world literature- Rostam and Sohrab

1. Iran
Rustam and Sohrab
Presented by:
Amper, Ian B.
PNU-Mindanao

2. Iran
 Country in the Middle East
 Iran is an Islamic republic on the Persian Gulf
with historical sites dating to the Persian
Empire. Extensive marble ruins mark
Persepolis, the empire’s capital founded by
Darius I in the 6th century B.C. The modern
capital, Tehran, is home to opulent Golestan
Palace, seat of the Qajar Dynasty (1794–1925),
plus modern landmarks such as the 435m-high
MiladTower.

3. Iran
Capital:Tehran
Supreme leader: Ali Khamenei
Currency: Iranian rial
President: Hassan Rouhani
Population: 77.45 million (2013)World
Bank
Government: Unitary state,
Presidential system, Islamic republic,
Parliamentary system,Theocracy

4. History of Iran
o Iran is a Modern Persian derivative from
the Proto-Iranian term Āryānam, meaning "land
of the Aryans," first attested in Avesta.
o Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West,
due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who
called Iran Persis (Περσίς), meaning "land of
the Persians."

5. History of Iran
o Commonly also known as Persia in the Western
world, is intertwined with the history of a larger
region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran,
comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus,
and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient
India and Syr Darya in the east, and from
the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to
the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.

6. History of Iran
o Iran is home to one of the world's oldest
continuous major civilizations, with historical
and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC.
o 625 B.C - The Medes unified Iran as a nation
and empire.

7. History of Iran
o The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC),
founded by Cyrus the Great, was the first of
the Persian empires to rule from the
Balkans to North Africa and also Central
Asia, spanning three continents, from their
seat of power in Persis (Persepolis).

9. History of Iran
o Iran was once again reunified as an
independent state in 1501 by the Safavid
dynasty which established Shi'a Islamas
the official religion of their empire,
marking one of the most important turning
points in the history of Islam.

11. History of Iran
o Once a major empire
of superpower proportions, having
conquered far and wide, Iran has
endured invasions too, by the
Greeks, Arabs,Turks, and the Mongols.

12. History of Iran
o Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on 1 April
1979.
o Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion in Iran,
particularly during the Achaemenid ,Parthian and
Sassanid empires. This changed after the fall of the
Sassanid Empire by the Muslim Conquest of Iran,
when Zoroastrianism was gradually replaced with
Islam.

13. History of Iran
o Today, the Twelver Shia Islam is the official state
religion, to which about 90% to 95% of the
population officially belong. About 4% to 8% of
the population are Sunni Muslims, mainly Kurds
and Balochs. The remaining 2% are non Muslim
religious minorities, including Christians, Jews,
Bahais, Mandeans, Yezidis, Yarsanis,
and Zoroastrians.

14. The Shahnameh, also transliterated
as Shahnama (Persian: ‫شاهنامه‬
pronounced) ʃɒːhnɒːˈme], "The Book of
Kings"), is a long epic poem written by
the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c.
977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic
of Greater Iran. Consisting of some
50,000 "distichs" or couplets (2-line
verses).
Ferdowsi:The Shahnameh

15. The Shahnameh is the world's longest
epic poem written by a single poet. It tells
mainly the mythical and to some extent the
historical past of the Persian Empire from the
creation of the world until the Islamic conquest
of Persia in the 7th century. Today Iran,
Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and the greater region
influenced by the Persian culture (such as
Georgia, Armenia, Turkey and Dagestan)
celebrate this national epic.
Ferdowsi:The Shahnameh

16. About the Author: Abolqasem Ferdowsi
 Was a highly revered Persian poet and
the author of the epic of Shahnameh (the
Persian "Book of Kings").
 Having drafted the Shahnameh under
patronage of the Samanid and
the Ghaznavid courts of Persia, Ferdowsi
is celebrated as one of the most
influential Persian poets of all time, and
an influential figure in Persian literature.

17. About the Author: Abolqasem Ferdowsi
 Ferdowsi was born into a family
of Iranian landowners (dehqans) in
935 (or 940) C.E. in the village of
Paj, near the city of Tus, in the
Khorasan region of the Samanid
Empire, currently in the Razavi
Khorasan Province of
northeastern Iran.

18. About the Author: Abolqasem Ferdowsi
 Little is known about Ferdowsi's
early life. The poet had a wife, who
was probably literate and came
from the same dehqan class.
 He had a son, who died aged 37,
and was mourned by the poet in an
elegy which he inserted into the
Shahnameh.

19. About the Author: Abolqasem Ferdowsi
 Ferdowsi employed the prose
Shahnameh of ʿAbd-al-Razzāq as a
source. He received generous
patronage from the Samanid prince
Mansur and completed the first
version of the Shahnameh in 994.
 30 years of hardwork, Ferdowsi had
written 60, 000 couplets- Shahname.

20. Rostam and Sohrab
 The story of Rostam and Sohrab is a beloved legend
from Zoroastrian mythology popularized by the 11th
century Persian poet Abolqasem Ferdowsi in his great
epic Shahnameh.
 "Sohrab and Rostam" is a poem by the 19th century
English poet and famous literary critic Matthew Arnold
(1822-1888). It was written in 1853.

21. Rostam and Sohrab
 The epic tale is structured around the mythical
and historical reign of 50 Kings. This story is
basically of four generations, of fathers and sons,
courage and skill, love and honour, war and grief.
This theme of fathers and sons recurs throughout
the epic.

22. Rostam and Sohrab
 Shahnameh literally means “Book of Kings” and the tale
can be roughly divided into three parts:
 First part: it tells the mythical creation of Persia and
its earliest fabled past.
 Second part: it tells the legendary Kings and heroes
Rustam and Sohrab.
 Third part:It blends historical fact with legend, telling
of the semi- mythical adventures of actual historical
Kings.

23. Characterization
Rostam
Powerful Persian hero
warrior of the Shahnameh, is the
sworn loyal protector
(Pahlavan/Daleer) of Persia (Iran),
a mythical place of beauty and
adventure. Son of Zal and
Roudabeh, father of Sohrab.

24. Characterization
Raqsh
Rostam’s strong and loyal
horse who will never leave his
side. He can only be ridden by
Rostam, the only man strong
enough to tame him. He is the
most powerful and beautiful
horse in all the land.

25. Characterization
Zal
Mythical hero-warrior of
Iran. Born an albino and
abandoned as an infant by his
father, Zal was raised by Simurgh
(a phoenix like creature) to be a
great Pahlevan. Son of Saum,
husband of Rudabeh and father
of Rostam.

26. Characterization
Afrasiab
The most prominent of
all Turanian princes; he is a
formidable warrior, a skillful
general, and an agent of The
White Deev who is endowed
with magical powers of
deception to destroy Iran.

27. Characterization
Kai-Kawous
Son of Kai-Kobad, who was
placed on the throne by Zal and
Rostam after the death of the old
Kai. Paranoid and at times cruel,
he is afraid of Rostam’s power,
questions his loyalty and is often
influenced by others.

28. Characterization
King of Samengan
-father of Tahmine and
grandfather of Sohrab.

29. Characterization
Rudabeh
Princess of Kabul, daughter
of King Mehrab Kaboli, and
loving wife of Zal. Together,they
have two children, Rostam and
his younger sister Zohra.
Rudabeh nearly dies while giving
birth to Rostam.

30. Characterization
Tahmineh
Beautiful daughter of the
King of Turan. Smitten with
Rostam from the first time she
laid eyes on him, she becomes
his lover and unbeknown to him,
the mother of his son – The great
Turanian warrior, Sohrab.

31. Characterization
Sohrab
Champion warrior son of
Rostam and Tahmineh. A natural
born leader, he inherited his
father’s strength and his mothers'
intelligence & good looks. As a
teenager, Sohrab could beat any
man in Turan & was soon leading
theTuranian army.

32. Characterization
Princess Gurdafarid
Daughter of Gazdaham,
Brave trained warrior who does
not get respect she deserves for
her battle skills, because she is a
woman. She tests Sohrab's skills
while bravely defending the
white castle.

33. Characterization
Gustahem
Father of Gurdafarid,
he is the one who sent
letter to the Sha that
Sohrab is coming.

34. Characterization
Ormouzd
The god who
gave strength to
Rostam.

35. Characterization
Hooman
Afrasiyab warrior
who accompanied
Sohrab in his
journey.

36. Characterization
Hujir
The guardian of
the white palace

37. Characterization
Geew
The son of Goodarz,
he is the first person
who commanded by
the Sha to look for
Rostam.

38. Characterization
Goodarz
He is the
messenger. He is the
one who encourage
Rostam to led the war
against theTurks.

39. Characterization
Zindeh
Brother of Tahmine
who accompanied
Sohrab in his journey.

40. Zal Rudabeh King of
Samengan
zindeh
Gaurdaferd
Gustamin
TahminehRustam
Sohrab
LOVERS DAUGHTERSON FORBIDDEN
LOVE
ENEMY
Afrasiab

41. Setting
Province of Seistan
the hometown of Rustam
City of Samengan
where Rustam meets the King and her daughter
Tahmineh, her wife.
White Castle
where Sohrab led his men and meet Hujir the
guardian of the castle and Gurdafarid.

42. Summary
Part 1
 Raksh, the horse of Rostam was held captive by the
seven knights ofTuran.
 Following the traces of the lost horse, he enters the
kingdom of samengan.
 There, he meets tamineh and marries her.
 Rostam leaves the kingdom after he had found his
horse. He also gave an onyx toTamineh.

43. Summary
"Cherish this jewel, and if Heaven cause thee to give
birth unto a daughter, fasten it within her locks, and it
will shield her from evil; but if it be granted unto thee to
bringf orth a son, fasten it upon his arm, that he may
wear it like his father. And he shall be strong as
Keriman, of stature like unto Sam the son of Neriman,
and of grace of speech like unto Zal, my father."

44. Summary
Part 2
 Nine months past, Tamineh gave birth to a child and
they named him Sohrab.
 Sohrab grew faster and stronger unlike the other kids.
 He asked his mother about his offspring.
 Tamineh told her everything and warned him not to
tell everyone because if Afrasiyab would learn about
him, Afrosiyab would do everything to destroy him.

45. Summary
 But Sohrab replied: "Nought can be hidden upon earth
for aye. To all men are known the deeds of Rostam, and
since my birth be thus noble, wherefore hast thou kept it
dark from me so long? I will go forth with an army of
brave Turks and lead them unto Iran, I wil cast Kai
Kawous from off his throne, I will give to Rostam the
crown of the Kaianides, and together we will subdue the
land ofTuran, and Afrasiyab shall be slain by my hands.

46. Summary
Then will I mount the throne in his stead. But thou shalt be
called Queen of Iran. for since Rostam is my father and I am
his son no other kings shall rule in this world, for to us alone
behoveth it to wear the crowns of might. And I pant in
longing after the battlefield, and I desire that the world
should behold my prowess. But a horse is needful unto me,
a steed tall and strong of power to bear me, for it
beseemeth me not to go on foot before mine enemies."

47. Summary
Tamineh rejoiced from what she heard.
She helped her son to look for his own
steed to be use in the battle.

48. Summary
Part 3
Afrasiyab heard about the news that
Sohrab was making ready an army to
fall upon Iran.

49. Summary
 He ordered his servants- Hooman and Barman to join
the ranks of Sohrab and said: "Into our hands hath it
been given to settle the course of the world. For it is
known unto me that Sohrab is sprung from Rostam the
Pehliva, but from Rostam must it be hidden who it is that
goeth out against him, then peradventure he will perish
by the hands of this young lion, and Iran, devoid of
Rostam, will fall a prey into my hands.

50. Summary
Then will we subdue Sohrab also, and all the
world will be ours. But if it be written that
Sohrab fall under the hand of Tehemten, then
the grief he shall endure when he shall learn
that he hath slain his son will bring him to the
grave for sorrow."

51. Summary
 The warriors depart unto samengon with the gift
to offer to Sohrab and a letter that lauded about
sohrab. And told him how that if Iran be subdued
the world would henceforth know peace, for upon
his own head would he place the crown of the
Kaianides; and Turan, Iran, and Samengan should
be as one land.

52. Summary
Sohrab and his colleagues marched until
they came to the white castle.
Hujir, the guardian of the white castle
came forth to meet them but Hujir has
been held as captive after losing the fight
against sohrab.

53. Summary
Gurdafrid, the daughter of Gustahem, decided to defy
the champion.
He had defeated Gurdafrid and planned to bound her yet
he was tricked by her saying: "O hero without flaw, is it
well that thou shouldest seek to make me captive, and
show me unto the army? For they have beheld our combat,
and that I overcame thee, and surely now they will gibe
when they learn that thy strength was withstood by a
woman.

54. Summary
Better would it beseem thee to hide this
adventure, lest thy cheeks have cause to blush
because of me. Therefore let us conclude a
peace together. The castle shall be thine, and all
it holds; follow after me then, and take
possession of thine own."

55. Summary
Gustahem wrote a letter to kai kawous about
their situation.
At night, Sohrab made ready his host to fall
upon the castle but when he came near, he
found no one in the castle. He tried to search
for Gurdafrid, for his heart yearned love
towards her.

56. Summary
Part 4
Kai kawous received the letter sent by
Gustahem and called upon his nobles to ask
some advice.
He asked the scribe to write a letter to Rostam
and ordered Geew to send the message to
Rostam.

57. Summary
After Rostama received the letter, he
invited Rostam to have a dinner and wine
until he forget about the order of the king.
Rostam insisted that Geew should stay 3
more days to take rest and said: , "Fear not,
for none on earth dare be angered with me."

58. Summary
Part 5
 When Rostam arrives at Iran, he was greeted well with
the other nobles yet kai kawous was very angry and
said: "Who is Rostam, that he defieth my power and
disregardeth my commands? If I had a sword within my
grasp I would split his head like to an orange. Seize him,
I command, and hang him upon the nearest gallows,
and let his name be never spoken in my presence."

59. Summary
 Kai Kawous said that Geew must hang with the
others but Rostam was not pleased by his doings
and he stood beside him and said: "I am a free man
and no slave, and am servant alone unto God; and
without Rostam Kai Kawous is as nothing. And the
world is subject unto me, and Rakhsh is my throne,
and my sword is my seal, and my helmet my crown.

60. Summary
And but for me, who called forth Kai Kobad, thine
eyes had never looked upon this throne. And had I
desired it I could have sat upon its seat. But now
am I weary of thy follies, and I will turn me away
from Iran, and when this Turk shall have put you
under his yoke I shall not learn thereof."

61. Summary
Rostam vanished in the room with his horse.
The nobles set a counsel without the
consent of the king. After the counsel, they
sent a messenger, Goodarz to Kai Kawous to
speak about goodness that Rostam done
unto him.

62. Summary
 Kai Kawous entreated Goodarz to go forth and
seek Rostam and bring him back for the aid of Iran.
 Goodarz found Rostam and lay themselves into
the dust and said: “Though Rostam be angered
against the King, yet hath the land of Iran done no
wrong that it should perish at his hands. Yet, if
Rostam save it not, surely it will fall under thisTurk."

63. Summary
But Rostam said, "My patience hath an end, and I
fear none but God. What is this Kai Kawous that
he should anger me? and what am I that I have
need of him? I have not deserved the evil words
that he spake unto me, but now will I think of
them no longer, but cast aside all thoughts of
Iran."

64. Summary
When the nobles heard these words they grew pale,
and fear took hold on their hearts. But Goodarz, full
of wisdom, opened his mouth and said-
"O Pehliva! the land, when it shall learn of this, will
deem that Rostam is fled before the face of this Turk;
and when men shall believe that Tehemten is afraid,
they will cease to combat, and Iran will be
downtrodden at his hands.

65. Summary
Turn thee not, therefore, at this hour from thy
allegiance to the Shah, and tarnish not thy glory by
this retreat, neither suffer that the downfall of Iran rest
upon thy head. Put from thee, therefore, the words
that Kai Kawous spake in his empty anger, and lead us
forth to battle against this Turk. For it must not be
spoken that Rostam feared to fight a beardless boy."

66. Summary
Part 6
Rostam pondered every words of
Goodarz and saw that he must
return to Iran.

67. Summary
When they arrived to the kingdom, the
shah asked for forgiveness and Rostam said:
"The world is the Shah's, and it behoveth thee to
do as beseemeth thee best with thy servants.
And until old age shall my loins be girt in fealty
unto thee. And may power and majesty be thine
for ever!"

68. Summary
They had a feast at night. When the sun risen,
they made a noise through the sound of the
clarion.
Sohrab heard the sound of the clarion and
rejoice for he believe that he saw within its
rank no hero of mighty mace who could stand
against him.

69. Summary
That evening, Rostam investigated the camp
of Sohrab to know what manner does this
young boy had.
Zindeh, the brother of Tamineh, noticed the
presence of the unknown person that spying
over them. He strode towards the place
where Rostam hid.

70. Summary
Sohrab observed the absence of
Zindeh. They had searched for
him and found him dead.

71. Summary
Part 7
 Morning came and Rohsab put on
his armour. He went to the high
place with Huji where he could look
down over the camps of iran.

72. Summary
He could not find the tent of his father and so
he made Hujir whether to tell the truth or
embrace death.
But Hujir thought within himself : "Though five
score men cannot withstand Rostam when he be
roused to battle-fury, my mind misgiveth me
that he may have found his equal in this boy.

73. Summary
And, for that the stripling is younger, it might come about
that he subdue the Pehliva. What recketh my life against
the weal of Iran? I will therefore abandon me into his hands
rather than show unto him the marks of Rostam the
Pehliva." But instead, he said: "Why seekest thou to know
Rostam the Pehliva? Surely thou wilt know him in battle,
and he shall strike thee dumb, and quell thy pride of youth.
Yet I will not show him unto thee."

74. Summary
When Sohrab heard his answer, he
strike him down with a great blow.
Rostam faced Sohrab after hearing
the loud voice of challenge.

75. Summary
Part 8
 They had decided to have a single combat away
from the zone of each camp.
 Before the combat, Rostam felt compassion towards
the young boy and wanted to save him and said: "O
young man, the air is warm and soft, but the earth is
cold. I have pity upon thee, and would not take from
thee the boon of life.Yet if we combat together,

76. Summary
surely thou wilt fall by my hands, for none have
withstood my power, neither men nor Deevs nor
dragons. Desist, therefore, from this enterprise, and
quit the ranks of Turan, for Iran hath need of heroes
like unto thee."

77. Summary
But sohrab looked at him wistfully and said: "O hero, I
am about to put unto thee a question, and I entreat
of thee that thou reply to me according to the truth.
Tell unto me thy name, that my heart may rejoice in
thy words, for it seemeth unto me that thou art none
other than Rostam, the son of Zal, the son of Sam,
the son of Neriman."

78. Summary
 But Rostam replied, "Thou errest, I am not Rostam, neither
am I sprung from the race of Neriman. Rostam is a Pehliva,
but I, I am a slave, and own neither a crown nor a throne.“
 After the long talk, they prepared for the combat. Both of
them got weary and decided to rest. Rostam pondered
that all of his days he had not coped with such hero.
 After resting, they fought again and yet no one still
surpassed each other prowess.

79. Summary
They went back to their camp. Rostam told Kai
Kawous about the young boy of valour and he
prayed to Ormuzd.
While Sohrab acclaim the might of Rostam
and he speak to Hooman saying:

80. Summary
"My mind is filled with thoughts of this aged man,
mine adversary, for it would seem unto me that his
stature is like unto mine, and that I behold about him
the tokens that my mother recounted unto me. And
my heart goeth out towards him, and I muse if it be
Rostam, my father. For it behoveth me not to combat
him. Wherefore, I beseech thee, tell unto me how this
may be."

81. Summary
But Hooman answered and said, "Oft have I
looked upon the face of Rostam in battle, and
mine eyes have beheld his deeds of valour;
but this man in no wise resembleth him, nor is
his manner of wielding his club the same."

82. Summary
 They met again for another fight. But at this time,
Sohrab’s mouth is full of smile and asked Rostam
how he had rested and said: "Wherefore hast thou
prepared thy heart for battle? Cast from thee, I beg,
this mace and sword of vengeance, and let us doff
our armour, and seat ourselves together in amity,
and let wine soften our angry deeds. For it seemeth
unto me that this conflict is impure. And if thou wilt

83. Summary
listen to my desires, my heart shall speak to thee of
love, and I will make the tears of shame spring up into
thine eyes. And for this cause I ask thee yet again, tell
me thy name, neither hide it any longer, for I behold
that thou art of noble race. And it would seem unto me
that thou art Rostam, the chosen one, the Lord of
Zaboulistan, the son of Zal, the son of Sam the hero."

84. Summary
But Rostam answered, "O hero of tender age,
we are not come forth to parley but to combat,
and mine ears are sealed against thy words of
lure. I am an old man, and thou art young, but
we are girded for battle, and the Master of the
world shall decide between us."

85. Summary
Then Sohrab said, "O man of many years,
wherefore wilt thou not listen to the counsel of a
stripling? I desired that thy soul should leave thee
upon thy bed, but thou hast elected to perish in the
combat. That which is ordained it must be done,
therefore let us make ready for the conflict."

86. Summary
They made ready for a fight again. The
crash of their encounter was heard like
thunder throughout the camp. They
measured their strength from the
morning until the setting of the sun.

87. Summary
 Sohrab seized Rostam by the girdle and threw him
to the ground. But Rostam tricked Sohrab and said:
"O young man, thou knowest not the customs of the
combat. It is written in the laws of honour that he
who overthroweth a brave man for the first time
should not destroy him, but preserve him for fight a
second time, then only is it given unto him to kill his
adversary."

88. Summary
 Then came to him Hooman, and asked of the
adventures of the day. And Sohrab told him how he
had vanquished the tall man, and how he had
granted him freedom. And Hooman reproached
him with his folly, and said: "Alas, young man, thou
didst fall into a snare, for this is not the custom
among the brave. And now perchance thou wilt yet
fall under the hands of this warrior."

89. Summary
 Sohrab was abashed when he heard the
words of Hooman, but he said: "Be not
grieved, for in an hour we meet again in
battle, and verily he will not stand a
third time against my youthful strength."

90. Summary
Part 9
 Rostam prayed to their god, Ormuzd.
 Then when the time for combat was come, Rostam
turned him to the meeting-place, and his heart was
full of cares and his face of fears. But Sohrab came
forth like a giant refreshed, and he ran at Rostam like
to a mad elephant, and he cried with a voice of
thunder-"O thou who didst flee from battle,

91. Summary
wherefore art thou come out once more against
me? But I say unto thee, this time shall thy words
of guile avail thee nought.“
And Rostam, when he heard him, was seized
with misgiving, and he learned to know fear.
So he prayed to Ormuzd.

92. Summary
After a very long
and heavy bout of
wrestling, Rostam
defeated Sohrab
and threw him to
the ground and
broke his back.

93. Summary
Then Sohrab knew it was the end, and he
gave a great sigh, and writhed in his
agony, and he said:

94. Summary
"That which is come about, it is my fault, and
henceforward will my youth be a theme of
derision among the people. But I sped not forth
for empty glory, but I went out to seek my
father; for my mother had told me by what
tokens I should know him, and I perish for

95. Summary
longing after him. And now have my pains
been fruitless, for it hath not been given unto
me to look upon his face. Yet I say unto thee, if
thou shouldest become a fish that swimmeth
in the depths of the ocean, if thou shouldest
change into a star that is concealed in the

96. Summary
farthest heaven, my father would draw thee
forth from thy hiding-place, and avenge my
death upon thee when he shall learn that the
earth is become my bed. For my father is
Rostam the Pehliva, and it shall be told unto
him how that Sohrab his son perished in the
quest after his face."

97. Summary
When Rostam heard these words his sword fell
from out of his grasp, and he was shaken with
dismay. And the earth became dark before his
eyes, and he sank down lifeless beside his son.
But when he had opened his eyes once more, he
cried unto Sohrab in the agony of his spirit. And
he said-

98. Summary
"Bearest thou about thee a token of Rostam,
that I may know that the words which thou
speakest are true? For I am Rostam the
unhappy, and may my name be struck from the
lists of men!"

99. Summary
When Sohrab heard these words his misery was
boundless, and he cried: "If thou art indeed my
father, then hast thou stained thy sword in the life-
blood of thy son. And thou didst it of thine
obstinacy. For I sought to turn thee unto love, and I
implored of thee thy name, for I thought to behold in
thee the tokens recounted of my mother. But I

100. Summary
appealed unto thy heart in vain, and now is the
time gone by for meeting. Yet open, I beseech
thee, mine armour, and regard the jewel upon
mine arm. For it is an onyx given unto me by my
father, as a token whereby he should know me."

101. Summary
 Then Rostam did as Sohrab bade him, and he
opened his mail and saw the onyx; and when he
had seen it he tore his clothes in his distress, and he
covered his head with ashes. And the tears of
penitence ran from his eyes, and he roared aloud in
his sorrow. But Sohrab said:"It is in vain, there is
no remedy. Weep not, therefore, for doubtless it
was written that this should be."

102. Summary
 Then Rostam did as Sohrab bade him, and he
opened his mail and saw the onyx; and when he
had seen it he tore his clothes in his distress, and he
covered his head with ashes. And the tears of
penitence ran from his eyes, and he roared aloud in
his sorrow. But Sohrab said:"It is in vain, there is
no remedy. Weep not, therefore, for doubtless it
was written that this should be."

103. Summary
 The noble of Iran were errified for it has been a long
time and Rustam never returned back from the
combat.
 They went and told Kai Kawous thereof, and he said-
"Let Tus go forth and see if this indeed be so, and if
Rostam be truly fallen, let the drums call men unto
battle that we may avenge him upon thisTurk."

104. Summary
 Sohrab asked for the last time to let his people pass
through te river for they did not come for war but to his
desire. He is also cannot able to defend them longer.
 "I entreat of thee that thou do unto me an act of love. Let
not the Shah fall upon the men of Turan, for they came not
forth in enmity to him but to do my desire, and on my head
alone resteth this expedition. Wherefore I desire not that
they should perish when I can defend them no longer. As

105. Summary
 for me, I came like the thunder and I vanish like
the wind, but perchance it is given unto us to meet
again above."
 Rostam did as Sohrab desired. And when he went
to his men, they set up a great shout but they saw
sadness on the face of Rostam and they asked why.

106. Summary
They sent a message to Hooman saying: "The
sword of vengeance must slumber in the scabbard.
Thou art now leader of the host, return, therefore,
whence thou camest, and depart across the river ere
many days be fallen. As for me, I will fight no more,
yet neither will I speak unto thee again, for thou
didst hide from my son the tokens of his father, of
thine iniquity thou didst lead him into this pit."

108. Summary
Part 10
Rostam remembered that Kai
Kawous has a power of
healing.
He ask to Goodarz to to send
her message to kai kawous.

109. Summary
"O Shah, if ever I have done that
which was good in thy sight, if ever
my hand have been of avail unto
thee, recall now my benefits in the
hour of my need, and have pity upon
my dire distress. Send unto me, I
pray thee, of the balm that is among
thy treasures, that my son may be
healed by thy grace."

110. Summary
But the heart of Kai Kawous was
hardened.
Goodarz suggested to Rostam to go
unto Kai Kawous and asked him
personally.

111. Summary
Then Rostam set up a wailing such as the
earth hath not heard the like of, and he
heaped reproaches upon himself, and he
could not cease from plaining the son that
was fallen by his hands. And he cried
continually-

112. Summary
"I that am old have killed my son. I that am
strong have uprooted this mighty boy. I
have torn the heart of my child, I have laid
low the head of a Pehliva."

113. Summary
Then he made a great fire, and flung into it his
tent of many colours, and his trappings of Roum,
his saddle, and his leopard-skin, his armour well
tried in battle, and all the appurtenances of his
throne. And he stood by and looked on to see his
pride laid in the dust. And he tore his flesh, and
cried aloud-"My heart is sick unto death."

114. Summary
He made ready his army to return unto
Zaboulistan. And the nobles marched
before the bier, and their heads were
covered with ashes, and their garments
were torn.

115. Summary
 The whole family and men joined the lamentation of
Rostam.
 Then they built for Sohrab a tomb like to a horse's
hoof, and Rostam laid him therein in a chamber of
gold perfumed with ambergris. And he covered him
with brocades of gold. And when it was done, the
house of Rostam grew like to a grave, and its courts
were filled with the voice of sorrow.

116. Summary
On the other hand, Tamineh heard the news
about the fate of his son.
Tahmineh cried after her son, and she heaped
black earth upon her head, and tore her hair,
and wrung her hands, and rolled on the ground
in her agony. And her mouth was never weary
of plaining.

117. Summary
 Then she caused the garments of Sohrab to be
brought unto her, and his throne and his steed. And
she regarded them, and stroked the courser and
poured tears upon his hoofs, and she cherished the
robes as though they yet contained her boy, and
she pressed the head of the palfrey unto her
breast, and she kissed the helmet that Sohrab had
worn.

118. Summary
Then with his sword she cut off the tail of his
steed and set fire unto the house of Sohrab,
and she gave his gold and jewels unto the
poor. And when a year had thus rolled over
her bitterness, the breath departed from out
her body, and her spirit went forth after
Sohrab her son.

119. Conflict
• Man vs. Man
o Rustom fights with Sohrab for title of the
great warrior.
o Sohrab fights with Gaudafrid in defending
White castle.

120. Conflict
•Man vs. Himself
oRustom leaves his family for their
safety.
oRustam realizes that Sohrab was his
son.

121. Conflict
•Man vs. Circumstances
o Rostam and Sohrab doesn't know
each other as a father and son and
they need to fight each other

122. Theme:
▪Fate controls us.
You can’t change
your destiny

123. Theme:
Young, self-
centered kids are
always out to
prove themselves

124. Theme:
▪Some people are
willing to give up
their lives to save
others.

125. Theme:
No matter
whathappens,
life will go on.

127. Quotable quote
"I am a free man and no slave, and
am servant alone unto God.”

128. Quotable quote
"My patience hath an end, and
I fear none but God.”

129. Quotable quote
"It is in vain, there is no
remedy. Weep not, therefore,
for doubtless it was written
that this should be."
FATE

130. Quotable quote
“I came like the thunder and I
vanish like the wind, but
perchance it is given unto us to
meet again above."

131. Cultural Implications
• War
Until today their still countries that are
fighting for a war in protecting their land.
• Heroes
In today's generation their many heroes

132. Cultural Implications
• Power
There people who wants to get greater
power in their self
• Broken Family
Some family are being broken of the
different issues they have.