Why have the Loyalists largely been forgotten in history? Do you believe they acted out of patriotism to Britain or out of self-interest? Explain.
Loyalists can be described as American colonists who were always loyal to the empire of the British, and they believed in the monarchy of the British during the revolutionary war of the Americans. The patriots viewed them to be traitors of their nation. They were also viewed to be the people that prevented America’s liberty (Baker, 1921).
History is often written as a way of appreciating the victors. Often, the losers are not kept in the records. It is what happened to the loyalists. They were simply loyal to the king and the country that they had originated from. Loyalty was a value that every Englishman and colonist had to have. The other colonists were obsessed of having freedom and liberty. However, the loyalists acted on what they thought were right for them to do. For doing the right thing, they were punished, ridiculed, and killed. They have also been forgotten in history since people believed that they were failures and traitors to their country (Evans, 1968).
I tend to believe that the loyalists were patriotic to the British, and that is why they acted that way. However, they had their ideas, and they believed that were doing the right thing. They believed that by staying loyal to the British rule, they were respectful to their country. Their patriotism was a way of being respectful to their mother country. They believed in the monarch system of government while other people believed in democracy. They were opposed to the views of the rebels thus they did not agree to what the rebels wanted to do. They believed that the rebels were traitors to their mother country. The loyalists believed that they were honorable by being patriotic.
References
Baker, W. K. (1921). The loyalists,. London: G. Routledge & Sons [etc.].
Evans, G. N. (1968). The Loyalists. Vancouver: Copp Clark Pub. Co.
W A R H O L C R E D I T H E R E
w w w . s c i a m . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 41
PICTURE?PICTURE?
What’s Wrong with This
PSYCHOLOGISTS OFTEN USE THE FAMOUS
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST AND RELATED
TOOLS TO ASSESS PERSONALITY AND
MENTAL ILLNESS. BUT RESEARCH SHOWS
THAT INSTRUMENTS ARE FREQUENTLY
INEFFECTIVE FOR THOSE PURPOSES
by Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M. Wood and Howard N. Garb
PHOTOGRAPHS BY JELLE WAGAANER
But how correct would they be? The answer is important
because psychologists frequently apply such “projective” in-
struments (presenting people with ambiguous images, words
or objects) as components of mental assessments, and because
the outcomes can profoundly affect the lives of the respondents.
The tools often serve, for instance, as aids in diagnosing men-
tal illness, in predicting whether convicts are likely to become
violent after being paroled, in assessing the mental stability of
parents engaged in custody battles, and in discerning whether
children have be.
w w w . s c i a m . c o m S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I .docxdickonsondorris
The document summarizes research on the effectiveness of projective psychological tests, like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), at assessing personality and mental illness. It finds that these tests often have poor reliability in scoring and interpretation between evaluators. It also finds little evidence that they are valid measures for their intended purposes like diagnosing specific illnesses or predicting future behaviors. While a few standardized scoring systems for the TAT show promise, most practitioners still rely on intuitive interpretations. Overall, the research raises doubts about the appropriate use of these projective tests in clinical and legal settings.
PROJECT #3RETAIL LOCATIONSInstructions1. In an Word d.docxbriancrawford30935
PROJECT #3
RETAIL LOCATIONS
Instructions:
1. In an Word document, use the list provided at the end of these instructions to describe the following for each retail establishment listed:
a. Type of retail location
b. Factors affecting location (consumer shopping situations)
c. What considerations might the retailer had to have considered when thinking about their location
d. Parking considerations?
e. Who is close to this particular retailer? How will that affect the business?
f. What is their trade area? Tapestry Segment (focus segment)?
2. List of retailers:
a. Belks
b. JCPenney
c. Trendy Pieces
d. Lowes
e. Kohl’s
f. Dollar General
The Return of the Repressed
Psychology's Problematic Relations With Psychoanalysis, 1909-1960
Gail A. Hornstein Mount Holyoke College
When psychoanalysis first arrived in the United States,
most psychologists ignored it. By the 1920s, however, psy-
choanalysis had so captured the public imagination that
it threatened to eclipse experimental psychology entirely.
This article analyzes the complex nature of this threat
and the myriad ways that psychologists responded to it.
Because psychoanalysis entailed precisely the sort of rad-
ical subjectivity that psychologists had renounced as un-
scientific, core assumptions about the meaning of science
were at stake. Psychologists' initial response was to retreat
into positivism, thereby further limiting psychology's rel-
evance and scope. By the 1950s, a new strategy had
emerged: Psychoanalytic concepts would be put to exper-
imental test, and those that qualified as "scientific" would
be retained. This reinstated psychologists as arbiters of
the mental world and restored "objective" criteria as the
basis for making claims. A later tactic—co-opting psy-
choanalytic concepts into mainstream psychology—had
the ironic effect of helping make psychology a more flexible
and broad-based discipline.
Freud and Jung were having dinner in Bremen. It was
the evening before they set sail for the Clark conference,
the occasion of Freud's only visit to America. Jung started
talking about certain mummies in the lead cellars of the
city. Freud became visibly disturbed. "Why are you so
concerned with these corpses?" he asked several times.
Jung went on talking. Suddenly, without warning, Freud
fell to the floor in a faint. When he recovered, he accused
Jung of harboring death wishes against him. But it was
not Jung who wanted Freud dead. Had Freud only known
what American psychologists were about to do to psy-
choanalysis, he might never have gotten up off the floor.
There is no easy way to talk about psychology's re-
lations with psychoanalysis.1 It is a story dense with dis-
illusionment and the shapeless anger of rejection. Each
side behaved badly, and then compounded its insensitivity
with disdain. Their fates bound together like Romulus
and Remus, psychology and psychoanalysis struggled to
find their separate spheres, only to end up pitted against
one another at every turn. To.
The inkblot test, also known as the Rorschach test, was developed in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach as a psychological test to examine personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It involves showing subjects inkblots and recording their perceptions. The underlying assumption is that a person's responses reveal aspects of their personality, cognition, and interpersonal perceptions. The Rorschach test consists of 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots and uses the subjects' responses to assess factors like thought processes, affectivity, and personal views. It remains a commonly used projective test by psychologists.
A Brief Essay On How Comparative Psychology Became An Endangered SpeciesJoshua Gorinson
- Comparative psychology has seen a steady decline, with fewer students pursuing advanced degrees in the field and fewer university courses being offered.
- The true cause of the decline occurred decades earlier when the field became overly focused on studying only rat behavior in learning and maze experiments. Critics pointed this out but it was largely ignored.
- By the 1960s-70s, books on animal behavior became bestsellers and TV shows featured field research on animals, making comparative psychology look outdated compared to ethology. This contributed to the current endangered status of the field, despite integration of ethology concepts later on.
What Are Some Good Cause And Effect Essay Topics.pdfJanet Rose
75 Excellent Cause and Effect Essay Topics. Explore 160+ Ideas For Cause & Effect Essay Topics Here!. Research Paper: A good cause and effect essay. Cause and effect essay. Writing A Cause And Effect Essay - How to Write Cause and Effect Essay. Buy Cause And Effect Essay Outline - An Ultimate Guide to Writing a .... EXAMPLES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY TOPICS – POITELTNET37 BLOG. 007 Essay Example Good Cause And Effect Topics Sample Outline L .... 40 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for Students - writemyessay的部落格 - udn部落格. 75 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics That Always Work .... 22 Cause and Effect Essay Topics to Write an Effective Essay - Essay .... Good Topic For Cause And Effect Essay Ideas. Cause and Effect Essay Topics - Essayhusk Blog | Cause and effect essay .... Narrative essay: Cause and effect essay sample. 019 Good Cause And Effect Essay Topics Structure ~ Thatsnotus. 2 Cause and Effect Essay Examples That Will Cause a Stir. 428 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics & Ideas – Wr1ter. 015 Sample Cause And Effect Essay Outline Topics L ~ Thatsnotus. ️ Cause topics. Cause and Effect Essay Topics. 2019-01-12. Compare And Contrast Essays For Esl Students - openkiller’s diary. Cause and Effect Essay Examples of Writing | by Sample Essay | Medium. 100+ Important Cause and Effect Essay Topics. 40 Best Topics for Cause and Effect Essay | Physician | Medical School. Good cause effect essay topics. What are good topics for a cause and .... Cause and effect essay outline is the key to well-organized and ....
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes summarize the main points raised by the Lacanian analyst Robert Samuels on the question of analytic technique.
These clinical notes should make it possible for both beginners and clinicians to relate Freudian concepts with Lacanian terms like the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic more effectively.
An Analysis Of Rorschach Inkblot Personality Assessment TestsSamantha Martinez
This document provides an overview of the Rorschach inkblot personality assessment test. It discusses the test's history, development by Hermann Rorschach in the 1920s. While initially popular, the test's validity and reliability have been questioned due to lack of standardization and poor correlations with other personality measures. The document examines criticisms of the test and its use internationally, concluding it should be used as a supplement to more empirically validated assessments.
w w w . s c i a m . c o m S C I E N T I F I C A M E R I .docxdickonsondorris
The document summarizes research on the effectiveness of projective psychological tests, like the Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), at assessing personality and mental illness. It finds that these tests often have poor reliability in scoring and interpretation between evaluators. It also finds little evidence that they are valid measures for their intended purposes like diagnosing specific illnesses or predicting future behaviors. While a few standardized scoring systems for the TAT show promise, most practitioners still rely on intuitive interpretations. Overall, the research raises doubts about the appropriate use of these projective tests in clinical and legal settings.
PROJECT #3RETAIL LOCATIONSInstructions1. In an Word d.docxbriancrawford30935
PROJECT #3
RETAIL LOCATIONS
Instructions:
1. In an Word document, use the list provided at the end of these instructions to describe the following for each retail establishment listed:
a. Type of retail location
b. Factors affecting location (consumer shopping situations)
c. What considerations might the retailer had to have considered when thinking about their location
d. Parking considerations?
e. Who is close to this particular retailer? How will that affect the business?
f. What is their trade area? Tapestry Segment (focus segment)?
2. List of retailers:
a. Belks
b. JCPenney
c. Trendy Pieces
d. Lowes
e. Kohl’s
f. Dollar General
The Return of the Repressed
Psychology's Problematic Relations With Psychoanalysis, 1909-1960
Gail A. Hornstein Mount Holyoke College
When psychoanalysis first arrived in the United States,
most psychologists ignored it. By the 1920s, however, psy-
choanalysis had so captured the public imagination that
it threatened to eclipse experimental psychology entirely.
This article analyzes the complex nature of this threat
and the myriad ways that psychologists responded to it.
Because psychoanalysis entailed precisely the sort of rad-
ical subjectivity that psychologists had renounced as un-
scientific, core assumptions about the meaning of science
were at stake. Psychologists' initial response was to retreat
into positivism, thereby further limiting psychology's rel-
evance and scope. By the 1950s, a new strategy had
emerged: Psychoanalytic concepts would be put to exper-
imental test, and those that qualified as "scientific" would
be retained. This reinstated psychologists as arbiters of
the mental world and restored "objective" criteria as the
basis for making claims. A later tactic—co-opting psy-
choanalytic concepts into mainstream psychology—had
the ironic effect of helping make psychology a more flexible
and broad-based discipline.
Freud and Jung were having dinner in Bremen. It was
the evening before they set sail for the Clark conference,
the occasion of Freud's only visit to America. Jung started
talking about certain mummies in the lead cellars of the
city. Freud became visibly disturbed. "Why are you so
concerned with these corpses?" he asked several times.
Jung went on talking. Suddenly, without warning, Freud
fell to the floor in a faint. When he recovered, he accused
Jung of harboring death wishes against him. But it was
not Jung who wanted Freud dead. Had Freud only known
what American psychologists were about to do to psy-
choanalysis, he might never have gotten up off the floor.
There is no easy way to talk about psychology's re-
lations with psychoanalysis.1 It is a story dense with dis-
illusionment and the shapeless anger of rejection. Each
side behaved badly, and then compounded its insensitivity
with disdain. Their fates bound together like Romulus
and Remus, psychology and psychoanalysis struggled to
find their separate spheres, only to end up pitted against
one another at every turn. To.
The inkblot test, also known as the Rorschach test, was developed in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach as a psychological test to examine personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It involves showing subjects inkblots and recording their perceptions. The underlying assumption is that a person's responses reveal aspects of their personality, cognition, and interpersonal perceptions. The Rorschach test consists of 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots and uses the subjects' responses to assess factors like thought processes, affectivity, and personal views. It remains a commonly used projective test by psychologists.
A Brief Essay On How Comparative Psychology Became An Endangered SpeciesJoshua Gorinson
- Comparative psychology has seen a steady decline, with fewer students pursuing advanced degrees in the field and fewer university courses being offered.
- The true cause of the decline occurred decades earlier when the field became overly focused on studying only rat behavior in learning and maze experiments. Critics pointed this out but it was largely ignored.
- By the 1960s-70s, books on animal behavior became bestsellers and TV shows featured field research on animals, making comparative psychology look outdated compared to ethology. This contributed to the current endangered status of the field, despite integration of ethology concepts later on.
What Are Some Good Cause And Effect Essay Topics.pdfJanet Rose
75 Excellent Cause and Effect Essay Topics. Explore 160+ Ideas For Cause & Effect Essay Topics Here!. Research Paper: A good cause and effect essay. Cause and effect essay. Writing A Cause And Effect Essay - How to Write Cause and Effect Essay. Buy Cause And Effect Essay Outline - An Ultimate Guide to Writing a .... EXAMPLES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY TOPICS – POITELTNET37 BLOG. 007 Essay Example Good Cause And Effect Topics Sample Outline L .... 40 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for Students - writemyessay的部落格 - udn部落格. 75 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics That Always Work .... 22 Cause and Effect Essay Topics to Write an Effective Essay - Essay .... Good Topic For Cause And Effect Essay Ideas. Cause and Effect Essay Topics - Essayhusk Blog | Cause and effect essay .... Narrative essay: Cause and effect essay sample. 019 Good Cause And Effect Essay Topics Structure ~ Thatsnotus. 2 Cause and Effect Essay Examples That Will Cause a Stir. 428 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics & Ideas – Wr1ter. 015 Sample Cause And Effect Essay Outline Topics L ~ Thatsnotus. ️ Cause topics. Cause and Effect Essay Topics. 2019-01-12. Compare And Contrast Essays For Esl Students - openkiller’s diary. Cause and Effect Essay Examples of Writing | by Sample Essay | Medium. 100+ Important Cause and Effect Essay Topics. 40 Best Topics for Cause and Effect Essay | Physician | Medical School. Good cause effect essay topics. What are good topics for a cause and .... Cause and effect essay outline is the key to well-organized and ....
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes summarize the main points raised by the Lacanian analyst Robert Samuels on the question of analytic technique.
These clinical notes should make it possible for both beginners and clinicians to relate Freudian concepts with Lacanian terms like the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic more effectively.
An Analysis Of Rorschach Inkblot Personality Assessment TestsSamantha Martinez
This document provides an overview of the Rorschach inkblot personality assessment test. It discusses the test's history, development by Hermann Rorschach in the 1920s. While initially popular, the test's validity and reliability have been questioned due to lack of standardization and poor correlations with other personality measures. The document examines criticisms of the test and its use internationally, concluding it should be used as a supplement to more empirically validated assessments.
The Rorschach inkblot test has been widely used for over 80 years to assess personality and psychopathology. It originated from inkblots created in the late 19th century as a game. Hermann Rorschach developed it into a psychological test in the early 20th century. Over the years, different interpretation systems were developed, with Exner's Comprehensive System from the 1970s becoming the most widely used today. The test continues to be popular worldwide despite some scientific criticism of its validity and reliability.
1. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the 1930s-1940s by researchers Hathaway and McKinley to assess personality traits.
2. They used the method of contrasted groups, comparing responses of clinical groups (e.g. neurotics) to normal controls, to identify items that best distinguished the groups.
3. The original MMPI consisted of 550 true/false questions assessing various clinical scales. It became widely popular and established the foundation for modern personality assessment.
Drug Abuse Essay Sample. Online assignment writing service.Megan Williams
This document discusses key aspects of Alaska. It notes that Alaska is a land of rare beauty and big distances, covering several climatic regions. Alaska's economy depends heavily on diesel fuel for heating, transportation, power, and light, though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant but underdeveloped. Proposals for statewide energy systems have been uneconomical due to fuel prices and long distances.
While past thinkers associated creativity with madness, research finds they are related but distinct. Historiometric, psychiatric and psychometric studies show highly creative individuals have higher than average rates of traits like openness and defocused attention, which are also linked to some mental illnesses. However, their scores typically fall in the normal-to-abnormal range, not true clinical abnormality. Creativity requires these traits, so symptoms appear more in highly creative and artistic domains, but most creators are not mentally ill. Creativity and psychopathology share some traits and influences but are not identical.
The document discusses conceptions of the relationship between creativity and madness. It summarizes empirical findings from historiometric, psychiatric, and psychometric studies which show higher rates of psychopathology among highly creative individuals compared to the general population. However, the studies also indicate that outright mental illness usually inhibits creativity, and that highly creative people exhibit traits associated with both creativity and certain symptoms at moderate levels. The relationship is explained as creativity requiring traits like openness and divergent thinking, which are also correlated with some psychopathological symptoms.
The document discusses several key questions regarding alien abduction experiences (AAEs): Do abductees genuinely believe their claims? Is there evidence that supports actual abductions? What psychological factors could otherwise explain such experiences? While some abductees appear sincere, there is little hard evidence of real alien encounters. Alternative explanations explored include false memory syndrome, sleep paralysis combined with hallucinations, and the unreliability of hypnosis in retrieving memories. More research is needed to understand what may underlie reported AAEs.
The document discusses how research on the "gay gene" has been misrepresented in the media. It notes that twin studies and brain research do not prove homosexuality is genetically determined, as genes are often associated with but do not cause complex behaviors. The interactions between genes and environment are much more complicated than implied by media reports focusing on the possibility of single "gay genes." Most scientists believe multiple biological and social factors contribute to sexual orientation.
This document provides an overview and contents of the book "Reading Jung: Science, Psychology, and Religion" by Volney P. Gay. The book aims to provide a systematic way of reading the major works of Carl Jung critically. It introduces Jung as both a famous scientist and personality, and discusses his goals and methods. The book will focus on reading selected texts from Jung's Collected Works in chronological order to understand the development of his ideas over time. It acknowledges challenges in relying solely on the Collected Works due to revisions of texts and lack of chronological ordering.
Do You Suffer From Decision FatigueJohn TierneyThree .docxjacksnathalie
The document discusses decision fatigue, which is the mental depletion that results from having to make many decisions over time. An experiment found that parole judges in Israel were more likely to grant parole earlier in the day, approving about 70% of cases in the morning but less than 10% late in the day. Similarly, shoppers and students showed impaired self-control after making many choices. Making decisions requires willpower, and decision fatigue helps explain why people splurge or avoid further choices when mentally depleted.
Essay On Old Age home - Importance, Advantages, Problems. Old Age Home Essay | Essay on Old Age Home for Students and Children in .... Essay On Old Age home | Need & Importance, Visit to Old Age home. Write a essay on old age and the need to care for The aged people .... (PDF) Quality of life among elderly living in old age home: a brief .... Debate on Old Age Homes | Old Age Homes Are Necessary To The Society .... Old age homes ppt. essay old age homes. OLD AGE HOME. Reasons for living in old age home. Essay on my home town visit to an old age - essaycorrections.web.fc2.com. Essay on a visit to an old age home. - YouTube. Essay In English Language On An Old Age Home – Telegraph. Increase in old age homes essay. Old Age Home Advantages | www.cintronbeveragegroup.com. How to start an old age home? - Halo Home. Old age home. Essay on mushrooming of old age homes. Essay on visit to old age home - gcisdk12.web.fc2.com. ESSAY ON OLD AGE HOME IN HINDI. वृद्धाश्रम
Inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations about populations based on samples. Some key inferential statistical techniques discussed in the document include hypothesis testing using t-tests, chi-square tests, and regression analysis. The document provides a brief history of inferential statistics and outlines the process for hypothesis testing, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, determining the level of significance, calculating test statistics, and drawing conclusions. It also discusses types of errors that can occur in sampling and hypothesis testing.
College Compare And Contrast Essay Examples.pdfAndrea Santiago
Strong Compare and Contrast Essay Examples. Compare And Contrast Essay In Mla Format - Welcome to the Purdue OWL. ⚡ A compare and contrast essay. 101 Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas .... Compare and contrast essay examples college vs high school - Compare .... Reflection Essay: Examples of college compare and contrast essays. Pin by Jameelah Muhammad on Essay Writing | Essay tips, Essay, Essay .... What Is a Compare and Contrast Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... How to Start a Compare and Contrast Essay?. Good Compare and Contrast Essay Examples | 5staressays. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Outline Point-By-Point With .... compare and contrast essay | Nature | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. Surprising Comparison Contrast Essay Examples ~ Thatsnotus. 001 Essay Example Comparison Compare And Contrast Basic ~ Thatsnotus.
The document provides a history of personality, psychopathology, and projective tests from 1890 to the present. It discusses early mental tests developed in the late 19th/early 20th century and the emergence of projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test in the 1920s-1940s. It also summarizes common criticisms of projective tests regarding their lack of standardized administration and difficulties with validation and reliability.
How to write an excellent formal essay. College Essay Format: Simple Steps to Be Followed. How to write an Essay in English? 51 Essay Writing Examples. 5 Surefire Tips to Write an Excellent Essay. How to Write a Good Essay | The Ultimate Guide - Student-Tutor .... How To Write An Excellent Essay – Telegraph. 24 Greatest College Essay Examples – RedlineSP. How to Write Excellent Essays in 7 Easy Steps by Bev Rempel - Issuu. Essay Writing Examples - 21+ Samples in PDF | DOC | Examples. Essay Writing - Introduction, Types, Format and Writing Tips - Tips to .... Excellent Easy Way To Write An Essay ~ Thatsnotus. College Essay Examples - 13+ in PDF | Examples. Academic Essay Structure Tips [Writing Guide] | Pro Essay Help. Excellent Essay Sample ~ Excel Templates. How to Write a Great Essay Quickly! - ESLBuzz Learning English .... How To Write An Essay - English Learn Site.
This document is the preface to the 1996 reprinting of the author's 1954 book "Clinical versus Statistical Prediction". In the preface, the author addresses several common misconceptions and "legends" about his views and background. He clarifies that contrary to some claims, he has extensive clinical experience in diagnosis and psychotherapy. He also discusses his interest in psychoanalysis and experience with projective tests. The author argues his position was not simply a reaction against his behaviorist training, but an attempt to reconcile different methodological approaches in psychology.
Essay (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose .docxmealsdeidre
Essay: (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose
TWO
extended case studies and will write an essay comparing and critically evaluating their ethical challenges and the strategies used to minimize or guard against harmful results. The essay must address the following issues:
What ethical principles are at issue in each case? Provide and justify specific examples.
What strategies were used to insure the standards of ethical research?
Were those strategies successful? How and why?
What alternate strategies might also have been used to achieve the same or better results?
Which case study represents a better implementation of research ethics? How and why?
The two studies should have something in common: A similar topic, the method, the same ethical principles or conflict. They should also differ in the way that they addressed the ethical issues in question. Be sure to make both the similarities and differences clear to the reader. Your essay will consist of a careful, point-by-point contrast of the two cases. It should link the cases to commonly held standards of research ethics and discuss the extent to which those were followed. You should discuss the ethical, practical, and political consequences of these cases for the researchers, participants, and the social groups represented therein. And you should connect these cases to other examples of social research and implementation we have discussed.
Here is a list of the extended case studies for you to choose your two studies from. You should get the complete article for each study (go to library or use PsychInfo) so you will have detailed and complete information to address each of the five issues listed above.
NOTE:
Milgram's notorious Obedience to Authority experiments are hereby officially banned from this assignment because they have been used so extensively throughout this and many other discussions on this topic. Part of this assignment is to show understanding of the principles in this course well enough to apply them to new research studies.
The Tea-Room Trade (Humphreys 1975)
Humphreys took a participant-observer role as "watch queen" in order to study anonymous male homosexual activities in St. Louis's Forest Park public restrooms. He followed the "Johns" to their cars and recorded their license numbers. Humphreys then posed as a market researcher to obtain their addresses from police registers.
About a year later, he disguised himself and gained entry to their homes by pretending to do a health survey - including questions about sexual activity. Participants were never informed of their participation in a study or given the opportunity to withdraw.
Tuskegee Syphilis Studies (various authors, 1930s - 1970s)
In 1932, the US Public Health Service began a longitudinal study that came to be called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male." Black men in Macon County, Alabama were recruited by circulating word in the community that they could receive fre.
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The Rorschach test was developed in the 1920s by Hermann Rorschach who observed that children responded differently to inkblots. It is used to assess a person's personality and thought processes. There are 10 standardized inkblots shown one at a time while the examiner takes notes on the responses. The test aims to reveal patterns and clues about the test taker's personality, but some argue it is unreliable while others view it as a useful diagnostic tool.
The Rorschach test was developed in the 1920s by Hermann Rorschach who observed that children responded differently to inkblots. It is used to assess a person's personality and thought processes. There are 10 standardized inkblots used in the test and the psychologist records a subject's responses without prompting or feedback. While some psychologists find it useful, others criticize it for being unreliable and lacking standard interpretation methods.
The Rorschach test was developed in the 1920s by Hermann Rorschach who observed that children responded differently to inkblots. It is used to assess a person's personality and thought processes. There are 10 standardized inkblots shown one at a time while the examiner takes notes on the responses. The test aims to reveal patterns and clues about the test taker's personality, but some argue it is unreliable while others view it as a useful diagnostic tool.
With regards to this article, I agree and disagree on certain leve.docxalanfhall8953
With regards to this article, I agree and disagree on certain levels pertaining to racism in video games. I have been playing video games since the Nintendo days and I have noticed many stereotypes in video games that Evan has pointed out. Although Evan feels that all black characters are subject to stereotypes, there are bunches of game characters that I believe are not under this category and are in fact very ambitious characters. For example, Lee Everett from the Walking Dead: Season 1 game, Captain Anderson from the Mass Effect Trilogy, Franklin from Grand Theft Auto V and Sgt. Johnson from the Halo series. The problem I have with Evan's critique is the fact that he is judging black characters based on how they act and look, something that society does to members of the visible minority in the real world. Majority of the characters that are in question may seem stereotypical at first but if you delve deeper into their character you start to realize that there is depth behind that person rather than just big muscles and a loud mouth. In my opinion, whenever I play a video game I can care less what the race of my character is and I look more towards their development as a character and the story that it is telling. Many "gamers" share this same opinion from research I have done and even in the comment section of this article. I get the notion that he is looking for a character that is "white" but the problem is whenever a black character is given the same characteristics as a white character, they are not well received and are made fun of for being "white washed". There seems to be a double standard with how black characters are portrayed and is also something that will unfortunately never be able to appease to everyone due to the fact that everyone shares a different opinion on how certain types of characters should be portrayed.
3/25/2014
1/11
The Social Construction of "Race"
As our discussions have revealed over the past few weeks, negative or stereotypical representation in media
has real consequences. Such representations not only reflect but also reinforce the marginality of minority
groups. Thus, it follows that the political empowerment of subordinate groups in society--such as women,
youth, people with disabilities, gays and lesbians, the poor--depends in part on changing the way these
groups are represented.
How can we think about the issues of representation and empowerment in relation to racial minorities? First,
we need to gain a better understanding of the social construction of racial and ethnic identity.
Ethnicity
'Ethnicity' and 'race' are linked but distinct categories. Ethnicity is a broad social category that addresses
one’s perceived membership in a larger group based on an attachment to an actual or possible homeland, its
cultural heritage, belief system, political history, language, myths, customs, manners, food, literature, sport, art
or architectural style. Ethnic affiliations are acknowledged and pa.
WIT Financial Accounting Test Chapters 5 and 6
1. From the adjusted trial balance for Worker Products Company given below, prepare a multiple-step income statement in good form.
Worker Products Company
Adjusted Trial Balance
December 31
Debit
Credit
Cash
$9,400
Accounts receivable
25,000
Merchandise inventory
36,000
Office supplies
900
Store equipment
75,000
Accumulated depreciation - store equipment
$22,000
Office equipment
60,000
Accumulated depreciation -office equipment
15,000
Accounts payable
42,000
Notes payable
10,000
F. Worker, Capital
110,700
F. Worker, Withdrawals
48,000
Sales
325,000
Sales discounts
6,000
Sales returns and allowances
16,500
Cost of goods sold
195,000
Sales salaries expense
32,500
Depreciation expense - store equipment
11,000
Depreciation expense - office equipment
7,500
Office supplies expense
1,300
Interest expense
600
Totals
$524,700
$524,700
2. From the adjusted trial balance for Worker Products Company given below, prepare the necessary closing entries.
Worker Products Company
Adjusted Trial Balance
December 31
Debit
Credit
Cash
$9,400
Accounts receivable
25,000
Merchandise inventory
36,000
Office supplies
900
Store equipment
75,000
Accumulated depreciation - store equipment
$22,000
Office equipment
60,000
Accumulated depreciation -office equipment
15,000
Accounts payable
42,000
Notes payable
10,000
F. Worker, Capital
110,700
F. Worker, Withdrawals
48,000
Sales
325,000
Sales discounts
6,000
Sales returns and allowances
16,500
Cost of goods sold
195,000
Sales salaries expense
32,500
Depreciation expense - store equipment
11,000
Depreciation expense - office equipment
7,500
Office supplies expense
1,300
Interest expense
600
Totals
$524,700
$524,700
3. A company made the following merchandise purchases and sales during the month of May:
May 1
Purchased
380 units at
$15 each
May 5
Purchased
270 units at
$17 each
May 10
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
May 20
Purchased
300 units at
$22 each
May 25
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
There was no beginning inventory. If the company uses the LIFO periodic inventory method, what would be the cost of the ending inventory?
4. A company made the following merchandise purchases and sales during the month of May:
May 1
Purchased
380 units at
$15 each
May 5
Purchased
270 units at
$17 each
May 10
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
May 20
Purchased
300 units at
$22 each
May 25
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
There was no beginning inventory. If the company uses the FIFO periodic inventory method, what would be the cost of the ending inventory?
5. Flaxco purchases inventory from overseas and incurs the following costs: the cost of the merchandise is $50,000, credit terms are 2/10, n/30 that apply only to the $50,000; FOB shipping point freight charges are $1,500; insurance during transit is $500; and import duties .
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1. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the 1930s-1940s by researchers Hathaway and McKinley to assess personality traits.
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3. The original MMPI consisted of 550 true/false questions assessing various clinical scales. It became widely popular and established the foundation for modern personality assessment.
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Essay: (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose
TWO
extended case studies and will write an essay comparing and critically evaluating their ethical challenges and the strategies used to minimize or guard against harmful results. The essay must address the following issues:
What ethical principles are at issue in each case? Provide and justify specific examples.
What strategies were used to insure the standards of ethical research?
Were those strategies successful? How and why?
What alternate strategies might also have been used to achieve the same or better results?
Which case study represents a better implementation of research ethics? How and why?
The two studies should have something in common: A similar topic, the method, the same ethical principles or conflict. They should also differ in the way that they addressed the ethical issues in question. Be sure to make both the similarities and differences clear to the reader. Your essay will consist of a careful, point-by-point contrast of the two cases. It should link the cases to commonly held standards of research ethics and discuss the extent to which those were followed. You should discuss the ethical, practical, and political consequences of these cases for the researchers, participants, and the social groups represented therein. And you should connect these cases to other examples of social research and implementation we have discussed.
Here is a list of the extended case studies for you to choose your two studies from. You should get the complete article for each study (go to library or use PsychInfo) so you will have detailed and complete information to address each of the five issues listed above.
NOTE:
Milgram's notorious Obedience to Authority experiments are hereby officially banned from this assignment because they have been used so extensively throughout this and many other discussions on this topic. Part of this assignment is to show understanding of the principles in this course well enough to apply them to new research studies.
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The Rorschach test was developed in the 1920s by Hermann Rorschach who observed that children responded differently to inkblots. It is used to assess a person's personality and thought processes. There are 10 standardized inkblots used in the test and the psychologist records a subject's responses without prompting or feedback. While some psychologists find it useful, others criticize it for being unreliable and lacking standard interpretation methods.
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3/25/2014
1/11
The Social Construction of "Race"
As our discussions have revealed over the past few weeks, negative or stereotypical representation in media
has real consequences. Such representations not only reflect but also reinforce the marginality of minority
groups. Thus, it follows that the political empowerment of subordinate groups in society--such as women,
youth, people with disabilities, gays and lesbians, the poor--depends in part on changing the way these
groups are represented.
How can we think about the issues of representation and empowerment in relation to racial minorities? First,
we need to gain a better understanding of the social construction of racial and ethnic identity.
Ethnicity
'Ethnicity' and 'race' are linked but distinct categories. Ethnicity is a broad social category that addresses
one’s perceived membership in a larger group based on an attachment to an actual or possible homeland, its
cultural heritage, belief system, political history, language, myths, customs, manners, food, literature, sport, art
or architectural style. Ethnic affiliations are acknowledged and pa.
WIT Financial Accounting Test Chapters 5 and 6
1. From the adjusted trial balance for Worker Products Company given below, prepare a multiple-step income statement in good form.
Worker Products Company
Adjusted Trial Balance
December 31
Debit
Credit
Cash
$9,400
Accounts receivable
25,000
Merchandise inventory
36,000
Office supplies
900
Store equipment
75,000
Accumulated depreciation - store equipment
$22,000
Office equipment
60,000
Accumulated depreciation -office equipment
15,000
Accounts payable
42,000
Notes payable
10,000
F. Worker, Capital
110,700
F. Worker, Withdrawals
48,000
Sales
325,000
Sales discounts
6,000
Sales returns and allowances
16,500
Cost of goods sold
195,000
Sales salaries expense
32,500
Depreciation expense - store equipment
11,000
Depreciation expense - office equipment
7,500
Office supplies expense
1,300
Interest expense
600
Totals
$524,700
$524,700
2. From the adjusted trial balance for Worker Products Company given below, prepare the necessary closing entries.
Worker Products Company
Adjusted Trial Balance
December 31
Debit
Credit
Cash
$9,400
Accounts receivable
25,000
Merchandise inventory
36,000
Office supplies
900
Store equipment
75,000
Accumulated depreciation - store equipment
$22,000
Office equipment
60,000
Accumulated depreciation -office equipment
15,000
Accounts payable
42,000
Notes payable
10,000
F. Worker, Capital
110,700
F. Worker, Withdrawals
48,000
Sales
325,000
Sales discounts
6,000
Sales returns and allowances
16,500
Cost of goods sold
195,000
Sales salaries expense
32,500
Depreciation expense - store equipment
11,000
Depreciation expense - office equipment
7,500
Office supplies expense
1,300
Interest expense
600
Totals
$524,700
$524,700
3. A company made the following merchandise purchases and sales during the month of May:
May 1
Purchased
380 units at
$15 each
May 5
Purchased
270 units at
$17 each
May 10
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
May 20
Purchased
300 units at
$22 each
May 25
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
There was no beginning inventory. If the company uses the LIFO periodic inventory method, what would be the cost of the ending inventory?
4. A company made the following merchandise purchases and sales during the month of May:
May 1
Purchased
380 units at
$15 each
May 5
Purchased
270 units at
$17 each
May 10
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
May 20
Purchased
300 units at
$22 each
May 25
Sold
400 units at
$50 each
There was no beginning inventory. If the company uses the FIFO periodic inventory method, what would be the cost of the ending inventory?
5. Flaxco purchases inventory from overseas and incurs the following costs: the cost of the merchandise is $50,000, credit terms are 2/10, n/30 that apply only to the $50,000; FOB shipping point freight charges are $1,500; insurance during transit is $500; and import duties .
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Scenario
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· Executives (9 employees) – manage and run the company
· Accounts and Sales Department (15 employees) – perform market research and maintain accounts
· Creative, Media and Production Department (59 employees) – advertising
· Human Resources and Finances (17 employees) – perform HR and financial duties
· IT (10 employees) – manage IT for the company
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· Networking equipment is already in place for both sites. A secure tunnel (using IPSec) will be established between the two sites so that inter-site traffic will be securely tunneled over the Internet. You may make whatever other assumptions you wish about intra-and inter-site connectivity.
· Security mechanisms (e.g., firewalls, intrusion detection) will be handled separately, and there is no need to describe them.
· Some departments will want their data to remain private from other departments (e.g., Finances personnel will not want Production staff to see the company’s financial details). Your team may make assumptions about how data should be shared or kept private.
· Assumptions can be made regarding any information not included here; all assumptions should be identified, however.
Topics to Cover
Your document should cover the content presented in the course. The outline below contains recommended points to cover. You are free to add other related information.
Describe the technical and business reasons for each choice, citing other resources as appropriate.
The Windows Server 2012 operating system should be used for all aspects of the solution.
The topics inclu.
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Wind Power
Used For Millennia
Variations in albedo
Wind
The Uneven Heating of the Surface
Annual average net radiation from the Earth’s surface 1995 - 1986
Areas of heat gain and loss on Earth’s surface
Re-distribution of Excess Heat
Atmospheric Circulation on a Non-rotating
Earth
One cell in each hemisphere.
Warm air rises at the equator and moves north.
Cool air sinks at the poles and flows toward the equator.
Coriolis Effect
Coriolis Effect: tendency of a fluid (water or air) to be deflected from
its straight-line path as it moves across the Earth’s surface.
Deflection of a moving object is to the Right in the Northern
Hemisphere and Left in the Southern Hemisphere.
High Pressure
High Pressure
Low Pressure
High Pressure
Rising air
Descending air
Low Pressure
Descending Air
Rising air
Low pressure
Descending air
Atmospheric Circulation on a Rotating Earth
InterTropical Convergence Zone
(another source of wind)
Wind Generation
Turbine Blades
Inside of Wind Turbine
Size Scale of Wind Turbines
Small Scale Wind Power (Domestic systems)
Large Scale Wind Power (Grid Systems)
Wind Characteristics
Highly variable at several different timescales:
From hour to hour
Daily
Seasonally
High demand may not correspond to peak winds.
Instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in
balance to maintain the grid stability.
Intermittent winds pose problem for wind power. Backup generation
capacity (fossil fuels) or energy storage (pump storage) may be
needed.
Turbine Size
Domestic size Grid size
Early Wind Farms
Limited output per turbine.
Required large numbers of turbines.
Large Scale Wind Turbines
Note bus
New Wind Turbine Designs
Learning From Nature
Humpback Whale Blade design
Potential Wind Energy Regions
Wind & Water
Ocean wind farm off Denmark
Energy Output Vs. Wind Velocity
Each potential wind farm has its own wind characteristics
Advantages of Wind Power
• No fuel consumed.
• No air pollution.
• Energy used to build a wind power plant equals the
energy produced by the plant in a few months time =
pays for itself.
• Allows for multiple land use in farming and electrical
generation.
Surprising Resistance to Wind Power
Environmental Effects
Danger to birds and bats.
Noisy (whooof, whooof)
Medical problems
Aesthetics (Cape Cod).
Danger to birds and bats
Danger to birds and bats
Birdwatchers in UK flock to see rare
bird, then watch it killed by wind turbine
Bird Friendly Compressed Air
Turbine
Perceived Wind Noise
San Gorgoino Pass, California
Near Palm Springs, popular resort
New Wind Farm Proposal
Cape Cod Wind Farm
Against
Against
Can’t Please Everybody
Artist Rendition of Proposed Cape
Cod Wind Farm
Cape Cod wind farm would not be visible for
more that 7 - 8 months a year due to haze.
Isle of Lewis, Scotland
Isle of Lewis Standing Stones
La Venta,.
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winter 2013 235
CREATE A CONTRACT
Instructions:
I will give you a fact scenario below that involves some college students who are having difficulty living together as roommates.
Your task will be to create a contract to solve the problems and issues that the fact pattern raises. Hint I had (sixteen) 16 issues when I did the assignment.
After you create the contract, you will then include around a two page written description about WHY you chose to design the provisions of the contract the way you did.
Your grade will be based on:
1. Whether your contract identifies and solves the problems
2. Whether your contract is realistic
a. (ie a clause that says no roommate shall ever enter the room of another roommate is not practical because what if you hear them yelling for help, or if you haven’t seen them in 14 days.) I want you to think about “loopholes” and the “what if” types of things that can go wrong.
3. Language… Really in this assignment PLEASE pay attention to the words you type because one missing word can make the contract really silly… In last year’s contracts I had someone write… A roommate can eat any food in the apartment that has their name on it… (Great give me a pen and I’ll just put my name on everything).
4. Your explanation, did you have sound reasoning for putting in something in the contract.
5. Following the LAW:… This assignment requires you to have a general understanding of what a contract is and how it works… That is, after all, what we have been studying.
a. Do not include items in your contract that are illegal or are not a contract… For example do not say if the roommate leaves the toilet seat up, they will place their hands on the toilet and have their fingers slammed 10 times by the toilet seat. (That’s not enforceable)
b. Do NOT include something like… If roommate “brion” doesn’t like the punishment he can change it to what he wants, or if I don’t want to follow this rule I don’t have to”… (It is not a contract if one person can CHOOSE to not follow something, It also not a contract when you leave punishments, requirements ect for the “future to be determined”
6. Creativity/problem solving/format of contract
a. You must follow the general format of a contract I have included after the fact scenario… Trust me I am including the sections that ALL your contracts must have for your benefit. It will make organizing it a lot easier for you.
b. You must CHOOSE to write your contract from the viewpoint of one of the four people below or as a disinterested outside party… This is critical because if you are writing the contract from the perspective of one of the people it should FAVOR that person (in a reasonable way), if you are writing as a disinterested third party (an attorney) you should try and be as fair to all as possible.
c. In your explanation tell me from what viewpoint…actually make that your first sentence.
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WinEst As 1. Es2. Tassignment stInfo (Esti.docxalanfhall8953
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3. Adding Markups
a. Add Net Markup
i. Name: Overhead and Profit
ii. Type: 15%
b. Add Sales Tax
i. Name: Sales Tax
ii. Type: 6.5%
iii. Restrict this Tax Markup to: Material
4. Print Report
a. Report 1:
i. Sheet View, set Filter to “’95 Div Details”
ii. File -> Print Preview -> Style
1. Layout: Landscape
2. Header/Footer -> Custom Header
a. Left Text (Use Field Tags…)
i. Est Info – Project Name
ii. Est Info – Start Date
iii. Est Info – Due Date
b. Center Text (Use Field Tags…)
i. Est Info – Type
ii. Est Info – Status
c. Right Text
i. Name
ii. Professor Name
iii. Class
iv. Date
b. Report 2:
i. Totals View
ii. File -> Print Preview
1. Ensure the Layout and Headers match Report 1
5. DUE: Monday, April 7, 2014 by 5:00 pm
1
Getting Started with WinEst
Sample Exercise v10.1
Professional Cost Estimating and Budgeting
Things you need to know about WinEst
Pull Down Menus & Tool Bars
There are different ways to view your toolbar in WinEst. Here are 2 examples. If you prefer large toolbar buttons,
select ‘Preferences’ from the ‘Tools’ menu option. Now select the Toolbars option from the displayed list of
preferences. To the right, under ‘Style’, change the Images to ‘Large’. Click OK.
Toolbar - Small Images with Short Text
Toolbar - Large Images with Text
WinEst has pull down menus for each of the following - File, Edit, View, Filters, Tables, Tools, Database, Reports,
Custom, Window and Help. When the mouse is clicked on one of these menu items, a list drops down and the
available commands display for that menu. Scan the menus to see the features available in the WinEst program.
Help
Help is always available. You can select the Contents command on the Help menu or press the F1 key to view
help.
2
Navigating in WinEst
WinEst has three main views. These enable you to follow a structured method for building and reviewing your
estimates. You can move from view to view at any time by clicking one of the corresponding toolbar buttons
(‘Takeoff’, ‘Sheet’ and ‘Totals’) or by making selections from the ‘View’ Menu.
Takeoff View
This view is for adding items to your estimate from the price book Database. From here you can:
• Lookup items in the database
• Perform takeoff calculations
• Assign Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) to items
• Analyze the Item takeoff audit trail
• Enter unique, “one time” items
• Add notes to it.
Wiley Plus Brief Exercise 6 –Accounting 100Brief Exercise 6-1B.docxalanfhall8953
Wiley Plus Brief Exercise 6 –Accounting 100
Brief Exercise 6-1
Brief Exercise 6-1
Farley Company identifies the following items for possible inclusion in the taking of a physical inventory.
Indicate whether each item should be "Included" or "Not Included" from the inventory taking.
(a)
Goods shipped on consignment by Farley to another company.
(b)
Goods in transit from a supplier shipped FOB destination.
(c)
Goods sold but being held for customer pickup.
(d)
Goods held on consignment from another company.
Brief Exercise 6-2
Wilbur Company has the following items:
Indicate whether each item should be "Included" or "Not Included" from the inventory taking.
(a)
Freight-In
(b)
Purchase Returns and Allowances
(c)
Purchases
(d)
Sales Discounts
(e)
Purchase Discounts
Brief Exercise 6-8
Pettit Company reports net income of $90,000 in 2014. However, ending inventory was understated $7,000.
What is the correct net income for 2014?
The correct net income for 2014
$
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Open Show Work
Brief Exercise 6-9 (Part Level Submission)
At December 31, 2014, the following information was available for A. Kamble Company: ending inventory $40,000, beginning inventory $60,000, cost of goods sold $270,000, and sales revenue $380,000.
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(a)
Calculate inventory turnover for A. Kamble Company. (Round answer to 1 decimal place, e.g. 1.5.)
Inventory turnover
times
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Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
Modify Show Work
Exercise 6-1
Tri-State Bank and Trust is considering giving Josef Company a loan. Before doing so, management decides that further discussions with Josef’s accountant may be desirable. One area of particular concern is the inventory account, which has a year-end balance of $297,000. Discussions with the accountant reveal the following.
1.
Josef sold goods costing $38,000 to Sorci Company, FOB shipping point, on December 28. The goods are not expected to arrive at Sorci until January 12. The goods were not included in the physical inventory because they were not in the warehouse.
2.
The physical count of the inventory did not include goods costing $95,000 that were shipped to Josef FOB destination on December 27 and were still in transit at year-end.
3.
Josef received goods costing $22,000 on January 2. The goods were shipped FOB shipping point on December 26 by Solita Co. The goods were not included in the physical count.
4.
Josef sold goods costing $35,000 to Natali Co., FOB destination, on December 30. The goods were received at Natali on January 8. They were not included in Josef's physical inventory.
5.
Josef received goods costing $44,000 on January 2 that were sh.
Winter 2011 • Morality in Education 35Workplace Bullying .docxalanfhall8953
Winter 2011 • Morality in Education 35
Workplace Bullying: Costly and
Preventable
By Terry L Wiedmer
W orkplace bullying is a pervasive practice by malicious individuals who seekpower, control,domination, and subjugation. In businesses or schools, such bullying is an inefficient
way of working that is both costly and preventable. Senior management and executives are
ultimately responsible for creating and sustaining bully-free workplaces. Workplace bullies can be
stopped if employees and employers work together to establish and enforce appropriate workplace
policies and practices. This article presents information about workplace bullying, including its
prevalence, targeted individuals, bullying behaviors, employer practices, and steps to prevent
bullying. In the end, leadership and an environment of respect provide the ultimate formula for
stopping workplace bullying.
Bullying occurs between and among people in all venues—in the home, community, and
workplace. It is a pervasive, targeted, and planned effort that can be overtly obvious or
can fly under the radar and is conducted by practiced and malicious individuals who seek
power, control, domination, and subjugation. The impacts of such actions—in terms of
finances, emotions, health, morale, and overall productivity—are destructive, and the
ramifications are limitless (Mattice, 2009). Because no one is immune from the potential of
being subjected to bullying in the workplace, this topic merits further review and analysis
(Van Dusen, 2008). :
To combat workplace bullying, often referred to as psychological harassment or
violence (Workplace Bullying Institute [WBI], 2007), employers must have a full range of
policies in place and means available to them to create and maintain a healthy workplace
culture and climate. Although they are not generally for-profit endeavors, schools and
school systems are purposeful businesses that share the same concerns and have the same
responsibility to ensure that each employee works in a respectful environment and is not
subjected to workplace bullies.
Workplace Bullying •
According to the Workforce Bullying Institute (WBI), workplace bullying is
the repeated, health-harming mistreatment of one or more persons (the targets)
by one or more perpetrators that takes one or more of the following forms: verbal
abuse; offensive conduct/behaviors (including nonverbal) which are threatening,
humiliating, or intimidating; and work interference—sabotage—which prevents
work from getting done. (Definition of Workplace Bullying, para. 1)
Bullies seek to induce harm, jeopardize one's career and job, and destroy interpersonal
relationships. The behaviors of bullies harm people and ravage profits.
36 The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin
Prevalence of Workplace Bullying
Thirty-seven percent of U.S. workforce members report being bullied at work; this amounts
to an estimated 54 million Americans, which translates to nearly the entire population of
the states of Wash.
With the competitive advantage that Crocs’ supply chain holds, the.docxalanfhall8953
With the competitive advantage that Crocs’ supply chain holds, the company also wants to be able to sustain their customers’ satisfaction. In doing this, they must make sure that their transformation process is producing consistent output especially when new products are introduced. This can be achieved by having a solid quality control system.
With the quality control system, inspections are to take place at three critical points. The first one is before production, which involves the raw materials in Crocs’ case that would be the raw materials, or chemicals that they purchase in pellet form. This first step can be eliminated by through supplier certification. The second critical point is during the production process. Process quality control takes place, which involves statistical process control. Periodic samples are taken from a continuous production, as long as sample measurements fall within the control limit the production will continue. However, if the samples fall outside the control limits, the process is stopped and a search is made for an assignable cause. In this case, the process will use a quality control chart known as an attribute control chart. The whole purpose is to find the natural random variability in the output oppose to unnecessary variations. The company must maintain that natural random variability to be under statistical control. The last critical point is after production. Following these inspections is process capability. Process capability is assessed once the process is under statistical control. It is the ability of the process to meet or exceed customers’ specifications. Process capability is determined by using the process capability index. If the process is unable to meet the customer specifications the following step is continuous improvement in which case seven tools are used including a flow chart, check sheet, histogram, Pareto chart, cause and effect, scatter diagram and a control chart. These tools are then incorporated into an improvement approach known as Six Sigma. Six Sigma includes five steps:
1. Defining a process for improvement
2. Measuring the variables and setting goals for improvement
3. Analyzing the root causes in which case the seven tools are referred to
4. Making improvements
5. Implementing a control plan to ensure that changes are permanent
In furthering research on Crocs, it has been stated in online reviews by various customers that they have experienced defects in the seam of their shoes, cases in which their shoe had shrunk or didn’t fit at all, Crocs’ flip flops tearing apart, holes appearing in their shoes, and the smell of the shoes. These reviews are accessible to many consumers, and are capable of tainting the reputation of Crocs. Reviews such as these are important to pay attention to because it’s proof of the importance of solidifying an efficient quality control system. It is especially important when introducing new products, and the use of different materials. .
Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are est.docxalanfhall8953
Wind power resources on the eastern U.S. continental shelf are estimated to be over 400 GW, several times the electricity used by U.S. eastern coastal states. The first U.S. developer proposes to build 130 large (40 story tall) wind turbines in Nan- tucket Sound, just outside Massachusetts state waters. These would provide 420 MW at market prices, enough electricity for most of Cape Cod. The project is opposed by a vigorous and well-financed coalition. Polling shows local public opinion on the project almost equally divided. This article draws on semistructured interviews with residents of Cape Cod to analyze values, beliefs, and logic of supporters and oppo- nents. For example, one value found to lead to opposition is that the ocean is a special place that should be kept natural and free of human intrusion. One line of argument found to lead to support is: The war in Iraq is problematic, this war is “really” over petroleum, Cape Cod generates electricity from oil, therefore, the wind project would improve U.S. security. Based on analysis of the values and reasoning behind our interview data, we identify four issues that are relevant but not currently part of the debate.
Introduction
Recent assessments of renewable energy show that wind power has, since the turn of the century, become cost-competitive in the sites with the most favorable wind regimes (Herzog et al., 2001). Until very recently, large-scale North American wind resources were believed to exist in the Great Plains of the United States, northern Canada, and central Canada only (Grubb & Meyer, 1993). Although these huge resources are enough to meet the entire continent’s electrical needs, they are distant from the large coastal cities where electricity is primarily consumed—imposing a need for costly large-scale transmission lines (Cavallo, 1995). In just the last couple of years, it has been recog- nized that the Atlantic Ocean also has a large wind resource on the continental shelf, close to East Coast cities. Three or four manufacturers have developed large wind elec- tric turbines designed to be placed offshore, in waters up to 20–30 m in depth. To date these have been placed only in European waters. By late 2003, the resources, the tech- nology, and the economic viability had all come together in the Eastern United States, potentially allowing large-scale deployment to begin by 2005.
The furthest advanced of a handful of proposed U.S. offshore wind developments is in Nantucket Sound, off the Southern coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This proposal has engendered a widespread, well-organized, well-financed, and politically potent op- position. This movement’s strength, and the apparent contradiction of such opposition coming from a population thought of as politically liberal and environmentally con- cerned, have garnered national press coverage (e.g., Burkett, 2003). A second project was proposed by the Long Island Power Authority for the southern edge of Long Island, with an .
Wilco Corporation has the following account balances at December 3.docxalanfhall8953
Wilco Corporation has the following account balances at December 31, 2012.
Common stock, $5 par value
$555,600
Treasury stock
90,720
Retained earnings
2,426,200
Paid-in capital in excess of par—common stock
1,321,900
Prepare Wilco’s December 31, 2012, stockholders’ equity section. (For preferred stock, common stock and treasury stock enter the account name only and do not provide the descriptive information provided in the question.)
WILCO CORPORATION
Stockholders’ Equity
December 31, 2012
$
:
$
Sprinkle Inc. has outstanding 10,050 shares of $10 par value common stock. On July 1, 2012, Sprinkle reacquired 107 shares at $89 per share. On September 1, Sprinkle reissued 61 shares at $90 per share. On November 1, Sprinkle reissued 46 shares at $85 per share.
Prepare Sprinkle’s journal entries to record these transactions using the cost method. (If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
7/1/12
9/1/12
11/1/12
Graves Mining Company declared, on April 20, a dividend of $519,800, on its $5 par common stock, payable on June 1. Of this amount, $133,700 is a return of capital.
Prepare the April 20 and June 1 entries for Graves. (If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Apr. 20
June 1
Apr. 20 Retained Earnings = ($519,800 – $133,700) = $386,100
Abernathy Corporation was organized on January 1, 2012. It is authorized to issue 10,290 shares of 8%, $65 par value preferred stock, and 544,000 shares of no-par common stock with a stated value of $2 per share. The following stock transactions were completed during the first year.
Jan. 10
Issued 80,330 shares of common stock for cash at $6 per share.
Mar. 1
Issued 5,670 shares of preferred stock for cash at $113 per share.
Apr. 1
Issued 24,730 shares of common stock for land. The asking price of the land was $90,540; the fair value of the land was $80,330.
May 1
Issued 80,330 shares of common stock for cash at $9 per share.
Aug. 1
Issued 10,290 shares of common stock to attorneys in payment of their bill of $50,620 for services rendered in helping the company organize.
Sept. 1
Issued 10,290 shares of common stock for cash at $11 per share.
Nov. 1
Issued 1,940 shares of preferred stock for cash at $115 per share.
Prepare the journal entries to record the above transactions. (If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Jan. 10
M.
Wilson Majee Technology Diffusion, S-Curve, and Innovation.docxalanfhall8953
Wilson Majee
Technology Diffusion, S-Curve, and Innovation-Decision Process
In this week's reflection report I will discuss technology diffusion, S-Curves and innovation
decision process. I will use the healthcare industry as an example. Our healthcare system is ever
evolving - new technologies, insurance models, and information systems are shaping the system
on a daily basis. Despites these changes and the huge healthcare expenditures (16 of GDP in
America compared to 8 in United Kingdom), Americans are comparatively not any healthier
than citizens in most other developed nations (Merson, Black, & Mills, 2012). The disconnect
between investments in technology and health outcomes is a concern of us all. It makes as
question technology diffusion within the healthcare system: are investments in health system
being spent efficiently? Are consumers really resistant to changes that benefit their health? Or
are there issues with technology diffusion as a practice.
Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is spread through a population. Ironically,
people and institutions, generally, do not like change. Change is viewed as painful, difficult and
times creating uncertainties. Because of this, and for the healthcare industry, huge amounts of
resources are devoted either to promoting innovations (for example, selling the latest drug,
imaging system, medical device etc.) or to preventing innovations from disrupting the status quo.
Although many successful healthcare innovations are aimed at making people healthier, at
relatively smaller increases in costs, IT usage in healthcare has always lagged other industries -
ERH are a good example. Adoption of ERH was slow. Literature on technology diffusion states
that successful implementation is influenced by the compatibility and complexity of the
innovation, organizational context, and the characteristics of the implementation strategy (Cain
M, & Mittman, 2002; Rogers, 1995). People respond to these factors differently resulting in an
S-shaped curve illustration of the adoption process.
The S-curve model shows that any innovation is first adopted by a few people/organizations and
as more use it, and confidence is built around the technology, other will begin to use it. Because
of the inherent uncertainty to new innovations, the decision to adopt an innovation takes time.
However, "once the diffusion reaches a level of critical mass, it proceeds rapidly. Eventually a
point is reached where the population is less likely to adopt the innovation, and spread slows
down. The S-curve implies a hierarchy of adopters, starting with innovators, early adopters, early
majority, late majority and laggards (Rogers, 1995). In other words the S-curve explains the
innovation-decision process: the process through which an individual/organization passes
through from when they gain knowledge of an innovation, to forming an attitude, to the decision
to accept or reject the innovation, .
This document discusses the design and implementation of WinARM, a simulator for the ARM processor written in C. WinARM uses a fetch-decode-execute model to simulate the ARM architecture. It includes a Visual Basic GUI to allow users to observe the simulation. The goal of WinARM is to facilitate learning computer architecture through hands-on simulation of an ARM processor, without requiring actual hardware. Future work may include simulating additional ARM instruction types and incorporating instruction pipelining.
William PennWhat religion was William PennWilliam Pen was fr.docxalanfhall8953
William Penn
What religion was William Penn?
William Pen was from an Anglican family that was very distinguished. His father was Sir William Pen who was a landowner. At twenty two, Penn decided to join the Quakers which was also referred to as the Religious Society of Friends. The Quakers used to obey the inner light and they believed that the inner light came directly from God. They refused to take their hats off or even bow for any man. They also refused to take their arms up. Their beliefs were completely different as compared to the beliefs that the other Christians had (Barbour & Frost, 1988).
The Oxford University in England expelled Penn in the year 1662 since he refused to conform to the teachings of the Anglican Church. He could publicly state his beliefs and he could also print some of the things that he believed in.
Quakers’ founder was George Foxx who was a close friend to Penn. Cromwell’s death was a time of turmoil to the Quakers since they were suspected for the death. They were suspected because they had beliefs that differed from the religion that had been imposed for the state. They had also refused to swear a loyalty oath to Cromwell, who was the king. Quakers did not swear since Christ had commanded people not to swear.
The religious views that Penn had were a distress to his father. Naval service had helped him earn an Ireland estate and he had always hoped that the intelligence and charisma that his son had could help him in winning favor at the Charles II court. However, that could not happen since his son was always arrested. Penn and George Foxx were frequent companions since they could always travel together in order to spread their ministry. He also wrote a comprehension that was detailed and comprehensive regarding Quakerism. After the death of his father in 1670, Penn inherited the estates of the family and he could frequently visit the court of King Charles II where he was always campaigning for freedom in religion (Penn, 1794).
Where was William Penn born?
William Penn was born in London, United Kingdom. He was born on fourteenth of October in the year 1644. He was a privileged son since he was born by a gentleman who was a land owner. Thomas Loe, who was a Quaker minister, greatly affected Penn by his teachings.
In 1677 a group of important men all from Penn’s religion received a land area in the Colonies for them to settle. Penn himself remained in England but wrote a government for this new community. In what part of the US was this land area located?
In the year 1677, the Quakers relocated to another land. The city of Burlington is located in the Burlington County in New Jersey. It is Philadelphia’s suburb. The Quakers settlers moved to Burlington. Burlington served as West Jersey’s capital until the year 1702. The Quakers were able to formally establish their congregation in the year 1678. Initially, they could meet in private homes. However, between 1683 and 1687, a hexagonal house that was made .
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Why have the Loyalists largely been forgotten in history Do you .docx
1. Why have the Loyalists largely been forgotten in history? Do
you believe they acted out of patriotism to Britain or out of
self-interest? Explain.
Loyalists can be described as American colonists who were
always loyal to the empire of the British, and they believed in
the monarchy of the British during the revolutionary war of the
Americans. The patriots viewed them to be traitors of their
nation. They were also viewed to be the people that prevented
America’s liberty (Baker, 1921).
History is often written as a way of appreciating the
victors. Often, the losers are not kept in the records. It is what
happened to the loyalists. They were simply loyal to the king
and the country that they had originated from. Loyalty was a
value that every Englishman and colonist had to have. The other
colonists were obsessed of having freedom and liberty.
However, the loyalists acted on what they thought were right for
them to do. For doing the right thing, they were punished,
ridiculed, and killed. They have also been forgotten in history
since people believed that they were failures and traitors to
their country (Evans, 1968).
I tend to believe that the loyalists were patriotic to the
British, and that is why they acted that way. However, they had
their ideas, and they believed that were doing the right thing.
They believed that by staying loyal to the British rule, they
were respectful to their country. Their patriotism was a way of
being respectful to their mother country. They believed in the
monarch system of government while other people believed in
democracy. They were opposed to the views of the rebels thus
they did not agree to what the rebels wanted to do. They
believed that the rebels were traitors to their mother country.
The loyalists believed that they were honorable by being
patriotic.
References
2. Baker, W. K. (1921). The loyalists,. London: G. Routledge &
Sons [etc.].
Evans, G. N. (1968). The Loyalists. Vancouver: Copp Clark
Pub. Co.
W A R H O L C R E D I T H E R E
w w w . s c i a m . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 41
PICTURE?PICTURE?
What’s Wrong with This
PSYCHOLOGISTS OFTEN USE THE FAMOUS
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST AND RELATED
TOOLS TO ASSESS PERSONALITY AND
MENTAL ILLNESS. BUT RESEARCH SHOWS
THAT INSTRUMENTS ARE FREQUENTLY
INEFFECTIVE FOR THOSE PURPOSES
by Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M. Wood and Howard N. Garb
PHOTOGRAPHS BY JELLE WAGAANER
But how correct would they be? The answer is important
because psychologists frequently apply such “projective” in-
struments (presenting people with ambiguous images, words
3. or objects) as components of mental assessments, and because
the outcomes can profoundly affect the lives of the respondents.
The tools often serve, for instance, as aids in diagnosing men-
tal illness, in predicting whether convicts are likely to become
violent after being paroled, in assessing the mental stability of
parents engaged in custody battles, and in discerning whether
children have been sexually molested.
We recently reviewed a large body of research into how well
projective methods work, concentrating on three of the most
extensively used and best-studied instruments. Overall our find-
ings are unsettling.
Butterflies or Bison?
T H E F A M O U S R O R S C H A C H inkblot test—which
asks people to
describe what they see in a series of 10 inkblots—is by far the
most popular of the projective methods, given to hundreds of
thousands, or perhaps millions, of people every year. The com-
ments that follow refer to the modern, rehabilitated version,
not to the original construction, introduced in the 1920s by
Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach.
The initial tool came under severe attack in the 1950s and
1960s, in part because it lacked standardized procedures and
a set of norms (averaged results from the general population).
Standardization is needed because seemingly trivial differences
in the way an instrument is administered can affect a person’s
responses. Norms provide a reference point for determining
when someone’s responses fall outside an acceptable range.
In the 1970s John E. Exner, Jr., then at Long Island Uni-
versity, ostensibly corrected those problems in the early
Rorschach test by introducing what he called the Comprehen-
sive System. This set of instructions established detailed rules
4. for delivering the inkblot exam and for interpreting the re-
sponses, and it provided norms for children and adults.
In spite of the Comprehensive System’s current popularity, the
Rorschach generally falls short on two additional, and critical,
cri-
teria: scoring reliability and validity. A tool possessing scoring
re-
liability yields similar results regardless of who tabulates and
in-
terprets the responses. A valid technique measures what it aims
to
measure: its results are consistent with those produced by other
trustworthy instruments or are able to predict behavior, or both.
To understand the Rorschach’s scoring reliability problems,
it helps to know something about how reactions to the inkblots
are interpreted. First, a psychologist rates the collected
reactions
on more than 100 characteristics, or variables. The evaluator
records, for instance, whether the person looked at whole blots
or just parts, notes whether the detected images were unusual
or typical of most test takers, and indicates the aspects of the
inky swirls (such as form or color) that most determined what
the respondent saw.
42 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN M A Y 2 0 0 1
What if you were asked to describe images
you saw in an inkblot or to invent a story for an ambiguous
illustration—
say, of a middle-aged man looking away from a woman who was
grabbing
his arm? To comply, you would draw on your own emotions,
experiences,
memories and imagination. You would, in short, project
5. yourself into the
images. Once you did that, many practicing psychologists would
assert,
trained evaluators could mine your musings to reach
conclusions about
your personality traits, unconscious needs and overall mental
health.
Then he or she compiles the findings
into a psychological profile of the indi-
vidual. As part of that interpretive
process, psychologists might conclude
that focusing on minor details (such as
stray splotches) in the blots, instead of on
whole images, signals obsessiveness in a
patient and that seeing things in the white
spaces within the larger blots, instead of
in the inked areas, reveals a negative,
contrary streak.
For the scoring of any variable to be
considered highly reliable, two different
assessors should be very likely to produce
similar ratings when examining any giv-
en person’s responses. Recent studies
demonstrate, however, that strong agree-
ment is achieved for only about half the
characteristics examined by those who
score Rorschach responses; evaluators
might well come up with quite different
ratings for the other variables.
Equally troubling, analyses of the
Rorschach’s validity indicate that it is
6. poorly equipped to identify most psychi-
atric conditions—with the notable excep-
tions of schizophrenia and other distur-
bances marked by disordered thoughts,
such as bipolar disorder (manic-depres-
sion). Despite claims by some Rorschach
proponents, the method does not consis-
tently detect depression, anxiety disorders
or psychopathic personality (a condition
characterized by dishonesty, callousness
and lack of guilt).
Moreover, although psychologists
frequently administer the Rorschach to
assess propensities toward violence, im-
pulsiveness and criminal behavior, most
research suggests it is not valid for these
purposes either. Similarly, no compelling
evidence supports its use for detecting
sexual abuse in children.
Other problems have surfaced as
well. Some evidence suggests that the
Rorschach norms meant to distinguish
mental health from mental illness are un-
representative of the U.S. population
and mistakenly make many adults and
children seem maladjusted. For in-
stance, in a 1999 study of 123 adult
volunteers at a California blood bank,
one in six had scores supposedly in-
dicative of schizophrenia.
The inkblot results may be even
more misleading for minorities. Sever-
7. al investigations have shown that
scores for African-Americans, Native
Americans, Native Alaskans, Hispan-
ics, and Central and South Americans
differ markedly from the norms. To-
gether the collected research raises se-
rious doubts about the use of the
Rorschach in the psychotherapy office
and in the courtroom.
Doubts about TAT
A N O T H E R P R O J E C T I V E T O O L—the
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)—
may be as problematic as the
Rorschach. This method asks respon-
dents to formulate a story based on
ambiguous scenes in drawings on
cards. Among the 31 cards available to
psychologists are ones depicting a boy
contemplating a violin, a distraught
woman clutching an open door, and
the man and woman who were men-
tioned at the start of this article. One
card, the epitome of ambiguity, is to-
tally blank.
The TAT has been called “a clini-
cian’s delight and a statistician’s night-
mare,” in part because its administra-
tion usually is not standardized:
different clinicians present different
numbers and selections of cards to re-
spondents. Also, most clinicians inter-
pret the stories intuitively instead of
following a well-tested scoring proce-
dure. Indeed, a recent survey of nearly
8. 100 North American psychologists
practicing in juvenile and family courts
found that only 3 percent relied on a
“It looks like two dinosaurs with huge heads
and tiny bodies. They’re moving away from
each other, looking over their shoulders. The
black blob in the middle reminds me of a
spaceship.”
Once deemed an “x-ray of the mind,” the
Rorschach inkblot test remains the most
famous—and infamous—projective
psychological technique. An examiner hands
10 symmetrical inkblots, one at a time in a set
order, to a respondent, who says what each
blot resembles. A few blots include colored
shapes, but most are black and gray—like
artist Andy Warhol’s rendering above (the
actual blots cannot be published).
Responses to the inkblots purportedly
reveal aspects of a person’s personality and
mental health. Advocates believe, for
instance, that references to moving
animals—such as the dinosaurs mentioned
above—often indicate impulsiveness,
whereas allusions to a blot’s “blackness”—as
in a spaceship—often indicate depression.
Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach
probably got the idea of showing inkblots from
a European parlor game. The test debuted in
1921 and reached high status by 1945. But a
critical backlash began taking shape in the
1950s, as researchers found that
9. psychologists often interpreted the same
responses differently and that particular
responses did not correlate well with specific
mental illnesses or personality traits.
Today the methodological response to
those weaknesses—the Comprehensive
System (CS)—is used widely to score and
interpret Rorschach responses. But it has
been criticized on similar grounds. Moreover,
several recent findings indicate that the
Comprehensive System incorrectly labels
many normal respondents as pathological.PH
O
TO
C
R
E
D
IT
H
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R
E
SCOTT O. LILIENFELD, JAMES M. WOOD and HOWARD N.
GARB all conduct research on
psychological assessment tools and recently collaborated on an
extensive review of re-
search into projective instruments that was published by the
10. American Psychological So-
ciety (see “More to Explore,” on page 47). Lilienfeld and Wood
are associate professors in
the departments of psychology at Emory University and the
University of Texas at El
Paso, respectively. Garb is a clinical psychologist at the
Pittsburgh Veterans Administra-
tion Health Care system and the University of Pittsburgh and
author of the book Studying
the Clinician: Judgment Research and Psychological
Assessment.
TH
E
A
U
TH
O
R
S
w w w . s c i a m . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 43
RORSCHACH TEST
Wasted Ink?
44 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN M A Y 2 0 0 1
standardized TAT scoring system. Un-
fortunately, some evidence suggests that
11. clinicians who interpret the TAT intu-
itively are likely to overdiagnose psycho-
logical disturbance.
Many standardized scoring systems
are available for the TAT, but some of
the more popular ones display weak
“test-retest” reliability: they tend to yield
inconsistent scores from one picture-
viewing session to the next. Their validi-
ty is frequently questionable as well;
studies that find positive results are often
contradicted by other investigations. For
example, several scoring systems have
proved unable to differentiate normal in-
dividuals from those who are psychotic
or depressed.
A few standardized scoring systems
for the TAT do appear to do a good job
of discerning certain aspects of person-
ality—notably the need to achieve and a
person’s perceptions of others (a proper-
ty called “object relations”). But many
times individuals who display a high
need to achieve do not score well on mea-
sures of actual achievement, so the abili-
ty of that variable to predict behavior
may be limited. These scoring systems
currently lack norms and so are not yet
ready for use outside of research settings,
but they merit further investigation.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), created
12. by Harvard University psychiatrist Henry
Murray and his student Christiana Morgan in the
1930s, is among the most commonly used
projective measures. Examiners present
individuals with a subset (typically five to 12) of
31 cards displaying pictures of ambiguous
situations, mostly featuring people.
Respondents then construct a story about each
picture, describing the events that are
occurring, what led up to them, what the
characters are thinking and feeling, and what
will happen later. Many variations of the TAT are
in use, such as the Children’s Apperception Test,
featuring animals interacting in ambiguous
situations, and the Blacky Test, featuring the
adventures of a black dog and its family.
Psychologists have several ways of
interpreting responses to the TAT. One
promising approach—developed by Boston
University psychologist Drew Westen—relies
on a specific scoring system to assess
people’s perceptions of others (“object
relations”). According to that approach, if
someone wove a story about an older woman
plotting against a younger person in response
to the image visible in the photograph at the
right, the story would imply that the
respondent tends to see malevolence in
others—but only if similar themes turned up in
stories told about other cards.
Surveys show, however, that most
practitioners do not use systematic scoring
systems to interpret TAT stories, relying
instead on their intuitions. Unfortunately,
13. research indicates that such “impressionistic”
interpretations of the TAT are of doubtful
validity and may make the TAT a projective
exercise for both examiner and examinee.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
Picture Imperfect
P
H
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Faults in the Figures
I N C O N T R A S T T O T H E R O R S C H A C H and
the TAT, which elicit reactions to exist-
ing images, a third projective approach
instructs the people being evaluated to
14. draw the pictures. A number of these in-
struments, such as the frequently applied
Draw-a-Person Test, have people depict
a human being; others have them draw
houses or trees as well. Clinicians com-
monly interpret the sketches by relating
specific “signs”—such as features of the
body or clothing—to facets of personali-
ty or to particular psychological disor-
ders. They might associate large eyes
with paranoia, long ties with sexual ag-
gression, missing facial features with de-
pression, and so on.
As is true of the other methods, the re-
search on drawing instruments gives rea-
son for serious concern. In some studies,
raters agree well on scoring, yet in others
the agreement is poor. What is worse, no
strong evidence supports the validity of
the sign approach to interpretation; in
other words, clinicians apparently have
no grounds for linking specific signs to
particular personality traits or psychiatric
diagnoses. Nor is there consistent evi-
dence thats signs purportedly linked to
child sexual abuse (such as tongues or
genitalia) actually reveal a history of mo-
lestation. The only positive result found
repeatedly is that, as a group, people who
draw human figures poorly have some-
what elevated rates of psychological dis-
orders. On the other hand, studies show
that clinicians are likely to attribute men-
tal illness to many normal individuals
who lack artistic ability.
15. Certain proponents argue that sign
approaches can be valid in the hands of
seasoned experts. Yet one group of re-
searchers reported that experts who ad-
ministered the Draw-a-Person Test were
less accurate than graduate students at
distinguishing psychological normality
from abnormality.
w w w . s c i a m . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 45
Hand Test
Subjects say what hands pictured in various positions might be
doing. This method is
used to assess aggression, anxiety and other personality traits,
but it has not been
well studied.
Handwriting Analysis Graphology
Interpreters rely on specific “signs” in a person’s handwriting to
assess personality
characteristics. Though useless, the method is still used to
screen prospective
employees.
Lüscher Color Test
People rank colored cards in order of preference to reveal
personality traits.
Most studies find the technique to lack merit.
Play with Anatomically Correct Dolls
Research finds that sexually abused children often play with the
dolls’ genitalia;
however, that behavior is not diagnostic, because many
nonabused children
16. do the same thing.
Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study
After one cartoon character makes a provocative remark to
another, a viewer
decides how the second character should respond. This
instrument, featured in the
movie A Clockwork Orange, successfully predicts aggression in
children.
Sentence Completion Test
Test takers finish a sentence such as, “If only I could . . .” Most
versions are poorly
studied, but one developed by Jane Loevinger of Washington
University is valid for
measuring aspects of ego development, such as morality and
empathy.
Szondi Test
From photographs of patients with various psychiatric
disorders, viewers select
the ones they like most and least. This technique assumes that
the selections reveal
something about the choosers’ needs, but research has
discredited it.
OTHER PROJECTIVE TOOLS:
What’s the Score?
Even when projective methods assess what they claim to
measure, they RARELY ADD MUCH to information
that can be obtained in other, more practical ways
Psychologists have dozens of projective methods to choose from
17. beyond the
Rorschach Test, the TAT and figure drawings. As the sampling
below indicates,
some stand up well to the scrutiny of research, but many do not.
46 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN M A Y 2 0 0 1
P
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A few global scoring systems, which
are not based on signs, might be useful. In-
stead of assuming a one-to-one correspon-
dence between a feature of a drawing and
a personality trait, psychologists who ap-
ply such methods combine many aspects
of the pictures to come up with a general
18. impression of a person’s adjustment.
In a study of 52 children, a global
scoring approach helped to distinguish
normal individuals from those with
mood or anxiety disorders. In another
report, global interpretation of the
Draw-a-Person Test correctly differenti-
ated 54 normal children and adolescents
from those who were aggressive or ex-
tremely disobedient. The global ap-
proach may work better than the sign
approach because the act of aggregating
information can cancel out “noise” from
variables that provide misleading or in-
complete information.
What to Do?
OUR LITERATURE REVIEW, then, indicates
that, as usually administered, the
Rorschach, TAT and human figure draw-
ings are useful in only very limited cir-
cumstances. The same is true for many
other projective techniques, some of
which are described in the box on the pre-
ceding page.
We have also found that even when
the methods assess what they claim to
measure, they tend to lack what psychol-
ogists call “incremental validity”: they
Psychologists have many projective
drawing instruments at their disposal, but
19. the Draw-a-Person Test is among the most
popular—especially for assessing children
and adolescents. A clinician asks the child
to draw someone of the same sex and then
someone of the opposite sex in any way that
he or she wishes. (A variation involves
asking the child to draw a person, house and
tree.) Those who employ the test believe
that the drawings reveal meaningful
information about the child’s personality or
mental health.
In a sketch of a man, for example, small
feet would supposedly indicate insecurity
or instability—a small head, inadequacy.
Large hands or teeth would be considered
signs of aggression; short arms, a sign of
shyness. And feminine features—such as
eyelashes or darkly colored lips—would
allegedly suggest sex-role confusion.
Yet research consistently shows that
such “signs” bear virtually no relation to
personality or mental illness. Scientists
have denounced these sign interpretations
as “phrenology for the 20th century,”
recalling the 19th-century pseudoscience
of inferring people’s personalities from the
pattern of bumps on their skulls.
Still, the sign approach remains widely
used. Some psychologists even claim they
can identify sexual abuse from certain key
signs. For instance, in the child’s drawing at
the right, alleged signs of abuse include a
person older than the child, a partially
20. unclothed body, a hand near the genitals, a
hand hidden in a pocket, a large nose and a
moustache. In reality, the connection
between these signs and sexual abuse
remains dubious, at best.
HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS
Misleading Signs
rarely add much to information that can
be obtained in other, more practical
ways, such as by conducting interviews
or administering objective personality
tests. (Objective tests seek answers to rel-
atively clear-cut questions, such as, “I fre-
quently have thoughts of hurting my-
self—true or false?”) This shortcoming of
projective tools makes the costs in mon-
ey and time hard to justify.
Some mental health professionals dis-
agree with our conclusions. They argue
that projective tools have a long history of
constructive use and, when administered
and interpreted properly, can cut through
the veneer of respondents’ self-reports to
provide a picture of the deepest recesses
of the mind. Critics have also asserted
that we have emphasized negative find-
ings to the exclusion of positive ones.
Yet we remain confident in our con-
clusions. In fact, as negative as our over-
21. all findings are, they may paint an over-
ly rosy picture of projective techniques
because of the so-called file drawer effect.
As is well known, scientific journals are
more likely to publish reports demon-
strating that some procedure works than
reports finding failure. Consequently, re-
searchers often quietly file away their
negative data, which may never again see
the light of day.
We find it troubling that psychologists
commonly administer projective instru-
ments in situations for which their value
has not been well established by multiple
studies; too many people can suffer if er-
roneous diagnostic judgments influence
therapy plans, custody rulings or criminal
court decisions. Based on our findings, we
strongly urge psychologists to curtail their
use of most projective techniques and,
when they do select such instruments, to
limit themselves to scoring and interpret-
ing the small number of variables that
have been proved trustworthy.
Our results also offer a broader lesson
for practicing clinicians, psychology stu-
dents and the public at large: even seasoned
professionals can be fooled by their intu-
itions and their faith in tools that lack
strong evidence of effectiveness. When a
substantial body of research demonstrates
that old intuitions are wrong, it is time to
adopt new ways of thinking.
22. w w w . s c i a m . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 47
MORE TO EXPLORE
The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System, Vol. 1: Basic
Foundations. Third edition. John E. Exner. John Wiley
& Sons, 1993.
The Comprehensive System for the Rorschach: A Critical
Examination. James M. Wood, M. Teresa Nezworski
and William J. Stejskal in Psychological Science, Vol. 7, No.
Tk, pages 3–10; DateTK, 1996.
Studying the Clinician: Judgment Research and Psychological
Assessment. Howard N. Garb. American Psy-
chological Association, 1998.
Evocative Images: The Thematic Apperception Test and the Art
of Projection. Edited by Lon Gieser and Morris
I. Stein. American Psychological Association, 1999.
Projective Measures of Personality and Psychopathology: How
Well Do They Work? Scott O. Lilienfeld in Skep-
tical Inquirer, Vol. 23, No. TK, pages 32–39; DateTK 1999.
The Scientific Status of Projective Techniques. Scott O.
Lilienfeld, James M. Wood and Howard N. Garb in Psy-
chological Science in the Public Interest, Vol. 1, No. TK, pages
27–66; DateTk, 2000. Available at www.psycho-
logicalscience.org/newsresearch/publications/journals/pspi1_2.h
tml
In 1995 a survey of 412 randomly selected clinical
psychologists in the American
Psychological Association asked how often they used various
projective and
nonprojective assessment tools, including those listed below, in
23. their practices.
Projective instruments present people with ambiguous pictures,
words or things;
nonprojective measures are less open-ended. The percentages
who use the
projective methods might have declined slightly since 1995, but
these techniques
remain widely used.
HOW OF TEN THE TO0LS ARE USED
Popularity Poll
PROJECTIVE
TECHNIQUES
USE AT LEAST
OCCASIONALLY
USE ALWAYS
OR FREQUENTLY
USE AT LEAST
OCCASIONALLY
USE ALWAYS
OR FREQUENTLY
Rorschach 43% 82%
Human Figure Drawings 39% 80%
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 34% 82%
Sentence Completion Tests 34% 84%
24. CAT (Children’s version of the TAT) 6% 47%
NONPROJECTIVE
TECHNIQUES*
Weshler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 59% 93%
Minnesota Multiphasic 58% 85%
Personality inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
Weschler Intelligence 69% 42%
Scale for Children (WISC)
Beck Depression Inventory 71% 21%
* Those listed are the most commonly used nonprojective tests
for assessing adult IQ (WAIS), personality
(MMPI-2), childhood IQ (WISC) and depression (Beck
Depression Inventory).
SOURCE: “Contemporary Practice of Psychological Assessment
by Clinical Psychologists,” by C.E. Watkins et al. in
Professional Pscyhology: Research and Practice,
Vo. 26, No. 1, pages 54–60; 1995