The document discusses wildlife health management and provides information on: 1) Treating elephant wounds, estimating tiger age from dental formula, and rearing orphaned animals. 2) Details on tranquilizing wild animals for veterinary work including necessary infrastructure, precautions, and common tranquilizer medications. 3) Guidelines for sample collection and submission for outbreak investigations and forensic work including proper containers, preservatives, and transport conditions.

1. Wildlife Health Management By Dr A. D. Kholkute

3. My Guru Hon. & Resp. Shri Shree Bhagawan Saheb I.F.S.

4. Treatment of Elephant wounds

5. Injury

6. Injection

7. Foot and Mouth Disease

8. Estimation of the age of Tiger Dental Formula 2{ I 3/3, C 1 /1, P 3/2 , M ,1/1}= 30

9. Rearing of orphan animals

10. Hyena Cubs

11. Blind Leopard

12. Treatment of Blind Leopard

13. Treatment of Blind Leopard

14. Rearing of Orphaned cub to adulthood

15. Reared in captivity at Bor Sanctuary

16. Nursed and reared well

17. Wild animal behavior

18. Tranquilization of wild animals - Cheetal

19. Full Anesthesia

20. Transportation – From Seminary Hill Zoo to the Bor Sanctuary

22. Dr A D Kholkute

23. Thank You

24. Healthy and Alert Wildlife Photos

32. Barsingha at Kanha

34. General Observations A ] Pug Marks —Tiger Vargakar , Chaukor Female Aayatakar Tiger—Pad [ Gadeli ] – 4 Toes {Ungalia } Tigres—Pad 4 5 th is Due Claw Only on front leg Fore limb is stronger than hind & larger than hind. Pug Marks—Only left hind legs pug marks are taken. Tiger Pug Marks------Rounded toes [ Ungalia ] Tigress Egg Shape. [ Anda kruti ] Pug Marks indicates-----Age of Tiger B ] Faecal Sample -[ Mul , Vista] Carnivores- Scat Nilgai---All defecates at one point.1- 2 Feet height [ Jamun like] Makhar kahate. Chausinga—Makhar & Khudani Black buck- [ Krushna sar] Makhar Wild dogs---deficates & urinate at one place. In Q Spotted Deer—Like Sheep & Goats [ Lendi] Bison------------Cattle Samber---Smaller than Nilgai [ Lendi] Stampping ground 1oo feet area.[ Night halt] Bear------- Faecal sample- seeds [Falo ke big, chilate] Tiger----First scat—Semisolid After eating—Having hairs. Bone pieces Black in colour. Turned white after some time. Offensive odour. Eats Grass to clean Intestine.[ Atadi]

35. C ] Territory Markings D ] Kill Tiger Leopard 1 Eats from back. Genital organs 1 Eats all organs & Skin 2 Open Stomach, Take out all organs 2 Thoracic cavity- Digging of Organs. 3 Good Surgeon. Clean Tiger lives near kill 4 Impression of Canine teeth Depth & distance between bite indicates Predator. So you must keep a diary to note down all observations while moving in Forest.

40. Evaluation Report Format Name of person------------ Post---- Date of visit----- Compartment no.--- General Health of Wild Life Very Good--------+ + + [Write 3 plus marks] Good- + + Weak- + Accordingly write down the general health of total wild herbivores in a flock. Write about the abnormalities observed if any. Name of Vegetables In The Compartment Grasses---- Fruit trees Trees Distance of water source Near the compartment Away from compartment Presence of Mineral Depot [ Salt Lick ] There are certain areas in the Forest where Minerals are present. Wild animals use to go to that place & licks soil or stones

41. Distance from Village Grazing alone in groups or with Domestic Herbivores Out break of any disease in near by villages If yes, immediately report to Higher authority & also inform to near by Govt. Veterinary Doctor. Names of Wild Carnivores present in the area

42. Names of Wild Carnivores present in the area Write down on all above points & submit your report to higher authority for necessary action. With the help of your report monitoring of wild life heath will be possible. Compartments where heath of wild life is weak, more attention is to be given. The conditions in the healthy area are in the record & are with you. Compare it on following points. 1] Availability of Grasses, Fruit trees in both areas. In healthy & in weak wild life area. Note down the difference between two areas. Take suitable measures accordingly. Introduce the new verity of trees & grasses in weak sector for better results. 2] Other factors like water holes, Common grazing of wild life & domestic animals & mineral depot must be consider on war footage. 3] make the weak wild life area like that of healthy area. This will definitely help in improving general health of wild life. 4] Collect faecal material from all the area. Get it examined. Collect only random samples & not of each wild life, The above measures will definitely improves the general health of wild life in all ranges. Dr. A.D.Kholkute BVSc & AH. R. No. 2266

44. Classification

45. Domestic Counter Parts Of Wild Animals 1] Cattle---- Deer Family, Wild Bovines 2] Sheep & Goats— Black Buck, Wild Sheep & Goats 3 ]Horse--- Wild Ass, Zebra, Elephant. Tapirs, Rhinoceros. 4] Pigs-- Wild Boar, Hog 5 ]Dogs--- Foxes, Wolves, Hyaena 6] Poultry-- Pea Cock, Gini Fowls. All Birds except Ducks 7] Man---- Primates 8] Cat-- Tiger, Lion. Leopard, Wild Cat

46. Difference between Cervidae & Antelopes Deers [ Mrug Kul ]- Only Males are having antlers & are solid. Shedding of antlers every year. Presence of Canine teeth[ Shwa dant ] In upper jaw. Antilopes Horns are present. No shadding of horns Horns –Two layers ---Outer & Inner [ Solid ] Females may have horns. Annual ring on horns—every year Presence of lachrymal glands below eyes.

47. Information about Temp. Pulse Resp. Rate Name of animal Temp [F.] Pulse Resp. Per Mnt. Per mnt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1] Elephant 97.50-99.00 30 4-6 2] Rhinoceros 98.60-102.20 70- 140 20-40 3]Bear 99.50-100.94 60-90 15-30 4] Horse 100.4-100.94 40-60 8-12 5] Cattle 100.94-102.20 40-60 12-16 6] Sheep 102.92-104 55- 75 20-30 7]Deer 101 80 18 8] Dog 100.94-102.02 80-100 15-25 9] Cat 99.50-103.82 40-50 10-15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

48. Development of Antler Age- 6 months , Appearance of Bud or Pedicle on head region. Velvet cover over it. Complete growth takes 6 months. Removes the velvet by rubbing over smooth tree or branch of a tree.

50. Age - 3 years

52. Full grown Antlers after removing velvet – 3 years.

56. UREA POISONING PANCHNAMA PM Changes Dr.A.D.Kholkute BVSC&AH Nagpur

74. Putali[ Pupil]

82. Material Needed At Time Of Post Mortem A] Formalin----------------10% , 40% Common salt Glycerin Saline 50% Thermo cools Square & Round Ice Ethyl Alcohol Sprit B] Wide Mouth Bottles [ Pearl Pet] 250 gr. 500gr. 1 Kg, 2 Kg. [ 6 Each] Empty Air Tight Plastic Bags 1 to 2 Doz. Sharp Knife Scissor Forceps B.P. Handles & Blades Glass Slides Sprit Lamp Spatula Pipette Empty Injection Vials, 10 ml., 30 ml. 50ml. Absorbent Cotton Cloth for Packing Thread bundle & needles Hand gloves

89. Bacterial Diseases Use Wide Mouth Bottles Only. 1 ] Liver, Spleen. Kidneys, Lymph Nodes, Lungs & Brain With out preservatives if distance is short. [ Only On ICE. ] 2] In Delay — 25% Glycerin Saline. Send Larger Pieces. Toxicological Purpose To Forensic Laboratory Use Wide Mouth Bottles Only. Only on ICE or DRY ICE Use Thermo Cool Boxes. Put Sample bottles & Put sufficient Ice around the bottles. Stomach with contents, Ileum & Colon tie their ends tightly. 0.5 Kg. Liver One or both Kidneys Adipose tissue. Contents of Urinary Bladder. Vomits, Hairs etc.

90. Guide- Lines For Submitting Samples In Out breaks & for Forensic Work USE HAND GLOVES WHILE COLLECTING SAMPLES 1] Viral Material Samples collected must be SEND ON ICE ONLY. Sterile 50% Glycerol Soln.[ 5-10 volume]is added in the WIDE MOUTH Sample bottle. Dispatch on Ice, Dry Ice or Ice Bags Heart Blood, Blood Serum & Cerebrospinal fluid is to be forwarded in Refrigerated Sterile Vials. Rabies- Entire Head in Water tight Metal container on Ice or Dry Ice. Brain- Divide Brain in two parts between Cerebral Hemispheres. One part-In undiluted Neutral. Other Hemisphere- 10% Formalin Small Dead Birds Immersed in 5 % Lysol Soln. Wrapped in Lysol soaked cheese cloth on Dry Ice.

91. Parasites 70% Ethyl alcohol Or 5% Formalin H.P.Work 0.5 cm. block in 10% Formalin 1 Part commercial Formaldehyde

137. Care to be taken prior to Reintroduction of Captured Wild Animal Complete information of the reintroducing area. Not too far from captured area. Sufficient Man power. Proper condition of transporting cage. Sufficient cloth to cover cage. Good vehicle. Silent atmosphere. Do not rescue in night hours. Do not rescue at hot time. Reintroduce only in the area where rescue wild life is present. Information about Prey & Predator ratio Early morning is proper time of rescue. . Wild animals take time to come out of the cage. So don’t compel them for early coming. Many a times animal comes out of the cage & use to observe the surrounding area. It may attach the person who opened the cage get. So proper care must be taken prior to rescue. Care at time of transport Go as early as possible. Avoid human contact. Do not waste time at Dhaba or hotel. Be in Govt. Uniform. Get the captured animal examined by a Veterinary Doctor [Graduate] before release.

139. Starvation All organs-Reduced in size & weight except Brain. Skin-Inelastic, Pigmented. Fat-Absent subcutaneous Edema. Hairs-No shining Heart-Smaller in size & chambers are empty. Lungs-Pale, Collapsed. Bowel Contains-offensive odor & gases Liver-atrophied & show necrosis Wall of Intestine-Looks like tissue paper. Spleen-Shrunken. Kidney-Atrophy of Nehru. Urinary Bladder-Empty. Blood volume-Reduced, Anemia.

140. Organ phosphorus poisons-(Derived from phosphoric acid) [Malathion,Dimefox, alkali-phosphate tik 20]-Aryl-phosphate Signs of Asphyxia Cyanosis of lips, toes Blood stained froth from mouth & Nostrils (NOSE) Stomach contains-Kerosene smell Mucosa of stomach-Congested with patchily hemorrhages. Respiratory passage-congested having frothy hemorrhagic exudates. Lungs-Gross Congestion, excusive edema & sub pleural patchier. Internal organs-congested & poeticize. ENDRIN-Mouth & Stomach contents-Kerosene smell ZINK PHOSPHATE-Garlicky odor of stomach contents Blood cherry Red, fatty Degeneration -neuroses

141. Chart Showing Age of Puberty, Gastration Period

142. 15-20 Dec. 61-63 Days End of Rainy Season 3-4 Wolf 7. 10-15 T.O.Y. 63 Days T.O.Y. 3 Jackal 6. 20-22 Jan. to Feb. 60-62 Days Nov./Dec. 3 Wild Dogs 5. 20 Summer 84 Days Winter 4 Hyaena 4. 12-20 T.O.Y. 95-110 Days T.O.Y. 2-3 Leopard 3. 15-20 Feb. to May 104 Days After Rainy Season 3-4 Tiger 2. 25 years Jan. to March 6 Month End of April to August. Through out year 3-4 Common Hanuman Languor 1. Life Span in year Delivery Month Castration Period Mating Season Puberty Age (years) Name of Wild Animal S.no.

143. Life Span in year Delivery Month Castration Period Mating Season Puberty Age (years) Name of Wild Animal S.no. 20-30 Nov. to March 9 Month March to May 3-4 Bison 8. 20- March to May 9 Month After Rainy Season August/sept. 3-4 Wild-Buff 9. 12-15 Oct. to Feb. 165 April to May & T.O.Y. 2.5 Chinkara 10. 15 Oct. to Feb. 8-8.5 Summer 2-3 Four Horned Antelope 11. 12-15 Dec. On wards 165 Days Feb. to March 19-23 Month Black Buck 12. 20 Year ------------ 8-9 Month T.O.Y. 25 Month Blue Bull 13. 20 May to June 8 Month on Wards Nov. to Dec. 4 Years Samberg 14. 20-25 Sept. Onwards 210-215 Days Summer Winter Max. in May 4 Years Spotted Deer 15.

145. Treatment- Streptomycin daily for first 2 moths, 15 mg/kg B.W. After wards Twice weekly for 10 months. Ionized tab.-Daily for first two moths. 5 mg/kg B.W. vat B 6 Necropsy Findings-Lesions are seen in Lungs Nodular lesions with pus. Organ affected-lungs, pleura, liver, peritoneum, kidney &spleen. Regional lymph node. Pasturellosis Acute & chronic form. Chervils & Bovines are affected Elephant & Rhinos are also susceptible. Symptoms-are rarely observed. In Deer-Nasal, oral discharge & prostration. Bison’s-Swelling over neck region. hot & painful. P.M. Findings-Hemorrhagic lungs & pleura & pericardium. Musculature of body is pink & edematous Lymph nodes are swollen & hemorrhagic. Patchily hemorrhage on Various tissues. Treatment-Streptomycin 10-15 mg per lb. b/w (2.2 lb=1kg) Evading 33.5% I/V 100.200 ml

146. 3. Lepton Spiro sis Deer, Antilopes, swamp deer, chinkara, and one tiger. Lepto, enter the body through m.m. of the eyes, nose, mouth or through abraded skin. Contaminated water & food by urine. Organism, localized in kidney, liver. Symptoms-Jaundice, Inter mitten fever abortion. Lab.Exa.-Microscopic exa. of sediment of urine. Send kidney & liver pieces in 10% Formalin for H.P. Treatment-Penicillin & Tetracycline for 7-10 days Anthrax-acute septic, disease. Hyper pyrexia . Soil born infection-Bleeding from natural orifices. Sudden death. Birds also spread diseases. Irradiated from- Spores are present in alimentary tract of birds. India-Rhinos in airing Asiatic Elephant Wild Herbivores Carnivores. NO.P.M. Lab.exa-Blood smears, ear piece should be sent to lab. Treatment-Crystalline penicillin 40.80 lakes crys4 - 40 lakes at 6 hour Interval Anti Anthrax serum 100-200 ml I/V

149. Rinder-Pest Highly Contagious viral disease. Symptoms-High fever, erosive steatites, gastro enteritis Diarrhea Disease spread from infected Domestic animals. Outbreak - Barasinga (Kanha 1967) Gaur, Nilgai, Samber, Spotted deer & Four horned antelopes P.M. Findings-Necrotic ulcers on buccal m.m.(brain like) Skin Irruption. Large Intestine-Zebra Marking Ileum -Necrosis & deep ulcers (payers patches) Upper Resp.tract - patchier Bladder & Vagina- ------!!-------. Samples for Lab. Work & Confirmation-Sample of spleen Blood, liver, Intestine In 50% Buffered glycerin- Saline or In plastic bages ON ICE. H.P.-Tissues in 10% Formalin

150. First Aid Kit 1]Tr. Iodine 2] Hydrogen Peroxide 3] Boric Powder 4]Pot. Permanganate 5]Detol 6] Sprit 7] Cotton Bundle 8] Gauge 9]Iodex 10] Anti Septic Tube 11] Tr. Iodine Spray 12] Analgesic Spray 13] Oil Turpentine 14] Betadin 1] Syringes---------10 ml., 20 ml., 50 ml. 2] I |V set 3] Scissors , Straight & Curved 4] Irrigater 5] B.P.Handle & Blades 6] Hand Gloves 7] Thermometer 8] Artery Forceps 9] Adhesive Tape

151. DENTITION 1.Tiger 2{ I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 3/2 M- 1/1 } = 30 2.Bovines/Cervids 2 { I- 0/4 C- 0/0 P- 3/3 M- 3/3 }= 32 3.Hyeana/Wolf 2 { I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 4/4 M- 2/3 }= 42

152. Workshop at Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradoon.

153. Workshop at Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradoon.

154. Save Nature, Save Wildlife!!