The document contains educational exercises focused on personal information, greetings, and vocabulary development for language learners. It includes conversation structuring, formal introductions, and comprehension activities related to nationalities and belongings. Additionally, it provides fill-in-the-blank exercises and matching tasks to enhance students' understanding of English grammar and vocabulary.

2. 72
1&2
Unit
1
Personal
Information
Numbers the sentences in the correct order to create a conversation.
1
( ) Nice to meet you, Miguel.
( ) My name is Claire.
( ) Hello, I'm Lucy. What's your name?
( ) Nice to meet you, too.
Choose the correct alternative to complete the conversations.
2
A: Hello, _______________ Paulo.
(I'm / This is)
B: Hello, _______________ Tory and _______________ Marcos.
(my name's / This is) (my / this is)
A: _______________ to meet you, Marcos.
(Nice / I'm)
B: _______________ to meet you, _______________, Paulo.
(Hello / Nice) (too / Hi)
Lessons
Write sentences. Follow the example.
3
1. I am Lucy Andrews.
My name is Lucy Andrews.
2. You are Melissa Andrade.
_____________________________________________________________
3. I'm Rodrigo Carvalho.
_____________________________________________________________
4. You're Thais Santos.
_____________________________________________________________
5. I'm Lucas Almeida.
_____________________________________________________________
6. You're Marcelo Araújo.
_____________________________________________________________
7. I'm Rodrigo Carvalho.
_____________________________________________________________
8. You're Rita da Silva.
_____________________________________________________________

3. 73
Respond to the greetings. Follow the example.
4
1. A: My name's Lucy. Nice to meet you.
B: Nice to meet you, too, Lucy.
2. A: I'm Robert. Glad to meet you.
B: __________________________________________________________
3. A: This is my friend Camila.
B: __________________________________________________________
4. A: Hello! I'm Amanda. Pleased to meet you.
B: __________________________________________________________
5. A: Hi! I'm Sally. Nice to meet you.
B: __________________________________________________________
6. A: Hi! What's your name?
B: __________________________________________________________
This is Cristiano Ronaldo. Introduce yourself and complete the conversation.
5
Hello. My name is Cristiano Ronaldo.
____________________________________________
Pleased to meet you, __________________
_____________________________________________
Match column A with column B.
6
1. What's your name? ( ) How do you do?
2. Nice to meet you. ( ) Pleased to meet you, Amanda.
3. Glad to meet you. ( ) My name's Johnny.
4. Pleased to meet you. ( ) Glad to meet you, David.
5. How do you do? ( ) Nice to meet you, too.
6. Hi. I'm Amanda. ( ) Pleased to meet you, too.
7. Hi. I'm Greg. ( ) Glad to meet you, too.
8. Hello! My name's David. ( ) Nice to meet you, Greg.

4. 74
3&4
Unit
1
Personal
Information
Lessons
Look at the picture. Complete the forms for the students.
1
1
Stephanie Banks Smith
Stephanie Banks Smith
2
Michael Carter Knowes
3
Gisele Garcia Sanchez
4
Peter Kemner Jordan
1.
First name:
Middle name:
Last name:
2.
First name:
Middle name:
Last name:
3.
First name:
Middle name:
Last name:
4.
First name:
Middle name:
Last name:
Fill in the conversations about the people in exercise 1 using appropriate words.
2
1. A: What's your _______________ name?
B: It's Banks.
2. A: What's your _______________ name?
B: It's Knowes.
3. A: What's your _______________ name?
B: It's Gisele.
4. A: What's your _______________ name?
B: It's Jordan.
5. A: What's your _______________ name?
B: It's Smith.
6. A: What's your _______________ name?
B: It's Garcia.

5. 75
Match column A with column B.
3
1. What's your full name? ( ) It's A - G - U - I - A - R.
2. What's your middle name? ( ) It's Amanda.
3. What's your last name? ( ) It's Aguiar.
4. How do you spell your last name? ( ) It's D - O - S, S - A - N - T - O - S.
5. How do you spell your middle name? ( ) This is Steve.
6. What's his name? ( ) It's Marcelo dos Santos Aguiar.
7. What's her name? ( ) His name is David.
8. Who's this? ( ) It's dos Santos.
Fill in the mini dialogues with HIS, HER, MY, YOUR.
4
1. A: What's __________ name?
B: Her name is Jennifer.
2. A: What's __________ name?
B: My name's Lucas.
3. A: What's __________ name?
B: His name's Michael.
Fill in the questions with HOW, WHAT or WHO.
5
1. A: _______________ is this?
B: This is my friend Robin.
2. A: _______________ do you spell your last name?
B: It's S - O - U - S - A.
3. A: _______________ is your middle name?
B: It's Galdino.
4. A: _______________ is your last name?
B: It's Oliveira.
5. A: _______________ is this?
B: This is Bruno.
6. A: _______________ do you spell you middle name?
B: It's S - A - N - C - H - E - Z.
Answer the questions about yourself.
6
1. What's your name?
______________________________________________________________
2. What's your middle name?
______________________________________________________________
3. What's your last name?
______________________________________________________________
4. How do you spell your last name?
______________________________________________________________

6. 76
1&2
Unit
2
Greetings
and
details
Lessons
Numbers the sentences to make a conversation.
1
( ) I'm Mary.
( ) I'm OK, thanks. And you?
( ) Yes, I am.
( 1 ) Good morning. How are you doing?
( ) What's your name?
( ) Hi, Mary. I'm John.
( ) I'm fine, thanks. Are you new here?
Fill in the mini dialogues using IS, ARE or AM.
2
1. A: How __________ you?
B: I __________ very well, thanks. And you?
A: I __________ fine, thanks.
2. A: __________ he fine?
B: Yes, he __________.
3. A: __________ she all right?
B: No, she __________ not.
4. A: How __________ he today?
B: He __________ great.
5. A: How __________ she doing?
B: She __________ fine.
Make negative sentences. Follow the example.
3
1. He's all right. (very well)
No, he's not all right. He's very well.
2. She's bad. (very fine)
_____________________________________________________________
3. I'm so-so. (great)
_____________________________________________________________
4. He's very well. (so-so)
_____________________________________________________________
5. He's OK. (fine)
_____________________________________________________________
6. I'm great. (all right)
_____________________________________________________________

7. 77
Choose the correct title.
4
1. My name is Stephen Morgan. I'm married.
I'm ____________ Morgan.
(Mr. / Mrs.)
2. Hi. I'm Linda Morris Carter. I'm married.
I'm ____________ Carter.
(Mr. / Mrs.)
3. Hi, folks! I'm Mark Thomas Zucken. I'm single.
I'm ____________ Zucken.
(Mr. / Ms.)
4. Hey, people! My name's Juliet Stevens Carson. I'm single.
I'm ____________ Carson.
(Mrs. (Miss)
Match the sentences to the correct responses.
5
1. How are you today? ( ) Morning Miss Davies.
2. How do you spell your last name? ( ) Goodbye! See you!
3. Nice to meet you, Mike. ( ) I'm fine, thanks.
4. Good morning, Mrs. Jordan. ( ) It's S - I - L - V - A.
5. See you later, Joana. ( ) Nice to meet you, Giovana.
6. My name is Giovana. ( ) Nice to meet you, too, Lucy.
Answer the questions about yourself and your teacher.
6
1. How are you today?
______________________________________________________________
2. Bye! See you later!
______________________________________________________________
3. I'm all right. How about you?
______________________________________________________________
4. Is your teacher fine?
______________________________________________________________

8. 78
3&4
Unit
2
Greetings
and
details
Lessons
Write the numbers in full.
1
1 __________________________ 11 __________________________
2 __________________________ 12 __________________________
3 __________________________ 13 __________________________
4 __________________________ 14 __________________________
5 __________________________ 15 __________________________
6 __________________________ 16 __________________________
7 __________________________ 17 __________________________
8 __________________________ 18 __________________________
9 __________________________ 19 __________________________
10 __________________________ 20 __________________________
Answer these questions according to the example.
2
1. How old are you? (11)
I am 11 years old.
2. How old is she? (14)
_____________________________________________________________
3. How old is he? (10)
_____________________________________________________________
4. How old are you? (16)
_____________________________________________________________
5. How old is she? (15)
_____________________________________________________________
6. How old is he? (17)
_____________________________________________________________
Complete the sequence.
3
1. 1 - 3 - 5 - _____ - 7 - 9
2. 2 - 4 - _____ - 8 - 10
3. 2 - _____ - 8 - 16
4. 3 - 6 - _____
5. 5 - 10 - _____

9. 79
Fill in the crossword below with the number given.
4
11
20 74
85
37 10
19 90
60
30
50 40
12
68
100
Answer the questions about yourself.
5
1. How old are you?
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What's your home number?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What's your cell phone number?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What's your e-mail address?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What's your address
_________________________________________________________________________
6. What's your father's cell phone number?
_________________________________________________________________________
7. What's your mother's cell phone number?
_________________________________________________________________________
8. How old is your father?
_________________________________________________________________________
9. How old is your mother?
_________________________________________________________________________

10. 80
1&2
Unit
3
Around
the
world
Lessons
Write the nationalities.
1
1. Argentina Argentinian / Argentine
2. Canada ___________________________________________
3. China ___________________________________________
4. Egypt ___________________________________________
5. Hungary ___________________________________________
6. Ireland ___________________________________________
7. Mexico ___________________________________________
8. Peru ___________________________________________
9. Poland ___________________________________________
10. Russia ___________________________________________
11. The USA ___________________________________________
12. Turkey ___________________________________________
Write questions and answers. Follow the example.
2
1. she? / Pery
A: Where is she from?
B: She's from Peru.
2. he? / Japan
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
3. you? / Turkey
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
4. she? / Russia
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
5. he? / Vietnam
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
6. you? / Australia
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________
7. she? / Hungary
A: ___________________________________________________________
B: ___________________________________________________________

11. 81
Match the questions to the answers.
3
1. Where are you from? ( ) He's from the UK.
2. Where is Anita from? ( ) No, I'm not. I'm from China.
3. Where is Raphael from? ( ) No, she's not. She's from Italy.
4. Are you from Korea? ( ) Yes, I am.
5. Is he from the USA? ( ) I'm from Venezuela.
6. Is she from Portugal? ( ) Yes, she is.
7. Are you Brazil? ( ) Yes, he is.
8. Is she from Italy? ( ) She's from Mexico.
Complete the questions with WHO, WHAT, WHERE, or HOW.
4
1. A: __________ is she from?
B: She's from Brazil.
2. A: __________ old is he?
B: He's 11 years old.
3. A: __________ is your best friend?
B: Mike.
4. A: __________ is her name?
B: Her name is Felicia.
5. A: __________ is this?
B: This is my friend Thomas.
6. A: __________ is he from?
B: Puerto Rico.
7. A: __________ old are you?
B: I'm 14.
8. A: __________ is his name?
B: It's Michael.
Correct the sentences using the negative form. Use only nationalities. Follow the example.
5
1. Margareth is Brazilian. (Peru)
She isn't Brazilian. She's Peruvian.
2. Amy is Egyptian. (Turkey)
______________________________________________________________________
3. Pablo is Portuguese. (Spain)
______________________________________________________________________
4. Monica is Argentine. (Brazil)
______________________________________________________________________
5. Tricia is American. (Canada)
______________________________________________________________________
6. Kurek is Russian. (Poland)
______________________________________________________________________
Unscramble the words to make sentences.
6
1. Russia / from / Mina / is
______________________________________________________________________
2. Devorak / Polish / is
______________________________________________________________________
3. Miguel / Argentina / from / is
______________________________________________________________________
4. Brazil / is / Paulo / from
______________________________________________________________________

12. 82
3&4
Unit
3
Around
the
world
Lessons
Write sentences about these famous people. Follow the example.
1
1. Serena Williams / tennis player.
Her name is Serena Williams. She's a tennis player.
2. Adriana Ambrosio / fashion model
_______________________________________________________________
3. Hulk / cartoon character
_______________________________________________________________
4. Brad Pitt / actor
_______________________________________________________________
5. Fernanda Garay / volleyball player.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Kristen Stewart / actress
_______________________________________________________________
7. Luis Suárez / soccer player
_______________________________________________________________
8. Demi Lovato / singer
_______________________________________________________________
1
1
1 3
3
3
2
2
2 4
4
4
5
5
5 7
7
7
6
6
6 8
8
8

13. 83
Answer the questions about yourself.
2
1. Who's your favorite soccer player?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Who's your favorite fashion model?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Who's your favorite cartoon character?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Who's your favorite actor?
_______________________________________________________________
5. Who's your favorite actress?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Who's your favorite singer?
_______________________________________________________________
Fill in the sentences with A or AN.
3
1. Gisele Bündchen is __________ fahion model.
2. Fernada Garay is __________ volleyball player.
3. Brad Pitt is __________ actor.
4. Kristen Stewart is __________ actress.
5. Serena Williams is __________ tennis player.
6. Demi Lovato is __________ singer.
Make sentences about their favorite school subjects. Follow the example
4
1. Ana / science
Ana's favorite school subject is science.
2. Marcos / geography
_________________________________________________________________________
3. James / history
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Augustus / drama
_________________________________________________________________________
Unscramble the words to make school subjects.
5
1. n / l / i / e / g / h / s
______________________________________________________________________
2. i / t / y / h / s / o / r
______________________________________________________________________
3. g / h / y / g / o / r / p / e / a
______________________________________________________________________
4. c / i / n / s / e / e / c
______________________________________________________________________

14. 84
1&2
Unit
4
Belongings
Lessons
Complete the sentences with A, AN or X. Then match the sentences with the correct picture.
1
1. ( ) These are __________ crayons.
2. ( ) That's __________ pencil case.
3. ( ) It's __________ pencil sharpener.
4. ( ) Those are __________ color pencils.
5. ( ) These are __________ folders.
6. ( ) That's __________ notebook.
7. ( ) This is __________ glue stick.
8. ( ) It's __________ eraser.
9. ( ) Those are __________ scissors.
10. ( ) This is __________ pencil.
11. ( ) That's __________ ruler.
12. ( ) It's __________ stapler.
13. ( ) That's __________ pen.
14. ( ) Those are __________ markers.
1
2
3
8
4
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
13
12
12
11
11 14

15. 85
Answer the questions. Follow the example.
2
1. What's this? (pencil - this)
This is a pencil.
2. What's that? (notebook - that)
_________________________________________________________________
3. What are these? (markers - these)
_________________________________________________________________
4. What are those? (color pencils - those)
_________________________________________________________________
5. What's this? (pencil sharpener - this)
_________________________________________________________________
Answer the questions. Follow the example.
3
1. Whose camera is this? (Mike)
It's Mike's camera. (or) It's Mike's.
2. Whose tissues are those? (Ana)
_________________________________________________________________
3. Whose dictionary is this? (Pedro)
_________________________________________________________________
4. Whose smart phone is that? (Juan)
_________________________________________________________________
5. Whose passports are these? (Milla)
_________________________________________________________________
6. Whose sunglasses are those? (Roberto)
_________________________________________________________________
Write the plural form of these words.
4
1. passport ______________________________
2. ticket ______________________________
3. dictionary ______________________________
4. toothbrush ______________________________
5. flashlight ______________________________
6. cell phone ______________________________
7. camera ______________________________
8. notebook ______________________________
9. marker ______________________________
10. pencil case ______________________________

16. 86
3&4
Unit
4
Belongings
Lessons
Look at the picture and complete the sentences using the correct preposition.
1
1. The vase _______________________ the candle.
2. The TV is _______________________ the shelf.
3. The coffee table is _____________________ the sofa.
4. The dresser is _____________________ the chair.
5. The ashtray is _____________________ the pen and the notebook.
6. The magazine rack is __________________ the lamp.
7. The lamp is ______________________ the magazine rack.
8. The curtains are ____________________ the chair.
9. The trycicle is _____________________ the coffee table.
10. The carpet is _____________________ the coffee table.
11. The envelope is ____________________ the coffee table.
12. The vase is ______________________ the dresser.
13. The chair is ______________________ the dresser.
14. The coffee table is ___________________ the TV.
telefone
vase
lamp
magazine rack
envelope
trycicle
pen
ashtray
notebook
newspaper
CD player
candle
alarm clock
TV
vase
picture
picture
sofa
chair
curtains
door
hanger
carpet
coffee table
dresser

17. 87
Write acronyms (abbreviations) for the objects.
2
1. IDK I don't know.
2. _________ Oh my God!
3. _________ compact disk
4. _________ digital versatile disk
5. _________ Be back soon!
6. _________ personal computer
7. _________ Federal Bureau of Investigation
8. _________ Parents over shoulder
Write questions and answers. Follow the example.
3
1. Mark - notebook
A: What's Mark's favorite gadget?
B: It's his notebook.
2. Susan - tablet
A: _____________________________________________________
B: _____________________________________________________
3. Rita - keyboard
A: _____________________________________________________
B: _____________________________________________________
4. Norman - MP4 player
A: _____________________________________________________
B: _____________________________________________________
5. Lisa - USB memory stick
A: _____________________________________________________
B: _____________________________________________________
6. Mark - smart phone
A: _____________________________________________________
B: _____________________________________________________
Fill in the questions with WHERE IS or WHERE ARE.
4
1. _______________ the soccer ball?
2. _______________ my books?
3. _______________ my calculator?
4. _______________ the MP4 player?
5. _______________ the DVDs?
6. _______________ the sunglasses?

18. 88
1&2
Unit
5
Around
town
Lessons
Complete the conversations with I AM, I'M NOT, IT IS, IT'S NOT.
1
1. A: Hi. Are you Marcelo?
B: Yes, _____________.
A: I'm in your math class.
B: Great!
A: Are you from Mexico?
B: No, ______________.
A: Are you on the football team?
B: No, ______________. ______________ on the volleyball team.
2. A: Hello?
B: Hi, Claire. Are you at school?
A: No, ______________. ______________ at home.
Are you at school?
B: Yes, ______________. ______________ OK there?
A: Yes, ______________. ______________ at home?
B: No, _______________.
Make questions and answers according to the example.
2
1. A: Are you at the drugstore? (Yes)
B: Yes, I am.
2. A: Are you at the gas station? (No / school)
B: No, I'm not. I'm at school.
3. A: Are you still a the bank? (No / at the coffee shop)
B: _____________________________________________________________
4. A: Are you at the supermarket? (Yes)
B: _____________________________________________________________
5. A: Are you at the bookstore? (No / school)
B: _____________________________________________________________
6. A: Are you at home? (No / cafeteria)
B: _____________________________________________________________
7. A: Are you still at the movie theater? (Yes)
B: _____________________________________________________________
8. A: Are you still at school? (No / home)
B: _____________________________________________________________

19. 89
Look at the map and complete the sentences using the correct preposition.
3
1. The hospital is _____________________
the department store.
2. The art gallery is ___________________
3rd Avenue and Oak Street.
3. The police station is ________________
the hospital.
4. The bus station is __________________
the law courts.
5. The high school is __________________
the post office.
6. The art gallery is ___________________
Oask Street.
7. The park is ________________________
the aquarium.
8. The museum is ____________________
1st Avenue and Oak Street.
Write questions about the map. Follow the example.
4
1. park / Oak Street.
Is the park on Oak Street?
2. art gallery / across from / museum
________________________________________________________________________
3. department store / in front of / hospital?
________________________________________________________________________
4. library / on the corner of / 1st Avenue / Pine Street.
________________________________________________________________________
5. post office / next to / house
________________________________________________________________________
Now answer the questions in exercise 4.
5
1. Yes, it is.
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________

20. 90
3&4
Unit
5
Around
town
Lessons
Look at the map and write sentences with THERE IS, THERE ARE, THERE ISN'T and
THERE AREN'T.
1
1. bus station / King's Road
There is a police station on King's Road.
2. two hospitals / King's Road
_________________________________________________________________
3. café / Green Street
_________________________________________________________________
4. post office / Green Street
_________________________________________________________________
5. two factories / Bond Street
_________________________________________________________________
6. museum / Bond Street
_________________________________________________________________

21. 91
Answer the questions below. Look at the map.
2
1. Where is the bus station?
________________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the hospital?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Where is the cinema?
________________________________________________________________________
4. Where is the post office?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Where is the library?
________________________________________________________________________
6. Where is the Italian restaurant?
________________________________________________________________________
Write directions to the questions below. You are in front of the museum.
3
1. How do I get to the factory?
________________________________________________________________________
2. How do I get to the post office?
________________________________________________________________________
3. How do I get to the police station?
________________________________________________________________________
4. How do I get to the cinema?
________________________________________________________________________
5. How do I get to the book shop?
________________________________________________________________________
6. How do I get to the supermarket?
________________________________________________________________________
Complete the questions with IS THERE or ARE THERE.
4
1. ____________________ a café on King's Road?
2. ____________________ two restaurants on Green Street?
3. ____________________ a post office on Green Street?
4. ____________________ three stores near here?
5. ____________________ a bank near your house?
6. ____________________ any parks near your school?

22. 92
1&2
Unit
6
Home
and
Family
Lessons
Complete the sentences below according to the picture above.
1
1. Susan is Noah's mother.
2. Susan is Tricia's __________________________.
3. Susan is Nelson's __________________________.
4. Nelson is Noah's _________________________.
5. Nelson is Erick's __________________________.
6. Nelson is Susan's _________________________.
7. Noah's is Tricia's __________________________.
8. Noah is Tarah's _________________________.
9. Noah is Nelson's __________________________.
10. Tricia is Susan's _________________________.
11. Tricia is Tarah's _________________________.
12. Tricia is Erick's _________________________.
13. Erick is Noah's _________________________.
14. Erick is Tricia's _________________________.
15. Erick is Tarah's _________________________.
16. Tarah is Noah's _________________________.
17. Tarah is Tricia's _________________________.
18. Tarah is Erick's _________________________.
Tricia
Tarah
Susan
Noah Nelson
Erick

23. 93
Fill in the chart below with the members of the family and their opposites.
2
Female Male
mother
wife
sister
daughter
mom
grandmother
granddaughter
aunt
cousin
Fill in the sentences with HAVE or HAS.
3
1. I'm Anthony. I __________ two brothers and one sister.
2. Her name is Teresa. She __________ two brothers.
3. She __________ one child. His name is William.
4. My uncle George __________ two children.
5. I __________ four cousins.
6. My mother __________ two sisters.
Fill in the sentences with HAVE or HAS.
4
good-looking shy quiet crazy
handsome pretty talkative tall
shy handsome funny beautiful
smart short heavy thin
friendly serious
Appearance Personality

24. 94
3&4
Unit
6
Home
and
Family
Lessons
3&
&
3&
3 4
&4
&
Home
and
Family
Les
Lessons
sons
sons
sons
Write about the apartment in the picture above using HAVE or HAS.
1
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Complete the paragraph below using IT HAS or IT'S.
2
This is my new house. ______________ very big. ______________ in the city near
my school. ______________ a small frontyard. ______________ three bedrooms
and one bathroom. My favorite room is the living room. _____________ really big!
______________ a big kitchen, too.
______________ a balcony. ______________ not small, but ______________ OK!
I like my new house.

25. 95
Fill in the chart below with the opposites.
3
Positive adjectives Negative adjectives
big
quiet
new
calm
safe
good
interesting
good
Write sentences using the opposites. Follow the example.
4
1. My city is really noisy.
No, it's not noisy. It's quiet.
2. My school is very dangerous.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The supermarket is calm.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. My math class is boring.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Salvador is really safe.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Olinda is new.
_____________________________________________________________________
Make questions and answers. Follow the example.
5
1. Manaus / small and safe.
What's Manaus like?
It's small and safe.
2. My neighborhood / noisy and dangerous
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Curitiba / big and crowded
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. My school / small and calm
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________