World Bank SDGs Report Summary

5/20/2021
World Bank Sustainable
Development Goals (17 - SDGs)

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Group Members
Irfan Ur Rehman FA17 – BBA – 069
Fahad Masood FA17 – BBA – 003
Wasif Ehsan FA17 – BBA – 177
Tauqeer Ahmad FA17 – BBA – 167
Saad Ibrahim SP17 – BBA – 091

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Contents
Introduction..............................................................................................................3
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)...............................................................3
Goal # 1: No Poverty................................................................................................6
Goal # 2: Zero Hunger...........................................................................................16
Goal # 3: Good Health & Well-Being...................................................................24
Goal # 4: Quality Education..................................................................................35
Goal # 5: Gender Equality ....................................................................................40
Goal # 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.................................................................44
Goal # 07: Affordable and Clean Energy ............................................................48
Goal # 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth ..................................................54
Goal # 9: Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure ...............................................58
Goal # 10: Reduced Inequalities...........................................................................63
Goal # 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.................................................68
Goal # 12: Responsible Consumption and Production.......................................73
Goal # 13: Climate Action.....................................................................................77
Goal # 14: Life Below Water.................................................................................83
Goal # 15: Life on Land.........................................................................................89
Goal # 16: Peace. Justice & Strong Institutions..................................................95
Goal # 17: Partnership for the Goals ...................................................................99

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World Bank Sustainable Development Goals
Introduction
The World Bank group basically constitutes of 189 countries and thus act as an international
financial institution that provides fiscal aid to under-developed countries in the form of loans and
grants to those low – middle income governments. Its aim is to work in every major area of
development by providing a wide range of financial as well as technical assistance. World Bank
also targets to help those countries by sharing and applying innovative knowledge and solutions
to the challenges they face. Under the World Bank group, it comprises of different institutions
that work for the development of countries that are facing serious issues of social aspects and
these issues become the cause of their poor economic condition.
The World Bank group has also formed its basis with the United Nations. They signed a treaty-
based relationship with the United Nations (UN) that dates to its founding, and through that
relationship, they worked with each other to build a partnership that supports Member States and
contributes to effective development outcomes while preserving the individual mandates of each
institution. Under this relationship and working for development, the World Bank has played an
important part by cooperating with UN for development in respective region and sector.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)
Looking at a brief background of how World Bank decided to develop and initiate such goals for
development states that; in the year 2015, World Bank group decided to adopt a new approach
for financing development aid by categorizing the sustainable development goal. These goals
were assigned under a 2030 Agenda. This agenda means that for working on each goal, they
designed different objectives and targets that need to be accomplished within the year 2030 time.
The efforts done for these goals in past and future guides the UN system and the UN-World
Bank Group partnership through 2030. The SDGs are aligned with the World Bank Group’s twin
goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity and the World Bank is working
with client countries to deliver on the 2030 agenda through three important areas:

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(i) Finance,
(ii) Data and information
(iii)Implementation – supporting country-led and country-owned policies to attain the SDGs.
The respective UN’s 2030 agenda and the sustainable development goals under this are very
wide-ranging and holistic in nature because they include total 17 such goals and in
correspondence to each goal, there are over more than 100 targets and objectives which covers
economic, social, and environmental scope of development. These goals and 169 targets were the
result of an extensive 2-year hard work of public consultation and engagement with civil society
and other stakeholders from all over the world. This cooperation also appeared as a valuable
work done by UN’s general assembly on sustainable development goals in year 2014 – 2015.
The 17 sustainable development goals pledge common action across a broad and universal policy
agenda. Under this agenda, the World Bank group sets out a strategic path for assigned countries
towards a sustainable development devoted to pursuit the global development in all countries and
all parts of world. The World Bank group strives to implement the agenda of 17 goals for the full
benefit of todays and future generations that becomes consistent with the modern technological
change.
Vision of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)
In accordance with these goals and targets set by World Bank group and UN, they are being
headed by a very transformational and determined vision. This vision is explained in the points
as follows: -
 To strive for the world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want, where all life can
prosper.
 Working for world with universal literacy and free from violence and fear.
 Having a World with equitable and universal access to quality education at all levels, to
health care and social protection, where physical, mental, and social well-being is
assured.
 World Bank also emphasizes on a world of universal respect for human rights and human
dignity, the rule of law, justice, equality, and non-discrimination; of respect for race,

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ethnicity, and cultural diversity; and of equal opportunity permitting the full realization of
human potential and contributing to shared success.
 One of the main visions of SDGs to strive for developing a world in every country enjoys
continuous, comprehensive, and sustainable economic growth and decent work for all.
 To ensure good governance, democracy, and an enabling environment at national and
international levels those become essential for sustainable development in countries.
 Providing an organized solutions, decisions, and policies for respective countries to adopt
change with the goals.
In accordance with the vision of World Bank group on sustainable development goals, the highly
determined agenda stresses that all individuals should be collectively benefit from the outcome
of development and that no one shall be left behind. In this context, policy makers face the
challenge of translating the global agenda into possible yet ambitious development plans and
policies. Hence, there is a need to develop methodologies that can assist during different steps in
this process: from data measurement and benchmarking to prioritization of targets and
monitoring of progress. Customized to their individual national development plans and under the
support of the global agenda, these methods should be transparent and replicable.

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Goal # 1: No Poverty
The first sustainable development goal upon which the World Bank group is working aims to
eliminate poverty in all its forms and dimensions from the world by initiating different projects.
Poverty crises act as an inability to participate in normal civil life, due to lack of necessary
financial resources. The objective of this goal includes ensuring that the entire population and
especially the poorest and most weak have equal rights to economic resources, access to basic
services, property and land control, natural resources, and new technologies. The extreme
poverty situation in different underdeveloped countries serve as a greatest worldwide challenge
and an essential requirement for sustainable development. In accordance with the global
situation, nearly half of the world’s population lives in poverty conditions, and lack of food and
clean water is killing thousands of people every single day of the year. The most poverty affected
regions are countries of South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and other politically unstable countries.
Under the 2030 Agenda, there are seven associated target aims for eradicating poverty from all
over the world especially in underdeveloped countries. These main targets are mentioned as
following: -
1. Eliminate extreme Poverty.
2. Reducing maximum poverty ratios in countries.
3. Implementing social protection system.
4. Associating equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology, and economic
resources.
5. Building flexibility to environmental, economic, and social disasters.
6. Mobilizing resources to make policies for minimizing poverty.
7. Creating a pro-poor and gender-sensitive policy framework.
Importance of Goal
The rising situation of poverty in world is unfair and becoming a serious threat to integrity of
millions of people. It is also emerging as cause of increase in inequality which in turns weakens
social coordination and severely hampers economic growth of a country. There are many causes

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of poverty such as unemployment, social exclusion, and major liability for certain population
segments to natural disaster and disease. These causes of poverty are giving rise to inequality,
discrimination, and exclusion. Along with these, it also increases political and social tension in
governments thus leading to different kinds of conflicts.
Following are some points with details that show what is the importance of first goal (No
Poverty) of sustainable development and why it is necessary to implement it.
 A gradual rise in poverty in recent years (2019 – 20):
There are currently over 700 million people or 10 % of the world's population living in
extreme poverty (i.e., on less than US$1.90 per day), which means they barely have enough to
cover their most basic day-to-day needs. And this critical situation is far from getting better.
Despite having improved gradually from 36 % in 1990 to 10 % in 2015, the upward trend has
slowed over the past few years to reach 8.2 % in 2019. Now, the situation could become much
worse due to the COVID-19 crisis, which is pushing millions of people into extreme poverty. It
is expected to reach 8.8 % in 2020 (nearing 2017 figures). This would mean the first rise in
poverty in over 20 years. Due to this aspect of a sudden rise in poverty due to pandemic situation
enhances the importance of working on this goal.
 A big region being affected from Poverty Crisis:
As mentioned, there are two regions covering the greatest number of people who live below
the poverty threshold: Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result of the global epidemic,
we can expect to see the most significant surge in extreme poverty levels in these areas, with an
additional 32 million people in Southern Asia and 26 million more in Sub-Saharan Africa
struggling to survive under the international poverty threshold.

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The above figure shows data of 12 countries that have faced a significant increase in poverty of
over 1 million people in 2020 because of COVID-19. The majority countries belong to the region
of Asia and Africa. The extraordinary numbers belong to India and Nigeria standing out as likely
to add 10 million and 8 million chunks to the poverty rolls in 2019 – 20. In all these countries,
COVID-19 has demonstrated the exposure of people who have only recently been able to escape
poverty.
 Rise of Poverty in working Population:
Poverty is also expected to rise among the working population. Over the past decade, the
ratio of workers living in extreme poverty had been gradually decreasing, from 14.3 % in 2010
down to 7.1 % in 2019. In April 2020, however, as businesses and other workplaces began to
shut down, 81 % of employees and 66 % of freelancers suffered the consequences. In February
2020, only 87 countries had unemployment protection programs in place as part of their national
legislation, and freelancers were only covered in 34 of those countries.

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In accordance with all these aspects, this goal has a major importance that requires the whole
global community to get involved by adopting measures to eliminate poverty in their regions.
Purpose of Goal:
The following points explain a comprehensive and detailed purpose of the first goal of World
Bank’s sustainable development goals: -
1) To improve access to sustainable livelihoods, entrepreneurial opportunities, and
productive resources. Within this purpose, the target is to eradicate extreme poverty for
all people everywhere by the year 2030, currently measured as people living on less than
$1.25 a day.
2) To reduce poverty by at least 50% in mostly affected areas. This purpose aims to reduce
at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in
all its dimensions according to national definitions.
3) One of the purposes is to progressively develop a social protection system for those who
cannot support themselves. The goal behind this purpose is to implement nationally
appropriate social protection system and measures for all. It also aims to achieve
considerable coverage of poor by 2030.
4) To empower people living in poverty and their organizations. Goal of this purpose
represents that by 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the
helpless, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural
resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance.
5) To address the disproportionate impact of poverty on women.
6) To build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their
exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social,
and environmental shocks and disasters.
7) A main purpose of No Poverty goal is also to ensure significant mobilization of resources
from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation to
provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries especially in least

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developed countries, to implement programs and policies to end poverty in all its
dimensions.
8) Last but not the least, one of the main purposes is to create sound policy frameworks at
the national, regional, and international levels based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive
development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions.
The Working on SDG - 01 at Global Level:
The World Bank group and UN collectively initiated many projects for overcoming the poverty
situations in different parts of world. In March 2016, the United Nations Statistical
Commission’s Interagency and Expert Group on SDG (Sustainable Development Goals)
Indicators agreed on 231 SDG indicators to monitor and evaluate progress on the 17 goals and
169 targets of the 2030 Agenda. Each indicator contained several data series, for instance if it is
disaggregated by gender, location, or age. These indicators were designed to monitor the
progress of goals on both the methodological aspects and cross-country coverage.
The above table in figure shows the indicators and cross-country coverage. These indicators
represent metrics by which the world aims to track whether these targets were achieved or not. It
is also depicting the number of countries in which the respective sustainable development goal is

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implied, and World Bank has started different projects in cooperation with UN and the
government of countries.
The progress on different projects:
There has been a continuous hard work in reducing poverty of underdeveloped regions, this
progress has been an irregular and the number of people living in poverty in some countries
continues to increase, with women and children constituting most of the most affected groups,
especially in the least developed countries and particularly in Africa. Sustained, inclusive and
equitable economic growth in developing countries is identified as a key requirement for
eradicating poverty and hunger.
For this purpose, a program was started by World Bank group and UN named as “Future We
Want”. According to this program, the authorities decided to initiate different projects in
underdeveloped countries like Nigeria, etc. that was directed to reduce poverty in such regions.
Under the policies of this program, good governance and an effective rule of law is responsible
for continual, comprehensive, and reasonable economic growth in developing countries. It was
identified as a key requirement for eradicating poverty and hunger and for achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals. So, the “Future We Want” program highlighted the importance
to complement national efforts of developing countries by an enabling environment aimed at
expanding the development opportunities of developing countries.
The objective of eliminating extreme poverty from countries was implemented through
following means: -
1. By Financing: The main objective behind financing was to prioritize sustainable
development in the allocation of resources in accordance with national priorities and
needs, and it also recognize the crucial importance of enhancing financial support from
all sources for sustainable development for developing countries. This financing means
also recognizes the importance of international, regional, and national financial
mechanisms, including those accessible to sub national and local authorities, to the
implementation of sustainable development programmes, and call for their strengthening
and implementation. New partnerships and innovative sources of financing can play a

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role in complementing sources of financing for sustainable development. We encourage
their further exploration and use, alongside the traditional means of implementation.
2. Transfer of Technology: This implementation mean highlights the importance of
technology transfer to developing countries, and recall the provisions on technology
transfer, finance, access to information and intellectual property rights as agreed in the
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, in particular its call to promote, facilitate and
finance, as appropriate, access to and the development, transfer and discussion of
environmentally sound technologies and corresponding know-how, in particular to
developing countries, on favorable terms, including on concessional and preferential
terms, as mutually agreed.
3. Building Capacity of countries’ governments: To remove poverty from different
affected regions, World Bank group and UN decided to enhance the capacity building of
countries for sustainable development. For this purpose, they strengthened technical and
scientific cooperation in North and South Asian region. The World Bank group interacted
with different relevant agencies and international organizations to support developed and
under-developed countries in capacity building for developing resource-efficient and
inclusive economies. Its objectives include: Sharing sustainable practices in various
economic sectors, Enhancing the knowledge and ability of countries to implement
eradicating poverty and other development plans.
2nd UN decade for Eradication of Poverty:
In January 2008, the General Assembly under UN declared the second decade for the eradication
of poverty. This decade aimed at supporting poverty-affected countries in an efficient and
coordinated manner. It also supported the internationally agreed development goals related to
poverty eradication. The program under this decade stresses the importance of reinforcing the
positive trends in poverty reduction in some countries and extends such trends to benefit people
worldwide. This Second Decade recognizes the importance as well of mobilizing financial
resources for development at national and international levels and acknowledges that sustained

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economic growth, supported by rising productivity and a favorable environment, including
private investment and entrepreneurship is vital for rising living standards.
This decade programs were held until the year 2017. During the implementation of the first
Decade for the Eradication of Poverty, several United Nations summits and conferences resulted
in negotiated outcomes focusing national, regional, and international efforts on poverty
eradication. They include the UN Millennium Declaration, the Monterrey Consensus of the
International Conference on Financing for Development, and the 2005 World Summit Outcome.
This Second Decade also recognized the importance of mobilizing financial resources for
development at national and international levels and acknowledges that sustained economic
growth, supported by rising productivity and a favorable environment, including private
investment and entrepreneurship is vital for rising living standards.
Implementation of SDG-1 in Pakistan
Introduction:
Pakistan being a member of UN also follows the 2030 agenda of sustainable development goals.
For this, they have designed a structure to work on all goals at the sub-national levels i.e., the
provinces of Pakistan. To observe the performance of projects, the respective institutes of
Pakistan set up provincial units for the goal target’s implementation, coordination, and
monitoring. At this step, the SDGs were localized beyond the sub-national level which was the
most critical element for an effective implementation mechanism. Different governments that
came in Pakistan have played a major role in accelerating progress towards the sustainable
development goal.
The government of Pakistan and related agencies prioritize a list of needs that were relevant to
the SDGs and thus can bring improvement. Those needs and their priority percentage are
represented in the chart below:

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Poverty Situation in Pakistan:
According to the recent facts and figures of poverty in Pakistan, the outbreak of COVID-19
pandemic there was seen an increase in poverty rate. The national poverty ratio that was 31% in
2018 raised to 40% in 2020. According to the absolute figures, poverty level in Pakistan
increased from 69 million in 2018 to 87 million in 2020 with a 26% overall increase.
Initiatives to reduce Poverty:
Pakistan has taken many steps to eradicate poverty at sub-national levels. Some of those
initiatives are as follows: -
 Pakistan Bait-ul-Maal, Zakat and Ushr Programs: The government of Pakistan started
such projects at provincial level to circulate the wealth from rich population to poor ones.
 Employees’ Old Benefit institution.
 Welfare funds for workers.
 Provincial Employees’ Social Security Institutions.
 Sehat Insaf Cards and Khidmat cards for deserving families.

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 Panagah (Shelter Homes for poor families and labor).
 Youth Business Loan Initiative.
 Ehsaas Foundation: One of the largest programs launched for poor people in Pakistan
whose mandate focuses on reducing inequality; introducing safety nets for needy
segments of the population; jobs and livelihoods; and human capital development. The
program also aims to improve the nutritional status of communities.
Along with these projects, Poverty reduction has also been advanced through an improved law
and order situation, greater political stability, the recovery of GDP growth, the sustained high-
level inflow of remittances, and the inclusive characteristics of the country’s economic growth.
In coming years, Pakistan is committed to reduce its poverty level from 40% to 30%. In addition,
provincial social protection policies will be aligned with the provisions of the national
framework for developing social protection policies. This will involve the planned creation of a
database on the segments most in need, to ensure better targeting of poverty reduction measures.

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Goal # 2: Zero Hunger
Introduction:
The World Bank group’s second SDG is characterized by ending hunger around the world. It
aims to achieve food security, improved nutrition and promoting a sustainable agricultural
environment especially in agriculture-based countries. Moreover, this goal is also developed to
recognize and enhance the inter linkages among empowering small farmers, ending rural
poverty, ensuring a healthy lifestyle, dealing with drastic climate change, promoting gender
equality and many other factors that play an important part in eradicating hunger around the
world.
A proper nutritious/healthy diet is especially important for the well-being of human society in
every part of world but before it there is a need to work for eliminating poverty and other related
issues that become the cause of creating hunger. In both developing and developed countries, the
extreme poverty and hunger conditions are found in the rural areas. In these areas, farmers and
other small-scale labor with their families are making up a considerable proportion of poor and
hunger. In this way the first SDG i.e., eradicating poverty and this goal are linked with each
other to boost food production, agricultural development and productivity in countries and the
rural incomes. The sustainable agricultural practices along with food systems including both the
development and productivity are followed from a complete and incorporated point of view. A
major emphasis of this goal is on agriculture because healthy soils, water and plant genetic
resources are the main inputs in food production so the development in agriculture sector will
yields to sufficient food production leading to achieve the targets of goals.
Targets/Objectives:
The targets set for attaining this goal around 2030 agenda are as follows: -
1. Ending hunger and ensuring access of all people in world to safe, healthy, and sufficient
food.
2. Eliminating malnutrition of all forms around the world and addressing the nutritional
needs of affected people.

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3. Promoting agricultural productivity and development with increasing the income of
small-scale farmers and giving them other services (like markets and opportunities for
value addition).
4. Ensuring a sustainable food production system and implementing agricultural practices
that increases the production and improves other environmental aspects (like climate
change, improving land and soil quality etc.)
5. Maintaining a genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed animals. Also
promoting access to equitable benefits arising from these genetic resources.
6. Adopting measures to ensure proper functioning of food commodity markets and
facilitating timely access to market information to restrict extreme food price volatility.
Importance of Goal:
Promoting Zero Hunger from the world is based on nutrition which is one of the basic human
need. There are most developing countries that are still facing the burden of extreme hunger. One
in nine people globally (795 million) are undernourished. This poor nutrition condition adversely
affects the health of people and thus also creates chances of poverty and hunger for future
generations.
 Importance for rural areas: Majority of the world’s hungry people live in rural areas
especially in Asian and Sub-Saharan African region. In all the regions like these,
agriculture is a main employment for them. Therefore, all the important developments
done under this objective by completing the targets will have direct impact on the lives
of these people.
 Management of access to Food: In accordance with the objectives of this goal,
production of sufficient food and its proper management is especially important to
remove hunger. It is especially important in cities as they also have capabilities to
ensure that food chains and infrastructure are resistant to disasters.
 Supporting Local, Efficient, and sustainable agricultural production: As per the 3rd
and 4th
target of this SDG, it will enhance the agricultural sector by providing
productive resources, knowledge, financial services, and other value addition
opportunities.

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 Promoting new methods of acquiring, preparing, and eating food: The major
developments done under this goal will enable the developing and developed countries
to promote different and modern methods of food production systems that will help to
maintain ecosystems and other environmental factors.
 Implementing integrated educational programs on healthy nutrition, and food
knowledge distribution campaigns: The goal development programs is also initiating
different educational and awareness plans on healthy nutrition and food system
knowledge that helps to achieve the targets set under this goal.
Purpose of Goal:
As the world population continues to grow, greater effort and innovation is needed to sustainably
increase and improve the global supply chain, decrease food losses and waste, increasing
agricultural production, and to ensure that all who are suffering from hunger and malnutrition
have access to nutritious food by equitable distribution.
The Zero-Hunger objective has gained a widespread support from almost all World Bank Group,
UN states and other entities. The purpose characterized around this objective are as follows: -
1) To ensure 100% access to adequate food all year around.
2) To promote sustainability of all food systems.
3) 100% increase in productivity and income at small-scale level.
4) Promoting Zero loss and waste of food.
5) To achieve a proper and managed food security.
6) To increase investment through enhanced international cooperation in agricultural
research and technology development.
7) To prevent Agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and Export subsidies.
8) Supporting nutrition and resilience project in more than 80 countries.

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Working on Goal at World Level
Global Situation of Hunger:
Eliminating hunger from world has always remained a challenge for countries whenever it arises
and creates a severe impact on society. Talking about the recent year, during COVID-19
pandemic crisis, hunger and food security was the biggest challenge for all. At the overall global
level, hunger and food insecurity raised to a high extent that malnutrition still affects millions of
people, especially children. The situation of pandemic got so worse that eventually it led to
economic slowdown and disruptions in countries. The six East-African countries and Yemen
where 35 million people were experiencing a serious food insecurity became more alarming after
this situation.
Since 2014, the global situation of hunger and food security remained unchanged at below 9
percent. However, in several consecutive years due to different subsequent reasons, total number
of people going hungry has increased gradually i.e., almost 690 million people were affected
from hunger in year 2019.
With reference to recent fact and figures, an estimated 25.9 percent of the global population (2
billion people) were affected by a moderate or extreme level food insecurity in 2019 which was
observed as a prominent increase comparatively. Countries experiencing a moderate food
insecurity were typically unable to eat a healthy, balanced diet on a regular basis because of
income or other resource constraints. Whereas those facing severe food insecurity – around 750
million people – tend to run out of food and, at worst, go a day, or days, without eating. The
recent increase in food insecurity was primarily due to worsening situations in sub-Saharan
Africa and Latin America and most often due to COVID-19 pandemic situation. The estimates
for 2016–2019 also indicate that food insecurity was higher among adult women than men in
every region.
The following graph shows the percentage of almost 5-year data about hunger level in the world.

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According to this, the most affected region in year 2019 were Central and Southern Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa.
Worldwide Progress on Goal:
The worldwide progress on this SDG was characterized by initiating different events by World
Bank Group and UN. Some of those important events were as follows: -
 2020 Targets: Renewing Commitments and Galvanizing Action.
 Good Practices on SDG implementation: Inspiring examples to Drive Change.
 United Nations Sustainable Development Summit.
Healthy, Not Hungry Initiative:
In year 2017, World Economic Forum (WEF) in partnership with World Food Program launched
a plan named as “Healthy, Not Hungry”. It focused on accelerating progress to 2nd
SDG i.e.,
Zero Hunger through different projects. This initiative set several goals be implemented by 2030
agenda. These goals states that they can, end hunger, end all forms of malnutrition and end
preventable deaths of children under 5. There most emphasis is on action against malnutrition.

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According to some data, malnutrition affects one in three people. It is one of the biggest threats
that countries face affecting the health and wealth of people.
Some of the main projects started under this initiative are: -
 Head of the World Food Program calls on world leaders to fight Food Crisis around the
world.
 MasterCard and the World Food Program announces 100 million meal commitment.
 Tanzania, Madagascar, and Nigeria launch different Nutrition Plans.
 Power of Nutrition announces $250 million to fight child undernutrition.
 Through different events, Children in over 100 countries were taught about Zero Hunger.
 Afghanistan, Central African Republic, and Gabon join the Scaling up Nutrition
Movement.
 Global Nutrition Summit brings leaders together to accelerate progress.
 People all over the world raised their voices on Hunger.
Implementation of SDG-2 in Pakistan
Introduction:
Despite being a rich agricultural country with increase in food production, Hunger and Food
insecurity (leading to malnutrition) are still one of the biggest challenges that Pakistan faces in
different times over the past 25 years. The major aspects that lead towards increased malnutrition
in Pakistan include increase in country’s population, insufficient distribution mechanism, limited
access to food. Moreover, public access to related constraints is driven by high input costs and
consequent food price inflation that erodes the people’s ability to get sufficient nutritious food.
Thus, this factor of poor hygiene causes several health and nutrition related issues.
The hunger related issue i.e., Malnutrition is observed adversely affecting the country’s GDP in a
way that it is leading towards low workforce productivity. This low productivity is costing 3% of
its GDP (USD 7.6 Billion) every year. This situation of Malnutrition in Pakistan mostly affects
the infants, children, and women in overall population. So, in all this situation achieving and

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working on SDG-2’s (Zero Hunger) targets and objectives in Pakistan focuses upon eliminating
hunger in all forms.
Key Initiatives by Pakistan on SDG-2:
Achieving the targets of zero hunger and improving the condition of malnutrition in country are
among the Government’s top priorities. For this purpose, the related departments designed
medium-term development targets to achieve SDG-2. The overall strategy behind this comprises
enhancing nutrition awareness, improving coordination mechanisms.
 In 2017, the ministry of National Food Security and Research launched their country’s
first National Food Security policy and implemented different multi-sectoral nutrition
strategies.
 In accordance with this strategy, by focusing on nutritious condition of women and
children in Pakistan, Pakistan Multi-sectoral Nutrition strategy (2018 – 25) and Pakistan
Dietary Guidelines for better Nutrition (PDGN) were prepared and launched.
 A food fortification program was being implemented across 1100 flour mills of Pakistan
and a Universal Salt iodization (USI) was operated in 110 different districts.
Initiatives under SDG-2 in provinces of Pakistan:
 Punjab: The Punjab Multi-sectoral Nutrition Strategy (MNSC) launched the Health
Integrated Reforms Program and Stunting Prevention Nutrition Program in different
cities.
 Sindh: The province of Sindh implemented a Nutrition Support Program especially in
rural areas. This plan was backed by an Accelerated Action Plan for the reduction of
Malnutrition and stunting in Pakistan.
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: KPK started two notable initiatives including the Health
Integrated Reforms Program and the Stunting Prevention Rehabilitation Integrated
Nutrition Gain (SPRING) project.
 Balochistan: The Balochistan province implemented a special program for women and
children referred as; Balochistan Nutrition Program for Mothers and Children (BNPMC),
along with a Multi-sectoral Nutrition Program.

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Some additional steps that were taken to work for the global targets of SDG-2 are as follows: -
 Tax exemptions on imports of food protection equipment.
 For improving condition of Malnutrition, zinc rich variety of wheat “Zincol-2016” was
launched to increase intake of zinc and iron.
 Initiated a formulation of National Policy Framework for food security.
 Increased investments in nutrition specific interventions and nutrition sensitive
approaches in the field of health, agriculture, and social protection etc., to overcome
malnutrition and stunting.
Over the next five years, Pakistan has planned to implement a multi-tasked strategy to reduce
hunger and to improve the population’s nutritional status. This strategy will focus on raising
awareness for healthy eating, institutional strengthening and engaging the private sector for
accomplishing targets.

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Goal # 3: Good Health & Well-Being
Introduction:
The third goal upon which the World Bank is working as sustainable development in
countries is ensuring Good Health and well-being of societies. Good Health is considered as
an essential part of sustainable development and the 2030 agenda that reflects its complexity.
The world Bank’s SDG – 03 plans to safeguard the health of people at every stage of life.
Physical and mental health has an especially important impact on so many aspects of a
human life that it is difficult to address sustainable development without taking it into
consideration. In accordance with the health concerns, this goal addresses all major health
priorities, including both physical and mental health, sensitivity of child health,
environmental diseases and universally health monitoring. Moreover, an important objective
of this goal is to ensure an easy access for all to safe, effective, quality, affordable medicines,
and vaccines, just like the current scenario of providing COVID – 19 vaccines to different
countries.
For a valuable working on the goal, it emphasizes on research and development in different
health associated fields. It focuses on increased health finance aid and strengthening the
capacity of all countries in health risk reduction and management. It also takes under
consideration of widening economic and social inequalities, health related threats to climate
and environment, rapid urbanization, the continuous burden of infectious diseases (like
COVID and HIV AIDS) and other emerging challenges. The Universal health monitoring on
countries will be an integral in achieving the targets of third SDG leading to reduction of
poverty and inequalities. The well-being part of goal has set targets to provide health care
services, awareness programs, training and development, information and educating societies
in developing countries. A clean environment also play its key role in human health and well-
being. The overall natural disasters and climate changes that occur every year exerts an
adverse impact on health including deaths, injuries, diseases, disabilities, psychological
problems and other indirect with the disruption to health services.
Targets/Objectives:
The World Bank Group & UN has defined 13 Targets and 28 Indicators for SDG 3. These
targets specify the goals and Indicators represent the metrics by which the world aims to track

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whether these Targets are achieved. Following are some quoted original text of all Targets
and show the data on the agreed Indicators: -
1. Reduce Maternal Mortality: By 2030, World Bank group aims to reduce the global
maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,00 live births.
2. Ending all preventable deaths under 5 years of age: By 2030, end preventable
deaths of new-borns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to
reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under‑5
mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births.
3. Fighting different Communicable Diseases: The world bank group targets to end
the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and
combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable diseases like COVID
– 19 in current scenario.
4. Reducing Death rate from Non-Communicable diseases and promoting Mental
Health: Targets to reduce one third premature mortality from non-communicable
diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.
5. Prevention and treatment of Substance Abuse: Targets strengthening the
prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and
harmful use of alcohol.
6. Decrease in Road Injuries and Deaths: By 2020, halve the number of global deaths
and injuries from road traffic accidents.
7. Universal access to Reproductive care, Family planning and Education: The
world bank group targets to ensure a worldwide access to reproductive health-care
services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration
of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes.
8. Achieving Universal Health Coverage: This target aims to achieve universal health
coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care
services and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and
vaccines for all.
9. Decrease in illness and deaths from Hazardous Chemical and Pollution: By 2030,
substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and
air, water and soil pollution and contamination.
10. Increase Health Financing and Supporting Health Workforce in developing
countries: This target involves substantially increase health financing and the

26
recruitment, development, training, and retention of the health workforce in
developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island
developing States.
Importance of SDG – 03:
The healthy life and an effective well-being is particularly important for human life at all
ages. The health of people gets affected by proper housing and sanitation, access to food,
health, and medical facilities, as well as the air quality and availability of green spaces. These
factors differ when examining the urban versus rural context and thus increases the
importance of this goal.
 Importance for Cities: In cities that are highly populated, there are different types of
diseases that spread at an extremely fast rate such as HIV Aids, epidemic diseases like
Malaria, Dengue fever and COVID, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. So, in
accordance with this the development programs and objectives assigned under SDG –
03 are crucial especially for the countries in which all above mentioned diseases are
common and spread each year.
 Drug Abuse Regions: In many countries where there is an easy access to addictive
substances like tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, there is a strict need to implement
the target of this goal that improves the health of young generation and people being
affected by an extensive use of all these drugs.
 Improvement in Health Governance: The World Bank Group and UN has set
specific objectives that leads to the importance of health governance aspects such as
inclusion affordability, easy access of basic health facilities and services, building
hospitals and providing of medication/vaccinations.
 Clean Environment: As the SDG – 03 relates to the health and well-being of
societies so it stresses on clean environment in all countries. It involves managing and
controlling environmental pollution (Land, air, and water contamination etc.) that are
severely affecting the health of people mostly in underdeveloped countries. So, all
those programs under SDG – 03 that are designed for cleaning environment has a
special importance for those pollution affected countries.
 Supporting Urban Mobility: For an effective well-being of human societies, it
enhances the importance to support healthy forms of urban mobility such as initiating

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plans and development of different social projects like building parks, sports fields,
and community centres etc.
 Highly affected COVID Regions: In relevance to current situation of COVID – 19
pandemics, the importance and objectives of this SDG has increased a lot. The world
is facing a global health crisis spreading a serious human suffering, destabilization of
global economy, and staking the lives of billions of people around the world so there
is a need to support the world just as the trials of providing COVID vaccines to
different parts of world has been started.
Purpose of SDG – 03:
Following points depicts the purpose of third SDG: Good Health and Well-Being: -
1) To ensure healthy lives and promoting human welfare at all ages.
2) The associated targets with SDG – 03 aims to reduce the global diseases affecting the
health of people in different countries.
3) To support health promotion and disease prevention using modern technology-based
monitoring device.
4) To work for the reduction of epidemics such as AIDS, Malaria, Dengue Fever,
Tuberculosis (TB), COVID and other transmissible diseases.
5) In relevance to epidemic and other major diseases, World Bank group and UN aims
to provide an easy access to safe and affordable medicines, vaccines and ensuring
universal health coverage to help build productive and resilient communities.
6) To halve the number of deaths and injuries from rad traffic accidents.
7) SDG – 03’s targets aims to strengthen the implementation of World Health
Organization Framework convention that supports the research and development
areas for communicable and non-communicable diseases.
8) It aims to build the capacity of developing countries for early warning, risk
management and reduction with management of national and global health risks.

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Working on SDG – 03 at Global level:
Current situation of Health and Well-being:
In relevance to some facts and figures of recent years, there are different reports that have
tried to show the situation of health and well-being affected regions. In relevance to overall
statistics of world, there are at least 400 million people in world who have no basic healthcare
and 40% lacks social protection. There are more than 1.6 billion people living in unstable
settings where there is delayed crises, combined with weak national capacity to deliver basic
health services, present a significant challenge to global health. HIV aids is a profoundly
serious epidemic disease that have affected the developing countries a lot in different
timespans. By the end of 2019, there were 38 million people were globally living with HIV
and 25.4 million people got treatment of Aids but still 13 million are unable to get access of
this treatment. Due to non-communicable diseases such as Cancer, Diabetes, Chronic
respiratory disorders etc., people aging from 30 to 70 years dies every 2 seconds. As polluted
environment also affects the health of human societies, so there are over 7 million people
who die every year from exposure to polluted environment i.e., through Land, Water and Air.
Following data shows some facts and figures regarding the health indicators region-wise
including mortality ratio in children.

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COVID – 19 & SDG – 03:
From 2019 (when COVID pandemic outbroke) till now, the rapid and significant increase in
cases has severely affected the lives of people overwhelming many health systems. The
important health services and lifesaving interventions are being disrupted. People become
unable and afraid to go to health-care facilities such as check-ups, vaccinations, and even
urgent medical examination. This rapid behavior of people to pandemic created fatal
consequences and threatened to reverse decades of improvements in health outcomes. In
many countries, outbreak of COVID-19 has triggered an alarm in terms of awareness of
health emergencies and immunization services. This is particularly a major concern for
countries where health systems are unable to cope with the surge in demand due to the lack of
health-care workers, medical equipment, and supplies.
Talking about the global perspective, COVID – 19 crises has interrupted childhood
immunizations efforts globally with potentially deadly outcomes. Since March 2020, routine
childhood immunization services have been disrupted on a scale not seen since the inception
of the Expanded Programme on Immunization in the 1970s. Similarly, Measles and Polio
vaccination campaign also got affected due to broader closures resulting COVID leading to
potential vaccine shortage in at least 26 low- and middle-income countries.

30
Global Progress Report:
To ensure good health and well-being of societies, countries have launched different projects
and events to meet targets and objectives of SDG – 03. Major progress was made in terms of
improving the health of millions of people. Significant improvements were made in
increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers associated with child
and mental mortality. But still the world demands more efforts to fully eradicate wide range
of diseases and to address many different continuous and emerging health issues. By focusing
on providing more efficient funding of health systems, improved sanitation and hygiene, and
increased access to physicians, significant progress can be made in helping to save the lives
of millions.
In accordance with the current situation of all the world, health emergency COVID – 19 has
posed a global risk and have shown the critical need for its management and cure. The United
Nations Development Programme highlighted huge disparities in countries’ abilities to cope
with and recover from the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic provides a turning point moment
for health emergency preparedness and for investment in critical 21st century public services.
Following are some of the programs and events that were initiated by world bank group and
UN collectively in all those countries mostly affected from different health related and social
welfare issues: -
 COVID – 19 Vaccines; scientific advances, access models and vaccination
acceptance: With reference to 7th
and 8th
target of SDG – 03 (i.e., providing health
care services including safe medicines and vaccines to all), the current situation of
COVID lies in it in terms of providing vaccination and generating general guidelines
of managing the risk. So, this special event aims to feature scientific and research
advances in COVID – 19 vaccines. This event also addresses objectives to discuss
access models and approaches for vaccine literacy and vaccine acceptance. Other
objectives of this initiative include: -
 To generate and implement a policy regarding the status of scientific research
advances in COVID – 19 vaccines.
 To build trust in public regarding safe use of vaccine and to remove
misleading information about vaccine’s side effects.
 Every Woman, Every Child: This collective initiative puts into action the Global
Strategy for Women and Children’s Health, which presents a roadmap on how to

31
enhance financing, strengthen policy and improve service on the ground for the most
vulnerable women and children.
 Expert Group meeting on Integrated Approaches to Implementing SDG – 03:
UN system entities organized an expert group meeting to explore integrated
approaches to implementing SDG 3. These entities include: World Health
Organization (WHO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the UN
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA), UNAID and the UN
Foundation. The meeting gathered experts from all these institutions and discuss
challenges, opportunities and emerging issues that could have an impact on SDG 3
implementation. The indivisible nature of the SDGs was a fundamental assumption of
the discussions.
Overall, the meeting focused on four integrated, balancing, and mutually reinforcing
dimensions of the implementation process. These four areas were as follows: -
a) Equity.
b) Health in high-risk settings.
c) Multisectoral Approaches.
d) Data.
 Special Sessions of United Nations Assembly on the World Drug Problem: The
UN general assembly held a special session on Drug’s abuse for different countries.
This session was an important milestone in achieving the goals set in the policy
document of "Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation
towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem",
which defined action to be taken by Member States as well as other objectives to be
achieved.

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Implementation of SDG – 03 in Pakistan
Introduction:
Good health and an effective social welfare always remains among top priority concern for
Pakistan. However, managing the healthcare needs and objectives for an expanding/growing
population is a very major task. All the governments of different times in Pakistan have
strived to improve the population’s health status because the country recognizes that
investments in development of healthy lives of people generates a positive impact on
economy and society on a large scale. The targets and indicators of SDG – 03 is especially
important for Pakistan because a large segment of it is living below the poverty line which is
severely affecting the health of individuals mainly of women and children. Improvement and
development in health sector has expected to directly translate into sustainable economic
growth, as performance on health is closely tied to positive economic performance. While a
range of health-related challenges that exist in country, Pakistan has been taking dedicated
and essential steps towards improving the health status of its growing population.
Key initiatives on SDG – 03:
Before talking about the key initiatives governments of Pakistan have taken to improve health
and well-being of population, here are some comparative facts and figures about those
indicators that affect the human health and thus impacts on economic situation of country.
Due to high population rate in Pakistan, there is a lot of burden on education, health systems
and efficient food supply in country. In terms of health care needs the 10.9 % of population is
between the ages of 0-4 years and 21.2 % is between 5-14 years requiring the child and
teenage health services. 61.4 % population is in the age group of 15-59 requiring the
reproductive health care services.
According to the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) 2018 of Pakistan; 40 percent under five
children are stunted and another 29 percent are underweight. NNS further revealed that
almost 18 percent (38 million) of our population is severely food insecure. The economic
costs of malnutrition are remarkably high and persistent in terms of loss of GDP which is 3
percent ($7.6 billion) every year in Pakistan.

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Pakistan has designed following important initiatives for the development and social welfare
of people:
 National Health Vision (NHV) 2016 – 2025: This idea by government focuses on
enabling provincial health departments to contextualize their policy frameworks to
achieve universal health coverage. The province-wise programs that were designed
under this framework were: Punjab Hepatitis Act 2018, the Sindh Occupation Safety
and Health Act 2017, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mental Health Act 2017, and the
Balochistan Juvenile Smoking Act 2018. Moreover, these all frameworks also sought
to support training and research such as Pakistan Health Research Council and
Medical teaching institutional reforms with multiple actions being taken by Pakistan’s
federal and provincial governments.
 Sehat Sahulat Programme: This program was initiated towards attaining
development in social health protection and Universal Health Coverage. It ensured
that all citizens across the country get an easy access to their entitled medical health
care without any financial obligations. The beneficiaries of this program was selected
through a survey by NADRA (National Database and Registration Authority).
 Polio Eradication Incentive Programme: In December 2019 with the help of
National Immunization Campaign across the country, schools from different cities of
Pakistan were designated for polio eradication. According to facts, 40 million children
were vaccinated with reference to this program. Vaccine procurement and social
mobilization are undertaken by UNICEF, while WHO incurs expenditures on
operational activities and environmental surveillance.

34
 Mother and Child Health Program: This plan was developed by federal and
provincial departments of health for translating the health vision with an objective to
provide better access and quality to mother and child physical and mental health. It
also targets to educate people of rural areas on family planning services in hospitals
and medical care centres. Pakistan had shown improvement in the Infant Mortality
Rate (IMR) to 62 per one thousand from 66 per one thousand in 2015, but Maternal
Mortality Rate (MMR) of 170/100,000 is still exceedingly high as compared to other
regional countries.

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Goal # 4: Quality Education
Introduction:
One of the most important goal on which World Bank Group and UN is working collectively
is ensuring an equal and providing of standard education in countries. Education liberates the
intelligence, unlocks the imagination and is fundamental for self-respect. It is the key to
prosperous society and opens a world of opportunities, making it possible for countries to
contribute to a progressive and educated civilization. Learning benefits every human being
and should be available to all. Education for all has always been an integral part of the
sustainable development agenda (i.e., the 2030 Agenda). This proposes sustainable
development goal’s main objective is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education that
promotes life-long learning opportunities for all individuals.
Giving importance to it, education was recognized as one of basic human right by UN. They
focused on ensuring that all individuals enjoys equal access to and quality of education with
respect to human dignity but did not include disability among characteristics that could lead
to ‘distinction, exclusion, limitation or preference’ in education. SDG – 04 emphasized on
intensive consultative process led by Member-States, but with broad participation from civil
society, teachers, unions, bilateral agencies, regional organizations, the private sector and
research institutes and foundations.
Targets/Objectives:
The World Bank Group assigned ten targets to create action to ensure a quality education for
all. The related institutes strive for the sustainable education system in all countries.
Following are those assigned targets for SDG – 04: -
1. By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary
and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.
2. To ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development,
care, and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education.
3. Making sure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical,
vocational, and tertiary education, including university.

36
4. Targets to substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant
skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and
entrepreneurship.
5. To eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of
education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with
disabilities, indigenous peoples, and children in vulnerable situations.
6. To ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women,
achieve literacy and proficiency.
7. By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote
sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable
development.
8. Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive
and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive, and effective learning environments for all.
9. To substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing
countries, least developed countries, small island developing States.
10. By 2030, significantly increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through
international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries.
Primary level education has been a foremost responsibility in most countries across the
world. This SDG imposes a great importance for governments of those countries who foster
educational attainment and on following factors: -
 For improvement in education governance related to public education facilities that
promotes inclusion, accountability, and quality.
 For integrating technical and vocational training programs into local economic
development strategies, making sure training is valuable and corresponds to labour
market opportunities.
 Foster cooperation between different schools, research institutions and local
businesses.

37
 Reach out to high risk and vulnerable citizens and neighbourhoods and ensure they
have access to education and training, fulfilling UNESCO’s Education for Sustainable
Development initiative.
 Quality education practices also enables people to develop all of their attributes and
skills to achieve their potential as human beings and members of society.
Purpose of SDG – 04:
The purpose of quality education SDG is explained in following points: -
1) To promote free Primary and Secondary education.
2) Deliver equal access to standard pre-primary education.
3) To increase the number of people with relevant skills for financial success.
4) Eliminating discrimination and different biasness in education.
5) Generate an equal access to affordable technical, vocational, and higher education.
6) To promote universal literacy and numeracy.
7) To ensure education for sustainable development and global citizenship.
8) Building and upgrading inclusive and safe schools.
9) Giving higher education scholarships for developing countries.
10) To increase the supplies of qualified teachers in developing countries.
Working of SDG – 04 at global level
Education enables upward socioeconomic mobility and is a key to escaping poverty. Over the
past decade, major progress was made towards increasing access to education and school
enrolment rates at all levels, particularly for girls. Nevertheless, about 260 million children
were still out of school in 2018 nearly one fifth of the global population in that age group.
And more than half of all children and adolescents worldwide are not meeting minimum
proficiency standards in reading and mathematics.
In 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the globe, most countries announced the
temporary closure of schools, impacting more than 91 per cent of students worldwide. School
closures to stop the spread of COVID-19 have affected most of the world’s student

38
population. Disrupted education is adversely affecting learning outcomes, social and
behavioural development of children and youth. The pandemic is deepening the education
crisis and widening existing educational inequalities.
Worldwide Progress:
 Incheon Declaration: The Incheon Declaration was adopted on the occasion of the
World Education Forum (WEF), held in Incheon, Republic of Korea. The Declaration
aims at promoting education opportunities for all by 2030, within a framework to
support the core aspects of the Education 2030 Framework for Action, building on the
UN-led Education for All (EFA) framework and goals.
 Development on education, Muscat: In the “Muscat Agreement”, the final statement
delivered at the Global Education for all Meetings, education was included as a target
on the top of the global development agenda for the 2015 – 2030 period. Participants
indeed pledged to stimulate international support for the overarching goal to “ensure
equitable and inclusive quality education and lifelong learning for all by 2030”.
 Global Action Program (GAP) on educational development: As a follow-up to
other educational development programs, the Global Action Programme has been
designed as a concrete, tangible contribution to the post-2015 development and
education agendas. Based on broad consultations and input from a wide range of
stakeholders, the Programme came at a time when the international community was
charged with proposing a new set of sustainable development goals that are action-
oriented, global in nature and universally applicable.
 World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD): UNESCO
World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) was held in
Aichi- Nagoya, Japan. The main objective of this conference was to reorient
education to build a better future for all. The General Conference consists of the
representatives of the States Members of the Organization. It meets every two years,
and is attended by Member States and Associate Members, together with observers
for non-Member States, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). Each country has one vote, irrespective of its size or the extent
of its contribution to the budget.

39
Introduction:
Quality education has been the common goal reflected in all national education policies and
provincial/ area education sector plans (ESPs). All provincial take it as their primary focuses,
access, quality, and governance, with varying emphases within these. Punjab, Sindh and
Balochistan ESPs are generally well-aligned with SDG-4, including strategies related to areas
such as access, quality, and governance. Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Federal Administered Tribal
Areas (FATA) and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) ESPs show a fair degree of alignment.
 Moving towards Single National Curriculum: In line with Government’s vision to
develop and implement single national curriculum across public, private and
madrassah schools in the country, this initiative has embarked upon the path of
developing curriculum from Grade 1 to Grade 12 in three phases (Phase I: Grade 1 to
Grade 5, Phase II: Grade 6 to Grade 8 and Phase III Grade 9 to Garde 12). The focus
of this single national curriculum is on critical thinking, Blooms Taxonomy, and
activity-based learning, confined to core subjects only.
 National Education Assessment System (NEAS): NEAS is the only organization at
the federal level responsible for educational assessment across the country. The key
activities of NEAS for educational development include: Development of assessment
framework and test specifications, Item writing and field test development,
Management of assessment materials (printing, distribution, collection) etc.

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Goal # 5: Gender Equality
Introduction:
This world bank’s SDG act as an objective of social welfare for societies in terms of
promoting gender equality in different sectors of life (such as education, jobs, working,
health-sector etc). A balanced gender equality play an especially important role for an
improved economic condition of countries. However, if we observe through different aspects,
there is still gender inequality deeply rooted in various developing countries due to their
specific reasons. In such countries, mainly women suffer from a serious lack of access to jobs
and decent work and thus it results in occupational discrimination. Moreover, in these
societies, women also faces a restricted access to basic education and health care. In
extremely rural and back countries (based on their cultural/traditional values), women
become victims of violence and discrimination. They are under-represented in field of
politics and some other major sectors. The vital role of women and the need for their full and
equal participation with leadership in all areas of sustainable development was important for
achieving related objectives.
The SDG – 05 is closely related to all other sustainable goals as well because a potential
achievement towards sustainable development is not possible in a country if one half of
humanity continues to be denied its full human rights and opportunities. Within this SDG, the
world bank and UN affirms that women and girls must enjoy equal access to quality
education, economic resources, and political participation as well as equal opportunities with
men and boys for employment, leadership, and decision-making at all levels.
Targets/Objectives:
The world bank group has set following targets for SDG – 05 (Gender Equality) to be
accomplished under 2030 Agenda: -
1. To end discrimination against women and girls.
2. Ending all violence against and exploitation of women and girls.
3. To eliminate forced marriages and genital mutilation.
4. Giving value to unpaid care and promoting shared domestic responsibilities.
5. Ensuring full participation in leadership and decision-making.
6. Enabling a universal access to reproductive health and rights.

41
7. Equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services.
8. To promote empowerment of women through technology.
9. To adopt and strengthen policies with enforceable legislation for gender equality.
The SDG – 05 of World Bank Group has a clear vision that recognizes that gender equality is
a critical element in achieving sustainable development of country. There has been developed
a major progress towards gender empowerment resulting in equal access to primary education
in many regions. According to different surveys of countries, Women and girls are often
more affected than men and boys from by poverty, food insecurity and other social issues.
Therefore, SDG – 05 has an effective performance for countries that are facing gender
inequality and aims to provide equal opportunities for them. The more relevant importance of
this sustainable goal is explained in following points: -
 Addressing Inequality and Discrimination: With working on this SDG, local
governments can implement and monitor various programs that address gender
inequality and biasness in different sectors of life.
 Fair model of Gender Equality: It can act as a model for attaining gender equality in
countries through non-discriminatory service obligation to citizens and fair
employment practices.
 Financial Support: This sustainable development goal includes initiation of different
programs that ensures relevant financial support especially for those who are facing
the issues of gender inequality.
 Workforce Integration Trainings: Moreover, the working on this SDG will enable
the gender inequality affected regions to get workforce integration trainings that can
help those countries in eradicating the discrimination practices.
 Women’s part in business sector: The importance of SDG – 05 will also lie in
involving women’s organizations in stakeholder dialogues.
 Balanced Urban Planning: It will enhance responsive urban planning, smart and
mixed use of land and public places that are geared equally towards both genders and
young children.

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Working on SDG – 05 at global level
Introduction:
The UN and world bank group has collectively worked for the elimination of discrimination
against women and girls, empowerment of women, and achievement of equality between
women and men as partners and beneficiaries of development, human rights, humanitarian
action and peace and security. As a result, UN has achieved important results in advancing
gender equality, from the establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women - the
main global international body exclusively dedicated to the promotion of gender equality and
the empowerment of women - through the adoption of various landmark agreements such as
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW) and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
The Gender equality and women’s empowerment has advanced in recent decades. There are
more girls who are getting equal education now, there is a less proportion of females who are
forced to early marriages and there are more women who are serving in parliament and
positions of leadership. Despite these changes, there are still some developing countries
facing gender inequality issues, the facts and figures of such countries are explained as
follows: -
 According to some facts and figures, Globally, 750 million women and girls were
married before the age of 18 and at least 200 million women and girls in 30 countries
have undergone FMG.
 In 18 countries, husbands can legally prevent their wives from working; in 39
countries, daughters and sons do not have equal inheritance rights; and 49 countries
lack laws protecting women from domestic violence.
 19 per cent of women and girls aged 15 to 49, have experienced physical and/or
sexual violence and there are 49 such countries who have no laws and regulations that
specifically protect women from such violence.
 While women have made important inroads into political office across the world, their
representation in national parliaments at 23.7 per cent is still far from equality.
 Only 52 per cent of women married or in a union freely make their own decisions
about their related concerns such as equal opportunities, health sectors, resources
allocation etc.

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 There are more than 100 countries who have taken action to track budget allocations
for gender equality.
Introduction:
With respect to Pakistan’s population, it covers its 48.8 percent. The female literacy rate of
49 per cent is relatively lower than the male literacy rate of 70 per cent. Although an
estimated 60 million women are of working age, only 20 per cent participate in working
sector. Their retention in the working sector market is challenged by competing family
priorities, inflexible workplace policies and the structural gendered workplace barriers. IMF
(International Monetary Fund) has suggested with respect to a report that by addressing and
gaining gender equality, Pakistan can easily gain USD 91.5 billion per year. Due to the high
importance of SDG – 05, Pakistan has recognized gender equality as crucial for achieving the
overall targets of this goal that results in women participation in leadership positions. The
importance assigned to countering violence against women and girls is reflected in a range of
national and provincial legislations and programmes developed in the recent years to address
this problem and make SDG 5 a top priority for the country.
Key Initiatives on SDG – 05:
With respect to its importance, Federal and Provincial governments of Pakistan have taken a
strong stance by introducing multiple initiatives to address gender inequality in cities. These
key initiatives are as follows: -

44
1) One of the main steps by provincial government was developing a free women
helpline in Punjab province named as “Bolo Helpline Service”.
2) In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), women-only Police station idea was introduced that
gave a privilege to gender inequality society.
3) Launching of training and rehabilitation centres for women across the country.
Goal # 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Introduction:
This sustainable development goal also has a major relevant importance in terms of providing
clean water for countries and an efficient sanitation system. The vision of World Bank Group
related to SDG – 06 states that: “A world where we reaffirm our commitments regarding the
human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and where there is improved hygiene; and
where food is sufficient, safe, affordable and nutritious.”
For countries, Clean water and efficient sanitation system is considered as the core
sustainable development goal. This Sustainable Development Goal follows to ensure
availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Clean, accessible
water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in. There is sufficient fresh water
on the planet to achieve this. Moreover, the providing of clean water and sanitation system is
also essential for survival and development of children. Similarly, this goal aims to address
water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation globally. It promotes increased
investments in water management and sanitation, and international cooperation and capacity
building in this respect.
Targets/Objectives:
The world bank group and UN has set following targets under 2030 agenda to initiate their
activities accordingly. These targets are as follows: -
1. Safe and Affordable Drinking Water: By 2030, the world bank group aims to
achieve universal and equitable access to safe and reasonable drinking water for all.

45
2. Ending Open Defecation and providing access to sanitation and hygiene: This
SDG aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and
those in vulnerable situations till year 2030.
3. Improve Water Quality, Wastewater Treatment and Safe Reuse: By 2030,
improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater, and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.
4. Increasing water-use efficiency and ensuring freshwater supplies: The SDG – 06
targets to substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and
substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity.
5. Implementing Integrated Water Resources Management: By 2030, the world
bank group along with UN aims to implement integrated water resources management
at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate.
6. Protect and restore water-related Ecosystem: Protecting and restoring water-
related ecosystems including mountains, forests, wetlands; rivers and lakes.
7. Expanding water and sanitation support to developing countries: By 2030,
expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing
countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water
harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse
technologies.
8. Supporting local engagement in water and sanitation management: Aims to
sustain and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and
sanitation management.
The SDG – 06 (Clean Water and Sanitation system) has special importance for countries in
terms of following main points: -
 The working on this goal enables for countries to maintain and developing new water
supply systems with a long-term viewpoint and dealing with cross-cutting regional
problems such as industrial development.

46
 It has its importance in supervising water quality and implementing regulations
regarding pollution, discharge of wastewater and spread of dangerous substances.
 An efficient working on SDG – 06 monitors and ensures that water resources are
accessible, and they will be shared fairly.
 It will enable to set incentives to the private sector for collecting, recycling, reuse as
well as cleaning water technologies.
 The SDG – 06 will support horizontal cooperation in planning and environmental
policy between municipalities and regions across borders.
 Lastly, it will adopt to the demands that heavy rain poses to sanitation system and
infrastructure planning.
Working on SDG – 06 at Global Level
Introduction:
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG – 06) on water and sanitation, adopted by United
Nations Member States at the 2015 UN Summit as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, provides the blueprint for ensuring availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all. The United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the
resolution on 21 December 2020 named as United Nations Conference on the Midterm
Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the Objectives of the International Decade
for Action.
There are 2.1 billion people have gained access to improved water sanitation and 5.2 billion
people had safely managed drinking water but still there are countries that are facing the
issues of lack of water necessities and proper sanitation system. The facts and figures of
countries facing clean water and sanitation issues are as follows: -
 Water shortage affects more than 40 percent of people around the world, an alarming
figure that is projected to increase with the rise of global temperatures because of
climate change.
 There are total 844 million people who lack in even drinking water.
 2.3 billion people around the world are lacking basic sanitation and 892 million
people practiced open defecation.

47
 80 percent of wastewater goes into water ways without adequate treatment.
 The world has lost 70 percent of its natural wetlands over the last century due to
different reasons like natural disasters and other climatic changes etc.
UN Water action Decade (2018 – 28):
The United Nations has long been addressing the global crisis caused by unsafe water and
sanitation and growing demands on the world’s water resources to meet human, economic
and environmental needs. In December 2017, UN Member States adopted United Nations
General Assembly resolution on an International Decade for Action on ‘Water for
Sustainable Development’ 2018-2028. Under this decade, its main objective was to increase
continuous efforts towards meeting water-related challenges that includes limited access to
safe water and improper sanitation system, an increased burden on water resources and
ecosystems, and due to all these a risk of droughts and floods.
Introduction:
Pakistan has been long facing the crisis of water scarcity and inadequate facilities of supply
of clean drinking water and sanitation. Pakistan is one of the 37 countries of the world with
extremely high levels of water stress, a condition when the demand for water exceeds the
available of water or when poor quality restricts its use. It is estimated to reach absolute water
insufficiency by 2025.
An economic survey of Pakistan states that: “Supply of drinkable water and sanitation
services (WSS) requires special attention as presently many households do not have access to
enough potable or shallow water and there is lack of proper sanitation system. Poor
sanitation leads to sickness as well as negative impact of ecosystem and due to water scarcity
in the country, wastewater treatment is imperative for the continuous and affluent supply of
water for agriculture in future. Despite having the potential and capacity of our industry for
designing and fabricating wastewater/sewage treatment plants locally, only a meagre portion
of industrial wastewater is being treated and reused.

48
Goal # 07: Affordable and Clean Energy
Introduction:
An effective providing of affordable and clean energy is important for sustainable
development in countries. The 2030 agenda for this goal includes a dedicated and standalone
goal on energy whose aim is to ensure an easy access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy means for all countries. The energy is especially important for climate change
and affects it accordingly (like global warming, greenhouse effect, ozone layer etc.). Hence,
ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all will open a new
world of opportunities for billions of people through new economic opportunities and jobs,
empowered women, children and youth, better education and health, more sustainable,
equitable and inclusive communities, and greater protections from, and resilience to, climate
change.
As the population around the world continues to grow rapidly, the demand for cheap energy
resources also increases. The economy resilient on fossil fuels creates drastic changes to a
climate. Ensuring universal access to affordable electricity by 2030 means investing in clean
energy sources such as solar, wind and thermal. Adopting cost-effective standards for a wider
range of technologies could also reduce the global electricity consumption by buildings and
industries. So, with respect to this goal relevance, the countries are focusing their attention to
improve their access to clean and safe technologies for 3 billion people around the world.
Moreover, they also aim to expand the use of renewable energy beyond the electricity sector.
Targets/Objectives:
The World Bank group and UN has set following targets to be accomplished under 2030
agenda for countries lacking affordable and clean energy: -
1) Universal access to Modern Energy: The world bank group targets ensure universal
access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services by 2030.
2) Increase in Global percentage of Renewable Energy: Aims to increase
substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
3) Double the improvement in energy efficiency: By 2030, the world bank group
targets to double the global rate of improvement in energy production.

49
4) Promoting access to Research, Technology and Investment in Clean Energy: By
2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research
and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and
cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and
clean energy technology.
5) Expand and Upgrade energy services for developing countries: Lastly the world
bank group mainly aims to expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for
supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries,
least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing
countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support by 2030.
The targets set for affordable and clean energy goal enable the countries to identify their
needs and accelerate the local sustainable energy transition and supporting of weak groups.
The importance of this goal for countries is explained in following points: -
 The countries will get leadership, guidance, and regulations to support the energy
transition to increase the share of renewable sources, forming an energy service
company to reduce energy consumption and costs, raise awareness on sustainable
energy.
 The countries will be able to design and develop structures to reduce energy demand
or to generate excess energy.
 Relevant for investing in government operations – from green buildings (government
offices, schools, public museums) to eco-mobility that reduces energy in the
municipal sector (switch to clean fuels, encourage bicycle use, buy smaller more
efficient vehicles).
 The countries adopt regulations, urban planning approaches, and educational
strategies to minimize fossil fuel-based means of transportation.
 The SDG – 07 working enable the countries to promote “Smart Systems”. According
to this system, it connects mini grids to building and transport that can be used as
“batteries”, enhancing energy efficiency and distribution.
 It will provide financial aid and other incentives to encourage change.

50
 Enable to support different financing schemes to provide marginal neighbourhoods
and slum area with accessible, affordable clean energy sources.
Working on SDG – 07 at Global Level
Introduction:
If we observe the world, energy sector and issues related to it is considered as major
challenge and opportunity the world faces. Sustainable energy is an opportunity to transform
lives, economies, and the planet. Still, one in five people lack access to electricity and, as
demand continues to rise, there needs to be a substantial increase in the production of
renewable energy across the world. The proportion of the world's population with access to
clean fuels and technologies has increased gradually within time.
The world is making good progress on increasing access to electricity and improving energy
efficiency. However, millions of people throughout the world still lack such access, and
progress on facilitating access to clean cooking fuels and technologies is too slow. The
pandemic has highlighted the need for reliable and affordable electricity in health centres. In
addition, a survey conducted in selected developing countries revealed that one quarter of the
health facilities surveyed were not electrified, and another quarter had unscheduled outages,
affecting their capacity to deliver essential health services. Such deficiencies weaken the
health system’s response to the current health crisis.
Following are some general facts and figures related to affordable and clean energy situation
around the world: -
 Between 2000 and 2018, the number of people with electricity increased from 78 to
90 percent, and the numbers without electricity dropped to 789 million.
 Clean energy act as far the main contributor to climate change It accounts for 73
percent of human caused greenhouse causes.
 Almost a third of the world’s population 2.8 billion rely on polluting and unhealthy
fuels for cooking.
 There are total 3 billion people around the world who rely on wood, coal and animal
waste for cooking and heating.

51
 Air pollution being spread from using combustible fuels for household energy caused
4.3 million deaths with women and girls accounting for 6 out of every 10 of these.
 The renewable energy sector employed a record 11.5 million people in 2019. The
changes needed in energy production and uses to achieve the Paris Agreement target
of limiting the rise in temperature to below 2C can create 18 million jobs.
The UN and world bank group also launched a virtual program of “Be Bold” campaign by
sustainable energy for all, supporting the high-level dialogue on energy and action on this
SDG.

52
Introduction:
According to current and past situation of Pakistan, commonly it is an energy deficient
country relying heavily on fossil fuels to generate energy. In Pakistan, Energy prices are
steadily increasing, creating significant affordability concerns. With its cross-cutting links
with other global goals, SDG 7 is among the most important goals for Pakistan. The
uninterrupted supply of energy increases efficiency and economic growth. It is essential for
reducing inequalities and generating employment. Pakistan requires immense investments in
affordable, clean, and renewable energy sources and technologies. The share of hydropower
in Pakistan’s total energy supply mix is approximately 30 percent.
To accelerate progress on SDG 7, Pakistan has invested heavily in overcoming energy
shortages, increasing energy generation, and expanding access to electricity. Over the past ten
years, access to electricity increased by 8 percentage points. The proportion of the population
who rely on clean fuels and technologies risen by 11 percent in the same period.
Key Initiatives:
To accomplish the targets of SDG – 07 and to overcome the need of their energy deficiency,
Pakistan has launched following initiatives: -
 National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (NEECA): In line with
improving the and conversation as Pakistan’s top priority, National Energy
Efficiency and Conservation Authority (NEECA) has been established to identify
energy efficiency and conservation opportunities. Initiatives on renewable energy

53
focus on affordable energy. Efforts are underway to increase the share of renewables
in Pakistan’s energy supply mix to 20 per cent in 2025, and 30 per cent by 2030.
 Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB): The Alternative Energy
Development Board (AEDB) has supported the private sector’s installation of several
renewable energy plants, including wind and solar power plants. The AEDB is also
facilitating co-generation projects under the Framework for Power production.
 Green Parliament of Pakistan: The “Green Parliament of Pakistan” has the
distinction of being “world’s first largest solar-powered legislative building”. In
addition to reducing air pollution, it sets a standard for other government departments
and private buildings.

54
Goal # 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Introduction:
The 8th
Sustainable Development goal aims to promote continuous, inclusive, and balanced
economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. Decent work,
employment creation, social protection, rights at work and social dialogue represent integral
elements of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Furthermore, crucial aspects
of decent work are broadly rooted in the targets of many of the other 16 goals. Economic
growth is a positive force for the whole planet. Therefore, countries make sure that their
financial progress creates decent and fulfilling jobs while not harming the environment. They
focus on protecting labour rights and once and for all put a stop to modern slavery and child
labour. If they promote job creation with expanded access to banking and financial services,
they can make sure that everybody gets the benefits of entrepreneurship and innovation.
Slow and uneven progress in this area requires countries to rethink and retool their economic
and social policies aimed at eradicating poverty. A continued lack of decent work
opportunities, insufficient investments, and under-consumption lead to loss of the basic social
contract underlying democratic societies: that all must share in progress. Sustainable
economic growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow people to have
quality jobs that stimulate the economy while not harming the environment.
Targets/Objectives:
The World Bank Group and UN has collectively developed following targets under 2030
Agenda: -
1) To attain sustainable Economic Growth: Aims to maintain per capita economic
growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent
gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries.
2) Diversifying, Innovating and Upgrading for Economic Productivity: To achieve
higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological
upgrading, and innovation, including through a focus on high value added and labour-
intensive sectors.
3) Promoting policies to support Job Creation and Growing Enterprises: This target
subjects to Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities,

55
decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation, and encourage the
formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including
through access to financial services.
4) Improving Resource Efficiency in Consumption and Production: To improve
progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and
production and effort to dissociate economic growth from environmental degradation,
in accordance with the 10‑Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable
Consumption and Production.
5) Full Employment and Decent work with Equal Pay: By 2030, the World Bank
Group achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and
men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work
of equal value.
6) Promoting Youth Employment, Education and Training: aims to substantially
increase the proportion of youth in education, employment, and training.
7) Ending Modern Slavery, Trafficking and Child Labour: An important target that
subjects to take immediate and effective measures to eliminate forced labour, end
modern slavery and human trafficking with securing the prohibition and eradication
of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and
by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.
8) Protecting Labour Rights and enabling safe Working environment: Protect
labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers,
including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious
employment.
9) Developing a Global Youth Employment Strategy: Developing and
operationalizing a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global
Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization.
10) Increase in Aid for Trade Support: There will be enabling of increase Aid for Trade
support for developing countries, least developed countries, including through the
Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-related technical assistance.

56
As this SDG’s main objective is to enable the international community to promote inclusive
and sustainable economic growth. Therefore, the significance of SDG – 08 lies in three main
reasons that are as follows: -
 Decent work and economic growth demands innovative thinking about the character
of economic growth.
 Second, SDG 8 emphasizes that looking at the world of work from the angle of social
justice is fundamental to the new approach to economic growth for which they must
strive.
 The attaining targets of SDG – 08 is closely linked to other goals as well such as
reduction of inequality (SDG 10), the promotion of peace, justice and strong
institutions (SDG 16), the eradication of poverty and hunger (SDGs 1 and 2), the
promotion of good health and well-being and gender equality (SDGs 3 and 5), and
quality education (SDG 4).
Introduction:
Pakistan strives to maintain a strong focus on sustainable, inclusive economic growth and
decent work will be essential for addressing the challenges of a young, rapidly growing and
urbanizing population, addressing underemployment and unemployment, and raising the
living standard of people.
In accordance with general facts and figures, Agriculture has 19 percent share in the GDP,
while manufacturing contributes 20.6 percent and services 60.4 percent in GDP. The overall
average growth during the last five years was 4.8 percent. On average, the Agriculture sector
grew by 2.1 percent, large scale manufacturing by 4.7 percent and Services grew by 5.5
percent. The Government of Pakistan has affirmed renewed commitment to boosting trade,
economic growth, jobs and safeguarding a decent standard of living for all.

World Bank SDGs Report Summary

World Bank SDGs Report Summary

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