Women in Politics: Gaining Ground for Progressive Outcomes
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Ayesha Khan's presentation at a session on Gender Justice and Women's Rights in the International Policy Conference: The Social Economy of Gender, hosted by the Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) in Lahore on 29th November 2018.
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Pakistani women face many barriers to political empowerment and participation. Culturally, women have a secondary status to men and are largely restricted to domestic spheres. Politically, women make up only a small percentage of seats in national parliaments globally and in Pakistan. Multiple interconnected factors influence women's participation, including economic conditions, education levels, domestic responsibilities, lack of political experience and training, gender norms restricting mobility and decision-making, and patriarchal traditions viewing politics as unsuitable for women. Prior experience, education, resources, and ambition can help women gain political power, but masculine political cultures within parties also constrain women's equal status and opportunities.
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While women now have the right to vote in Pakistan, gender inequality persists in political representation. Only 22.8% of national parliamentarians globally are women. Pakistan has taken steps to increase women's representation through reserved seats, but true equality will require parties to promote women in mainstream elections and address their issues. Factors like education, economic development, and liberal attitudes can increase women's political participation. Experts recommend parties recruit more female candidates, provide training, and address women's issues in platforms. The media and civil society also have roles to play in advancing women in politics.
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- Over 330,000 women have been elected to local councils in India as a result of constitutional amendments requiring the reservation of seats for women in local government, known as the Panchayati Raj system (PRI).
- PRI has brought many women into politics and governance for the first time, from the village level up to larger districts. The issues women focus on include water, alcohol abuse, education, health, and domestic violence.
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Watch the full webinar recording at https://explore.ucalgary.ca/women-politics-access-impact-and-outcomes
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- Over 330,000 women have been elected to local councils in India as a result of constitutional amendments requiring the reservation of seats for women in local government, known as the Panchayati Raj system (PRI).
- PRI has brought many women into politics and governance for the first time, from the village level up to larger districts. The issues women focus on include water, alcohol abuse, education, health, and domestic violence.
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The League of Nations was established, and World War I have declared almost 99 years ago. The pop-up toaster was created, and the first Oreo cookie was patented. Wajid khan Mp will go down in history.
According to the most recent Globe Economic Forum (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report, if current trends continue, it will take another 99 years for the world to reach political representation that is equally split between men and women.
The fact that there is only one woman for every four men in parliaments around the world shows how emerging countries utilize the talent of more than 50% of the people. Significant differences exist: Rwanda is the world leader in female political participation, and the Nordic countries are the most gender equitable.
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According to UN Women, men make up 77% of MPs, 82% of ministers, 93% of state presidents, and 94% of government leaders worldwide. Additionally, whenever a woman leads a company or political party, it garners international attention. In less than 30 seconds, one can list all female heads of state. Fewer women are present as seniority increases in both the private sector and academics.
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This document summarizes research on women's political participation in community spaces in Ghana, Zimbabwe, Nepal, and Afghanistan. The research found that women appreciate and benefit from women-only spaces, where they gain new knowledge, skills, and confidence. In these spaces, women learn about their rights, leadership, and how to address issues like violence and secure documentation. While progress securing improvements was often slow, women were able to achieve some gains. However, the limits of women's influence were also apparent where political systems prioritize other factors beyond community needs. Overall, the research highlights the need to understand the broader benefits and influences of these spaces beyond just achievements, and to ensure the sustainability of efforts to promote women's participation.
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This document discusses women's participation in local government in Bangladesh. It notes that traditionally women have had less decision-making power and their roles were seen as secondary. While quotas have increased women's representation, they still face significant barriers including lack of party support, socio-cultural norms, and not being given meaningful roles. The document outlines challenges such as lack of resources, domestic responsibilities, and negative perceptions. It recommends increasing nominations for women, training programs, and decentralization to empower women in local government.
Women's Movement & Legislative Coordination 8 10-04
Three major findings of Towards Equality (Status of Women in India) Report, 1974, which sensitized the decision-makers of our country were:
Continuously declining sex ratio of women.
Declining work-participation of women.
High rate of mortality and morbidity among women.
Debate in the parliament
Missing Concern- Violence Against women
Womenempowerofnorthpartwb
This document summarizes a research study on women's empowerment, good governance, and decentralization by assuring women's participation in panchayats (local councils) in two districts in West Bengal, India. The study interviewed nearly 500 elected women representatives from different tiers of panchayats using structured and unstructured questionnaires to understand the realities of women's political participation on the ground. The study aimed to examine how major legal and policy changes like the 73rd Constitutional Amendment impacted women's political empowerment and role in grassroots decision making. Key findings from the study are discussed in later chapters.
05
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It outlines the current challenges women face, including high rates of poverty, illiteracy, lack of access to education, and crimes against women such as rape and female foeticide. The document then proposes solutions like improving access to education and healthcare for women, promoting economic independence, and implementing community programs with volunteers and NGOs to raise awareness, provide skills training, and address grievances. The plan aims to leverage existing infrastructure and policies to empower 5 lakh women across 150 districts of India. Challenges to implementation include funding, changing social mindsets, and the scale of reaching women across the country.
Gender Inclusiveness in Nepal
After two great World wars, modernization theory equal with physical infrastructure building and industrialization was developed and practiced in the west, and also practiced later on in the developing countries as well to improve the standard of living. As a result, during the first development decade (1960- 1970). The world’s Gross International Product (GIP) increased by one trillion dollars, of which eighty percent went to the industrialized nations, and six percent to poor nations, even the developing countries achieved five percent annual growth rate at the end of first decade.
Gender specific laws in India
This document discusses gender laws and women's rights in India over several decades. It summarizes that:
1) Women in India have historically faced discrimination and patriarchal norms upheld by society and the state.
2) Beginning in the late 1970s, an autonomous women's movement advocated for gender equity and legal reforms around issues like rape laws, sexual harassment, and banning sex-selective abortion.
3) While some progressive laws were passed, their implementation and enforcement has been lacking, and crimes against women have continued to rise. Stricter punishment has not necessarily led to more convictions.
Women’s participation in political life in Egypt and beyond
This document discusses women's political participation in Egypt and beyond. It begins by providing context on the factors influencing the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary elections and a brief history of women's political involvement in Egypt. It then profiles the women MPs in the 2015 parliament and discusses challenges they face and recommendations to support them, drawing on international examples. It emphasizes that while Egypt now has its highest percentage of women MPs at 14.9%, much more needs to be done to promote gender equality and women's empowerment in politics. The document aims to identify practical ways to increase women's influence in political life in Egypt.
The Imposition of International Political Gender Quotas: Addressing the “Q-word
The Imposition of International Political Gender Quotas: Addressing the “Q-wordInternational Center for Research & Development
Second International Conference on Interdiscipilnary Legal Studies 2015, 09-10 , June, 2015, Toronto , CanadaEnhancing the role of women
In 2009, the Centre for Social Research along with WomenPowerConnect and supported by the United Nations Democracy Fund, designed and implemented a training program for women leaders across India. In the world's largest democracy, women hold a mere 10% of seats in India's parliament. Women’s slim percentage in Indian Parliament also reflects their lack of participation in decision-making process. The goal of our project, "Enhancing the Role of Women in Strengthening Democracy", was to enhance the capacity of women to contest elections, sensitize state and national political parties in order to remove barriers for women, and strengthen the network of women across India in order to advocate for women's issues. Drawing on expertise from seasoned women politicians, as well as our own in-house gender experts, CSR prepared a substantial and thorough training module which was executed by 108 trainers in 30 trainings across India. The training was comprised of 13 modules covered over three days. In addition to the in-person trainings, the CSR team designed and launched an online certificate course in leadership, which can be found at www.womenleadership.in
The core strategy of the project was “Train, Contest, Win”. Women’s leadership capacities were built in order to reduce the gender deficit by imparting training to create a pipeline of 1,000 women leaders who would be motivated to contest elections for state legislatures & national parliament. Participant women were selected from across India, with proportional regional representation. Special emphasis was placed on building leadership amongst the marginalized women belonging to Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe and backward classes.
It is only a matter of time before the Women's Reservation Bill is passed, reserving 33% of seats in state and national government for women. When this day comes, the need for programs to build the capacities of women who want to contest will become even more urgent than it is today. We are proud to have helped 1,000 women in their preparations for contesting elections and we will continue to provide support and encouragement for these women leaders as they pursue their careers in the years to come. But the work can't stop there. Our goal is to provide training and support to as many women as possible at local, state, and national levels, across party lines, and regardless of caste or class. If the serious issues facing the women of India are to be confronted, women themselves must take their rightful seat at the table.
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Women in Politics: Gaining Ground for Progressive Outcomes
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- 2. ACTIVISM, CAUCUSES AND POLICY OUTCOMES • Women’s movement and campaign for reserved seats quota. • Women Parliamentarians Survey • Contextualizing Progressive Outcomes for Women
- 3. methodologies • Key Informant Interviews: politicians, civil society leaders, activists, external actors • Women Activists Group Interviews • Media Tracking • Online Survey with Parliamentarians • Extensive Literature Review
- 4. activism & quota Musharraf’s reform agenda Provincial political endorsement Grass-roots campaign during 1990s International consensus & focus WAF demand for restoration and increase in quota
- 5. Government Type, Women’s Representation, Activism and Policy Change for Women Years Govt Type Political commitment Intl Context Key Individuals Political Representa- tion of Women* Level of Activism from Civil Society** Policy Change Doctrinal vs. Non- doctrinal *1 = Influential individual women in government/politics; 2 = 1 (above)+ few elected legislators; 3 = 2 (above) + reserved seats for women in elected bodies/assemblies. ** 1 = WAF mobilization; 2 = Vocal women’s advocacy organizations; 3 = Grassroots mobilization.
- 6. Years Type of Govt Pol. commit ment Intl policy context Women’s political rep Activism Policy Change Doc Non- doc 1971- 1977 Civilian democracy High High: WCW ’75 UN Decade for Women 2 3 Constitutional equality Reserved seats provision (10 in NA, 5% PAs) First Women’s Rights Committee est. Government services opened to women Dowry & Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act X X X X X
- 7. Years Type of Govt Pol. commit ment Intl policy context Women’s political rep Activism Policy Change Doc Non- doc 1993- 1996 Trans democracy High High [WCHR ‘93 ICPD ‘94 WCW ‘95] 2 1 + 2 + 3 Inquiry Commission on Status of Women set up Women’s Police Stations Centres for burn victims + crisis High profile govt part in 3 UN Conferences CEDAW signed Women appointed to superior judiciary Punjab govt 1/3 reserved seats in loc govt to women Women Devt Cells upgraded Beijing Follow-Up launched X X X X X X X X X
- 8. Years Type of Govt Pol. Commit. Intl policy context Women’s political rep Activism Policy Change Doc Non- doc 2008- 2013 Trans democracy High Post-conflict donor support 3 1 + 2 First Women’s Parliamentary Caucus Domestic violence laws begin Sexual harassment laws Anti-Women Practices Law Acid Crimes law X X X X X X 2013- 2018 “ “ Low Western aid reduces 3 1 + 2 Anti-rape law Anti-honour killings law Provincial Women’s Caucuses set up Provincial Commissions on the Status of Women est Provinces review marriage laws Domestic violence laws Electoral law reforms X X X X X X X
- 9. • No single consistent confluence of factors has yielded the most progressive policy changes for women. • Non-doctrinal progressive policies for women are far more common across all time periods than those that engage with doctrinal issues. • A high level of political commitment accompanies all periods of positive policy change for women • The successes of women’s activism and advocacy campaigns need to be assessed over decades. • The value of international momentum for achieving domestic progress on women is significant, especially during ‘golden periods’ of policy-making.