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ESSENTIALS OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Chapter 1
Approaches to
International Relations
International Relations Defined
• Study of the interactions among various actors that
participate in international politics
 States
 International organizations
 Nongovernmental organizations
 Subnational entities
 Individuals
Studying International Relations
• How does international relations affect you every day?
• What questions does the study of international
relations seek to answer?
• What tools and methods do we use to study
international relations?
• What theoretical approaches do we use to study
international relations?
Foundational Questions of
International Relations
• How can human nature be characterized?
• What is the relationship between the individual and
society?
• What is the relationship between societies?
• What are the characteristics and role of the state?
• How is the international system organized?
• How might international society be structured to obtain
and maintain peace?
• How do individuals, states, and various international
organizations impact international relations?
Answering the
Foundational Questions
• Using history to examine patterns of past behavior
 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
• Using philosophy to analyze ideas
 Plato, The Republic
• Using international relations theory to discover
patterns and causes of individual, group, and state
behavior and events in international relations
History and the Study of
International Relations
• Knowing past history is fundamental for explaining
patterns in, and background to, existing conflicts and
current events in international relations
• BUT history may be a poor guide for predicting
contemporary policy choices
• History “lessons” are not clear-cut or simple
 Example: Compare Vietnam and Iraq War
“lessons”
Contributions of the Philosophers
• Plato: society should submit to philosopher kings
• Aristotle: use comparative method to discern the
ideal political order
• Hobbes: society can escape from state of nature in
unitary state with centralized power
• Rousseau: small communities in which the general
will can be obtained lead to fulfillment of
an individual‘s self-interests
• Kant: advocated federation of sovereign republics
bound by rule of law
• To describe what is happening
• To explain why events are occurring, who key
actors are, and which choices have been made
• To explain what choices should be made
• To predict what will happen in the future
Functions of
International Relations Theory
Contending Theories:
The Basics
• Liberalism/neoliberal institutionalism
 States generally cooperate and follow
mutually agreed-upon international norms
 Human nature is basically good
• Realism
 States exist in anarchic international system
 State bases policy on own national interest
defined in terms of power
 International system determined by
distribution of power among states
Contending Theories:
The Basics
• Radical theory
 State is agent of international capitalism
 International system is stratified between
haves and have-nots
 Haves dominate international relations
Contending Theories, Cont.
• Constructivism
 Key structures in state and international
systems are intersubjective and social
 Interests of states and other actors are
malleable and ever-changing
 Explores how ideas shape identities and
analyzes the impacts of culture, norms,
procedures, and social practices
Contending Theories, Cont.
Methods: Behavioralism vs. Postmodernism
• Behavioralism
 Assumes individuals and societies act in
patterned ways
 Uses scientific method to describe and explain
the patterns
 Utilizes empirical methods such as data collection
• Postmodernism
 Seeks to deconstruct basic concepts to
understand and clarify hidden meanings
 Looks for voices of the marginalized and
disenfranchised (ex: women)
 Uses thick description from multiple sets of data
Why Does War Happen?
• Correlates of War project uses history and behavioral
approaches
• Codes historical data on wars, 1865–1965:
 Deaths, magnitude, severity, intensity
• Develops hypotheses for outbreak by examining
correlations:
 Relationship between number of wars and severity
 Relationship between presence of alliances and war
• Purpose: If we can explain correlates of war, then we can
begin to explain why and when it breaks out, thus enabling
future predictions and avoidance of war
International_Relations_ppt_Chp_1.ppt

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International_Relations_ppt_Chp_1.ppt

  • 3. International Relations Defined • Study of the interactions among various actors that participate in international politics  States  International organizations  Nongovernmental organizations  Subnational entities  Individuals
  • 4. Studying International Relations • How does international relations affect you every day? • What questions does the study of international relations seek to answer? • What tools and methods do we use to study international relations? • What theoretical approaches do we use to study international relations?
  • 5.
  • 6. Foundational Questions of International Relations • How can human nature be characterized? • What is the relationship between the individual and society? • What is the relationship between societies? • What are the characteristics and role of the state? • How is the international system organized? • How might international society be structured to obtain and maintain peace? • How do individuals, states, and various international organizations impact international relations?
  • 7. Answering the Foundational Questions • Using history to examine patterns of past behavior  Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War • Using philosophy to analyze ideas  Plato, The Republic • Using international relations theory to discover patterns and causes of individual, group, and state behavior and events in international relations
  • 8. History and the Study of International Relations • Knowing past history is fundamental for explaining patterns in, and background to, existing conflicts and current events in international relations • BUT history may be a poor guide for predicting contemporary policy choices • History “lessons” are not clear-cut or simple  Example: Compare Vietnam and Iraq War “lessons”
  • 9.
  • 10. Contributions of the Philosophers • Plato: society should submit to philosopher kings • Aristotle: use comparative method to discern the ideal political order • Hobbes: society can escape from state of nature in unitary state with centralized power • Rousseau: small communities in which the general will can be obtained lead to fulfillment of an individual‘s self-interests • Kant: advocated federation of sovereign republics bound by rule of law
  • 11. • To describe what is happening • To explain why events are occurring, who key actors are, and which choices have been made • To explain what choices should be made • To predict what will happen in the future Functions of International Relations Theory
  • 12. Contending Theories: The Basics • Liberalism/neoliberal institutionalism  States generally cooperate and follow mutually agreed-upon international norms  Human nature is basically good
  • 13. • Realism  States exist in anarchic international system  State bases policy on own national interest defined in terms of power  International system determined by distribution of power among states Contending Theories: The Basics
  • 14. • Radical theory  State is agent of international capitalism  International system is stratified between haves and have-nots  Haves dominate international relations Contending Theories, Cont.
  • 15. • Constructivism  Key structures in state and international systems are intersubjective and social  Interests of states and other actors are malleable and ever-changing  Explores how ideas shape identities and analyzes the impacts of culture, norms, procedures, and social practices Contending Theories, Cont.
  • 16. Methods: Behavioralism vs. Postmodernism • Behavioralism  Assumes individuals and societies act in patterned ways  Uses scientific method to describe and explain the patterns  Utilizes empirical methods such as data collection • Postmodernism  Seeks to deconstruct basic concepts to understand and clarify hidden meanings  Looks for voices of the marginalized and disenfranchised (ex: women)  Uses thick description from multiple sets of data
  • 17.
  • 18. Why Does War Happen? • Correlates of War project uses history and behavioral approaches • Codes historical data on wars, 1865–1965:  Deaths, magnitude, severity, intensity • Develops hypotheses for outbreak by examining correlations:  Relationship between number of wars and severity  Relationship between presence of alliances and war • Purpose: If we can explain correlates of war, then we can begin to explain why and when it breaks out, thus enabling future predictions and avoidance of war