Feminization of Poverty: Causes, Consequences & RecommendationsMasum Hussain
The document discusses the concept of the feminization of poverty. It defines feminization of poverty as women having a higher incidence of poverty than men, their poverty being more severe, and poverty among women increasing over time. It then discusses some of the key causes of feminization of poverty, including disparate income and wage discrimination that lead to lower earnings for women, the rise of lone mother households, lack of access to education for women, social and cultural exclusions, deprivation of decision-making power for women, and divorce. The document provides context on these issues in Bangladesh and emphasizes that poverty has multidimensional causes related to economic, demographic, and socio-cultural factors.
This document discusses building notions of gender equality through social protection programs. It summarizes the presentation which outlines how unpaid care work is not recognized, social pensions make false assumptions about recipients, and current programs have conflicting biases against women. The document advocates for recognizing women's unpaid care work, designing programs based on women's needs, and taking a life cycle approach to redistribute resources in a way that promotes both economic equality and recognition of women's roles.
Poverty & concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’ poverty & human capabilities ...VIBHUTI PATEL
Universalisatio n of Education (UE)
UE was launched in 2000 with the primary objective of achieving Universalization of elementary education before 2010 with time bound integrated approach in participation with the states. The project aimed at completion of five years of primary schooling for all children by 2007 and completion of eight years of schooling by 2010 along with reduction of gender and social gaps. The expenditure was to be shared in the basis of 85:15 in the ninth plan and 75:25 from the tenth plan onwards. The SSA wanted to bring about the change in the following areas: Teacher training, improvement in quality of education, provision of teacher training materials, establishment of cluster groups for support and education guarantee centers.
The document discusses the feminization of poverty due to globalization and neoliberal economic policies. It makes three key points:
1) Globalization and structural adjustment programs have led to an increase in precarious informal work like sweatshops with few labor protections, especially impacting women.
2) This has contributed to a "feminization" of poverty, as women make up a large portion of the lowest-paid informal workforce. They face discrimination, low wages, and lack social security.
3) To address this, feminist economists argue for policies that promote women's rights and entitlements, including stronger social protections, welfare benefits, and more inclusive development policies that empower women economically.
Gender, social norms and the gender segmentation of labour markets: a case st...Economic Research Forum
The document analyzes women's labor force participation in Bangladesh based on a 2008 survey. It finds that while economic growth has increased female education and social development, the vast majority of working women are in unpaid family labor. The survey found higher rates of participation than official estimates by including unpaid and home-based work. Women's work options are limited by social norms restricting mobility and interaction with men. Poverty, marital status, and household characteristics influence the types of work women select. Home-based self-employment is preferred due to allowing work within social restrictions.
From targets of charity to citizens? Emerging lessons on gender-responsive so...Economic Research Forum
1) The document discusses gender considerations in social protection programs in Palestine. While such programs have helped households, they have had limited impact on empowering women at individual, household, and community levels.
2) At the individual level, programs improved consumption but did little for income generation or access to services. At the household level, they reduced stress but not care burdens. At the community level, they facilitated some participation but also stigma.
3) To better empower women, programs need to address norms, care responsibilities, mobility, and link to services, skills and legal support while enhancing information sharing and collective action.
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including its definition, characteristics, importance, technology tools that promote it, types, reasons for it, advantages, disadvantages, benefits, costs, and global inequality. Globalization is defined as the flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across national borders. It opens doors to various fields of study and educational opportunities for students. While it advances technology and business, it can also increase risks, exploit poor countries, and intensify competition. Reducing inequalities and externalities can help maximize the long-term benefits of globalization.
This document summarizes a research paper on gender equality and development. The paper examines the concept of gender and how gender inequality formed due to changes brought by industrialization. It discusses Marxist and materialist theories that view gender inequality as an outcome of women's roles in domestic labor and men's control over resources in the public sphere under capitalism. The paper argues that the logic and nature of capitalism, with its need to extract wealth and reinvest profits, encouraged the release of women into the labor market to boost consumption and provide cheaper labor, contributing to gender discrimination.
Feminization of Poverty: Causes, Consequences & RecommendationsMasum Hussain
The document discusses the concept of the feminization of poverty. It defines feminization of poverty as women having a higher incidence of poverty than men, their poverty being more severe, and poverty among women increasing over time. It then discusses some of the key causes of feminization of poverty, including disparate income and wage discrimination that lead to lower earnings for women, the rise of lone mother households, lack of access to education for women, social and cultural exclusions, deprivation of decision-making power for women, and divorce. The document provides context on these issues in Bangladesh and emphasizes that poverty has multidimensional causes related to economic, demographic, and socio-cultural factors.
This document discusses building notions of gender equality through social protection programs. It summarizes the presentation which outlines how unpaid care work is not recognized, social pensions make false assumptions about recipients, and current programs have conflicting biases against women. The document advocates for recognizing women's unpaid care work, designing programs based on women's needs, and taking a life cycle approach to redistribute resources in a way that promotes both economic equality and recognition of women's roles.
Poverty & concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’ poverty & human capabilities ...VIBHUTI PATEL
Universalisatio n of Education (UE)
UE was launched in 2000 with the primary objective of achieving Universalization of elementary education before 2010 with time bound integrated approach in participation with the states. The project aimed at completion of five years of primary schooling for all children by 2007 and completion of eight years of schooling by 2010 along with reduction of gender and social gaps. The expenditure was to be shared in the basis of 85:15 in the ninth plan and 75:25 from the tenth plan onwards. The SSA wanted to bring about the change in the following areas: Teacher training, improvement in quality of education, provision of teacher training materials, establishment of cluster groups for support and education guarantee centers.
The document discusses the feminization of poverty due to globalization and neoliberal economic policies. It makes three key points:
1) Globalization and structural adjustment programs have led to an increase in precarious informal work like sweatshops with few labor protections, especially impacting women.
2) This has contributed to a "feminization" of poverty, as women make up a large portion of the lowest-paid informal workforce. They face discrimination, low wages, and lack social security.
3) To address this, feminist economists argue for policies that promote women's rights and entitlements, including stronger social protections, welfare benefits, and more inclusive development policies that empower women economically.
Gender, social norms and the gender segmentation of labour markets: a case st...Economic Research Forum
The document analyzes women's labor force participation in Bangladesh based on a 2008 survey. It finds that while economic growth has increased female education and social development, the vast majority of working women are in unpaid family labor. The survey found higher rates of participation than official estimates by including unpaid and home-based work. Women's work options are limited by social norms restricting mobility and interaction with men. Poverty, marital status, and household characteristics influence the types of work women select. Home-based self-employment is preferred due to allowing work within social restrictions.
From targets of charity to citizens? Emerging lessons on gender-responsive so...Economic Research Forum
1) The document discusses gender considerations in social protection programs in Palestine. While such programs have helped households, they have had limited impact on empowering women at individual, household, and community levels.
2) At the individual level, programs improved consumption but did little for income generation or access to services. At the household level, they reduced stress but not care burdens. At the community level, they facilitated some participation but also stigma.
3) To better empower women, programs need to address norms, care responsibilities, mobility, and link to services, skills and legal support while enhancing information sharing and collective action.
The document discusses various aspects of globalization including its definition, characteristics, importance, technology tools that promote it, types, reasons for it, advantages, disadvantages, benefits, costs, and global inequality. Globalization is defined as the flow of goods, services, capital, people, information and ideas across national borders. It opens doors to various fields of study and educational opportunities for students. While it advances technology and business, it can also increase risks, exploit poor countries, and intensify competition. Reducing inequalities and externalities can help maximize the long-term benefits of globalization.
This document summarizes a research paper on gender equality and development. The paper examines the concept of gender and how gender inequality formed due to changes brought by industrialization. It discusses Marxist and materialist theories that view gender inequality as an outcome of women's roles in domestic labor and men's control over resources in the public sphere under capitalism. The paper argues that the logic and nature of capitalism, with its need to extract wealth and reinvest profits, encouraged the release of women into the labor market to boost consumption and provide cheaper labor, contributing to gender discrimination.
The document discusses women's empowerment and the roles of men and women in society. It argues that both genders should be treated equally as human beings with equal rights, but that they are biologically different and have some limitations. Women should empower themselves through education, financial independence, and gaining self-control and self-respect, rather than trying to modify themselves to be like men. When women raise their voices against unethical issues, others may try to take advantage, so any behaviors that carry negative messages should be avoided. Overall empowering women enhances society by allowing them to create positive changes.
This document is a project report submitted by Avinash Rai to his professor Taranjeet Kaur at Indore Institute of Law regarding the topic of gender justice rights and development. The report includes an introduction outlining issues of gender injustice in India, a certificate and acknowledgements section, and discusses the meaning and scope of gender injustice. It proposes a principle of gender justice that gendered divisions of labor are unjust if they are influenced by social norms that make some choices cheaper based on gender.
The document discusses key issues related to gender inequality including reproductive health, stewardship of natural resources, economic empowerment, educational empowerment, and political empowerment. It provides statistics showing disparities between men and women in education rates, adolescent fertility rates, labor force participation, gender inequality index, and maternal mortality. Some facts noted include that fewer women than men are in the paid workforce in India, more female-headed households live below the poverty line, and female literacy rates lag behind male rates. Proposed solutions include volunteer-driven women's education, sensitizing police and justice systems, ensuring women's safety in public and private organizations, and defensive training.
This document discusses major social problems in India such as population explosion, illiteracy, child labor, female foeticide and infanticide, poverty, malnutrition, dowry, corruption, and alcoholism. It notes that these problems arise when people are deprived of basic social rights and examines some consequences like increased health risks for women and decreased female status. The document concludes by calling for efforts to jointly fight against social problems in India.
According to one United Nations estimate, 113 to 200 million women are “demographically missing” from the world today. That is to say, there should be 113 to 200 million more women walking the earth, who aren’t. By that same estimate, 1.5 to 3 million women and girls lose their lives every year because of gender-based neglect or gender-based violence and Sexual Violence in Conflict.
We can point a finger at poverty. But poverty alone does not result in these girls and women’s deaths and suffering; the blame also falls on the social system and attitudes of the societies.
India alone accounts for more than 50 million of the women who are “missing” due to female foeticide - the sex-selective abortion of girls, dowry death, gender-based neglect and all forms of violence against women.
The decline in the sex ratio and the millions of Missing Women are indicators of the feudal patriarchal resurgence. Violence against women has gone public – whether it is dowry murders, the practice of female genital mutilation, honour killings, sex selective abortions or death sentences awarded to young lovers from different communities by caste councils, rapes and killings in communal and caste violence, it is only women’s and human rights groups who are protesting – the public and institutional response to these trends is very minimal. Most of the values are insufficiently imagined and fundamentally flawed.
More than two-thirds of the women’s populations don’t have access to the financial system. Poor women are not considered credit worthy. Every human being should have the “right to credit” because if people have money, they can change their lives. It is true for women. Nearly half the world’s population live in poverty, 70% are women.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Unite To End Violence Against Women!
Educate & Empowered Women for a Happy Future !!!!!!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
www.un.org/womenwatch/
www.un.org/women/endviolence/
www.saynotoviolence.org/
www.unaids.org
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Photo: Firoz Ahmad Firoz
Introduction to Irish Politics - Lecture Seven: changing Face of Irish PoliticsConor McCabe
This document discusses the impact of austerity measures in Ireland and rising inequality. It notes that despite some progress, poverty and income inequality have increased since 2008. Long-term unemployment has had huge social and psychological impacts. Women have been disproportionately affected by austerity, bearing the brunt of cuts to public services and shouldering most of the unpaid care work. Many state agencies focused on equality and social justice have had their budgets cut or been closed down entirely since the late 2000s.
Women generally earn less than men in the US, even when working similar hours. Women working 41-44 hours per week earn 84.6% of what men earn, and those working over 60 hours per week earn only 78.3% of men's wages. An Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963 requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of gender, but a large wage gap remains between men and women.
The document discusses issues facing women in India. It notes that while women have equal rights legally, societal attitudes still see them as inferior. Statistics show high rates of crimes against women, such as rape, female infanticide, and illiteracy. The main problems are a patriarchal society that sees women's roles as limited to household work, and a lack of education and economic opportunities. Solutions proposed include changing societal mindsets through education, ensuring equal treatment and rights for women under the law, and providing better access to education, jobs, and financial services. However, implementing solutions faces challenges from entrenched patriarchal attitudes and lack of enforcement of policies.
This document discusses concepts of gender, including the differences between sex and gender. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, while defining gender as the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes assigned to each sex. The document discusses how masculinity and femininity are defined differently across cultures and time periods. It also examines how patriarchal societies control women's lives through restricting their labor, reproduction, sexuality, mobility and property rights. The document outlines several issues of gender discrimination in India, such as female infanticide, lack of education, honor killings, wage gaps, child marriage, dowry system, domestic violence, and trafficking. It concludes by discussing steps that could be implemented to promote gender equality, such as education
Globalization of production and women in asiaBurnee Bok
Dr. Dong-Sook Gills discusses the impact of globalization on women in Asia. She argues that while globalization has led to an increase in women's participation in the workforce, particularly in export manufacturing, it has also resulted in the exploitation and marginalization of women. Women make up the majority of workers in export processing zones, where they face low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. However, globalization has also given rise to new social movements and forms of solidarity that resist the negative impacts on women and fight for more democratic and inclusive alternatives to neoliberal globalization.
Women have faced long-standing barriers to equality in the workplace, as evidenced by key events and laws from the 1800s establishing women's rights to the 1960s outlawing discrimination, and data showing women still earn less than men for equal work. While laws like the Equal Pay Act of 1963 aimed to establish equal pay, social factors like motherhood may still influence earning potential. The document discusses the history of women's rights in the workplace and debates around whether true pay equality has been achieved.
According to one United Nations estimate, 113 to 200 million women are “demographically missing” from the world today. That is to say, there should be 113 to 200 million more women walking the earth, who aren’t. By that same estimate, 1.5 to 3 million women and girls lose their lives every year because of gender-based neglect or gender-based violence and Sexual Violence in Conflict.
We can point a finger at poverty. But poverty alone does not result in these girls and women’s deaths and suffering; the blame also falls on the social system and attitudes of the societies.
India alone accounts for more than 50 million of the women who are “missing” due to female foeticide - the sex-selective abortion of girls, dowry death, gender-based neglect and all forms of violence against women.
The decline in the sex ratio and the millions of Missing Women are indicators of the feudal patriarchal resurgence. Violence against women has gone public – whether it is dowry murders, the practice of female genital mutilation, honour killings, sex selective abortions or death sentences awarded to young lovers from different communities by caste councils, rapes and killings in communal and caste violence, it is only women’s and human rights groups who are protesting – the public and institutional response to these trends is very minimal. Most of the values are insufficiently imagined and fundamentally flawed.
More than two-thirds of the women’s populations don’t have access to the financial system. Poor women are not considered credit worthy. Every human being should have the “right to credit” because if people have money, they can change their lives. It is true for women. Nearly half the world’s population live in poverty, 70% are women.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Unite To End Violence Against Women!
Educate & Empowered Women for a Happy Future !!!!!!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
www.un.org/womenwatch/
www.un.org/women/endviolence/
www.saynotoviolence.org/
www.unaids.org
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Photo: Firoz Ahmad Firoz
- Crime rates have been dropping and the economy is booming, yet fear of crime remains a major concern that is exploited for political purposes. Politicians push tough-on-crime policies to appeal to voters' fears despite declining crime.
- Budget cuts to social programs have reduced the safety net for the poor and increased homelessness, pushing some youth into crime out of necessity. At the same time, political efforts criminalize poverty and homelessness.
- Crime is sensationalized by media and politicians to foster demand for harsher laws and policies, even when existing laws could address problems. This "moral panic" is used to pass legislation that primarily serves political rather than practical goals.
Globalization has led to the increased exploitation of women as a traded commodity in the global labor force. Women now make up large portions of industrial factory workers in places like Mexico and Southern Asia, where they face low wages, long hours, lack of benefits, health issues, and no job security. Human trafficking is a huge global industry, generating $32 billion annually by trading an estimated 20.9 million people in forced labor situations, including 2-4 million women and girls in sex trafficking. Poor labor conditions and immigration policies help fuel human trafficking by creating circumstances of unemployment, deception, debt bondage, and dangerous human smuggling. Women recruited for unskilled labor face discrimination in the forms of sexism, racism, and class
The document discusses different waves and types of feminism. It defines feminism as the analysis and elimination of the global subordination of women. The first wave focused on gaining rights like suffrage. The second wave from the 1960s brought attention to issues like domestic violence and changes in laws. Liberal feminism advocates extending rights granted to men to women through legal and political reforms. Radical feminism sees patriarchy as the cause and seeks its overthrow. Critical feminism supports Marxist theories and sees patriarchy and economic disparity as causes, addressing paid and unpaid labor.
TEDxTableMountain - 'The case for the maximum wage'leavesoflanguage
Understanding the true costs for South Africa - and the world - of excessive inequality and excessive wealth - and how we should consume less and share more for societies that serve everyone (including the currently very wealthy) even better.
The document discusses the gender wage gap, an international issue where women earn less than men. It provides context on perceptions of feminism among youth and definitions of relevant terms. Causes of the wage gap discussed include differences in education, occupations, and care responsibilities. International examples show how the wage gap impacts poverty. The role of organizations in promoting gender equality and empowering women is also examined.
The debt of our society with women is an ethical and moral imperative, before which we can not resign ourselves to isolated quotas or affirmative actions.
The document discusses gender issues and the role of courts in ensuring equal justice and treatment of women. It notes that while the Indian constitution and international treaties have provisions protecting women, implementation remains a challenge due to social and cultural practices that promote gender discrimination and disparities. Violence against women continues to be prevalent. The document advocates for recognizing women as equal partners and ending detrimental cultural practices that limit women's rights and participation.
The document discusses the history of gender equality in the United States. It outlines how women historically had few rights and were treated as property. Key events in the fight for equality included women gaining the right to vote in 1920 and the feminist movement of the 1960s-70s advocating for reforms. Today, statistics show progress toward equality but also remaining issues like a gender pay gap and lack of paid family leave. The document uses these historical and current facts to introduce a discussion on ongoing gender issues.
Liberal and Marxist feminism differ and agree on some key points regarding gender inequality. Liberal feminists believe gender inequality can be addressed through political reforms, while Marxist feminists argue that capitalism and class inequality are major contributing factors. Both agree that women face widespread discrimination in society and the workforce. However, they differ on views of the family and solutions, with Marxists advocating abolition of capitalism and liberals favoring parliamentary reforms. Overall the essay examines the similarities and differences between these two feminist perspectives on the social and economic roots of gender inequality.
The document discusses women's empowerment and the roles of men and women in society. It argues that both genders should be treated equally as human beings with equal rights, but that they are biologically different and have some limitations. Women should empower themselves through education, financial independence, and gaining self-control and self-respect, rather than trying to modify themselves to be like men. When women raise their voices against unethical issues, others may try to take advantage, so any behaviors that carry negative messages should be avoided. Overall empowering women enhances society by allowing them to create positive changes.
This document is a project report submitted by Avinash Rai to his professor Taranjeet Kaur at Indore Institute of Law regarding the topic of gender justice rights and development. The report includes an introduction outlining issues of gender injustice in India, a certificate and acknowledgements section, and discusses the meaning and scope of gender injustice. It proposes a principle of gender justice that gendered divisions of labor are unjust if they are influenced by social norms that make some choices cheaper based on gender.
The document discusses key issues related to gender inequality including reproductive health, stewardship of natural resources, economic empowerment, educational empowerment, and political empowerment. It provides statistics showing disparities between men and women in education rates, adolescent fertility rates, labor force participation, gender inequality index, and maternal mortality. Some facts noted include that fewer women than men are in the paid workforce in India, more female-headed households live below the poverty line, and female literacy rates lag behind male rates. Proposed solutions include volunteer-driven women's education, sensitizing police and justice systems, ensuring women's safety in public and private organizations, and defensive training.
This document discusses major social problems in India such as population explosion, illiteracy, child labor, female foeticide and infanticide, poverty, malnutrition, dowry, corruption, and alcoholism. It notes that these problems arise when people are deprived of basic social rights and examines some consequences like increased health risks for women and decreased female status. The document concludes by calling for efforts to jointly fight against social problems in India.
According to one United Nations estimate, 113 to 200 million women are “demographically missing” from the world today. That is to say, there should be 113 to 200 million more women walking the earth, who aren’t. By that same estimate, 1.5 to 3 million women and girls lose their lives every year because of gender-based neglect or gender-based violence and Sexual Violence in Conflict.
We can point a finger at poverty. But poverty alone does not result in these girls and women’s deaths and suffering; the blame also falls on the social system and attitudes of the societies.
India alone accounts for more than 50 million of the women who are “missing” due to female foeticide - the sex-selective abortion of girls, dowry death, gender-based neglect and all forms of violence against women.
The decline in the sex ratio and the millions of Missing Women are indicators of the feudal patriarchal resurgence. Violence against women has gone public – whether it is dowry murders, the practice of female genital mutilation, honour killings, sex selective abortions or death sentences awarded to young lovers from different communities by caste councils, rapes and killings in communal and caste violence, it is only women’s and human rights groups who are protesting – the public and institutional response to these trends is very minimal. Most of the values are insufficiently imagined and fundamentally flawed.
More than two-thirds of the women’s populations don’t have access to the financial system. Poor women are not considered credit worthy. Every human being should have the “right to credit” because if people have money, they can change their lives. It is true for women. Nearly half the world’s population live in poverty, 70% are women.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Unite To End Violence Against Women!
Educate & Empowered Women for a Happy Future !!!!!!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
www.un.org/womenwatch/
www.un.org/women/endviolence/
www.saynotoviolence.org/
www.unaids.org
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Photo: Firoz Ahmad Firoz
Introduction to Irish Politics - Lecture Seven: changing Face of Irish PoliticsConor McCabe
This document discusses the impact of austerity measures in Ireland and rising inequality. It notes that despite some progress, poverty and income inequality have increased since 2008. Long-term unemployment has had huge social and psychological impacts. Women have been disproportionately affected by austerity, bearing the brunt of cuts to public services and shouldering most of the unpaid care work. Many state agencies focused on equality and social justice have had their budgets cut or been closed down entirely since the late 2000s.
Women generally earn less than men in the US, even when working similar hours. Women working 41-44 hours per week earn 84.6% of what men earn, and those working over 60 hours per week earn only 78.3% of men's wages. An Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963 requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of gender, but a large wage gap remains between men and women.
The document discusses issues facing women in India. It notes that while women have equal rights legally, societal attitudes still see them as inferior. Statistics show high rates of crimes against women, such as rape, female infanticide, and illiteracy. The main problems are a patriarchal society that sees women's roles as limited to household work, and a lack of education and economic opportunities. Solutions proposed include changing societal mindsets through education, ensuring equal treatment and rights for women under the law, and providing better access to education, jobs, and financial services. However, implementing solutions faces challenges from entrenched patriarchal attitudes and lack of enforcement of policies.
This document discusses concepts of gender, including the differences between sex and gender. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, while defining gender as the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes assigned to each sex. The document discusses how masculinity and femininity are defined differently across cultures and time periods. It also examines how patriarchal societies control women's lives through restricting their labor, reproduction, sexuality, mobility and property rights. The document outlines several issues of gender discrimination in India, such as female infanticide, lack of education, honor killings, wage gaps, child marriage, dowry system, domestic violence, and trafficking. It concludes by discussing steps that could be implemented to promote gender equality, such as education
Globalization of production and women in asiaBurnee Bok
Dr. Dong-Sook Gills discusses the impact of globalization on women in Asia. She argues that while globalization has led to an increase in women's participation in the workforce, particularly in export manufacturing, it has also resulted in the exploitation and marginalization of women. Women make up the majority of workers in export processing zones, where they face low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. However, globalization has also given rise to new social movements and forms of solidarity that resist the negative impacts on women and fight for more democratic and inclusive alternatives to neoliberal globalization.
Women have faced long-standing barriers to equality in the workplace, as evidenced by key events and laws from the 1800s establishing women's rights to the 1960s outlawing discrimination, and data showing women still earn less than men for equal work. While laws like the Equal Pay Act of 1963 aimed to establish equal pay, social factors like motherhood may still influence earning potential. The document discusses the history of women's rights in the workplace and debates around whether true pay equality has been achieved.
According to one United Nations estimate, 113 to 200 million women are “demographically missing” from the world today. That is to say, there should be 113 to 200 million more women walking the earth, who aren’t. By that same estimate, 1.5 to 3 million women and girls lose their lives every year because of gender-based neglect or gender-based violence and Sexual Violence in Conflict.
We can point a finger at poverty. But poverty alone does not result in these girls and women’s deaths and suffering; the blame also falls on the social system and attitudes of the societies.
India alone accounts for more than 50 million of the women who are “missing” due to female foeticide - the sex-selective abortion of girls, dowry death, gender-based neglect and all forms of violence against women.
The decline in the sex ratio and the millions of Missing Women are indicators of the feudal patriarchal resurgence. Violence against women has gone public – whether it is dowry murders, the practice of female genital mutilation, honour killings, sex selective abortions or death sentences awarded to young lovers from different communities by caste councils, rapes and killings in communal and caste violence, it is only women’s and human rights groups who are protesting – the public and institutional response to these trends is very minimal. Most of the values are insufficiently imagined and fundamentally flawed.
More than two-thirds of the women’s populations don’t have access to the financial system. Poor women are not considered credit worthy. Every human being should have the “right to credit” because if people have money, they can change their lives. It is true for women. Nearly half the world’s population live in poverty, 70% are women.
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
Unite To End Violence Against Women!
Educate & Empowered Women for a Happy Future !!!!!!
~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*
www.un.org/womenwatch/
www.un.org/women/endviolence/
www.saynotoviolence.org/
www.unaids.org
www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Photo: Firoz Ahmad Firoz
- Crime rates have been dropping and the economy is booming, yet fear of crime remains a major concern that is exploited for political purposes. Politicians push tough-on-crime policies to appeal to voters' fears despite declining crime.
- Budget cuts to social programs have reduced the safety net for the poor and increased homelessness, pushing some youth into crime out of necessity. At the same time, political efforts criminalize poverty and homelessness.
- Crime is sensationalized by media and politicians to foster demand for harsher laws and policies, even when existing laws could address problems. This "moral panic" is used to pass legislation that primarily serves political rather than practical goals.
Globalization has led to the increased exploitation of women as a traded commodity in the global labor force. Women now make up large portions of industrial factory workers in places like Mexico and Southern Asia, where they face low wages, long hours, lack of benefits, health issues, and no job security. Human trafficking is a huge global industry, generating $32 billion annually by trading an estimated 20.9 million people in forced labor situations, including 2-4 million women and girls in sex trafficking. Poor labor conditions and immigration policies help fuel human trafficking by creating circumstances of unemployment, deception, debt bondage, and dangerous human smuggling. Women recruited for unskilled labor face discrimination in the forms of sexism, racism, and class
The document discusses different waves and types of feminism. It defines feminism as the analysis and elimination of the global subordination of women. The first wave focused on gaining rights like suffrage. The second wave from the 1960s brought attention to issues like domestic violence and changes in laws. Liberal feminism advocates extending rights granted to men to women through legal and political reforms. Radical feminism sees patriarchy as the cause and seeks its overthrow. Critical feminism supports Marxist theories and sees patriarchy and economic disparity as causes, addressing paid and unpaid labor.
TEDxTableMountain - 'The case for the maximum wage'leavesoflanguage
Understanding the true costs for South Africa - and the world - of excessive inequality and excessive wealth - and how we should consume less and share more for societies that serve everyone (including the currently very wealthy) even better.
The document discusses the gender wage gap, an international issue where women earn less than men. It provides context on perceptions of feminism among youth and definitions of relevant terms. Causes of the wage gap discussed include differences in education, occupations, and care responsibilities. International examples show how the wage gap impacts poverty. The role of organizations in promoting gender equality and empowering women is also examined.
The debt of our society with women is an ethical and moral imperative, before which we can not resign ourselves to isolated quotas or affirmative actions.
The document discusses gender issues and the role of courts in ensuring equal justice and treatment of women. It notes that while the Indian constitution and international treaties have provisions protecting women, implementation remains a challenge due to social and cultural practices that promote gender discrimination and disparities. Violence against women continues to be prevalent. The document advocates for recognizing women as equal partners and ending detrimental cultural practices that limit women's rights and participation.
The document discusses the history of gender equality in the United States. It outlines how women historically had few rights and were treated as property. Key events in the fight for equality included women gaining the right to vote in 1920 and the feminist movement of the 1960s-70s advocating for reforms. Today, statistics show progress toward equality but also remaining issues like a gender pay gap and lack of paid family leave. The document uses these historical and current facts to introduce a discussion on ongoing gender issues.
Liberal and Marxist feminism differ and agree on some key points regarding gender inequality. Liberal feminists believe gender inequality can be addressed through political reforms, while Marxist feminists argue that capitalism and class inequality are major contributing factors. Both agree that women face widespread discrimination in society and the workforce. However, they differ on views of the family and solutions, with Marxists advocating abolition of capitalism and liberals favoring parliamentary reforms. Overall the essay examines the similarities and differences between these two feminist perspectives on the social and economic roots of gender inequality.
Socialist Feminism in Canada: A Brief HistoryLeft Streamed
This document discusses the history of the women's liberation movement in Canada and the United States from the 1960s-1970s. It notes statistics showing women made up a small percentage of the workforce and earned much less than men in 1961. It describes how in 1964, Ruby Doris Smith Robinson spoke out against the mistreatment of women in the civil rights movement. The RCMP opened a file on women's liberation groups in Canada in 1969, identifying singer Rita McNeil as composing songs for the movement.
Feminist theory aims to achieve equality between sexes and address discrimination women face due to factors like class, race, sexuality, age, and impacts of war, poverty and environmental issues. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism which works within existing structures, socialist feminism which emphasizes egalitarian and democratic aspects of socialism and criticizes gender-based labor division, radical feminism which seeks to change systems of male dominance and eradicate patriarchy, and post-modern feminism which argues knowledge has been constructed from a male viewpoint and rejects male-dominated narratives.
Feminism emerged as a movement and body of ideas that aimed to enhance women’s status and power. Simply put, feminism affirms women’s equality with men, and rejects patriarchy.
The document provides an overview of contemporary feminist theories. It discusses four main categories: gender differences, gender inequality, gender oppression, and structural oppression. Each category aims to answer the question "what about women?" Gender differences theories see women's experiences as different but not unequal to men's. Gender inequality theories view women's situations as unequal but not oppressive. Gender oppression theories argue that women are actively oppressed by patriarchal systems. Structural oppression theories examine how women experience oppression differently due to intersecting systems like capitalism, patriarchy, and racism. The document then examines specific theories within each category like liberal feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and intersectionality.
This document summarizes the history and key developments in feminist film theory from the 1960s to the present. It discusses the major theorists and texts that shifted the focus from class to examining feminine identity and gender construction. Theories analyzed how women were portrayed in films and the male gaze of the spectator. Psychoanalytic approaches examined concepts like scopophilia and how cinema reinforced patriarchal ideals. Later works addressed issues like bisexual spectatorship and challenged the notion that femininity must be defined in relation to masculinity.
Marxist feminism is a subtype of feminist ideology that focuses on dismantling capitalism as a way to liberate women. It believes that economic inequality, dependence, and unhealthy social relations between men and women stem from women's oppression under capitalism. Marxist feminism was developed by Engels and points out that capitalism plays a role in oppressing women, as Marxism sees individuals oppressed by dominant power structures.
Feminism aims to challenge patriarchal power structures and promote gender equality. It analyzes how media transmit cultural values and reinforce patriarchal ideology through gender stereotypes. Feminist media theory examines how media construct ideas of femininity and masculinity, and how the "male gaze" objectifies women for the male viewer. While early representations often reduced women to victims or sex objects, modern media have more empowering female characters, though some argue this is just new stereotypes. Feminism continues working for true equality in public and private spheres.
Feminist film theory developed from second-wave feminism and women's studies. Early feminist film scholars analyzed how films represented and portrayed women, finding that they often depicted unrealistic stereotypes and were constructed from a male perspective. A key aspect of feminist film theory is the concept of the "male gaze", where films and camerawork objectify women as passive objects of male desire. Theories of representation, spectatorship, and psychoanalysis were applied to understand how cinema reinforced patriarchal social structures by marginalizing women.
The document discusses feminism from multiple perspectives. It provides a brief overview of the three waves of feminism, outlines several feminist ideologies such as liberal feminism and radical feminism, and discusses some key debates within feminism around issues like the sex industry, pornography, and prostitution. It also examines reactions to feminism from both supporters and critics. Additionally, it reviews the globalization of feminism and provides statistics on the status of women worldwide.
Radical feminism believes that sexism is deeply rooted in society and that the only way to eliminate it is to eliminate the concept of gender entirely. Socialist feminism argues that capitalism strengthens sexism by giving power and resources primarily to men, and calls for an end to capitalism through socialist economic reforms. Cultural feminism believes society would benefit more from encouraging feminine rather than masculine behaviors.
Feminism is defined as advocating for social, political, and economic rights for women equal to those of men. There have been several waves of feminism throughout history fighting for these rights. The first wave in the late 19th century focused on issues like property rights and suffrage. The second wave from the 1960s-1980s examined the social construction of gender roles and how they oppress women. Third wave feminism from the early 1990s responded to some perceived failures of the second wave to consider differences among women. There are various branches of feminist thought that have developed over time with different approaches to analyzing and addressing the oppression of women.
Sustainable Development of Women:The Need of SocietysonaliChannawar
1) The document discusses the need for sustainable development of women in society. It argues that women are integral parts of society and play important roles economically, socially, and culturally.
2) However, many women, especially in rural and tribal areas, still lack education, basic rights, and confidence due to gender discrimination and inequality. Empowering women through education and financial independence is important.
3) The sustainable development of women benefits not just women but entire societies and economies. Promoting gender equality through equal rights, opportunities, and respect for women is necessary for just and sustainable development.
Belize: Socio Political Situation Affecting the Development of WomenMyrtle Palacio
The document discusses the socio-political situation affecting women's development in Belize. It notes that while women make up the majority of registered voters, they remain underrepresented in political leadership which is dominated by men. It also outlines several social issues disproportionately impacting women, such as abandonment, abuse, and poverty. The document calls for empowering women through greater political participation, challenging gender inequality in decision-making, and addressing the root causes of women's marginalization rather than just alleviating symptoms.
Within our reach - Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Post 2015Dr Lendy Spires
1) Gender inequality is a global challenge that stunts the prospects and life chances of millions of women and girls through widespread discrimination.
2) However, securing equal rights for women has never been closer due to important gains over the last 15 years like increased representation in government and parity in primary school enrollment.
3) A new post-2015 framework must finish achieving the goals of the MDGs, tackle critical barriers like gender-based violence, and establish a new global partnership to support countries' efforts to reduce gender inequalities and empower women.
Investing in rural women farmers narrows the gender gap in agricultureICRISAT
The glaring inequality between men and women farmers in the African agricultural sector is alarming evidence that calls for fair, inclusive and sustainable development. Gender productivity gaps vary across and even within countries, but recent studies suggest that gender gaps are in the range of 10% to 30%. Gender gap in agricultural productivity means that crop production is lower than its potential. Closing the gender gap in access to production capitals alone has been estimated to have the potential of lifting 100–150 million people out of hunger, thus resulting in benefits that spread far beyond female farmers.
Women's empowerment refers to women gaining power and control over their own lives through education and gaining knowledge. It involves women developing self-worth, controlling their own decisions, and influencing social change. Education is seen as a key way to empower women by improving economic opportunities and social status, as well as lowering population growth and improving children's education. However, barriers like poverty, lack of access to education, and cultural biases have prevented women in India from gaining empowerment through education despite government commitments.
Chapter 1. Substantive Equality for Women the Challenge for Public PolicyDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses substantive equality for women and the challenge for public policy. It makes three key points:
1. International human rights standards define substantive equality, which goes beyond formal equality to emphasize women's enjoyment of rights in practice. Achieving equality requires addressing power inequalities, social norms, and discrimination.
2. Progress on substantive equality requires action in three interrelated areas: redressing socio-economic disadvantage, addressing stereotyping/violence, and strengthening women's agency, voice and participation.
3. Public policies need to work in tandem across economic and social areas to effectively realize women's rights in a holistic way. Macroeconomic policies can support goals like gender equality when designed properly.
The document provides an overview of key issues related to inequality and development. It discusses how inequality is shaped by factors like gender, race, income and education. While inequality is falling in some countries, it is rising in many others. The document argues that redistributing power, opportunities and assets is needed to address inequality and poverty. Effective states and active citizens both have important roles to play in development.
Role of mass media in women empowermentHarish Hari
The document discusses women's empowerment through mass media. It covers various types of empowerment including psychological, sociological, economic, philosophical, human rights, and political empowerment. Key issues discussed include reproductive health, stewardship of natural resources, domestic violence, and human trafficking. The conclusion states that mass media can help empower women by addressing discrimination and exploitation through strategic programming and policymaking.
Gender discrimination remains a significant problem in Bangladesh according to the document. It summarizes that Bangladeshi society is highly patriarchal and women face discrimination in many areas of life including education, healthcare, employment, and property rights. It also discusses specific issues like early marriage, dowry practices, domestic violence, acid attacks, and the missing female population. The document recommends raising awareness of gender equality through media and grassroots initiatives, as well as government policies and investment in research to address the underlying social and cultural causes of discrimination.
Global Discourse, Situated Traditions and Muslim Women’s Agency in Pakistan.
Globalization: Feminization of Poverty and need for Gender responsive social protection in Pakistan
The document discusses the feminization of poverty in Canada. It begins with an introduction that defines poverty and outlines the importance of discussing gender inequality and how it intersects with poverty. It then provides definitions of poverty, feminism theory perspectives used in the analysis, and facts about women in poverty in Canada. Specifically, it notes that women experience higher rates of poverty due to economic, social and political barriers like the gender wage gap and lack of affordable childcare. The document concludes by discussing potential solutions to reduce the feminization of poverty such as increasing social programs and implementing policies to promote gender equality.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document provides an overview of key issues related to inequality discussed in a forthcoming book. It notes that inequality is shaped by factors like gender, race, income and education. While inequality has fallen in some countries, it has risen in many others. The document argues that redistributing power, opportunities and assets is needed to address inequality and poverty. Effective states and active citizens are important to drive development. The urgency of addressing inequality and poverty is increased by threats like climate change.
The presentation explored the history of attitudes toward women's roles outside the home and how they have changed over time. It discussed how women's roles have varied in different historical periods and were often limited to the domestic sphere. In the late 19th/early 20th century, women began fighting for rights like voting and working outside the home. The feminist movement of the 1960s-70s further challenged traditional gender roles. Currently, though women make up half the workforce, they still face challenges like a gender pay gap, lack of leadership roles, and workplace harassment. The presentation examined how societal, political, and cultural factors have influenced perceptions of women's roles.
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