The document discusses the challenges of measuring and building state capability for policy implementation. It argues that in many countries, administrative facts reported by organizations do not reflect reality and are instead fictional justifications for their actions. While accelerated modernization through transplantation of successful models from other countries was expected to build capability, this has largely failed with capability remaining weak even decades later. True capability requires strong internal organizational cultures of performance and external accountability, which are difficult to establish from above through policies and programs alone. Capability may be better built by focusing on solving local problems and allowing successful practices to develop organically from the "folk" level up.
1. Most young physicians surveyed are employees of medical groups, especially small groups with 6 or fewer physicians. Hospital-based physicians are more likely than others to be employees of large groups or hospitals.
2. Financial factors strongly influence practice arrangements, and many aspire to ownership. While generally satisfied currently, over a quarter considered changing arrangements recently due to financial issues.
3. Physicians are highly pessimistic about the future of U.S. healthcare, chiefly due to concerns about the Affordable Care Act and perceived negative government involvement. Cynicism toward perceived prioritization of money over patients was commonly expressed.
This document provides the results of the 2013 Practice Census conducted by the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS). Key findings include:
- ISHRS members performed an estimated 310,624 hair restoration surgeries worldwide in 2012.
- The average ISHRS member performed 184 surgeries and treated 559 patients in 2012.
- Males accounted for 86% of surgical patients and 67% of nonsurgical patients.
- Geographically, the largest shares of ISHRS members practiced in the US (40%), Asia (21%), and Europe (16%).
Este documento resume las correspondencias entre las 22 cartas del Tarot, las letras hebreas y los números cabalísticos. También describe los diferentes caminos de la Cábala, desde Kether, la corona, hasta Malkuth, el reino, incluyendo sus nombres de Dios, arcángeles, ángeles, colores y experiencias espirituales asociadas. El documento ofrece una visión general de las conexiones entre el Tarot y la Cábala.
This document summarizes a study on understanding Mozambique's economic growth through an employment lens. It finds that while Mozambique has experienced strong macroeconomic growth since the 1990s, the benefits have not sufficiently reached the population as poverty reduction has been slow and structural transformation limited. Most workers remain in low-productivity agriculture. Productivity gains have come more from within-sector growth than from moving workers between sectors. The study concludes Mozambique's current growth model is capital-intensive and not pro-poor, and recommends policies to boost rural productivity and address distortions limiting job creation to make growth more inclusive.
This document contains a schedule for career development workshops hosted by a Career Management Center between June and August. The schedule includes workshops on topics like orientation, self-assessment, resume writing, interviewing skills, networking, and managing a job search. Workshops will take place on various dates from 12:30-2:00PM or 6:30-8:00PM in rooms 160, 1246, 2245, and 276.
This document discusses options for school leavers including starting a business, further education, or getting a job working for someone else. It notes that starting a business requires money and may not be very profitable or easy to balance with study, while further education provides more opportunities but costs money.
This document discusses dangerous sports and provides some brief advice. It mentions famous sports and the best in the world but also warns to be careful with dangerous sports and expresses admiration for something beautiful.
The document discusses debugging techniques and open research questions. It provides a brief history of debugging and examines spectrum-based reasoning approaches. It notes that the best techniques still require manual inspection of a percentage of code and discusses the need for improved metrics and case studies. The document concludes by outlining open research questions and introducing a debugging framework called Gzoltar.
1. Most young physicians surveyed are employees of medical groups, especially small groups with 6 or fewer physicians. Hospital-based physicians are more likely than others to be employees of large groups or hospitals.
2. Financial factors strongly influence practice arrangements, and many aspire to ownership. While generally satisfied currently, over a quarter considered changing arrangements recently due to financial issues.
3. Physicians are highly pessimistic about the future of U.S. healthcare, chiefly due to concerns about the Affordable Care Act and perceived negative government involvement. Cynicism toward perceived prioritization of money over patients was commonly expressed.
This document provides the results of the 2013 Practice Census conducted by the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS). Key findings include:
- ISHRS members performed an estimated 310,624 hair restoration surgeries worldwide in 2012.
- The average ISHRS member performed 184 surgeries and treated 559 patients in 2012.
- Males accounted for 86% of surgical patients and 67% of nonsurgical patients.
- Geographically, the largest shares of ISHRS members practiced in the US (40%), Asia (21%), and Europe (16%).
Este documento resume las correspondencias entre las 22 cartas del Tarot, las letras hebreas y los números cabalísticos. También describe los diferentes caminos de la Cábala, desde Kether, la corona, hasta Malkuth, el reino, incluyendo sus nombres de Dios, arcángeles, ángeles, colores y experiencias espirituales asociadas. El documento ofrece una visión general de las conexiones entre el Tarot y la Cábala.
This document summarizes a study on understanding Mozambique's economic growth through an employment lens. It finds that while Mozambique has experienced strong macroeconomic growth since the 1990s, the benefits have not sufficiently reached the population as poverty reduction has been slow and structural transformation limited. Most workers remain in low-productivity agriculture. Productivity gains have come more from within-sector growth than from moving workers between sectors. The study concludes Mozambique's current growth model is capital-intensive and not pro-poor, and recommends policies to boost rural productivity and address distortions limiting job creation to make growth more inclusive.
This document contains a schedule for career development workshops hosted by a Career Management Center between June and August. The schedule includes workshops on topics like orientation, self-assessment, resume writing, interviewing skills, networking, and managing a job search. Workshops will take place on various dates from 12:30-2:00PM or 6:30-8:00PM in rooms 160, 1246, 2245, and 276.
This document discusses options for school leavers including starting a business, further education, or getting a job working for someone else. It notes that starting a business requires money and may not be very profitable or easy to balance with study, while further education provides more opportunities but costs money.
This document discusses dangerous sports and provides some brief advice. It mentions famous sports and the best in the world but also warns to be careful with dangerous sports and expresses admiration for something beautiful.
The document discusses debugging techniques and open research questions. It provides a brief history of debugging and examines spectrum-based reasoning approaches. It notes that the best techniques still require manual inspection of a percentage of code and discusses the need for improved metrics and case studies. The document concludes by outlining open research questions and introducing a debugging framework called Gzoltar.
The document discusses why letter writing can elicit emotion. It notes that letters engage multiple senses like touch and sight through the physical act of writing. The psychology of letter writing is also explored, as one study found that having more time to write a letter allows for deeper reflection and more emotion. Common literary elements in letters, like repetition and exaggeration, help recreate the feeling of conversation. Additionally, the standard format of letters with salutations and closings promotes a respectful tone that has made letters an effective means of communication and protest throughout history.
Palestra de Design e Empreendedorismo apresentada na Incubadora de Novos Negócios em Design e Experiência do Usuário da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Index UFES - https://www.facebook.com/indexufes) em Janeiro/2013.
Farmers in Ethiopia are changing their coffee production and marketing practices. While management practices like pruning and compost use have improved, yields have remained steady or declined due to diseases and climate change. Marketing has significantly changed with the establishment of primary market centers and the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange. Now farmers walk shorter distances to sell, have more buyer options, and can sell more of their crop as washed coffee. However, better quality still receives no premium price. Processors now face fewer payment issues but complain of increased transaction costs under the new system.
This document summarizes the transport sector in Ethiopia, including its evolution, current state, policies, and linkages to the economy. It finds that while the transport infrastructure has expanded significantly, the sector only contributes about 4% to GDP. Road transport accounts for most economic activity. The government has introduced strategies to develop all modes of transport under its Growth and Transformation Plan, but regulatory instability has impacted progress. Transport costs affect agricultural production and industrial location, and road quality influences trade costs. Road transport is dependent on imported fuel. The sector also faces safety and environmental challenges from rapid motorization.
O documento apresenta um resumo histórico da economia moçambicana desde 1993 e desenvolve um cenário macroeconômico para o período de 2016-2021. A fase mais recente (2008-2015) foi caracterizada por forte crescimento mas também por riscos crescentes devido à expansão dos gastos públicos e da dívida externa. Ajustes já estão ocorrendo em 2016-2017 para normalizar a economia a partir de 2018, porém desafios permanecem em controlar a dívida pública e promover um crescimento
The document describes the design and fabrication of a V-tail unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). It aims to study the stability, design parameters, and operation of a V-tail configuration. The project involves designing all parts of the RC aircraft using CATIA software, performing calculations to determine dimensions, and assembling the final prototype. The design process considers various factors like material selection, component orientation, weight estimation, and control surface sizing. The report outlines the various stages of completing the project, from initial conceptualization to fabrication and testing of the final V-tail UAV model.
This document summarizes the results of surveys of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam conducted in 2015. It finds that:
1) The majority (72%) of surveyed firms were micro firms with 1-9 employees, though formality increased significantly between 2013 and 2015 following new laws.
2) Overall employment grew 5.2% over 2013-2015, with most job creation by mid-sized firms, especially in rural areas and food processing industries.
3) Formal firms experienced higher growth rates than informal ones, though the relationship between formality and bribery is complex. Larger firms were more likely to pay bribes.
Fundamentals Writing and Literature Informal Letter Writing PresentationMrsBrynaCannon
The document provides instructions for writing an informal letter, including addressing the recipient, adding the date, starting with a greeting, thanking the recipient for a gift in the body, and concluding with a pleasant message and signature. Key elements are addressing the letter to the recipient, using the current date, starting with "Hi!", writing about a recent event or gift in your life in the body, and ending with a closing valediction and signature.
Ethiopia has a population of over 96 million people and has never been colonized. The economy relies heavily on agriculture, which accounts for 46.3% of GDP. Inflation has been high, reaching 64.2% in 2008, though it has since fallen to 9.3% in 2015. The GDP was $46.87 billion in 2014, having grown from $7.27 billion in 1981. However, economic freedom remains limited and corruption is still prevalent. The government's main sources of income are taxes and its priority expenditures are on education, health, infrastructure and agriculture.
The Rising Startup Ecosystems | Seedstars WorldSeedstars World
After traveling through 54 countries across the world, Seedstars World has summarized their views on the rising startup ecosystems across emerging markets. This booklet presents numbers, statistics, insights and case studies about how innovation and entrepreneurship can cause positive and sustainable impact across the world.
El documento describe la geometría sagrada y cómo se manifiesta en la naturaleza. Explica que la geometría sagrada es la estructura subyacente de la creación y cómo maestros a lo largo de la historia como Pitágoras, Platón y Da Vinci reconocieron patrones geométricos en el universo. También describe cómo números como la sección áurea y formas como los sólidos platónicos se repiten en la naturaleza y fueron usados por antiguos artistas y arquitectos para crear obras armoniosas
The real work starts after implementationJerry Fahrni
The document discusses several key points for ensuring successful implementation and ongoing use of barcode medication administration (BCMA) systems after going live:
1) Develop an interdisciplinary team including pharmacists, nurses, and other stakeholders to develop policies, procedures, and lead post-installation evaluation and improvement efforts.
2) Perform a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to identify potential problems before and after implementation and address system issues.
3) Analyze data from the system but also get out of the office to observe actual use and find holes in the system and human processes.
4) Promote a "just culture" where competent professionals are supported through mistakes but willful or reckless behavior is not tolerated
Narrative Writing Outline (DOC) Writing Outline, NaAshley Smith
The document discusses the Chinese civil service examination system from the Sui Dynasty in 605 AD to 1905. Candidates had to pass essay exams testing their knowledge of Confucian classics to enter state bureaucracy. The exams lasted over 1300 years and were a major way the central government recruited local elites and ensured cultural unity across China. Candidates were recruited proportionally from all provinces to integrate the centralized state.
Here are the key points regarding the financial elder abuse questions:
a. The Bill Pay claims group uses several criteria to identify possible financial elder abuse, including unusual transaction patterns, large withdrawals/transfers, and signs the elder may be coerced or not acting voluntarily.
b. Bankers are trained to report any suspected financial elder abuse to the Elder Financial Abuse team by completing an incident report form with relevant details.
c. Yes, management obtains aggregated data and reports from the Elder Financial Abuse team on incidents reported by other teams like Online Claims. This information is used for ongoing training and to identify any patterns that could help prevent future abuse. Reporting processes are also reviewed and updated based on analysis of past incidents.
Essay On Online Education Advantages And DisadvantJackie Taylor
The passage discusses two short stories - "The Indian Camp" by Ernest Hemingway and "Two Words" by Isabel Allende. Both stories tackle the themes of love and death in a simple, minimalist style using basic language that is easy for readers to understand. This clarity of writing and sparse descriptions help readers easily perceive and comprehend the narratives.
How To Write A Essay Step By Step Middletown TheBritney Hill
The document discusses Blake Shelton losing his "Disneyland virginity" by going to Disneyland for the first time with his partner Gwen Stefani. It notes that Shelton had never visited Disneyland before, and that Stefani took him there in October just before their anniversary. The trip marked Shelton's first experience at one of the most magical places on earth.
Standard Paper Size, Paper Size, International Paper SizesBrooke Heidt
This document discusses different methods for observing and recording animal behavior, including ad libitum sampling and focal animal instantaneous sampling. The author conducted a 2-hour observation of a baboon named Bambio using ad libitum sampling, recording 58 observations. These observations were categorized and analyzed in a pie chart showing Bambio spent her time eating (17%), resting (22%), sleeping (38%), travelling (18%), and other behaviors (5%). Ad libitum sampling provides very detailed data but is difficult to analyze, while focal animal instantaneous sampling is easier to analyze but provides less detailed data.
The document discusses why letter writing can elicit emotion. It notes that letters engage multiple senses like touch and sight through the physical act of writing. The psychology of letter writing is also explored, as one study found that having more time to write a letter allows for deeper reflection and more emotion. Common literary elements in letters, like repetition and exaggeration, help recreate the feeling of conversation. Additionally, the standard format of letters with salutations and closings promotes a respectful tone that has made letters an effective means of communication and protest throughout history.
Palestra de Design e Empreendedorismo apresentada na Incubadora de Novos Negócios em Design e Experiência do Usuário da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Index UFES - https://www.facebook.com/indexufes) em Janeiro/2013.
Farmers in Ethiopia are changing their coffee production and marketing practices. While management practices like pruning and compost use have improved, yields have remained steady or declined due to diseases and climate change. Marketing has significantly changed with the establishment of primary market centers and the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange. Now farmers walk shorter distances to sell, have more buyer options, and can sell more of their crop as washed coffee. However, better quality still receives no premium price. Processors now face fewer payment issues but complain of increased transaction costs under the new system.
This document summarizes the transport sector in Ethiopia, including its evolution, current state, policies, and linkages to the economy. It finds that while the transport infrastructure has expanded significantly, the sector only contributes about 4% to GDP. Road transport accounts for most economic activity. The government has introduced strategies to develop all modes of transport under its Growth and Transformation Plan, but regulatory instability has impacted progress. Transport costs affect agricultural production and industrial location, and road quality influences trade costs. Road transport is dependent on imported fuel. The sector also faces safety and environmental challenges from rapid motorization.
O documento apresenta um resumo histórico da economia moçambicana desde 1993 e desenvolve um cenário macroeconômico para o período de 2016-2021. A fase mais recente (2008-2015) foi caracterizada por forte crescimento mas também por riscos crescentes devido à expansão dos gastos públicos e da dívida externa. Ajustes já estão ocorrendo em 2016-2017 para normalizar a economia a partir de 2018, porém desafios permanecem em controlar a dívida pública e promover um crescimento
The document describes the design and fabrication of a V-tail unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). It aims to study the stability, design parameters, and operation of a V-tail configuration. The project involves designing all parts of the RC aircraft using CATIA software, performing calculations to determine dimensions, and assembling the final prototype. The design process considers various factors like material selection, component orientation, weight estimation, and control surface sizing. The report outlines the various stages of completing the project, from initial conceptualization to fabrication and testing of the final V-tail UAV model.
This document summarizes the results of surveys of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam conducted in 2015. It finds that:
1) The majority (72%) of surveyed firms were micro firms with 1-9 employees, though formality increased significantly between 2013 and 2015 following new laws.
2) Overall employment grew 5.2% over 2013-2015, with most job creation by mid-sized firms, especially in rural areas and food processing industries.
3) Formal firms experienced higher growth rates than informal ones, though the relationship between formality and bribery is complex. Larger firms were more likely to pay bribes.
Fundamentals Writing and Literature Informal Letter Writing PresentationMrsBrynaCannon
The document provides instructions for writing an informal letter, including addressing the recipient, adding the date, starting with a greeting, thanking the recipient for a gift in the body, and concluding with a pleasant message and signature. Key elements are addressing the letter to the recipient, using the current date, starting with "Hi!", writing about a recent event or gift in your life in the body, and ending with a closing valediction and signature.
Ethiopia has a population of over 96 million people and has never been colonized. The economy relies heavily on agriculture, which accounts for 46.3% of GDP. Inflation has been high, reaching 64.2% in 2008, though it has since fallen to 9.3% in 2015. The GDP was $46.87 billion in 2014, having grown from $7.27 billion in 1981. However, economic freedom remains limited and corruption is still prevalent. The government's main sources of income are taxes and its priority expenditures are on education, health, infrastructure and agriculture.
The Rising Startup Ecosystems | Seedstars WorldSeedstars World
After traveling through 54 countries across the world, Seedstars World has summarized their views on the rising startup ecosystems across emerging markets. This booklet presents numbers, statistics, insights and case studies about how innovation and entrepreneurship can cause positive and sustainable impact across the world.
El documento describe la geometría sagrada y cómo se manifiesta en la naturaleza. Explica que la geometría sagrada es la estructura subyacente de la creación y cómo maestros a lo largo de la historia como Pitágoras, Platón y Da Vinci reconocieron patrones geométricos en el universo. También describe cómo números como la sección áurea y formas como los sólidos platónicos se repiten en la naturaleza y fueron usados por antiguos artistas y arquitectos para crear obras armoniosas
The real work starts after implementationJerry Fahrni
The document discusses several key points for ensuring successful implementation and ongoing use of barcode medication administration (BCMA) systems after going live:
1) Develop an interdisciplinary team including pharmacists, nurses, and other stakeholders to develop policies, procedures, and lead post-installation evaluation and improvement efforts.
2) Perform a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to identify potential problems before and after implementation and address system issues.
3) Analyze data from the system but also get out of the office to observe actual use and find holes in the system and human processes.
4) Promote a "just culture" where competent professionals are supported through mistakes but willful or reckless behavior is not tolerated
Narrative Writing Outline (DOC) Writing Outline, NaAshley Smith
The document discusses the Chinese civil service examination system from the Sui Dynasty in 605 AD to 1905. Candidates had to pass essay exams testing their knowledge of Confucian classics to enter state bureaucracy. The exams lasted over 1300 years and were a major way the central government recruited local elites and ensured cultural unity across China. Candidates were recruited proportionally from all provinces to integrate the centralized state.
Here are the key points regarding the financial elder abuse questions:
a. The Bill Pay claims group uses several criteria to identify possible financial elder abuse, including unusual transaction patterns, large withdrawals/transfers, and signs the elder may be coerced or not acting voluntarily.
b. Bankers are trained to report any suspected financial elder abuse to the Elder Financial Abuse team by completing an incident report form with relevant details.
c. Yes, management obtains aggregated data and reports from the Elder Financial Abuse team on incidents reported by other teams like Online Claims. This information is used for ongoing training and to identify any patterns that could help prevent future abuse. Reporting processes are also reviewed and updated based on analysis of past incidents.
Essay On Online Education Advantages And DisadvantJackie Taylor
The passage discusses two short stories - "The Indian Camp" by Ernest Hemingway and "Two Words" by Isabel Allende. Both stories tackle the themes of love and death in a simple, minimalist style using basic language that is easy for readers to understand. This clarity of writing and sparse descriptions help readers easily perceive and comprehend the narratives.
How To Write A Essay Step By Step Middletown TheBritney Hill
The document discusses Blake Shelton losing his "Disneyland virginity" by going to Disneyland for the first time with his partner Gwen Stefani. It notes that Shelton had never visited Disneyland before, and that Stefani took him there in October just before their anniversary. The trip marked Shelton's first experience at one of the most magical places on earth.
Standard Paper Size, Paper Size, International Paper SizesBrooke Heidt
This document discusses different methods for observing and recording animal behavior, including ad libitum sampling and focal animal instantaneous sampling. The author conducted a 2-hour observation of a baboon named Bambio using ad libitum sampling, recording 58 observations. These observations were categorized and analyzed in a pie chart showing Bambio spent her time eating (17%), resting (22%), sleeping (38%), travelling (18%), and other behaviors (5%). Ad libitum sampling provides very detailed data but is difficult to analyze, while focal animal instantaneous sampling is easier to analyze but provides less detailed data.
An Analysis Of Employee Rights Vs. Employer RightsTanya Williams
The document discusses employee and employer rights and how they are not always balanced. It notes that state laws contain loopholes and biases that have shaped existing laws. The document also discusses issues with drug testing employees, such as the disclosure of private medical information without consent and inaccuracies in testing. It argues that these factors prevent women from achieving equal status and pay in the workplace.
Respond to each classmate initial post with 3-4 sentencesClassma.docxmackulaytoni
Respond to each classmate initial post with 3-4 sentences
Classmate # 1
How does the benefit of a comprehensive annual financial report (CAFR) seem worth the expense from your perspective?
From my point of view
, the advantage of a comprehensive annual financial report(s) seems worth the cost due to the thorough ground they cover. The story illustrates the condition of the financial plan and grants permission for funds to be spent. In the long run, if the agency wants to invest in a company CAFR provides insight in whom to do so. In my opinion, the CAFR is useful because it has knowledge about economic data.
How could management information systems provide too much information for a decision maker?
Management Information Systems may provide information as far back as five years that alone could be overwhelming for the person who is receiving the information. For example, in some cases, people ask for the previous history of the company they want to invest in. By using this method one will receive accurate information but it will probably be too much for a decision maker. To avoid confusion, a “synergy” element has been implemented to assist with difficulty and cause each component apart of the MIS to work independently (McKinney: 2004: p.430).
How would you describe the impact of fiscal strain on one of the cities or nonprofit agencies you selected for the final project? How would the tax codes affect the financial pressure?
The fiscal strain that the American Red Cross face is when there is a massive disaster and the agency can not afford to help everyone at once. For example back in 2013 there were mulltiple in Springfied, MA so many that there was a financial strain on the funds and strain on the volunteers during the disaster(Pioneer Valley). According to Mckinney (2004), one of the major causes of fiscal strain is long extended sessions of relying on federal funds and donations (p.500). There is an such thing of a agency running out of funds. Tax codes affect finanical pressure by replacing money that has already been spent so that the agency can assisting the others in a timely manner.
Is it feasible to only employ people of high integrity or implement a system of internal controls that can prevent fraud, waste, and abuse (FWA) no matter who is used?
It is possible to only employ people who have an implementation of internal control because they are the people that will have the most endurance. They are the type of people that cross every T and dot every I. the reports given by a person of this nature will ensure every report is accurate. Integrity is great trait to have, but in the cases of employees for different agencies across the world. A person involved in internal control is what is needed.
Classmate # 2
Not only does a comprehensive annual report ensure compliance and the absence of fraud or error in auditing, it provides insight into the efficiency of organization operations and is a powerful tool for management. Auditin.
Classmate 1 The case of Enron is one that seems like it wa.docxmccormicknadine86
Classmate 1:
The case of Enron is one that seems like it was only one company at first, but it takes many moving parts to move so smoothly. As a trading company, they wanted to stay ahead of every curve predicting what could happen. Even when bad occurred the company made it seem as though they gained. This happens to many of the deal they took part in. When the time came again to where they needed to make their number, every single time they met them with extra. With all of this success, coming back from a never-ending tunnel into the light, no one really asked why. This is ironic because their slogan was “ask why”. As long as the people were getting their money some how where it had come from was never really thought of. Some people got curious but could not pinpoint what it was. They could see that something was going on or the numbers just did not make sense. As an accounting major, there was a lot of ethical decisions that as an accountant you would have to think about.
When hiring someone outside of the company you would usually think that you will get an unbiased opinion but that is not close to what they did. A big example shown in the movie was how they handled California. They had just used the people to get their money and when they did Enron wanted more by manipulating the power plants to get prices to increase. These traders never really wanted to help the people besides the words the company said to help the people. This was just for themselves this is not a good method of treating people, in their position they should have been stewards to the people with energy. With a reasonable price and not shifting the energy around that did not make sense when you have a surplus amount that could be supplied to the people with little mishaps.
Another is a work environment, they had said it plenty of times if I have to step on your throat to get ahead I will trample you. This type of environment does not promote good work cooperation it is just a stressful situation. This would be a good time to promote the common good, the method is not just used outside but also in the workplace. You would want good for all of your coworkers when they do good you do as well. You wouldn’t want someone to crush all over you to get to a position or use your work to get what they want eventually getting you fired from the job since it looks like you have not been contributing.
There is so much to this company and everyone else that you could talk about trying to analyze their behavior. A big one to me is, in the end, knowing full well what they have done they stuck to an ID conscience, all just for the money. Lower-level people felt as if they were doing good because they are not high enough to know the rest of the information or maybe some knew because they contributed in the wrong. For many who didn’t know they lose everything to this company and because of the name of the company, it would follow them because the ...
The Anotated bilography should look like this Social1) S.docxmattinsonjanel
The Anotated bilography should look like this:
Social:
1) Strachan, Juliet, and Vincent Pavie-Latour. "Food for Thought." International Journal of Market Research 50.01 (2008): 13-27. Print. Since a long time, people argued wither to concentrate advertisements on children and youth. Children an Youth are our society while the advertisement is one of the important tool to make marketing. We have to care about our generations and not to stop making business. Here is an article supporting my idea.
2) Gbadamosi, Ayantunji, Robert E. Hinson, Eddy K. Tukamushaba, and Irene Ingunjiri. "Children’s Attitudinal Reactions to TV Advertisements." International Journal of Market Research 54.4 (2012): 543+. Print. It's a study has been done on African Children to figure how they behave and thier reactions. The study provede that kids have point in thier mantelaty they can analysis and get feedback from them.Its case of study helps me in certain way.
3)
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Economics:
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3)
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Politics:
1)
Quinlan, Mark. "Thousands Could Lose Internet Access July 9 Due to Virus." CNBC News (2012): n. pag. CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 04 July 2012. Web. 05 Aug. 2014. Lot of information about internet and how to secure our children from the abusers. It helps me in statistics and ways to be awareness and useful methods to use.
2)
Messmer, Ellen. "The Worst Data Breach Incidents of 2012 – So Far." The Worst Data Breach Incidents of 2012 – So Far. N.p., 18 June 2012. Web. 30 July 2014. Its related to my article by the statistics it has.
3)
Author is trying to explain how can we afford the safe environment to Internet to kids with all support ways to improve the kids' skills. In Europe, governments are supporting the childhood privacy in more secure sites. "Particular attention will be paid to soft law adopted in the UK and in France." Its such an awesome source taking about law in our case of study.
4)
5)
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ewu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=13c127bb-2ef4-4388-bde6-190c2cd83e35%40sessionmgr4004&vid=2&hid=4214&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bth&AN=37362616
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ewu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=84b2632c-da79-4031-8c5a-a932a345513b%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4214&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bth&AN=78072523
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ewu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=be241d5d-6c48-4a67-8550-87ee54dc1e6f%40sessionmgr4001&vid=0&hid=4214&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bth&AN=96330681
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.ewu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=a5068c93-d46a-4f6c-ae99-dfe9e542cf0d%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4214&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=bth&AN=27996445
He used the following resources: (you may use the first one and what you see as it works well with the essay)
Some sorces and links that needed in the annotated bibliography
In Defense of Data (2013) ‘Data Breach tre ...
An ethics education model. @spazioetico@SPAZIOETICO
The document discusses an ethics education model used in Italian public healthcare to promote integrity through "ethical dilemma training". It describes strengths like mandatory training focused on real-life scenarios, but also weaknesses like low involvement of healthcare professionals and a compliance-oriented approach. It then provides examples of ethical dilemmas healthcare professionals may face, involving conflicts between competing values like effectiveness, impartiality and compliance with procedures. Guiding questions are suggested to analyze these complex scenarios and the competing principles at play.
How To Become A Good Writer Essay. Online assignment writing service.Jenn Smith
The Resurgens Theatre Company put on a lively production of Ben Jonson's play Volpone in honor of the 400th anniversary of Jonson's First Folio. Though there were some minor flaws, the cast was well-directed and understood the text, bringing the 400-year-old comedy to life for modern audiences. Directing Jacobean-era plays for modern audiences can be challenging due to issues with understanding, but this production overcame that obstacle through its energy and comedic experience.
The passage discusses a study conducted by the Craft and Hobby Association in 2011 on the U.S. craft and hobby industry. The study found that the industry's net worth was approximately $29 billion, double the $14 billion reported in a previous 2001 study. Over half of U.S. households reported engaging in a craft activity at least once per year. When broken down, the top craft sector by consumer spending was found to be woodworking.
Running Head CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES AND PROTECTION 5
Doctor of Business Administration- Finance
Track- ADRP
Flexible Design Methods
Critical Analysis of the Whistleblower incentives and protection: Are a way of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices
Introduction
Whistleblower incentives and protection refers to the monetary reward as well as protection which the United States Government offers to the individuals who exposes certain wrongdoings in the community more especially in government institutions. The Federal law requires the government to reward the whistleblowers a certain percentage of money that is recovered following their tips of exposing the wrongdoing acts. This percentage may go up to 30 percent of the total recovered money. In this paper, I will critically analyze whether Whistleblower Incentives and Protection are ways of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices. And maybe are the whistleblowers rewarded accordingly in terms of security and money.
Problem Statement
What happened?? This is not anything like what was approved or what was in the white paper. Follow the instructions and make a paragraph out of the bullet outline problem
The Problem statement, which will be addressed in this paper, is that, whistle blowers are not given adequate incentives and protection resulting in the difficulty of reporting wrongdoing, misconduct and unethical behaviors. According to Andon, et al., (2018), Lack of whistle blower incentives and protection makes it difficult for whistle blowers to report wrongdoing, as they feel insecure. “The current whistle blowing system is not effective and therefore does not provide the basis for investigation of corruption cases and any misconduct within a company (Ballan, 2017). In support of Ballan’s views on the whistle blowing system, Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016) indicated that the managers aren’t empowered to sanction employees involved in unethical behaviors because of lack of whistle blower incentives which are reinforced by the Federal laws.
Specifically, failure of finance department to offer adequate whistleblowers incentives as well as protection within the investment – banking sector in the United States. As per Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016), in their recent research, they recommended that the finance department in any organization is a very critical area that can determine the overall performance of an organization. Failure to provide whistleblower incentives and protection to finance staff makes it difficult for them to report unethical behaviors.
Research Questions
What happened here? Where is the list of approved RQs Where are the numbers
It’s important to note that integrity and corruption free environment can be enhanced if specifically the involved organizations are audited or watch.
The document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the issue of human trafficking. It focuses on how human resources and organizational leadership can help educate employees to recognize signs of human trafficking. Large sporting events are identified as locations where traffickers take advantage of the crowds and movement of people. The paper outlines the steps of an interdisciplinary research approach, identifying that human trafficking is a complex problem requiring insights from multiple disciplines. Relevant disciplines discussed include law enforcement, transportation, technology, and literature on the health impacts on victims. The goal is to develop training to help employees identify and respond to human trafficking.
Finn Tarp - Development aid and economic policy: getting the analytics and gu...UNU-WIDER
Presenting at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs event, Development aid and economic policy - Getting the analytics and guiding principles right, UNU-WIDER Director Finn Tarp delivers his farewell speech on 17 December 2018.
After almost ten years as Director, Finn Tarp will step down from his role at the end of 2019. Under his directorship UNU-WIDER has conducted policy relevant-research on a range of issues at the centre of the UN sustainable development agenda, including finance, food and climate change, and transformation, inclusion and sustainability.
In his farewell lecture Finn Tarp reflects on the work of the ReCom project, discussing how five generations of aid research have finally converged towards a meaningful consensus to the question of whether development aid works, and provides a broad set of principles for future development policy.
Immigration and the Labor Market Outcomes of Natives in Developing Countries:...UNU-WIDER
The presentation discusses the effects that immigration has had on labour market outcomes of native-born black South Africans using South African census data from 2001, 2007, and 2011.
Aid and Growth in Perspective - Lecture by Finn TarpUNU-WIDER
A lecture by Professor Finn Tarp, UNU-WIDER Director, on 5 April 2018 at the Paris Sorbonne Sustainable Development Seminar on the topic ’Aid and Growth in Perspective’.
Aid has been a controversial topic with disagreement around whether it effectively boosts economic growth. Three key points of view are:
1) Aid has no significant impact on growth (Rajan and Subramanian 2008).
2) Aid only boosts growth in countries with good economic policies (Burnside and Dollar 1997).
3) Aid has a modest positive impact on growth on average, around 1 percentage point for every 10% of GDP in aid (Arndt, Jones, and Tarp 2010).
The document discusses the evolution of the empirical literature on this topic over multiple generations of studies from the 1970s to present. Methodological challenges in establishing causality are also examined. While results have been
Development and Poverty in the Sub-Saharan and Northern AfricaUNU-WIDER
Through outlining historical and macro-economic background in African development and looking at structural transformation that has taken place on the continent, implications for policymaking and implementation are offered.
Presentation sa-tied- public revenue mobilization for inclusive development r...UNU-WIDER
This work stream has two main aims: 1) Continuing work to modify South African Revenue Service (SARS) tax data to be more accessible and well-documented for research purposes, and 2) Conducting actual tax research using administrative and survey data. Key research topics include the responsiveness of firms and self-employed individuals to tax incentives, the effects of special tax regimes, microsimulation modeling of business and personal taxes, profiling models of tax noncompliance, and using survey data to study work incentives and the impact of policy reforms on inequality. The work will involve capacity building through data work, joint research with SARS and National Treasury staff, and collaboration with other tax authorities in the region.
UNU-WIDER provides research and analysis to support development policies. It has expanded its global network and publications. Proposed UN reforms aim to: 1) Make the UN development system more coherent and field-focused; 2) Consolidate peace and security functions for greater effectiveness; and 3) Delegate more authority to managers in return for increased accountability. However, the reforms face challenges in securing funding and balancing member state interests. UNU-WIDER's research can help inform the reforms by providing an independent evidence base.
Presentation sa-tied- regional growth and development for southernUNU-WIDER
This document outlines the work stream "Regional growth for southern Africa’s prosperity" which continues and extends previous work on regional growth and development in Southern Africa. It consists of 5 focus areas: 1) South Africa, SADC and beyond, 2) South Africa as a regional investor, 3) The Spatial Economy of Southern Africa, 4) The Political Economy of Regional Growth, and 5) Strengthening Regional Value-chains. Each focus area identifies key questions and potential projects, such as analyzing regional integration models, South African foreign direct investment, trade corridors, barriers to regional cooperation, and developing regional supply chains. The work will result in working papers, policy briefs, and engagement with regional institutions.
Presentation sa-tied- regional growth and development for southernUNU-WIDER
This document outlines workstream 3 of the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Growth program, which focuses on macroeconomic modelling for policy formulation. The workstream involves several organizations collaborating to strengthen the capacity of South Africa's National Treasury to analyze macroeconomic developments and policy options. The goals are to raise South Africa's growth rate and reduce inequality. The workstream includes four thematic groups focused on core policy analysis models, monetary policy, fiscal policy, and public investment and debt. It also outlines potential cross-stream projects with other workstreams.
This document summarizes work stream 5 on climate for the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Growth (SA-TIED) project. It focuses on climate change and energy as potential drivers of change. It outlines areas of focus including climate change, infrastructure, migration, agriculture, trade, energy, and modeling. It also discusses capacity building through a scholars program.
Presentation sa-tied- turning the tide on inequality UNU-WIDER
This document outlines the work streams and expected activities for the Southern Africa - Towards Inclusive Economic Growth (SA-TIED) project over three years from 2018-2020. The project aims to turn the tide on inequality through research on employment, income distribution, earnings dynamics, and spatial inequalities. Specific work will focus on demographic trends, employment and earnings, tax policy, social transfers, education, health care, housing and land reform. The goal is to provide ongoing policy engagement and synthesis of research to develop strategies to reduce inequality in South Africa.
Presentation sa-tied-macroeconomic modelling for policy formulationUNU-WIDER
This document summarizes work stream 3 of the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Growth program, which focuses on macroeconomic modelling for policy formulation. The work stream involves several organizations collaborating to strengthen South Africa's National Treasury's capacity to analyze macroeconomic conditions and policy options. It aims to support two goals: raising South Africa's growth rate and reducing inequality. The work is organized into four thematic groups focusing on core policy analysis models, monetary policy, fiscal policy, and public investment and debt.
Presentation sa-tied- public revenue mobilization for inclusive developmentUNU-WIDER
This document outlines work stream 2 of the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Growth (SA-TIED) initiative, which focuses on public revenue mobilization for inclusive development. The work stream has two main aims: 1) continuing work with firm-level data to make it more accessible and well-documented, and 2) conducting actual tax research using administrative and survey data. Key activities include hiring someone to prepare panel data sets on firms and individuals, developing secure computing resources and documentation, and commissioning research papers on topics like the impact of taxes on firms and self-employment, compliance, and using field experiments and microsimulation models to study policy reforms. The work will involve capacity building, collaboration with local tax authorities,
Presentation sa-tied- enterprise development for job creation and growthUNU-WIDER
The document summarizes Work Stream 1 of the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Growth project. It aims to understand private sector development and job creation in South Africa through research using tax and other microdata. Key goals are to update data sources, support policy research, build research capacity, and communicate findings to stakeholders. Topics will examine the changing tax burden, effects of worker mobility, credit allocation, and economic mapping. Outcomes include commissioned papers, workshops, policy briefs, databases, and capacity building within the National Treasury and South African Revenue Service.
Southern Africa – towards inclusive economic growth (SA-TIED)UNU-WIDER
The document introduces the Southern Africa – Towards Inclusive Economic Growth (SA-TIED) program, which is a three-year collaborative effort between several organizations to support high-quality policy-relevant research and capacity building in Southern Africa. The program will focus on six thematic work streams related to enterprise development, public revenue, macroeconomic modeling, inequality, climate change, and regional growth. It aims to produce 150 research studies and invest in individual and institutional capacities through research collaborations, capacity building, and bridging research to policymakers. A dedicated communications effort including a new webpage, newsletters, and social media will ensure outreach and uptake of the program's work.
This document discusses SOUTHMOD, a project to develop tax-benefit microsimulation models for several developing countries based on the EUROMOD model. The project aims to build models for Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Vietnam, Zambia, and update existing models for Namibia and South Africa. The models will be used to analyze the impact of policies on individuals, inequality, poverty and government budgets. The models will be freely available to governments and researchers in the countries to inform policymaking.
Finn tarp vmnod launch opening remarks finalUNU-WIDER
UNU-WIDER's mission is to research policies that improve living conditions for the world's poorest through equitable and sustainable development. Their work focuses on inclusion, transformation, and sustainability. They have developed tax-benefit microsimulation models, including VNMOD for Vietnam, to analyze the impact of tax and social protection policies on poverty, inequality, and government budgets. The launch event introduced VNMOD and how it can be used to simulate reforms and their effects in Vietnam. UNU-WIDER and CIEM will continue collaborating using these models to inform policymaking.
The document provides an update on the implementation of the Myanmar Enterprise Monitoring System (MEMS) survey. Key points:
- A nationally representative survey of 2,496 manufacturing firms was conducted across 35 townships in Myanmar between June and July 2017.
- Preliminary findings show that most firms are micro or small in size and family-owned. Productivity and wages are higher for larger firms.
- Many firms face constraints such as lack of capital, skilled labor and access to credit markets, especially smaller and informal firms.
- Next steps include further cleaning and analyzing the data, publishing a descriptive report in 2018, and conducting in-depth studies on topics like access to credit and the performance of firms in
2nd steering group on UNU-WIDER Myanmar project UNU-WIDER
The document provides an update on the implementation of the Myanmar Enterprise Monitoring System (MEMS) survey. Key points:
- MEMS is a nationwide survey of manufacturing enterprises to strengthen evidence-based policymaking in Myanmar. It includes a quantitative survey, training, research, and dissemination of findings.
- In 2017, 2,496 enterprises across 15 states/regions were surveyed out of a target of 2,688. Preliminary findings show diversity in firm size, ownership, industries, productivity, competition, and constraints faced. Many firms report lack of capital as a major challenge.
- Next steps include cleaning the data, publishing a descriptive report in 2018, and designing in-depth studies on credit
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptxDiana Rose
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
What Lessons Can New Investors Learn from Newman Leech’s Success?Newman Leech
Newman Leech's success in the real estate industry is based on key lessons and principles, offering practical advice for new investors and serving as a blueprint for building a successful career.
KYC Compliance: A Cornerstone of Global Crypto Regulatory FrameworksAny kyc Account
This presentation explores the pivotal role of KYC compliance in shaping and enforcing global regulations within the dynamic landscape of cryptocurrencies. Dive into the intricate connection between KYC practices and the evolving legal frameworks governing the crypto industry.
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
Discovering Delhi - India's Cultural Capital.pptxcosmo-soil
Delhi, the heartbeat of India, offers a rich blend of history, culture, and modernity. From iconic landmarks like the Red Fort to bustling commercial hubs and vibrant culinary scenes, Delhi's real estate landscape is dynamic and diverse. Discover the essence of India's capital, where tradition meets innovation.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Government Accounting in Nigeria
Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
2. The Folk and the Formula:
Fact and Fiction in
Development
16th Annual WIDER Lecture
September 27th
Helsinki
Lant Pritchett
Senior Fellow, Center Global Development and
Professor, Harvard Kennedy School (on leave)
3. Sometimes we all know what we
are talking about…
Here is one horse Here are two horses
4. Sometimes we don’t…
This is a “Behavioral
Health Institute” Is it what it says it is?
What is “behavioral
health”?
What is an
“institute”?
(and if they really do
care why do they feel
they have to say so?)
5. State power creates administrative
facts—it is what they say it is, even—
and perhaps especially-when it isn’t
This is a Google street view of
part of the “Behavioral Health
Institute”
Fact and Fiction
Why does it have barbed wire
coiled on the top of a tall
fence?
Why is there a double fenced
single entry locked gate?
Why did a law enforcement
officer threaten to arrest me—
in New Mexico USA—for taking
a picture just like this one?
Oh, I get it,
6. A joke and four stories
Drivers’ licenses in Delhi
Attendance of ANMs in
Rajasthan
Financial Management in Africa
Rice allocation in Indonesia
7. Aroadmap to the
presentation…
“State capability for policy implementation” measures the degree
to which the state can systematically induce agents in
organizations (public, quasi, or private) to implement state
determine policy
Many countries in the world have extremely weak state
capability—hence administrative fact is complete fiction
“Accelerated modernization through transplantation” has failed to
deliver state capability
Strategies to build capability from failure are even harder than
building from scratch
A new approach to building state capability—reconnecting the
“folk” practices (inside and outside organizations) to the
“formula” of government
8. A pithier roadmap to
the presentation…
Capability is “can you get stuff done?”
Most states in the world can’t do stuff, but say they do anyway,
so fact is fiction
If capability were really coming to the party it would be here by
now
The second jump across the chasm is much harder than the first
jump because on the second jump you cannot jump because you
are at the bottom and your legs are broken.
Success builds capability (and not vice versa) so to build
capability, solve problems.
9. A roadmap to the presentation in a single
metaphor (folk is the roots, formal is the tree)
Trees are intended to
produce fruit
Some are not producing
fruit
Transplantation of trees
with inadequate roots
has not worked to
create an orchard
Once a tree is dead
getting fruit is hard but
it still takes up space in
the orchard
Trees have to have
generate root systems
to produce fruit
11. Domain:
Contingent
Facts
Policy Formula
Range:
Actions by
agents
of the state
(working with
inputs)
A policy formula is a mapping from factual
conditions about the world (domain) to actions by
an authorized agent of the state (range) that has
intended outputs leading to outcomes
Policy
Implem-
entation
Outputs
Causal
Model
of Policy
Impact
Outcomes
for citizens
12. Table 1: Illustrations of elements of policy formula from “states of the world” to “actions by an
agent” using the five stories above – Domain, Range and Citizen Outcomes.
Example Relevant empirically
contingent facts
(Domain of policy
formula)
Action specified by
policy formula
(Range of policy
formula)
Expressed policy
objective(s)
Delhi Drivers Licenses Can the license
applicant safely operate
a motor vehicle?
If yes, grant the license.
If no, reject.
Limit the number of
unsafe drivers on the
streets to promote
traffic safety.
Auxiliary Nurse
Midwives in Rajasthan
Is it my shift time on a
“clinic day”?
Be physically present at
specified times
Promote the health
(particular of women
and children)
Subsidized rice
program (OPK) in
Indonesia
Is the household on the
eligibility list?
Sell the allotted ration
of rice at the subsidized
price to eligible
households
Mitigate the
consequences of the
crisis on the poor.
Computerized
procurement procedures
in M
Has expenditure
followed the proscribed
process of bidding?
Disburse against
appropriate claims
Use public resources
well.
13. Domain:
Contingent
Facts
Policy
Formula
Agents of organizations responsible for policy
implementation are (usually) human beings and
make choices influenced by lots of things besides
the policy formula
Actions of
publicly
authorized
agents
Capacity of
the agents
to ascertain
facts and
implement
Intrinsic and
extrinsic
motivation
of agents
14. Three benefits of the abstraction
of “policy formula” as mapping?
1. Measuring “state capability” in some spaces
requires being able to match actions of agents
to facts—which is precisely what organizations
prevent
2. Organizations with weak capability declare the
facts to be what they want to rationalize the
action they took—so administrative facts are a
kind of fiction (section II)
3. The analytical character of the “facts” on which
policy implementation needs to act is key to
organization design
15. Actions by
agents
Outputs
(service
delivery or
imposition of
obligations)
Outcome for
Client/citizens
(well-being
and/or
satisfaction)
Ideal Agents do the
best possible
thing
Best outcome,
conditional on
resources
Best possible
Policy
Compliant
Agents do what is
dictated by
formula
Output if formula
is followed
Outcome
conditional on
output
Actual
(can be above
or below policy
compliant)
Agents choose Actual output
when agents
choose
Citizens both (a)
influence and (b)
cope with agent
choices
Zero No agents No state
organization
Same as if no
state organization
existed
Worse than
nothing
Agents use power
to extract
Coercion or rent
extraction
Worse off than
with no state
Levels
of
capab
-ility
Spaces in which capability is measured
16. What would you need to measure
actual capability of a doctor in a
curative care clinic?
The ideal action of the doctor depends on the
facts about the patient—so one would not just
need to observe what the doctor did but know
whether what he did was the right thing, given
the facts (including whether he/she generated
the right facts)
While some actions are not “contingent” (e.g.
being in attendance, not taking a bribe) and
some are pure process (e.g. were three bids
solicited) others require expertise to know if the
right action was taken to assess capability
17. The capability of the public clinics in Rural
Madhya Pradesh (India) is much less than it
appears because doctors don’t do what they
should do and could do
0.38
0.36
0.27
0.44
0.42
0.32
0.28
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Visit Length in minutes
Number of recommended examinations
Checked pulse
Checked blood pressure
Auscultation front or back
Articulated a diagnosis
Correct diagnosis articulated
Average public clinic doctor responses to study (test) patients
presenting with symptoms of ashma, as proportion of
responses by private providers (of all types)
Only 2.6% (!) gave the right diagnosis
Only 12 percent checked the pulse
The visits only lasted 2.4 minutes
19. Organizations declare the facts to
be what they want them to be
In the process of policy implementation very
often the same organization both declares the
“facts” (e.g. who passed the driver’s license
exam, who is eligible for rice) and the “action”
(who gets the rice)
This creates a powerful incentive to make the
two match by changing the facts to fit the action
(e.g. either reporting that those who got the
license took the test or that those who were
eligible got the rice)
20. Three examples of “administrative
fact” as fiction
Nurses in Rajasthan, India
Taxation in Cameroon
Comparing legal and reported compliance
times for regulation across countries
21. Trying to change the facts changed the fiction
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Present (full day) Absent or casual leave Exempt
Feb. 2006
Apr-07
Source: Banerjee et al
2008, Putting Band-
aids on a Corpse,
adapted from Figure 3
“Exemptions” went up—
fiction replaced fact
During the course of the field experiment to motivate nurses
to attend their clinics in Rajasthan…
“Absence”
went down
But “presence”
went down too
22. Firms that don’t pay taxes do pay tax
officials—they are in the tax net but
pass through the holes
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not a tax Evader Visited by Tax
Authority
Audited by tax
authority
No
Yes
Source:
Gauthier and
Gersovitz, 1997
A study of tax paying among firms in Cameroon found that among
medium sized firms…
Nearly
all (80
percent
evaded
taxes
But
nearly
all
(3/4)
were
visited
by tax
officials
Half of
the tax
evaders
had tax
audits
23. With weak capability for enforcement the
rules don’t really matter—it is a deals world
DB
days
Days
for
fast
firms
Bolivia 191 30
Guate-
mala
286 15
Brazil 411 20
(increases in the days the rules
require has no impact on
predicted days fast (25th
percentile) firms take)
For my friends,
anything…
Source: Based on Hallward-Driemeier and Pritchett (2011),
Hallward-Driemeier, Kuhn-Jush, and Pritchett (2010)
24. With weak capability for enforcement
the rules don’t really matter—it is a
deals world
DB
days
Days
for
slow
firms
Bolivia 191 303
Guate-
mala
286 150
Brazil 411 180
For my enemies,
the law.
Source: Based on Hallward-Driemeier and Pritchett (2011),
Hallward-Driemeier, Kuhn-Jush, and Pritchett (2010)
26. The very word “development”
implies a natural progression
27. Timeline
First World
Third
World
Second World
(Extended)
Soviet Empire)
1870
WWII 1989 Today
Four Fold
Modernization
of the then
Leaders
Consolidation of
Modernization
Post Modern
(post-materialist, Deeper
democracy, post-Weberian,
Deeper Equality)
1969
Transplant
ationof
best
practiceDevelopment
as Accelerated
Four Fold
Modernization
Four Fold Success
(e.g. S. Korea,
Chile, Turkey)
Four Fold Failure
(e.g. Somalia,
Haiti, DRC,
Myanmar)
Soviet Era
Mixed
Modernizations
(see next)
Each Country in its
own unique
trajectory
(economy, polity,
state, society)—
embedded in
global system in
distinct ways
Cold War
28. The idea of “accelerated
modernization”: it is easier to
catch up than lead
You don’t have to “reinvent the wheel”
There are models of demonstrated
success from which you can learn
Adopting a proven idea is easier than
having to innovate a new one
29. What is the real
capability for
implementation
of your nation-
state today?
Strong, capable
and willing
Capable and
willing
Capable, but
stubborn
Not
domesticated
Cute,
but tiny
Not
really a
horse at
all
30. Delivering the mail (literally)—
tested effectiveness of post office
in 157 countries
100
90
90
90
60
43
30
9.2
21.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Czech Republic
Finland
Uruguay
Colombia
Top quartile by income
Second quartile by income
Third quartile by income
Lowest quartile
Bottom half of countries by years of…
Lowest 25 countries
Percent of 10 misaddressed letters coming back
to USA within 90 days
Includes not just Somalia
and Myanmar but
Tanzania, Ghana, Nigeria,
Egypt, Russia, Mongolia,
Cambodia, Honduras, Fiji,
etc.
Source: Chong, et al (2012)
31. At historical trajectories many
countries would take millennia to
reach Singapore’s capability
At the pace Haiti has
progressed since its
independence in 1806
(not far) it would take
over 2,000 years to
reach Singapore’s
level of capability (not
a prediction, a
mechanical extension)
32. Growth in state capability in last 10 years
Level of State
Capability
(0 to 10 scale)
Falling Stagnating Rising Total
Below 0.00 annual growth Above 0.00 but
below 0.05
annual growth
Above 0.05
annual
growth
High
(above
6.5)
Codes BRN, MLT, SGP BHS, CHL,
ISR, KOR
TWN
N 3 4 1 8
Medium(above4,below
6.5)
Codes ARG, BGD, BGR, BHR, BOL, BRA, CRI, CUB, ECU, EGY,
GHA, GIN, GMB, GUY, HUN, INDIA, IRN, JAM, JOR,
LKA, MAR, MDG, MNG, MWI, MYS, NIC, OMN, PAK,
PAN, PER, PHL, POL, QAT, ROM, SUR, SYR, THA, TTO,
TUN, UGA, URY, ZAF
AGO, ARE,
BWA, CHN,
CMR, DZA,
ETH, KWT,
LBN, MEX,
SAU, VNM,
ZMB
COL, IDN,
TUR, TZA
N 42 13 4 59
Low(Below4)
Codes BFA, CIV, COG, DOM, GAB, GTM, HND, HTI, KEN, LBY,
MLI, MOZ, PNG, PRK, PRY, SEN, SLE, SLV, SOM, TGO,
VEN, ZAR, ZWE
ALB, IRQ,
MMR, NGA,
SDN
GNB, LBR,
NER
N 23 5 3 31
68 22 8 98
Source: Folk versus Forumla calculations based on Quality of Government ratings.
Muddle in
the Middle
F-states (failed, failing,
fractured, fragile)
Capability
Successes (high
or rising)
33. The part of development that has
gotten the least attention because it
seemed the easiest and most obvious—
turns out to be hard
Building state capability was just taking successful
organizations (post offices, police forces, education
systems, finance ministries) and transplanting them
(or continuing the ones that were there)
Why ‘reinvent the wheel’?
But now we have many countries, like India, which
are economically growing, politically democratic—but
experiencing reversals in state capability
34. My hypothesis is that
organizational capability requires:
Strong internal folk
culture of performance
Strong external folk
culture of accountability
Successful formal
organizations are
consolidations of
successful practices
which grow
organically out of a
drive for performance
and experiences
Successful formal
organizations grow
out of roots grounded
in folk practices of
accountability (even
if only limited in
scope or to elites)
and institutions are
“scenes of conflict”
35. Theory/Paradigm Strategy Tactics
Institutions and organizations
produce success and result in high
state capability
Build successful institutions and
organizations by transplanting the
forms and structures of existing
successful institutions (or
continuation of colonial/adopted
forms)
Passing laws to create institutions
and organizations
Creating organizational structures
Funding organizations
Training management and workers
of organizations to implement
policies
Policy reform of the formulas the
organizations are meant to
implement
Institutions and organizations and
state capability are the result of
success and are the consolidation
and reification of successful
practices
Produce success at solving pressing
problems the society faces in ways
that can be consolidated into
organizations and institutions
Nominating local problems for
solution
Authorizing and pushing positive
deviations and innovation to solve
problems
Iterating with feedback to identify
solutions
Diffusion of solutions through
horizontal and inter-linked non-
organizational networks
In our theory of capability:
“You cannot skip the struggle”
36. Is your activity… Does producing successful outcomes from
your policy….
TI: Transaction
Intensive?
Require many agents to act or few?
LD: Locally
Discretionary?
Require that the implementing agents make
finely based distinctions about the “state of the
world”?
Are these distinctions difficult for a third party
to assess?
KT: Based on Known
Technology?
Require that agents innovate to achieve
desired outcomes ?
HS: High Stakes? Require that the agents resist large
temptations to something besides implement
the policy that would produce the desired
outcome?
37. Summary of Classification of “activities”
Using our Taxonomy
Implementation Light: Policy or
Concentrated elite services
TI LD HS
Logistics
Implementation Intensive Service Delivery
Policy
TI LD KTHS
TI LD KTHS
Implementation Intensive Imposition of
Obligation
TI LD KTHS
Wicked Hard
TI LD KTHS
KT
38. In performance pressured eco-systems
organizational form is endogenous
When the private
sector delivers the
post, it does it
exactly like a
Weberian
bureaucracy—large,
top-down
hierarchical, thin
accountability
controlled
organizations
671,687
400,600
245,109
Logistics is logistics:
Total Employees
39. Folk and the Formula: Thin and
Thick Accountability
Thin accountability Accounting—
objectively
verifiable facts
about actions and
compliance with
processes
Works for
logistics—the
“ideal” Weberian
bureaucracy (e.g.
delivering the mail)
Thick accountability The account--what is
the justificatory
narrative the agent
tells that reconciles
their actions with
their identities—are
you fulfilling your
duties?
Is needed for
“implementation
intensive” (service
delivery and
imposition of
obligations)
and “Policy” and
especially “wicked
hard”
40. Activity Internal folk
culture of
accountability
Embeddedness External folk
culture of
accountability
Policy or
concentrat
ed elite
Elite status, duty
as elites
Professional
networks inside
and outside
public
Little pressure
(too complex)
Logistics Hierarchy,
compliance
culture—just doing
our job
Respect for
“officials” (e.g.
post men)
Complaint if not
process
compliant
(service delivery
standards)
Imple-
ment
Inten-
sive
SD Professionalism Professional
networks
Thick—in pro-
active way
IO Professionalism Professional
networks
Thin—in
defensive way
Wicked
Hard
Innovators,
pioneers,
visionaries
Social Movement
42. What to do when your first jump
didn’t get you there?
Defensive camouflage of isomorphic
mimicry provides survival value to
dysfunctional organizations
Internal Folk is the Organization of
Cynicism
External Folk is Coping
43. Isomorphic Mimicry in Snakes
(Remember: Red and black, friend of Jack, Red and Yellow, Kill a Fellow)
“Looking like a State” Pritchett, Woolcock, Andrews (2012)
44. Isomorphic mimicry in flies and in schools:
When is a school just a building and not an
education?
Camouflage of looking like
a bee and not a fly is a
survival strategy for a
fly….without the bother of
being poisonous
Camouflage of looking like a school—
buildings, teachers, kids in uniform—
allows public schools to survive without
all the bother of educating children
45. Organized cynicism
What is the account of….
◦ A doctor who doesn’t get off the phone when
dealing with a patient presenting with chest
pains (from rural MP study)
◦ A teacher who doesn’t smile at the students
(much less laugh, joke, talk to them)
◦ A policeman who takes bribes from motorists?
◦ The bureaucrat who issues licenses without the
compliance?
Fixing the accounting cannot fix the
account
46. Coping with Coping
Individuals cope with dysfunction in three
ways:
a. Opting into alternative providers (rich good
ones, the poor bad ones)
b. “Influence actions” (e.g. bribes,
accommodations)
c. Opting out of services (and impositions)
altogether
47. Who really wants “reform” once
“fact is fiction and fiction is fact”?
Bureaucrats themselves?
Touts?
The rich?
The “middle class”?
The politicians?
50. Four Principles of PDIA
1. Local Solutions for Local Problems
2. Pushing Problem Driven Positive Deviance
3. Try, Learn, Iterate, Adapt
4. Scale through Diffusion
This section is based on Andrews, Pritchett, Woolcock, 2012
51. Local Solutions for Local
Problems
o What gets onto the agenda for action?
o Not “solution” driven (e.g. “raise qualifications
of teacher”)
o Tackle a feasible (but important enough)
problem
o Rigorous about goals in the output/outcome
space (e.g. cleaner streets, numbers of new
exports, growth of exports)
52. Examples of “problem
driven”
o Malcolm Sparrow’s work on “policing” (a circularly defined
input agenda of responding to calls and closing cases) versus
“reducing crime” or “stopping open air drug sales”
o Matt Andrews work on PFM—countries did easy “budgeting” (a
circularly defined input agenda) and badly on “expenditures”
as it never affected the core of the organization and hence
“solutions” could be implemented without touching problems
o Michael Woolcock on land titling—programs tore through the
easy ones that did not matter (e.g. no disputes hence no
uncertainty) but the system built for logistics foundered on
the hard ones—which were the ones that mattered
o Pires (2009) on Brazilian Labor Department inspectors
o Chris Stone on handling rape reports in South Africa
53. Pushing Problem Driven
Positive Deviation
o Authorize at least some agents to move from
process to flexible and autonomous control to seek
better results
o An “autonomy” for “performance accountability”
swap (versus “process accountability”)
o Only works if the authorization is problem driven
and measured and measurable…increase the ratio
of “gale of creative destruction” to “idiot wind”
54. Design policy based on
global “best practice”
Implement according to local constraints
Lower
Outcome
Outcome
Higher
Outcome
Rent
Seekers
Bureaucrats Innovators
Organizations & Agencies
Policy Makers
Space for
Achievable
Practice
Policies
include
process
barriers to
prevent
malfeasance
Process
controls
also
prevent
positive
deviations
55. Design street cleaning program to
allow local “Best Fit ”
Internal authorization of positive deviation
Less-
Dirty
Streets
Dirty
Streets
Rent
Seekers
Bureaucrats
Designated
Innovators
Policy Makers
Space for
Achievable
Practice
Policy
Deviation
Feedback on
Outcomes
Cleaner
Streets
56. Try, Learn, Iterate, Adapt:
Only Learning is Learning
o Monitoring: mainly internal, about inputs and
process controls (e.g. was budget spent against
acceptable items in acceptable ways)
o Evaluation (of the Big E type): mainly ex post,
able to focus on outcomes and outputs and tell
“with and without” project…with a longish time
lag for a specific element of the design space
o Experiential learning: Using the process of
implementation itself to provide as tight as
possible feedback loops on implementation
Pritchett and Samji 2012 (forthcoming)
57. Only learning is learning
Classifications Learning model diffusion scale
whatever
Implementation light policy
(including elite concentrated
services)
Professionalized best practice
Logistics Top down (technologically
imbedded)
Implementation Intensive Service
Delivery
Horizontal diffusion in a
community of practice
Implementation Intensive
Imposition of Obligation
Horizontal diffusion in a
community of practice
Wicked Hard Leadership followed by move into
IISD or IIIO above
58. Common Sense? Actually contradicts the way development is currently practiced
Elements of
approach
Mainstream Development
Projects/Policies/Programs
Problem Driven
Iterative Adaptation
What drives
action?
Externally nominated problems or “solutions”
in which deviation from “best practice” forms
is itself defined as the problem
Locally Problem Driven—
looking to solve particular
problems
Planning for action Lots of advance planning, articulating a plan of
action, with implementation regarded as
following the planned script.
“Muddling through” with the
authorization of positive
deviation and a purposive crawl
of the available design space
Feedback loops Monitoring (short loops, focused on
disbursement and process compliance) and
Evaluation (long feedback loop on outputs,
maybe outcomes)
Tight feedback loops based on
the problem and on
experimentation with
information loops integrated
with decisions.
Plans for scaling
up and diffusion of
learning
Top-down—the head learns and leads, the rest
follow and listen.
Diffusion of feasible practice
across organizations and
communities of practitioners :
only learning is learning
59. The solutions people want to
work, won’t work (especially form
the bottom of the chasm)
“Democracy”—no guarantee of success
“Transparency”—can work for logistics but
cannot go beyond that
“Better evidence about what works”—sigh
“Training”—who is it that doesn’t know
when its Tuesday?
“Capacity building”—from fiction you
cannot build facts
60. Conclusion: Incrementally
strategic bottom-up approach
A solution people don’t want—unleash the power
of folk solutions (internal and external) at the
local scale to create a virtuous circle the
culminates in strong organizations
(solutions they do want are more inputs, more
training, more solutions (“next generation”, more
externally defined problems, more cocooning)
For a problem they won’t admit they have
(creating administrative fictions to avoid
admitting the capability isn’t there)
61. THANK YOU
For more examples and papers, please visit our
Building State Capability Program
Center for International Development
at Harvard University
http://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/cid/programs/building_state_capability