Blockchain technologies could be used to improve the healthcare claims process by creating a transparent, efficient system. Smart contracts encoded on a blockchain could automate agreements between providers, health plans, and patients. Patient and provider identifying data would be tokenized to protect privacy. Claims data stored on the blockchain would include a minimum of details to process claims, with links to more complete data on health plan APIs. This would allow near real-time claims processing while maintaining privacy through data tokenization and adding "salts" or fake claims to the blockchain. The system would be run through a healthcare industry consortium.
Consumer-Centric Healthcare: 2015--The Tipping Point Has Arrived (Report by William Blair)
Consumers—in tandem with disruptive healthcare technology and healthcare services providers—are the key to solving many of US healthcare's woes, particularly the unsustainably high cost of care.
Public exchanges, private exchanges, and high-deductible health plans are growing quickly. Disruptive forces of competition will create a lower-cost system that promotes the growth of highly efficient, low-cost, and high-quality providers and technologies.
The continued movement of financial and quality risk back to providers (and increasingly to consumers themselves) is encouraging providers and consumers to seek preventive medicine, cost efficiency, clinical efficacy, and overall value in healthcare. In turn, this could drive significant change regarding the primary point of care delivery (rapidly moving outside the hospital), the overall cost of healthcare and investment decisions made by healthcare providers.
Consumer-centric healthcare providers will experience strong top- and bottom-line growth over the coming years. Investors in both the public and private-equity markets will achieve superior long-term returns by identifying and investing in these companies.
Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Manag...PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Denise Hall presented “Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Management” at Becker’s Annual CEO & CIO Strategy Roundtables, November 18-19, 2015.
The presentation explored:
Data being aggregated by the government, as well as new approaches by regulators.
Public relations and litigation risk from the public dissemination of data by the government.
Big data connections to payment through quality metrics and the potential for new theories of False Claims Act (FCA) suits.
Internal use of broad spectrum analytics in employed physician compliance management.
Determination of risk tolerance and the customization of “outside the box” analytics.
Benchmarking, monitoring, and defining physician-focused risk area reviews.
Consumer-Centric Healthcare: 2015--The Tipping Point Has Arrived (Report by William Blair)
Consumers—in tandem with disruptive healthcare technology and healthcare services providers—are the key to solving many of US healthcare's woes, particularly the unsustainably high cost of care.
Public exchanges, private exchanges, and high-deductible health plans are growing quickly. Disruptive forces of competition will create a lower-cost system that promotes the growth of highly efficient, low-cost, and high-quality providers and technologies.
The continued movement of financial and quality risk back to providers (and increasingly to consumers themselves) is encouraging providers and consumers to seek preventive medicine, cost efficiency, clinical efficacy, and overall value in healthcare. In turn, this could drive significant change regarding the primary point of care delivery (rapidly moving outside the hospital), the overall cost of healthcare and investment decisions made by healthcare providers.
Consumer-centric healthcare providers will experience strong top- and bottom-line growth over the coming years. Investors in both the public and private-equity markets will achieve superior long-term returns by identifying and investing in these companies.
Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Manag...PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Denise Hall presented “Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Management” at Becker’s Annual CEO & CIO Strategy Roundtables, November 18-19, 2015.
The presentation explored:
Data being aggregated by the government, as well as new approaches by regulators.
Public relations and litigation risk from the public dissemination of data by the government.
Big data connections to payment through quality metrics and the potential for new theories of False Claims Act (FCA) suits.
Internal use of broad spectrum analytics in employed physician compliance management.
Determination of risk tolerance and the customization of “outside the box” analytics.
Benchmarking, monitoring, and defining physician-focused risk area reviews.
Don’t Stumble Coming Out of the Gate –Top Ten Issues to Address When Acquirin...PYA, P.C.
PYA Consulting Principal Carol Carden co-presented with Charlene McGinty of McKenna Long. They examined the top issues to address when acquiring a physician practice and some of the common and more complex issues hospitals face during the acquisition.
2021 Healthcare Trends: Embracing an Unpredictable FutureHealth Catalyst
We’re putting 2020 in the rearview mirror and gazing into the crystal ball to see what 2021 holds. Stephen Grossbart, PhD, and Dan Orenstein, JD, tackle the challenge of predicting what’s next for healthcare in 2021. Stephen and Dan discuss the trends and policies most impactful to the industry and attempt to answer the following questions on everyone’s mind.
- Healthcare technology—Where is it headed? What’s the next big thing?
- Care delivery—How will COVID-19 continue to impact healthcare systems, physicians, and patients? What changes will the industry make to prepare for future pandemics? What will happen with value-based care?
- The new Biden administration—What changes will it make that will impact healthcare? What will the Supreme Court/Congress do about the ACA?
A New Era of Personalized Medicine: The Power of Analytics and AIHealth Catalyst
Healthcare is looking towards an era of personalized medicine in which providers customize treatments for the individual patient. Realizing this tailored level of care s a new level of data volume and analytics and AI capabilities that, while novel to healthcare, other industries are thriving in. Choosing the right role models as healthcare works towards the analytics- and AI-driven territory of personalized medicine will guide informed strategies and establish best practices.
With experience and expertise in these key areas, the military, aerospace, and automotive industries can serve as healthcare’s best examples:
1. The human cognitive processes of complex decision making.
2. The digitization of their industries, with the “health” of their assets as key drivers.
3. Operating in a “big data” ecosystem.
Guarding Your Client's Valuation from Attack--Dos and Don'ts for Requesting, ...PYA, P.C.
During an AHLA webinar series roundtable discussion, “Guarding Your Client’s Valuation from Attack—Dos and Don’ts for Requesting, Reviewing, Using, and Discarding FMV Opinions,” PYA Principal Carol Carden joined other legal experts to explore the practical issues for counsel to consider when balancing the arguments for scrutinizing valuation reports with the arguments for ensuring valuator independence.
Provider/payor convergence: A prescription for growth?Grant Thornton LLP
As bottom lines shrink, payors and providers are beginning to see convergence, or vertical integration, as the path to growth, Panelists from Johns Hopkins Institutions, Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC and Grant Thornton LLP share their experience.
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and clinically integrated networks (CINs) are two types of organizations working to address the problem of rising costs. As ACOs and CINs continue to evolve, organizations moving into value-based care (VBC) face an ever-changing landscape. This article looks at the evolution of the ACO and CIN models, what new tools ACOs employ today to promote success, and lessons learned from organizations that have succeeded in alternative payment models. It also explores what healthcare experts believe the future of alternative payment models will look like and competencies to develop to meet those changing demands.
Digitization is bringing a sea change to a U.S. healthcare industry already facing waves of uncertainty. By taking the right steps, this can be a major opportunity for industry players.
Forecasting the future of any industry is difficult, none more so right now than healthcare in the United States. There are countless reasons why healthcare will look different in the near future, not least of which being the country's movement toward national coverage. However, digital transformation—the cumulative change that comes when digital technologies are introduced wholesale into an established industry—is poised to have an even bigger impact. For the U.S. healthcare industry, digital technology will be transformational, cutting healthcare delivery costs, eliminating errors through improved electronic medical records, and establishing routinized, evidence-based approaches to treatment.
Digital forces are pulling at the industry and significantly altering services, products, innovation, delivery, and remuneration (see figure). There are digitally integrated healthcare providers, digital medical devices and technologies, and digital delivery and monitoring of home healthcare. In addition, new ideas are emanating from developing markets, agile competitors are embracing technology, and a digital-friendly federal administration is pushing innovation. And don't forget the digital consumer who is used to digital banking, digital retailing, and digital education, and expects digital healthcare.
- See more at: http://www.atkearney.com/paper/-/asset_publisher/dVxv4Hz2h8bS/content/digital-healthcare-or-bust-in-america/10192#sthash.gP6B4uWR.dpuf
Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Manag...PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Denise Hall, along with King & Spalding’s Michael Paulhus, co-presented “Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Management” at the Health Care Compliance Association’s (HCCA) 19th Annual Compliance Institute.
PYA Presents Intro to Healthcare Valuation PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Jim Lloyd, along with other presenters, provided a “Healthcare Valuation 101” during a pre-conference workshop at the 2013 AICPA Healthcare Industry Conference.
This is the final version of the online forum on Smart Subsidies for the promotion of vibrant and sustainable Agricultural Knowledge and Information (AKI) Services. The discussion was hosted by The Market Facilitation Initiative (MaFI) in March 2010.
Don’t Stumble Coming Out of the Gate –Top Ten Issues to Address When Acquirin...PYA, P.C.
PYA Consulting Principal Carol Carden co-presented with Charlene McGinty of McKenna Long. They examined the top issues to address when acquiring a physician practice and some of the common and more complex issues hospitals face during the acquisition.
2021 Healthcare Trends: Embracing an Unpredictable FutureHealth Catalyst
We’re putting 2020 in the rearview mirror and gazing into the crystal ball to see what 2021 holds. Stephen Grossbart, PhD, and Dan Orenstein, JD, tackle the challenge of predicting what’s next for healthcare in 2021. Stephen and Dan discuss the trends and policies most impactful to the industry and attempt to answer the following questions on everyone’s mind.
- Healthcare technology—Where is it headed? What’s the next big thing?
- Care delivery—How will COVID-19 continue to impact healthcare systems, physicians, and patients? What changes will the industry make to prepare for future pandemics? What will happen with value-based care?
- The new Biden administration—What changes will it make that will impact healthcare? What will the Supreme Court/Congress do about the ACA?
A New Era of Personalized Medicine: The Power of Analytics and AIHealth Catalyst
Healthcare is looking towards an era of personalized medicine in which providers customize treatments for the individual patient. Realizing this tailored level of care s a new level of data volume and analytics and AI capabilities that, while novel to healthcare, other industries are thriving in. Choosing the right role models as healthcare works towards the analytics- and AI-driven territory of personalized medicine will guide informed strategies and establish best practices.
With experience and expertise in these key areas, the military, aerospace, and automotive industries can serve as healthcare’s best examples:
1. The human cognitive processes of complex decision making.
2. The digitization of their industries, with the “health” of their assets as key drivers.
3. Operating in a “big data” ecosystem.
Guarding Your Client's Valuation from Attack--Dos and Don'ts for Requesting, ...PYA, P.C.
During an AHLA webinar series roundtable discussion, “Guarding Your Client’s Valuation from Attack—Dos and Don’ts for Requesting, Reviewing, Using, and Discarding FMV Opinions,” PYA Principal Carol Carden joined other legal experts to explore the practical issues for counsel to consider when balancing the arguments for scrutinizing valuation reports with the arguments for ensuring valuator independence.
Provider/payor convergence: A prescription for growth?Grant Thornton LLP
As bottom lines shrink, payors and providers are beginning to see convergence, or vertical integration, as the path to growth, Panelists from Johns Hopkins Institutions, Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC and Grant Thornton LLP share their experience.
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and clinically integrated networks (CINs) are two types of organizations working to address the problem of rising costs. As ACOs and CINs continue to evolve, organizations moving into value-based care (VBC) face an ever-changing landscape. This article looks at the evolution of the ACO and CIN models, what new tools ACOs employ today to promote success, and lessons learned from organizations that have succeeded in alternative payment models. It also explores what healthcare experts believe the future of alternative payment models will look like and competencies to develop to meet those changing demands.
Digitization is bringing a sea change to a U.S. healthcare industry already facing waves of uncertainty. By taking the right steps, this can be a major opportunity for industry players.
Forecasting the future of any industry is difficult, none more so right now than healthcare in the United States. There are countless reasons why healthcare will look different in the near future, not least of which being the country's movement toward national coverage. However, digital transformation—the cumulative change that comes when digital technologies are introduced wholesale into an established industry—is poised to have an even bigger impact. For the U.S. healthcare industry, digital technology will be transformational, cutting healthcare delivery costs, eliminating errors through improved electronic medical records, and establishing routinized, evidence-based approaches to treatment.
Digital forces are pulling at the industry and significantly altering services, products, innovation, delivery, and remuneration (see figure). There are digitally integrated healthcare providers, digital medical devices and technologies, and digital delivery and monitoring of home healthcare. In addition, new ideas are emanating from developing markets, agile competitors are embracing technology, and a digital-friendly federal administration is pushing innovation. And don't forget the digital consumer who is used to digital banking, digital retailing, and digital education, and expects digital healthcare.
- See more at: http://www.atkearney.com/paper/-/asset_publisher/dVxv4Hz2h8bS/content/digital-healthcare-or-bust-in-america/10192#sthash.gP6B4uWR.dpuf
Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Manag...PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Denise Hall, along with King & Spalding’s Michael Paulhus, co-presented “Big Data: Implications of Data Mining for Employed Physician Compliance Management” at the Health Care Compliance Association’s (HCCA) 19th Annual Compliance Institute.
PYA Presents Intro to Healthcare Valuation PYA, P.C.
PYA Principal Jim Lloyd, along with other presenters, provided a “Healthcare Valuation 101” during a pre-conference workshop at the 2013 AICPA Healthcare Industry Conference.
This is the final version of the online forum on Smart Subsidies for the promotion of vibrant and sustainable Agricultural Knowledge and Information (AKI) Services. The discussion was hosted by The Market Facilitation Initiative (MaFI) in March 2010.
* ¿Qué es el Aprendizaje Colaborativo?
El aprendizaje colaborativo es un sistema de interacciones cuidadosamente diseñado que organiza e induce la influencia recíproca entre los integrantes de un equipo. Se desarrolla a través de un proceso gradual en el que cada miembro y todos se sienten mutuamente comprometidos con el aprendizaje de los demás generando una interdependencia positiva que no implique competencia.
* Ventajas del aprendizaje colaborativo
- Estimular habilidades personales.
- Disminuir los sentimientos de aislamiento.
- Favorecer los sentimientos de autoeficiencia y propiciar, a partir de la participación individual, la responsabilidad compartida por los resultados del grupo.
- Permite el logro de objetivos que son cualitativamente más ricos en contenidos asegurando la calidad y exactitud en las ideas y soluciones planteadas.
- Propiciar al alumno la generación de conocimiento, debido a que se ve involucrado en el desarrollo de investigaciones, en donde su aportación es muy valiosa al no permanecer como un ente pasivo que solo capta información.
* Desventajas
Los principales obstáculos a los que se enfrenta el aprendizaje colaborativo son la resistencia al cambio en los paradigmas de trabajo en equipo por parte de los estudiantes, y el buen diseño de herramientas para el trabajo mismo.
Es por eso que al diseñar un entorno de aprendizaje colaborativo se deben tomar en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: estilos de aprendizaje, modelos educativos y las técnicas y tecnologías de la comunicación.
* Características
- Representa una teoría y un conjunto de estrategias metodológicas que surgen del nuevo enfoque de la Educación.
- Implica el desarrollo de conocimientos y habilidades individuales como el desarrollo de una actitud positiva de interdependencia y respeto a las contribuciones
- Está fundamentado en la teoría constructivista.
- Enfatiza la participación activa del estudiante.
* Conclusión
El aprendizaje colaborativo es una modalidad muy eficaz en cualquier escenario ya sea de tipo virtual; utilizando foros, blogs, chat,etc, o de interacción cara a cara, algunos autores citan la interacción cara a cara como un elemento esencial para que se dé el aprendizaje colaborativo, sin embargo en mi opinión también se puede dar en un ambiente virtual ya que se exponen habilidades personales y en grupo, haciendo aportes individuales y llegando a conclusiones más concretas, otro de los elementos que se mencionan para este tipo de aprendizaje.
El éxito del aprendizaje colaborativo radica esencialmente, en que cada participante entienda cual es su rol dentro del grupo y sepa cuales son sus responsabilidades para consigo mismo y con el grupo.
What is Handoff in mobile network?
What is the Search Window?
How to optimize handoff parameters?
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know handoff principle and classification.
Know search window and key parameters.
Master handoff tuning in network.
Chapter 1 Basic Concept
Chapter 2 Handoff in CDMA
Chapter 3 Optimization Command
Chapter 4 Summary
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication.
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset
Handset continuously checks available pilots
Handset tells system pilots it currently sees
System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset
Handset assigns its fingers accordingly
All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting!
Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis!
Users are totally unaware of handoff
Important but invisible: What the Aging Workforce Needs from Design -- Big De...Michael Carvin
This presentation is an overview of the aging workforce's needs and barriers, and the consequences of excluding them from the workforce. It provides insight on the physical and cognitive problems designers often overlook, and suggests that simple awareness, understanding and empathy are good first steps towards mitigating the problem. Examples in employee onboarding, training, retention and knowledge transfer were discussed.
The new digital era is knocking our doors, and these are arguably the most exciting times post invention of internet itself. Open your doors to the new advanced digital world, which promises to simplify and automate a lot of things around. In the list of remarkable technologies that promise to change the world, is Blockchain.
Conceived in 2008, this concept is generating a lot of buzz. This presentation discusses about this technology, working mechanism in case of Bitcoin, and its use cases beyond crypto-curreinces.
Presentation by Daria Pelech, an analyst in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the Center for Health Insurance Reform McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University.
Healthcare by Any Other Name - Centricity Business WhitepaperGE Healthcare - IT
Whether referred to as integrated healthcare or accountable care, the
current focus on new healthcare models is a reaction to long-standing
concerns around quality, cost, and efficiency. Many of these issues stem
from care delivery systems that have been:
• Directed more at episodic treatment than prevention and early intervention
• Fragmented rather than integrated and coordinated
• Focused on patient eligibility and billing rather than patient engagement
within and outside of the care setting
• Customized to the idiosyncrasies of individual facilities rather than
standardized across care sites
• Rewarded more for volume than for quality and cost outcomes
The resulting inefficiencies have made healthcare less effective, less safe,
and more costly than can be tolerated, particularly against the backdrop of
a challenging worldwide economy. The old dictum ‘if you provide healthcare,
they will pay’ no longer applies. Public payers, private payers, and regulatory
agencies are wielding both carrots and sticks to drive healthcare organizations
toward greater coordination, demonstrable quality, and measurable
cost control.
The consensus on what ails our health systems, as well as the availability
of new technologies, has led to the creation of new models of delivery,
such accountable care organizations and integrated health organizations.
By whatever name, these healthcare models are designed to promote
accountability and improve outcomes for the health of a defined population.
Chapter 4 Information Systems to Support Population Health Managem.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4 Information Systems to Support Population Health Management Learning Objectives To be able to understand the data and information needs of health systems in managing population health effectively under value-based payment models. To be able to discuss key health IT tools and strategies for population health management including EHRs, registries, risk stratification, patient engagement, and outreach, care coordination and management, analytics, health information exchange, and telemedicine and telehealth. To be able to discuss the application and use of data analytics to monitor, predict, and improve performance. The enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) brought about sweeping legislation intended to reduce the numbers of uninsured and make health care accessible to all Americans. It also ushered in an era in which changing reimbursement and care delivery models are driving providers from the current fragmented system focused on volume-based services to an outcomes orientation. As a result, the health care system now taking shape is one in which value-based payment models financially reward patient-centered, coordinated, accountable care. Against this backdrop, providers' increasing use of evidence-based medicine and growing capabilities in managing volumes of clinical evidence through sophisticated health IT systems will mean that treatments can be tailored for the individual and interventions can be made earlier to keep patients well. Furthermore, patient engagement is fast becoming a critical component in the care process, particularly in the area of population health management (PHM). Health care providers' interest in improving population health appears to be increasing because of the sudden ubiquity of the phrase, because many are participating in accountable care organizations (ACOs), and because even hospitals not participating in an ACO increasingly have incentives to reduce their number of potentially unavoidable admissions, readmissions, and emergency department visits (Casalino, Erb, Joshi, & Shortell, 2015). In this chapter we'll not only seek a common understanding of PHM but also explore how the advent of shared accountability financial arrangements between providers and purchasers of care has created significant focus on PHM. We'll also review the core processes associated with accountable care and examine the strategic IT investments and data management capabilities required to support population health management and enable a successful transition from volume-based to value-based care. PHM: Key to Success Although the ACO model is still new and evolving, approximately 750 ACOs are in operation today, covering some 23.5 million lives under Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurers. Although not all ACOs have demonstrated success in delivering better health outcomes at a lower cost, many have achieved promising results (Houston & McGinnis, 2016). As such, significant ACO growth is expected. In fact, it is predicte ...
Medical innovation, increasing the complexity of care, and the relationships between stakeholders gradually lead to the increase in prices of healthcare for consumers. Lack of transparency affects the cost of premiums as well as out-of-pocket expenses. Policymakers in their considerations need to include more indicators than just insurance coverage that, without other measures, will not curb soaring healthcare expenses. Delayed care is a public health concern because of the risk of disability and under-treatment of otherwise treatable conditions. The presentation of data to non-technical audiences, including decision-makers, has to be understandable to convey the information reliably. Systems modeling techniques should be considered to estimate stakeholder behavior in a dynamic system accurately. Currently, many instances of abuse exist within the system. As an example, chargemaster fees apply to uninsured or out-of-network patients. Hospital fees are, however, tackled by state laws rather than at the federal level. Consumers in health care tend to behave differently than in other industries and often think less about the costs involved. Physicians’ education should include the delivery of cost-conscious care to prevent financial harm to their patients. Transparency of cost is one of the most effective mechanisms that enable patients and providers to make informed choices.
COST FACTORS & STRATEGIESReasons for increasing costs of healt.docxvanesaburnand
COST FACTORS & STRATEGIES
Reasons for increasing costs of health care and
Some strategies for managing them
Page
No.
(1)
Admin/
Providers’
Strategies
(2)
Gov’t &
Payors' Strategies
(3)
Societal Factors
Which Increase
Costs
Advanced Technology
Aging Population
AIDS
Capitation
Cardiac Catheterization Lab
Care Mapping/Clinical Pathways
Case Rates and Per Diems
CAT Scanner
Change of Reimbursement System from Charge-Based, to Cost-Based, to Flat-Fee to Capitation
CON (Certificate of Need)
Concurrent Review
Cost Shifting
Cost Accounting System
Deductibles and Co-Payments
Defensive Medicine
Gatekeepers
Global Payments/ Bundling of Services
Increased Chronic, Long-Term Illnesses
Increased Long-Term Care
Inflation
Information Systems Technology
Joint Replacements
Just-in-Time Delivery
Large Jury Awards
Litigation
Medicaid Tightened Eligibility Restrictions
Mergers and Acquisitions
MRI
Neonatal ICU
Organ Transplants
Part-Time Workers Replacing Full-Time Workers
Payment System
Penalties for Services Outside of HMO Network w/o Prior Approval
Point of Care
Preadmission Certification and Second Opinions
Prospective Payment (DRG)
Prospective Payments
Provider Networks
Reengineering/Redesign
Retrospective Review
Rising Expectations
Shift to Outpatient Services
Steerage and Discounts
The Uninsured
Total Quality Management
NAME OF STUDENT:
�Introduction�
Never before have health care professionals faced such complex issues and practical dif-
ficulties trying to keep their organizations financially viable (see Perspective 1–1). With
C h a p t e r O n e
THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH CARE
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Learning Objectives
AAfftteerr ccoommpplleettiinngg tthhiiss cchhaapptteerr,, yyoouu wwiillll bbee aabbllee ttoo::
� Identify key factors that have led to rising health care costs.
� Identify key approaches to controlling health care costs.
� Identify key ethical issues resulting from attempts to control costs.
Introduction
Rising Health Care Costs
The Payment System
Technology
The Aging Population
Prescription Drugs
Chronic Diseases
Compliance and Litigation
The Uninsured
Efforts to Control Costs
Efforts by Payors to Control Health Care
Costs
DRGs
Capitation
Global Payments
APCs
Cutting Delivery Costs
Shift to Outpatient Services
Cost Accounting Systems
Information Services Technology
Mergers and Acquisitions
Reengineering/Redesign
Cost Control Issues with Ethical
Overtones
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Outline
063123098X-01.qxd 9/11/02 6:34 PM Page 1
turbulent changes taking place in payment, delivery, and social systems, health care pro-
fessionals are faced with trying to meet their organization’s health-related mission in an
environment of extreme cost pressure. In order to provide a context for the topics covered
in this text, .
Will Price Transparency Help Patients Find Lower Cost Care Mary Tolan
At the close of July, the Trump administration proposed new policies that would create greater price transparency among healthcare providers. The driving idea behind the new proposal is that patients will be better able to shop around for care and choose options that fit within their budgetary limits instead of seeking care from the nearest provider and hoping that the bill they receive after the fact isn’t out of their financial reach. It’s a measure meant to empower and facilitate cost-savings for overburdened consumers — and given the current sky-high state of healthcare prices in the United States, it may well be a welcome one.
Urgent Care Billing Services, Revenue Cycle & EHR Serviceseverestar
Everest A/R is a Florida-based Medical Billing & Revenue Cycle Management Services Company, offers Urgent Care Medical Billing along with Free EHR Services.
Value-Based Care and Healthcare Consumerism: Opportunities for Health IT and ...Cognizant
Health IT and technology solutions are central in the shift to value-based care and to meeting the demands of patient consumerism. Hurdles remain, but all primary players in the healthcare ecosystem, patients, providers and payers, are seeking more and better data, platform interoperability, real-time and actionable analytical insights, and more effective engagement.
Here’s How Blockchain Can Revolutionize TelemedicineMatthew Doyle
Could blockchain offer the boost telemedicine needs to reach its potential? Over the past several decades, digitally-facilitated medicine has made significant inroads into mainstream medicine, expanding access to care, improving health outcomes, and lowering costs for patients and providers alike — and yet, adoption is far lower than it should be. According to one study conducted by HIMSS Analytics, the percentage of providers who offer telemedicine solutions hovers at just 71%. Similarly, a 2018 Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) report found the adoption rate for payers to be even less, with only 67% of surveyed employers reporting telemedicine coverage in their largest-enrollment health plans.
Healthcare Payer Digital Transformation | Health Plan Services | Healthcare B...RNayak3
Transform your healthcare payer operations with our digital transformation services. As the #1 outsourcing and consulting company, we're your premier provider for BPO/BPM solutions in the healthcare payer industry.
White Paper - Internet Marketing Strategies For The Medical Device Industryjerryme5
This is a White Paper that I wrote, while employed at Exemplum, that talks about various marketing strategies that medical device companies can use to leverage the Internet to market their products more effectivelty.
1. Blockchain Technologies: A whitepaper discussing how the claims process can be improved
Kyle Culver 1
Abstract
The healthcare industry suffers from an inability to clearly communicate costs in a timely and
easy-to-understand format. This problem is a symptom of interoperability issues and complex
agreements between providers, patients, health plans/payers and government regulators. These
agreements are encoded in legal language with the intent of being defensible in court. However,
the focus on legal enforceability, instead of understandability, creates problems resulting in
hundreds of billions of dollars spent annually to administer an inefficient, outdated and complex
process for adjudicating and paying health plan claims. The process results in errors and often
leaves the patient unclear on how much they need to pay. If these agreements were instead
translated into computer code (smart contracts) leveraging Blockchain technologies, the claim
process would not only be interoperable, but also drive standardization, research and innovation.
Transparency and trust can be injected into the process when both the logic and the data driving
these decisions is stored permanently and made available to all stakeholders through a peer-to-
peer distributed database like blockchain. The result will be a paradigm shift toward
interoperability and transparency, enhancing the speed and accuracy of cost reporting to patients.
This paper discusses how smart contracts, blockchain and other technologies can be combined
into a platform that enables drastic improvements to the healthcare experience for all
stakeholders.
DISCLAIMER: The opinions and views expressed in this report are those of the author. They do
not necessarily reflect the views of Humana, or any other affiliated organization.
Background
The Claims Process
The key financial mechanism for the healthcare
system is the health plan claim. The claim process
starts with the patient, who is required by law to
possess medical coverage backed by a health plan.
When a patient needs services from a provider
(physician, hospital, pharmacy or nursing home),
that provider utilizes the health plan as an
intermediary to determine service fees, including
member cost share and health plan cost share. In
order to determine these cost shares, the health plan
must first validate services received from the
provider against the agreement they share, as well as
any applicable regulatory requirements for that
interaction.
The health plan will then communicate the results
to the patient and provider, taking into account Figure 1. Claims Drive the Health Care System
2. Blockchain Technologies: A whitepaper discussing how the claims process can be improved
Kyle Culver 2
various historical data points (deductible, out of pocket maximum, etc.) that may factor into
those agreements. Even with this simplistic explanation of the claims process, one can begin to
understand its complexity. As shown below, the viewpoint of each stakeholder is critical to
visualizing the entire process, along with the pervasiveness of the existing issues.
The Provider Lens
Providers negotiate complex agreements (e.g. fee-for-service, pay for performance and
capitation) with health plans to be considered “in-network” providers and create demand for the
services they offer. The drafting and negotiation of these agreements adds significant overhead to
the provider’s administration cost. One large part of this administration cost is associated to
Billing and Insurance Related (BIR) activities including: “contracting with insurers and
subcontracted providers; maintaining benefits databases; determining patient insurance and
cost sharing; collecting copayments, formulary, and prior authorization; coding of services
delivered; checking and submitting claims; receiving and depositing payments; appealing
denials and underpayments; collecting from patients; negotiating end-of-year resolution of
unsettled claims; and paying subcontracted providers.” (Medicine and Yong PL). BIR costs are
projected to reach $315 billion dollars by 2018, up over 100% from 2007. “The complexity
required to navigate these processes total up to 3.8 hours for the average American physician a
week—the equivalent of more than 3 workweeks a year—on interactions with payers” (Medicine
and Yong PL). As can be seen in figure 2, BIR cost is estimated to be $254 billion across all
providers, adding enormous strain to the overall system. Inefficiencies born out of these
activities result in painful waves felt across the entire healthcare system.
The Patient Lens
As of 2014, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates that all individuals have health insurance.
For the scope of this whitepaper, it is assumed that patients have some agreement with a health
plan and that they maintain essential coverage. Patients depend on the health plan to clearly
communicate the terms of their agreement. For a number of reasons, the specifics of that
agreement are typically not well understood by the patient. “In particular, the complexity of
medical billing and the third-party reimbursement processes faced by most patients and their
families is a potential source of confusion or misunderstanding between patient, medical
provider, and insurer. That complexity could lead some consumers to be unaware of when, to
whom, or for what amount they owe a medical bill or even whether payment was the
responsibility of the consumer rather than an insurance company” (DiJulio, Firth and Brodie).
70
67
97
BIR in Billons
Physicians
Hospitals
Others (Nursing Homes,
Pharmacies, etc.)
Figure 2. Estimated BIR Costs for Providers
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Per a recent Kaiser study, one of the top healthcare priorities for the President and Congress is
“making information about the price of doctors’ visits, tests, and procedures more available to
patients,” with 56% of respondents voicing concern over lacking information (DiJulio, Firth and
Brodie). Although the majority of patients reportedly want to discuss out-of-pocket costs during
the medical visit, neither the provider nor the patient have the tools available to efficiently drive
that conversation (Hunter, Zhang and Hesson). Patients are asked to shoulder the time-
consuming and error-prone process of reconciling cost information they receive from the
provider and the health plan.
The patient is also a victim of the glacial speed at which claims move through the existing
processes; electronic claims take an average of seven to fourteen days and paper claims range
between four and eight weeks (Benton). This lack of responsiveness by the overall system
contributes to a patient experience rife with mistrust, frustration and resignation. A number of
factors that contribute to unpleasant patient experiences in the healthcare system, and one proven
way to push resolution is by incentivizing each stakeholder to improve their contribution to the
overall process.
The Health Plan/Payer Lens
The general public expects the health plan to be an effective intermediary in the claims process,
and when they experience frustration resulting from the current arduous process, all eyes
seemingly focus in that direction. In order to be viable and competitive, health plans have had to
expend significant resources to adapt to the many recent changes in the legislative landscape.
The changes driven by the Health Insurance Accountability and Portability Act (HIPAA) and
ACA, for example, have resulted in additional complexity in both the patient’s insurance
coverage, and within provider agreements. Meeting the requirements of these legislative
developments can make it difficult for health plans to embrace and take full of advantage of new
technologies that have the potential to improve the claims process issues at hand. As set out in
figure 3, private insurers account for almost half of all BIR costs totaling 198 billion (Medicine
and Yong PL).
Figure 3. BIR Overview
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Government Regulators Lens
Due to the requirements of government-sponsored initiatives like Medicare, Medicaid and ACA,
regulations must be enforced. Auditing claims data is a key part of that process. Calculating
Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) is one regulation that requires health plans to "spend 80 to 85 percent
of premium dollars on medical care and health care quality improvement, rather than on
administrative costs" (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services). Collecting information to
audit MLR and improper payments for subsidized programs creates substantial overhead for both
providers and health plans. The health plan must produce the requested information for auditors
to evaluate. Clearly, regulation is needed. The Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program,
for example, has returned over $29.4 billion to Medicare over the past decade (Coalition Against
Insurance Fraud). However, the auditing process is inefficient, exacerbated by barriers to sharing
claims information with regulators in near real-time and in a centralized location.
Blockchain
Blockchain (with the capital B) is a term used today to reference a collection of technologies.
The name comes from the distributed database (blockchain with a lowercase b) it utilizes, which
implements a chain of transaction blocks or a "block chain" to store information. This chain of
information is then replicated across a collection of computers connected as a peer-to-peer
network. Every computer participating in the peer-to-peer network is referred to as a node.
Public key cryptography allows for the nodes to interact anonymously and securely on the
network. In order for a node to add a transaction to the blockchain, a consensus of the networked
nodes is required to determine where the transaction should appear, and this consensus occurs
when majority of the nodes agree on the next "block" of transactions to add to the chain. There
are multiple ways to approach collecting consensus across the network; the most popular
include proof of stake (PoS) and proof of work(PoW) algorithms to ensure the integrity of
network. Because consensus is needed to add information and every node has a copy of the data,
which is "chained together" over time, the integrity of the data is relational to the number of
nodes in agreement (Zaninotto).
The most successful implementation of Blockchain technology to date is Bitcoin. Over the past
seven years Bitcoin has validated the technology can securely support real world use cases
including transferring digital assets—payment for something, in the case of Bitcoin—without an
intermediary.
Proposed Solution
Overview
The solution is a platform engineered to leverage both Blockchain technologies and Fast
Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) compliant APIs to increase efficiencies, enable
near real-time claim adjudication, transparent agreements between stakeholders and decreased
fraud. FHIR was created as an industry standard to format data thereby reducing integration
complexity. A key aspect of the solution, due to the cost of adding data to the blockchain, is
limiting that data to only what is needed for the smart contracts to execute. Additional details
5. Blockchain Technologies: A whitepaper discussing how the claims process can be improved
Kyle Culver 5
would be formatted to comply with the FHIR standards and stored as a reference URL associated
to applicable transaction in the blockchain.
Considering the technical immaturity of Blockchain technologies and the fact that healthcare
data is extremely sensitive, the blockchain must be limited to a consortium. A consortium will
also allow for the platform to reduce risk while maturing iteratively toward the goal of securely
and openly supporting all claims in a public and transparent implementation. Smart Contracts
can be developed to support provider and health plan agreements, as well as agreements between
patient and health plan. Once these contracts are validated, they can be standardized and reused
across the industry, providing a significant decrease in overhead.
Due to Blockchain’s proven strengths in managing digital assets and the significant impacts of
health care costs, improving efficiencies in BIR activities was prioritized as the first leap
forward. The clinical care details associated to each claim could be stored as a reference URL on
the blockchain but made available through FHIR compliant APIs. Storing a link to the clinical
information in blockchain, instead of the actual clinical details minimizes the amount of data
shared by the nodes while still enabling interoperability and playing to Blockchain’s proven
strengths.
Foundational Components
Smart Contracts
Smart contracts allow logic to be executed by nodes on the Blockchain. In the proposed solution,
the smart contracts would need to contain the logic necessary to automate the provider and health
plan agreements as well as the member and health plan agreements. Due to the complexity of
some cases, multi-step and potentially long running contracts will be needed to cover all
scenarios. The majority of transactions would not fall into this category, but the proposed
platform would provide the capabilities to integrate multi-step contracts with health plan or
provider systems. Once the contracts have been deployed to the Blockchain, they are executable,
so agreements will be fully transparent to the consortium. Transparency of the agreement will
equip stakeholders to have conversations informed by accurate accumulation data, the patient’s
agreement with the health plan and the provider’s agreement with the health plan. The
blockchain would provide the applicable patient accumulations, i.e., out of pocket cost paid by
the patient categorized into groups like deductible, in or out of network and the various
medication related services.
Security
Securing this solution to share claim information between organizations in the consortium is
worth the investment and risk due to potential benefits provided by Blockchain. There are two
processes needed to secure the data and ensure privacy. The first is a cryptographic one-way
hash process to "tokenize" the patient, provider and health plan identities. "The cryptographic
one-way hash is deterministic, meaning that it produces the same output (digest) given the
EXACT same inputs every time regardless of circumstance. Any slight change in the inputs
results in a dramatically different output. Anyone can check your token for validity – even on a
different computer at a different time – by prompting you for your inputs and validating the
resulting hash against the one you established originally. If any of those inputs are not the
6. Blockchain Technologies: A whitepaper discussing how the claims process can be improved
Kyle Culver 6
same…the hash will not match, proving that it is not you or the object in question. These hash
algorithms are carefully designed to be one way – making it impossible to determine the original
inputs from the output (digest) alone. (Gray)". An example of the patient inputs would be
"Health Plan Company Identifier + Member Id + DOB + First Name + Last Name". Tokenizing
these properties would allow for patients to be uniquely identified by the health plan and
provider. Using this design a patient's token would change as the health plan information
changed so one user is not tightly coupled to the same token. Loose coupling reduces the impact
of a security breach because a compromised token would be limited to a specific time range.
Providers and health plans could agree to the properties they each use for tokenizing during the
contract negotiations but they would need to account for all the information to identify the
provider (e.g. facility, organization, etc.) and health plan.
Patient
Provider
Cryptographic
One-way
Hash
Health Plan Identifier +
Member Id +
DOB +
Name
Name
Facility Address
Organization
National Provider Id (NPI)
Secure Identity
(Tokens/Digests)
0x5s4323e2fe3403…
0xa0532e954f232e…
0xd874430eb5c648...
Cryptographic
One-way
Hash
Blockchain Data
Claim:
{
Id: b7360523754c4740882,
patient: 0x5s4323e2fe3403…,
provider: 0xa0532e954f232e…,
healthPlan: 0xd874430eb5c648…,
type: 2345
service: 65789
serviceDateGmtEpoch: 1470074743,
quantity: 2
unitPriceCents: 15000
netCents: 30000
FHIR_Claim_Uri: “api.humana.com/
claim/b7360523754c4740882"
}Health Plan
Name
Facility Address
Organization
Cryptographic
One-way
Hash
Tokenization Example for Illustrative Purposes
Figure 4.One-way Cryptographic hash
Once the identifying information has been tokenized the remaining information needed to
execute the smart contract can be stored in plain text. The data stored in plain text would be the
minimum amount of information needed to successfully adjudicate the claim and a URL to fetch
additional details. These details would be made available by the health plan API as a FHIR
resource. Sharing this information across the consortium would allow for an unprecedented level
of transparency but would also create a need for a blockchain “salt” process. That is because,
even with the patient’s identity being obfuscated by the token, there could theoretically be some
scenarios in which privacy could not be fully guaranteed. Although these scenarios occur with
little frequency, privacy can be addressed by creating fictional records (salts) along with
legitimate ones. The process around adding salts would be driven by both regulators and health
plans to ensure that the blockchain had enough data (real and fictional) to ensure privacy.
Statistics associated with the salts over a large period of time could be provided to researchers
who would then be able to look at the "unsalted" data in aggregate for research
purposes. Combing the process of tokenization of identities with blockchain salting will secure
the data stored at rest in the blockchain.
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Solution Architecture
Three stakeholder groups—
provider, health plans and
government—will form the
consortium to enable this
solution. Health plans will own
the majority of the processing
that will enable the providers to
submit claims and provide other
stakeholders, including the
patient, all applicable
information. Salting the
blockchain will also be a
responsibility of the health plan,
since they will have visibility to
the existing dataset as claims
come in. This salting
functionality should also be
opened up as an API so the
government can add salts, should
gaps be identified in the auditing
process.
Health plans will need to store all applicable accumulation data on the blockchain, even if the
claim is delivered over an existing channel (paper, fax, existing APIs). The provider will have
the ability to interface directly with the Blockchain to execute the agreed upon contracts or view
applicable data. Any stakeholder should have the ability to onboard a vendor to enable
innovation, research and flexibility while adhering to agreed-upon governance, open and
transparent standards. These vendor or third party nodes are represented in black text and outside
of the three main stakeholder circles in Figure 5.
Enrollment Flow
Each enroll and dis-enroll should be posted to the blockchain via the execution of a smart
contract. After executing the smart contact, a minimum set of enrollment data including consent,
product identifier and coverage dates, would be available on the blockchain. This functionality
would potentially replace the HIPAA Eligibility Transaction System (HETS) that facilitates this
type of request for information. Making enrollment data available would allow for provider
systems to validate the smart contracts associated to a patient, so a discussion on cost could
occur at any time. Utilizing the blockchain as a near real-time source for patient enrollment
information would allow provider systems to streamline the patient intake processes, and open
up the potential for health plan integration via FHIR resources to make the process significantly
less intensive than the existing paper process. Providing government regulators with this
enrollment information in near real-time would allow for more precise reporting, auditing and
stakeholder messaging. Depending on the attributes chosen for patient tokens, the government
could potentially audit to determine who is covered, and drive focused messaging to non-covered
individuals.
Figure 5. Solution Architecture
Blockchain
Health Plan
API Salt Process
Existing Systems
Node Node
Messages
*Node
blockchain
*Note: Same for all nodes
smart
contracts
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Claims Flow
Claims payment and
adjudication have the
potential to be a very
complex process, involving
significant overhead and
manual processes to validate
the exhaustive agreed upon
terms are adhered to by all
stakeholders. The vast
majority of claims are not
complex and can be
processed with relatively
simple logic in a completely
automated process. A
completely automated
process is feasible
leveraging smart contracts
on Blockchain
technologies. Once a claim has been successfully adjudicated, additional data could be made
available as a FHIR resource via the health plan. Existing messaging processes could be
leveraged to notify the patient of account balances or provide an explanation of benefits
associated with the claim.
In order to support claims that are too complex to be handled in an automated Blockchain
process, long running multipart smart contracts that utilize manual checkpoints will be needed.
Once the claim has been processed, or is in a state that requires attention, a messaging process
will ensure each participant knows both the steps needed and the tasks in the queue. These
queued tasks should be monitored, and stakeholders who expedite the claims process should be
incentivized so current tendencies do not hinder the future state. With soaring healthcare costs in
the United States, reducing administrative costs through the strengths of Blockchain technology
provides value to all stakeholders.
Smart contracts are flexible and provide the mechanism for drastic reduction of administrative
overhead across the healthcare industry. Once smart contracts can allow for near real-time
adjudicating of the majority of claims, overhead will decrease for all stakeholders. In addition,
patient outcomes should be positively impacted as resources can be reallocated from
administration to care management. As stated earlier, health plans will need to facilitate the
blockchain integration for providers so that every claim is persisted to the blockchain. This will
enable all claims to be available on the blockchain, even if the provider has not integrated.
Having all claims data available and processed in near real-time will allow for regulation and
reporting that was not previously feasible. This will also enable provider/patient agreements that
result in smart contracts to manage payment schedules and withdrawals from Flexible Spending
Accounts (FSAs), Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) or other guaranteed/credited accounts.
Enabling this type of guaranteed funding would allow the provider to accept payment schedules
or incentivize by providing discounts for upfront or guaranteed payments.
Figure 6. Example Flow
Provider
3) Services rendered
to patient
Health Plan
API Salt Process
Existing Systems
Node
2) Patient enrolls
in coverage
1) Health Plan
and Provider
agree to contract
4a) Claim
Node
Node
4b) Claim paid
Legend
Smart Contract(s) deployed to Blockchain
Smart Contract(s) executed
writing to data to blockchain
Provider and Patient interaction
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Solution Benefits
The proposed solution has two main goals: (1) enable the provider and patient to have a
conversation around out of pocket cost, and (2) drastically reduce the billing- and insurance-
related administrative costs. Focusing first on the value of the interoperability efforts, as outlined
in the nationwide interoperability roadmap (Office of the National Coordinator for Health
Information Technology), we must prioritize decreasing the excessive administrative costs over
other Blockchain concepts. The ability to remove intermediaries from a process is the capability
that sets Blockchain apart from other technologies. This capability will allow the solution to
facilitate real-time claims adjudication by replacing the health plan intermediation with
transparent Blockchain technologies. Incorporating one-way cryptographic hashes and
blockchain salts will provide the foundation to protect privacy and security across all aspects of
interoperability. Even with these security measures in place, the performance of claims
processing using Blockchain would still be measured in seconds, whereas now it is measured in
days.
Bitcoin has proven Blockchain can be trusted to securely transfer digital assets in a completely
open and transparent implementation. Targeting claims processing as the first Blockchain goal
for health IT will allow the industry to mitigate risk by maximizing the parallels between these
financial transaction processes. The focus of the health plans in the transactional claims process
would shift from acting as an intermediary to publishing the smart contracts (agreements with the
provider and patient) and applicable data (accumulations, product details, etc.) to the blockchain.
Health IT interoperability takes a significant step forward when smart contracts and data are
available on a consortium-accessible blockchain. Integrated solutions could maintain modularity
since the blockchain would allow for shared storage, lower the barrier of entry and enable
unprecedented innovation. Scalability and resiliency would also not be a concern due the
architecture of the Blockchain solution, given enough nodes are participating in the consortium’s
transaction processing. To incentivize transaction processing (mining), the solution would
require a small transaction fee paid to the node for processing a block of transactions. This fee
could be a fraction of existing fees, and still offset the overhead of processing the block of
transactions.
To mitigate risk the solution must take iterative steps toward processing all claims. The proposed
solution would first operate in parallel with existing Health Information Exchange (HIE)
components. After validation and roll out, existing HIE components would migrate to the
consortium blockchain instead of the existing fragmented data sources to maximize current
investments. The cost to implement this solution is hard to estimate with confidence due to the
immaturity of the technology, but estimate a cost in millions, compared to potential benefits that
would be measured in billions.
In addition to BIR cost reduction, the blockchain data would create a foundation for solutions
that enable both the patient and provider to have a conversation about the patient’s projected out-
of-pocket costs. This dialog would be based on near real-time data, so changes to accumulations
or benefits would be reflected seconds after any change. If a pending change was waiting on a
long running contract, those details would also be made available to inform the discussion. These
conversations are crucial to ensure both patient and provider are making informed choices about
care.
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Benefits from the Stakeholder Viewpoint
Translating agreements between stakeholders into smart contracts replaces ambiguity with
clarity, driving down administrative cost and processing time across the healthcare industry. The
blockchain data and referenced FHIR complaint details will allow this proposed solution to
power future innovations that equip providers to level set expectations for out of pocket costs
and view clinical information associated to services previously rendered. Patients will be better
informed of projected costs and experience the benefit of providers utilizing historical clinical
service information. Health plans have the potential to drive down costs across the industry by
shifting processes to use a more open, efficient and transparent Blockchain solution. This
openness will empower the government to perform near real-time auditing and fraud prevention
without the current overhead of collecting, aggregating and sharing information.
Conclusion
The rising cost of healthcare in the United States is an issue of critical importance to our society.
Blockchain has the potential to drastically reduce these costs by enabling a platform though
which a consortium would share information and execute smart contracts. This platform would
drive standardization, interoperability, research and innovation, as data is made available and
stakeholders become more informed. As the banking industry collaborates in R3 CEV, so too
should the healthcare industry work together on developing the use of Blockchain for a more
efficient claims platform. The benefits of securely sharing information and translating
agreements to smart contracts are too large to be ignored. Blockchain is not a silver bullet, and
the effort to change existing processes will require hard work, but the tools are now available to
start that journey.
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