st and 2nd World War disappeared. All imperialist countries are united in constituting the unified
imperialism or global empire that represents a concrete threat against world peace and against the
sovereignty of all countries in the world because it is a single world power, without borders, above
any capitalist power. From the above, it can be said that humanity is threatened with destruction
by the warmongering rage of the global empire under the leadership of the United States. The
chance of the outbreak of a new world war is very great. What to do in the face of this? Peace
lovers around the world need to mobilize to prevent this catastrophic World War 3 scenario from
taking place.
How to prevent the outbreak of World War 3
In order to definitively rule out new risks of the outbreak of the 3rd World War and to bring about
peace on our planet, it is necessary that all peace-loving peoples and countries not aligned with
the belligerents mobilize worldwide to oppose the new world order imposed by the global empire
unified articulating in defense of a new international system capable of guaranteeing world peace.
They should fight for the new international system to work based on a Planetary Social Contract
7. 7
democratically approved by all the peoples of the world. The Planetary Social Contract would be
the Constitution of planet Earth that would govern the relations between countries, between
human beings and between both and nature. For the elaboration of the Planetary Social Contract,
there should be the convening of a World Constituent Assembly with the participation of
representatives from all the countries of the world elected for this purpose. The Planetary Social
Contract should establish the existence of a democratic world government, a democratic World
Parliament and an International Supreme Court. This would be the way to avoid the empire of a
single country or the domination of a group of countries over the others and the anarchy of many.
This initiative would put pressure on the rulers of the belligerent countries and on their peoples
to adhere to the new international system that defends world peace.
To ensure democratic practice and governance on planet Earth, world power should be exercised
by the world Parliament that, in addition to electing the President of the world government, should
draft and approve international laws based on the Planetary Social Contract. The world Parliament
should be composed of a determined and equal number of democratically elected representatives
of each country for this purpose. The President of the World Government should be elected with
more than 50% of the votes of the World Parliament and will only exercise the command of the
World Government as long as he has the support of the majority of the parliament. If, by a majority
of the parliament, there is a need to replace the President of the World government this must be
done. The world government must have an organizational structure capable of dealing with
international relations, the military issue, the global economy, the global environment, the fight
against organized crime, among other issues, to dialogue with the world Parliament and the
countries that are part of the international system.
Parliamentarians should elect the governing body of the world Parliament, which would have an
appropriate organizational structure. The International Supreme Court should be composed of
high-level jurists from the world chosen by the world Parliament who would act for a determined
time who would elect the President of the Court to fulfill a mandate for a determined time. The
International Supreme Court should judge cases involving disputes between countries, crimes
against humanity and against nature practiced by national States and by rulers in the light of the
Planetary Social Contract, judge conflicts that exist between the world government and the world
Parliament and act as guardian of the Planetary Social Contract. The World Government will not
have its own Armed Forces and must rely on the support of the Armed Forces of the countries
that would be summoned when necessary.
Therefore, with the new international system, the UN could be restructured and have its
headquarters transferred from the United States to a peace-loving or of traditional neutrality
country such as Switzerland. These are, therefore, the measures that should be adopted in the short
term to definitively end wars in the world.
REFERENCES
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território? Available on the website
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unidos-tem-fora-de-seu-territorio/>.
2. DW. Gastos militares globais atingem maior nível em 30 anos. Available on the
website <https://www.dw.com/pt-br/gastos-militares-globais-atingem-maior-
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mudial/saiba-quais-sao-os-24-exercitos-mais-poderosos-do-mundo-em-
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8. 8
4. DANTAS, Gilson. O setor bélico norte-americano em sua condição de estímulo
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<https://www.unicamp.br/cemarx/ANAIS%20IV%20COLOQUIO/comunica%E7%
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6. PODER 360. Rússia e EUA têm 90% das armas nucleares do mundo. Available on
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no website <https://www.oladooculto.com/noticias.php?id=250>.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 82, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and
IPB - Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional Development
from the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of strategic planning,
business planning, regional planning, urban planning and energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice
President of Engineering and Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric power distribution company from Rio de
Janeiro, Strategic Planning Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia Research and Development Center,
Undersecretary of Energy of the State of Bahia, Secretary of Planning of Salvador, is author of the books
Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial
(Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019) and A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021).