The document discusses international relations through the system approach, defining the international system and its various types as proposed by Morton Kaplan. It highlights the shift towards a multipolar world order since the late 2000s, with references from key political figures emphasizing this transformation. The impacts of this new order span across politics, governance, economics, international law, and nuclear security.

1. International
relations
Irum khan
157 marks
Last lecture of paper 1

2. System approach
■ What is International System?
■ Morton Kaplan conceives of international system as “an analytical entity for
explaining the behaviour of international actors and the regulative, integrative
and disintegrative consequences of their policies.”
■ Karl Deutsch holds, “International System consists of clusters of settlements,
modes of transport, centers of cultures, areas of language, divisions of class and
caste, barriers between markets, sharp regional differences in wealth and
interdependence

4. Types of system by Morten Kaplan
■ ) The Balance of Power System
■ (2) The Loose Bi-polar System
■ (3) The Tight Bi-polar System
■ (4) The Universal System
■ (5) The Hierarchical System
■ (6) The Unit Veto System

8. Discussion on emerging world order
■ The first BRIC Summit in June 2009 expressed support for “a more
democratic and just multipolar world order.”
■ . In 2010 former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton observed, during an
official visit to New Zealand, that “we see a shifting of power to a more
multipolar world as opposed to the Cold War model of a bipolar world.”
■ Former UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, stated at Stanford University in
2013 that we have begun to “move increasingly and irreversibly to a multipolar
world”.
■ Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, declared at the second annual
Russia-China Conference (2016) that “international relations have entered into a
conceptually new historical stage. A stage that consists of the emergence of
multipolar world order reflects the strengthening of new economic development
centers and power centers”

9. Impacts
■ Political
■ Governance
■ Economics
■ International law
■ Nuclear security