Gertrud Kolmar was a German Jewish poet born in 1894 who wrote about isolation, loneliness, and her experiences as a woman and Jew during a time of growing antisemitism in Germany. She published several collections of poetry and other works before being deported to Auschwitz in 1943, where she likely died. Though little is known of her life, her surviving works provide insight into her spiritual world and have helped readers understand the experiences of German Jews during World War II.
English Language has been blessed with a number of playwrights ,poets and others.Here is a presentation on different English dramatists and playwrights.A detailed description on Shakespeare,Marlowe,Harold Pinter,Bernard Shaw along with their major plays are given.
Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”Jheel Barad
This presentation deals with hidden meaning, Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”. It was presented in class presentation of M.A English programme. Another interpretation else then the dishonesty and manipulation of government can lead to war, is theme of The Lack of acceptance of Homosexuality in society.
English Language has been blessed with a number of playwrights ,poets and others.Here is a presentation on different English dramatists and playwrights.A detailed description on Shakespeare,Marlowe,Harold Pinter,Bernard Shaw along with their major plays are given.
Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”Jheel Barad
This presentation deals with hidden meaning, Queer Theory In W.H. Auden’s “September 1, 1939”. It was presented in class presentation of M.A English programme. Another interpretation else then the dishonesty and manipulation of government can lead to war, is theme of The Lack of acceptance of Homosexuality in society.
The Diary of Anne Frank is a prescribed chapter of CBSE English for Grade 10.
This Chapter is an excerpt of the Diary written by the young girl during Holoucast period.
Introduction The Reed Anna Seghers, East Germany, 19.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction "The Reed"
Anna Seghers, East Germany, 1965
Anna Seghers (1900-1983), a pseudonym for Netty Reiling, was
born in Mainz and grew up in a middle-class Jewish family. Her
earliest literary influences include the classical German
literature of the 18th and 19th century, a tradition which
defines her own narrative style. Between 1920 and 1924, Seghers
studied art history and philology at the universities of
Heidelberg and Cologne, and in 1925 she became one of the first
women in Germany to receive her Ph.D. Although 1925 also saw the
publication of her first story, Anna Seghers did not receive wide
recognition until 1928 when her first novel, The Uprising of the
Fishermen of St. Barbara, received the prestigious Kleist Prize,
an annual award that is given anonymously for the best work of a
new author. While the jury members were correct in predicting
the future success of the new author, they were totally incorrect
in their assumptions about the gender of this new literary
figure. All references to the stark and powerful style of the
young male author proved to be somewhat embarrassing for the
members of the jury.
The year 1928 was an auspicious one for Anna Seghers in yet
another sense, it was also the year in which she joined the
German Communist Party. Her joining the Party may have been
motivated by factors ranging from a basic humanistic hope for
social change to the politically charged climate of Germany in
the 20s, including the influence of her husband Laszlo Radvanyi,
a Hungarian political emigre whom she met and married in 1926.
She remained a loyal, if often critical member of the German
Communist Party throughout her life.
After fleeing Nazi Germany in 1933 and after spending years
of exile in France and Mexico, Anna Seghers returned to her
native land in 1947 where she quickly became the matriarch of
East German literature. Not only did she serve as an
international representative of her Party and her country, she
also became a supporter and role model for a whole new generation
of East German authors in the sixties and seventies, especially
Christa Wolf.
"The Reed" was taken from a collection of short stories that
was published in 1965. In it the reader follows the evolution of
the main character, Marta Emrich, through the dangers of the war
years to the difficulties of the fledgling East Germany. How
does the larger stage of historical events intersect with the
lives of the characters? To what extent does the main character
represent typically middle-class values and does she change in
the course of the story? Why would Anna Seghers portray a woman
like Marta rather than a political activist such as herself? As
readers of the 1990s, what reaction do you have to Anna Seghers'
portrayal of the female character?
Anna Seghers, "The Reed," trans. Benito's Blue and Nine
Other Stories, (East Berlin: Seven Seas Books,)
), 144.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. Early Life
Gertrud Kolmar, pseudonym of Gertrud Chodziesner, was born on
December 10, 1894 in Berlin, Germany. She was the oldest of four
children of a middle class German family. Her parents were Ludwig
Chodziesner, a criminal defense lawyer and Her mother Elise
Chodziesner, who came from an intellectual mercantile family.
3. Early Life cont.
From 1901 to 1911 Kolmar attended a private girls’ grammar school,
continuing her studies at a women’s agricultural and home economics
school in Arvershof near Leipzig. She worked at a public school as a
kindergarten teacher. She studied Russian before receiving a teaching
degree as a French and English language instructor and military
interpreter in 1916.
The following year Kolmar had her first and bitterly disappointing love
affair, during which she became pregnant. Her parents forced her to have
an abortion—surely a traumatic event at a time when abortions were
illegal in Germany, which may explain Kolmar’s focus on childless
women and mother figures in her poetry.
5. Germany in the Early 1900’s
In 1914, World War I began between the great powers, which were the
allies (United Kingdom, France, and Russia) and the central powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Thought as a way to settle
disputes with neighboring countries, the war ultimately defeated
Germany, causing 2.1 million military deaths, and 430,000 civilian deaths
due to malnutrition from the food blockades.
The war finally ended in November of 1918, resulting in Treaty of
Versailles, a peace treaty between Germany and the Allied powers.
It was in 1917, near the end of World War I, when Gertrud Kolmar wrote
her first book, Gedichte, which drew little attention.
6. Early Life
During the last two years of World War I she was also employed as an
interpreter and censor of soldiers' correspondence in Doberitz, a prisoner-
of-war-camp near Berlin, shown in picture below.
7. Early Life cont.
At the end of World War I, Kolmar served as governess and teacher in
private households. In 1927 she took a summer course at the University of
Dijon, where she graduated with a teaching degree, achieving the highest
honors ever given to a foreign student. After her mother fell terminally ill
in 1928, Kolmar returned to Finkenkrug, running the household and
caring for her mother until her death in 1930. She then took over her
mother’s position in the household, became her father’s notary assistant,
and focused on her own writing.
Kolmar’s experiences of isolation and loneliness as a woman and Jew are
expressed vividly in the poetry she wrote during this time of growing
antisemitism.
8. Some of her most Famous works
1930- Kolmar writes an autobiographical poem, Die Dichterin (The
Woman Poet), where she pleads with the reader to respect her fragility:
heart beats like that of a little bird/In your fist.
1930-1931- Kolmar wrote her only novel, Die Jüdische Mutter (The
Jewish Mother.
1935- Cecile Renault, not yet published.
1936- Three of Kolmar’s poems were published in a journal of the Jewish
Book Club (Jüdische Buchvereinigung).
1938- Nacht, not yet published.
9. Some of her most Famous works
1938- Kolmar’s collection of poems, written ten years earlier, Die Frau
und die Tiere (The Woman and the Beasts) was published by the Jewish
Publishing Company Erwin Loewe.
1940- Kolmar’s first short story, titled Susanna. The first-person narrator,
an aging Jewish woman who is the governess of the depressed teen-aged
Susanna who confesses: she didn’t know Judaism, “my faith and regards
the Jewish neighborhood on the outskirts of the town,” where the Eastern
European Jewish inhabitants speak Yiddish-German, as a “foreign world”
10. Sample of Works
Click on the following link for my favorite of her poems, an English translation of
Die Dichterin.
http://allpoetry.com/poem/8628379-The_Woman_Poet__--
_Translation_of_Die_Dichterin-by-Gertrud_Kolmar
The following link is to one of Gertrud Kolmar’s poems which is made into a
choral piece
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bs44qjupLcg
11. Kolmar’s Life during WWI
In 1938, as the antisemitic political and social climate became intolerable
for Kolmar, she made plans to escape Nazi persecution by emigrating to
England to work as a governess. Her sister Hilde Wenzel emigrated to
Switzerland in 1938. That same year Kolmar and her father were forced
to sell their house in Finkenburg and move to a so-called “Jewish house”
in Berlin-Schöneberg. Despite terrible living conditions, it was during this
time that Kolmar continued her writing, including Susanna, which she
wrote out of a sense of her own powerlessness. In her effort to escape
persecution Kolmar also sent her resumé to her uncle Fritz Crzellitzer,
who had emigrated to Palestine.
12. Kolmar’s Life during WWI
In 1940, hoping to emigrate to Palestine, Kolmar began to study Hebrew
and write prose in this language, also translating a poem by Hayyim
Nahman Bialik into German, as stated in letters sent to her sister.
However, she was unable to leave Germany since proof of employment
was necessary in order to receive a visa for Palestine. In mid-1941
Kolmar was forced to work at an arms factory. Her eighty-one-year-old
father’s dependence on her led her to remain with him until his
deportation to Theresienstadt in September 1942, where he died the
following year. Kolmar was arrested by the SS on February 27, 1943 and
deported on March 2, 1943 with the “eastern transport” to Auschwitz. It
can be assumed that at the time of her arrest and deportation the Nazis
destroyed her personal papers, letters, and documents. The exact date of
Kolmar’s death is unknown.
13. Literary Works
Kolmar’s surviving work consists of four hundred and fifty poems, three
plays, and two short stories that exist as manuscripts or typoscripts.
Although much of her work has been published, some of it is also held at
the Gertrud Kolmar archives in Marbach, Germany.
14. What she has left behind…
“What little is known of Kolmar’s biography can be viewed in sharp contrast to the rich
spiritual life made evident in her poetry. It is in the poems that the internal and intimate self
rather than the external everyday existence is revealed. In the context of the process referred
to as “coming to terms with one’s past” and a renewed appreciation for Kolmar’s work, the
poet—as she wished to be identified—has reached an international audience which responds
to the powerful attraction of her writing. Kolmar’s work is a vehicle for readers of the early
twenty-first century to come to terms with the events of World War II and the Shoah, as well
as for German-Jewish identity through reflection and remembrance.”
(Kristen Krick-Aigner, 2005)
15. Her Impact on Me
Throughout this semester, I have read many literary works written by strong
women who faced many struggles, oppression, and the pains of life, but were
courageous enough to share their stories with the world, in hopes of impacting it
for the better. Gertrud Kolmar is one of many women who have done this, but I
especially appreciate her story and her works, because of the interest that I have
always taken in my own German heritage.
16. Bibliography
Krick-Aigner, K. (2005). Gertrud Kolmar. Jewish Women’s Archive.
Accessed on Nov. 26, 2012, from
http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/kolmar-gertrud
Kuhn, P. (2012). Gertrud Kolmar: Worlds. Shearsman Books.
Accessed on Nov. 27, 2012, from
http://www.shearsman.com/pages/books/catalog/2012/kolmar.html
Smith, H. (2010). The woman poet- A translation of die dichterin. All
Poetry. Accessed on Nov. 27, 2012, from www.allpoetry.com
Zohn, H. (2008). Gertrud Kolmar. Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed on
Nov. 26, 2012, from
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org