The document summarizes discussions from a workshop of 45 CEOs and senior executives who debated actions to advance women in the workplace. Key ideas included:
1) Establishing gender diversity as a top strategic priority, with CEOs personally committed to monitoring progress.
2) Developing metrics like a Gender Diversity Index to measure performance and hold companies accountable.
3) Implementing programs that support women's advancement, such as mentorship, training, and addressing biases in leadership models.
10 toxic distractions that undermine your leadershipCoralie Sawruk
The first step in learning to manage distractions is to spot them as they appear! See how you can improve your leadership by creating space to respond with a meaningful action, and focus your mind in a positive way to lead.
For more, visite www.coraliesawruk.com/fresh-ideas
COVID-19: Redefining The Role of Leadership in Your OrganizationMarianne Harness
Leadership during COVID-19 is challenging situation. Read this blog to find out how you can maneuver through the crisis safely and emerge as resilient.
Question # 1: What differences between women and men are there?
Question # 2: What are some examples of low gender diversity?
Question # 3: What are some examples of high gender diversity?
Question # 4: How do we measure gender diversity?
Re-imagining our workplaces Communiqué of the Gender Equity in the Workplace ...Dr Lendy Spires
Gender equality is an issue that exists for every organisation. Yet, unfortunately for many organisations, it remains an issue that is not appropriately recognised or addressed. The leadership of these organisations is facing a serious loss of competitive advantage by not seeking to capitalise on the gender dividend.
The annual Gender Equity in the Workplace Summit is co-hosted by UN Women Australia and the Australian Human Resources Institute. It provides a space for Australian business leaders to discuss their joint leadership role in empowering women and ensuring gender equality in the workplace. It is frequently cited that while over 50 percent of Australian university graduates are women, and many companies employ equal numbers of men and women at graduate level, the percentage of women drops sharply from the first team leader role, and continues to drop off as careers progress toward the executive levels.
If we want to harness the full power of the workforce in these competitive times we need to change these statistics. Australian law affirms women’s entitlement to equal opportunity and freedom from discrimination. Yet in practice inequality exists in many ways. Women continue to be disproportionately affected by issues of economic security, pay inequality, access to leadership opportunities, taking on the majority of caring responsibilities and a lack of representation in decision making. Last year, Summit participants agreed that change was needed.
They called on government to provide greater access to affordable child care, they called on employers to implement targets for women in leadership, and they called for education and stronger data. This year, through a series of Thought Leader Workshop Groups, delegates set out to develop tangible recommendations for employers about how to further embed gender equity in the workplace. The recommendations in this document are based on that substantial contribution. Complementary to these recommendations are the Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs),1 developed by the United Nations Global Compact and UN Women, and the eight recommendations from the inaugural Gender Equity in the Workplace Summit in 2011.2 The WEPs share with the Gender Equity in the Workplace Summit an emphasis on the importance of courageous leadership in building gender equality at work.
South Africa ranks in the top four most giving nations, we explore a new platform for social justice and accountability; and a recent survey suggests MOOCs are failing to educate the poor.
10 toxic distractions that undermine your leadershipCoralie Sawruk
The first step in learning to manage distractions is to spot them as they appear! See how you can improve your leadership by creating space to respond with a meaningful action, and focus your mind in a positive way to lead.
For more, visite www.coraliesawruk.com/fresh-ideas
COVID-19: Redefining The Role of Leadership in Your OrganizationMarianne Harness
Leadership during COVID-19 is challenging situation. Read this blog to find out how you can maneuver through the crisis safely and emerge as resilient.
Question # 1: What differences between women and men are there?
Question # 2: What are some examples of low gender diversity?
Question # 3: What are some examples of high gender diversity?
Question # 4: How do we measure gender diversity?
Re-imagining our workplaces Communiqué of the Gender Equity in the Workplace ...Dr Lendy Spires
Gender equality is an issue that exists for every organisation. Yet, unfortunately for many organisations, it remains an issue that is not appropriately recognised or addressed. The leadership of these organisations is facing a serious loss of competitive advantage by not seeking to capitalise on the gender dividend.
The annual Gender Equity in the Workplace Summit is co-hosted by UN Women Australia and the Australian Human Resources Institute. It provides a space for Australian business leaders to discuss their joint leadership role in empowering women and ensuring gender equality in the workplace. It is frequently cited that while over 50 percent of Australian university graduates are women, and many companies employ equal numbers of men and women at graduate level, the percentage of women drops sharply from the first team leader role, and continues to drop off as careers progress toward the executive levels.
If we want to harness the full power of the workforce in these competitive times we need to change these statistics. Australian law affirms women’s entitlement to equal opportunity and freedom from discrimination. Yet in practice inequality exists in many ways. Women continue to be disproportionately affected by issues of economic security, pay inequality, access to leadership opportunities, taking on the majority of caring responsibilities and a lack of representation in decision making. Last year, Summit participants agreed that change was needed.
They called on government to provide greater access to affordable child care, they called on employers to implement targets for women in leadership, and they called for education and stronger data. This year, through a series of Thought Leader Workshop Groups, delegates set out to develop tangible recommendations for employers about how to further embed gender equity in the workplace. The recommendations in this document are based on that substantial contribution. Complementary to these recommendations are the Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs),1 developed by the United Nations Global Compact and UN Women, and the eight recommendations from the inaugural Gender Equity in the Workplace Summit in 2011.2 The WEPs share with the Gender Equity in the Workplace Summit an emphasis on the importance of courageous leadership in building gender equality at work.
South Africa ranks in the top four most giving nations, we explore a new platform for social justice and accountability; and a recent survey suggests MOOCs are failing to educate the poor.
42 257 представителей поколения «миллениалов» смогли высказать свое мнение об образовании, трудоустройстве и предпринимательстве в рамках опроса, проведенного AIESEC в партнерстве с PwC и при поддержке Кампании тысячелетия Организации Объединенных Наций, MY World и посланника Генерального секретаря ООН по делам молодежи.
Согласно отчету YouthSpeak, поколение «миллениалов» все больше волнует увеличивающийся разрыв между профессиональным образованием и трудоустройством. Университеты не озабочены тем, смогут ли представители поколения «миллениалов» достичь своих целей в будущем, а работодатели не стремятся поддерживать с ними контакты, способствующие их будущему трудоустройству. Поэтому преподаватели и работодатели, которые, в отличие от большинства, поддерживают тесные связи с поколением «миллениалов», выделяются на фоне остальных в погоне за молодыми и жизненно необходимыми компаниям квалифицированными специалистами.
How does technology empower women?
What are the latest trends in the sector?
Which initiatives exist to diversify that field?
What can you do to shift the balance?
Enterprising through promoting familipreneurship for sustainable poverty redu...Mijan Rahman
This paper proposes Family Enterprise as a means of Enterprising through promoting
Familipreneurship for sustainable Poverty Reduction, Employment Generation and Economic Growth.
FAMILIPRENEURSHIP means the individual and collective power of a family member to combine and
utilize personal and family capitals individually and collectively through their bondage, bridge and
linkage. It means entrepreneurship of a family as an entrepreneurial unit which enables them to
transform their individual and collective scattered capitals into performing capitals to maximize wealth.
Familipreneurship refers to the entrepreneurial spirit running through the family as a whole and not
just confined to a single individual. The promotion of Familipreneurship will create a natural
environment of transferring inherited knowledge, skill and important lesson and experience across the
generations. This courageous collective effort will enable them to be blended together to reach their
goals. Family is the ultimate institution of mankind and is always sustainable as an economic unit.
History started from the family, one has to go back to the family to go back to the future. Family as an
entity is the oldest, largest in number, longest in existence organization of human history. Families are
unique and fundamental unit of our social systems and they are permanent, based more on moral
obligation than contractual agreement. Future generations will carry on their ancestor’s knowledge and
experience of togetherness both culturally and arguably, genetically. Familiness, especially in southern
part of the world, is so powerful, effective and long lasting that family as an organization throughout the
history exists without any oral or written constitution or standard norms. Matrix relations among the
family members enable them to combine and best utilize their personal and collective financial, human,
physical, social, knowledge, cultural, natural and spiritual capital.
ScaleUp Partners is America's only economic development consultancy focused on inculcating Inclusive Competitiveness: improving the competitive performance of underrepresented populations in the innovation economy.
Our approach relies upon three priorities:
1. Changing the economic narrative across underrepresented populations in urban and rural regions
2. Inculcating Inclusive Competitiveness policies and strategies in regions across the U.S.
3. Connecting economically disconnected communities to local innovation ecosystems and economic opportunity
We believe:
STEAM education (science, technology, engineering, arts and math) is a critical educational prerequisite to access the dual pipelines of productivity:
A. High-wage, tech-based workforce
B. High-growth, tech-driven entrepreneurship
ScaleUp Partners assists regions in achieving their economic competitiveness goals through development of Inclusive Competitiveness strategies and frameworks.
We work with educational institutions, foundations, policymakers, elected leadership, tech-based economic development organizations, community development organizations, small businesses, entrepreneurs, funders and equity investors, and regional development organizations nationwide.
The America21 Project is a national nonprofit dedicated to changing the economic narrative across Black and Urban America.
America21 promotes an Inclusive Competitiveness economic strategy in a fast-paced, knowledge-based, tech-driven global innovation economy.
America21 promotes an economic framework from the pipeline of education to the productivity of entrepreneurship based on three core pillars of the Innovation Economy:
STEM Education
(science, technology, engineering and math)
High-Growth Entrepreneurship
Access to Capital and Capital Formation
America21 seeks to connect economically disconnected communities and sectors with regional innovation clusters to strengthen the economic competitiveness of the nation by investing in all of America's talent pools.
Inclusive Competitiveness: Empowering Underrepresented Ohioans to Compete in ...ScaleUp Partners LLC
The Ohio Board of Regents on Oct. 14, 2014 unanimously adopted the report Inclusive Competitiveness: Empowering Underrepresented Ohioans to Compete in the Innovation Economy. The action marked a turning point in the history of America from an exclusive economic landscape of the past toward a future frontier of economic inclusion.
Johnathan Holifield is both architect and author of this extraordinary vision and strategy of Inclusive Competitiveness that is now statewide policy in Ohio, a perennial political battleground state.This bipartisan embracing of a shared economic vision will be inculcated throughout the Ohio system of higher education.
Indeed, this is historic news and worth of emulation by all states across America.
Digital Jobs Africa is an initiative that seeks to impact the lives of 1 million people in six countries in Africa by catalyzing sustainable Information and Communications Technology enabled employment opportunities for African youth who would not otherwise have an opportunity for sustainable employment.
In 2013, in response to the opportunities presented by Africa’s rapidly growing youth population and the ubiquity of information and communications technologies across the continent, The Rockefeller Foundation launched its Digital Jobs Africa initiative. The initiative aims to enable young people to access jobs by providing them with in-demand technology-related and other employability skills. Now just past its two-year mark, the Foundation is taking stock of the rich learning that has emerged from the initiative.
Ennis and Co Women in Automotive Event OverviewEnnis & Co
An overview of Ennis & Co's fantastic Women in Automotive event in Park Lane in October 2014, including the results of voting by just under 70 delegates on the importance of attracting women to the automotive industry.
42 257 представителей поколения «миллениалов» смогли высказать свое мнение об образовании, трудоустройстве и предпринимательстве в рамках опроса, проведенного AIESEC в партнерстве с PwC и при поддержке Кампании тысячелетия Организации Объединенных Наций, MY World и посланника Генерального секретаря ООН по делам молодежи.
Согласно отчету YouthSpeak, поколение «миллениалов» все больше волнует увеличивающийся разрыв между профессиональным образованием и трудоустройством. Университеты не озабочены тем, смогут ли представители поколения «миллениалов» достичь своих целей в будущем, а работодатели не стремятся поддерживать с ними контакты, способствующие их будущему трудоустройству. Поэтому преподаватели и работодатели, которые, в отличие от большинства, поддерживают тесные связи с поколением «миллениалов», выделяются на фоне остальных в погоне за молодыми и жизненно необходимыми компаниям квалифицированными специалистами.
How does technology empower women?
What are the latest trends in the sector?
Which initiatives exist to diversify that field?
What can you do to shift the balance?
Enterprising through promoting familipreneurship for sustainable poverty redu...Mijan Rahman
This paper proposes Family Enterprise as a means of Enterprising through promoting
Familipreneurship for sustainable Poverty Reduction, Employment Generation and Economic Growth.
FAMILIPRENEURSHIP means the individual and collective power of a family member to combine and
utilize personal and family capitals individually and collectively through their bondage, bridge and
linkage. It means entrepreneurship of a family as an entrepreneurial unit which enables them to
transform their individual and collective scattered capitals into performing capitals to maximize wealth.
Familipreneurship refers to the entrepreneurial spirit running through the family as a whole and not
just confined to a single individual. The promotion of Familipreneurship will create a natural
environment of transferring inherited knowledge, skill and important lesson and experience across the
generations. This courageous collective effort will enable them to be blended together to reach their
goals. Family is the ultimate institution of mankind and is always sustainable as an economic unit.
History started from the family, one has to go back to the family to go back to the future. Family as an
entity is the oldest, largest in number, longest in existence organization of human history. Families are
unique and fundamental unit of our social systems and they are permanent, based more on moral
obligation than contractual agreement. Future generations will carry on their ancestor’s knowledge and
experience of togetherness both culturally and arguably, genetically. Familiness, especially in southern
part of the world, is so powerful, effective and long lasting that family as an organization throughout the
history exists without any oral or written constitution or standard norms. Matrix relations among the
family members enable them to combine and best utilize their personal and collective financial, human,
physical, social, knowledge, cultural, natural and spiritual capital.
ScaleUp Partners is America's only economic development consultancy focused on inculcating Inclusive Competitiveness: improving the competitive performance of underrepresented populations in the innovation economy.
Our approach relies upon three priorities:
1. Changing the economic narrative across underrepresented populations in urban and rural regions
2. Inculcating Inclusive Competitiveness policies and strategies in regions across the U.S.
3. Connecting economically disconnected communities to local innovation ecosystems and economic opportunity
We believe:
STEAM education (science, technology, engineering, arts and math) is a critical educational prerequisite to access the dual pipelines of productivity:
A. High-wage, tech-based workforce
B. High-growth, tech-driven entrepreneurship
ScaleUp Partners assists regions in achieving their economic competitiveness goals through development of Inclusive Competitiveness strategies and frameworks.
We work with educational institutions, foundations, policymakers, elected leadership, tech-based economic development organizations, community development organizations, small businesses, entrepreneurs, funders and equity investors, and regional development organizations nationwide.
The America21 Project is a national nonprofit dedicated to changing the economic narrative across Black and Urban America.
America21 promotes an Inclusive Competitiveness economic strategy in a fast-paced, knowledge-based, tech-driven global innovation economy.
America21 promotes an economic framework from the pipeline of education to the productivity of entrepreneurship based on three core pillars of the Innovation Economy:
STEM Education
(science, technology, engineering and math)
High-Growth Entrepreneurship
Access to Capital and Capital Formation
America21 seeks to connect economically disconnected communities and sectors with regional innovation clusters to strengthen the economic competitiveness of the nation by investing in all of America's talent pools.
Inclusive Competitiveness: Empowering Underrepresented Ohioans to Compete in ...ScaleUp Partners LLC
The Ohio Board of Regents on Oct. 14, 2014 unanimously adopted the report Inclusive Competitiveness: Empowering Underrepresented Ohioans to Compete in the Innovation Economy. The action marked a turning point in the history of America from an exclusive economic landscape of the past toward a future frontier of economic inclusion.
Johnathan Holifield is both architect and author of this extraordinary vision and strategy of Inclusive Competitiveness that is now statewide policy in Ohio, a perennial political battleground state.This bipartisan embracing of a shared economic vision will be inculcated throughout the Ohio system of higher education.
Indeed, this is historic news and worth of emulation by all states across America.
Digital Jobs Africa is an initiative that seeks to impact the lives of 1 million people in six countries in Africa by catalyzing sustainable Information and Communications Technology enabled employment opportunities for African youth who would not otherwise have an opportunity for sustainable employment.
In 2013, in response to the opportunities presented by Africa’s rapidly growing youth population and the ubiquity of information and communications technologies across the continent, The Rockefeller Foundation launched its Digital Jobs Africa initiative. The initiative aims to enable young people to access jobs by providing them with in-demand technology-related and other employability skills. Now just past its two-year mark, the Foundation is taking stock of the rich learning that has emerged from the initiative.
Ennis and Co Women in Automotive Event OverviewEnnis & Co
An overview of Ennis & Co's fantastic Women in Automotive event in Park Lane in October 2014, including the results of voting by just under 70 delegates on the importance of attracting women to the automotive industry.
Índice:
Azeite de Tomilho
Bacalhau da Consoada
Biscotti e Colheres de Chocolate
Bolachas Açucaradas
Bolachas Dominó
Bolachas Salgadas com Sementes de Sésamo e Papoila
Bolinhas de Queijo de Iogurte e Ervas em Azeite
Bolo de Ano Novo
Broinhas de Natal
Cabrito Assado com Batatinhas
Cakepops de Natal
Canja de Perdiz
Chutney de Cebola Roxa e Vinho do Porto
Cornucópias
Coscorões
Creme de Abóbora e Camarão
Crumble de Perú
Crumble de Tomate, Pimentos e Bacalhau
Empanada de Perú com Sultanas
Estrelas com Doce
Figos e Castanhas de Natal
Gressinos de Tomate Seco com Três Patês
Licor de Café
Licor de Ervas Aromáticas
Licor de Especiarias
Lombo em Massa de Brioche
Marcadores de Lugares
Mexidos Ricos
Mimosas
Mini Croissants com Presunto
Mistura de Especiarias
Mousse de Avelã
Panetone
Pastéis Massa Tenra de Borrego
Pastilhas de Chocolate com Frutos Secos
Pastilhas de Menta
Patê de Agrião
Patê de Azeitona
Patê de Beringela
Pato com Espinafres Salteados e Romã
Perna de Borrego com Recheio de Miúdos e Frutos Secos
Perna de Perú
Polvo da Consoada
Poufs de Camarão e Pescada
Pratas
Queijo com Doce de Pimentos
Quenelles de Pescada com Molho de Camarão
Queques de Bolo-Rei
Rendas
Rolo de Bacalhau
Roupa Velha
Sal Aromatizado
Seitan com Frutos Secos e Batata Doce
Sonhos de Abóbora
Sopa de Beterraba
Tarte de Frutos Silvestres
Tarte Tatin com Cebola Roxa
Tofu de Cebolada
Triffle de Bolo-Rei
Tronco de Natal
Vinagre de Framboesa
"7 Dias com a Bimby" é um livro de receitas práticas tanto para refeições rápidas e reconfortantes, como para ocasiões especiais.
Este livro conta com cinco menus e respectivas listas de compras, com várias propostas para dias de semanas e dias especiais.
Ao todo são 65 receitas, sendo 35 receitas inéditas e 30 reeditadas.
Índice
Batatas Bravas
Bifinhos com Molho de Mostarda e Cogumelos
Bolachas para o Pai
Bolinhas de Chourição
Bolo de Chocolate na Caneca
Bolo com Frutos Silvestres e Natas
Brioches Divertidos
Caldeirada de Lulas
Calzone de Legumes
Canelones de Bacalhau à Algarvia
Chili com Soja
Couscous de Legumes
Creme de Couve-Flor
Creme de Courgete e Brócolos
Crocante de Arroz e Chocolate
Crumble de Bolonhesa e Legumes
Crumble Frio de Framboesas
Doce da Casa
Empada de Bacalhau e Camarão com Molho Italiano
Empadão de Atum
Esparguete à Carbonara
Feijoada de Borrego
Feijoada de Tamboril e Camarão
Fettucinni com Frango e Ervilhas
Focaccias
Frango à Francesa
Frango com Cerveja
Frango na Púcara
Fusilli com Legumes e Nozes
Juliana de Legumes
Lasanha de Abóbora, Alheira e Grelos
Linguinni com Camarão e Tomate-Cereja
Lombinhos de Pescada com Alho e Coentros e Batatinhas
Lombinhos de Porco com Tomate e Manjericão e Arroz de Limão
Lombo de Salmão em Papelote com Puré de Batata com Espinafres
Lulas Crocantes com Maionese
Mini Quiches
Mousse de Fruta
Nuggets de Peixe e Arroz de Tomate com Feijão-Preto
Ovo Estrelado
Peixe ao Vapor com Legumes e Soja
Penne de Atum com Manjericão
Petit Gâteaux de Caramelo
Picanha ao Sal com Molho Vinagrete
Quadradinhos de Limão
Quadrados de Legumes e Massa Vermicelli
Risotto de Bacon e Alho Francês
Rolo de Perú com Cogumelos
Rolos de Perú com Recheio de Queijo e Arroz
Salada de Massa Grega
Salada de Ovas
Salteado de Legumes com Massa Folhada
Salteado de Porco com Pimentos
Sangria
Sapateira Recheada
Sopa de Agrião
Sopa de Feijão-Frade e Espinafres
Sopa de Tomate com Manjericão
Sumo Framboesa, Morango e Amoras
Tagliatelle com Salmão
Tarte de Banana e Caramelo
Tarte de Maçã
Tarte de Peixe e Coentros com Queijo da Ilha
Tiramisú de Chocolate e Morango
Promoting multidimensional teams has a positive impact on business outcomes. Female presence in company's executive bodies is essential to build business projects that are successful and long-term oriented.
During the meeting held by Woman's Week foundation and the Association of Directors of Communication in Spain (Dircom), Chief Communication Officer and companies, committed to equal opportunities and diversity, professionals discussed about CSR regarding gender diversity.
We are indeed living a shift of paradigm where companies are more sensitive to the economic importance of their role as social actors and the strategic and integrated management of key intangible assets such as reputation, brand, communication or public issues. We are immersed in the so-called "reputation economy".
The main advantages of promoting diversity within the corporation are the greater capacity of attracting and retaining talent, improvement of leadership and innovation strategies and a closer approach to key stakeholders for the company. In fact, the main idea of the concept of diversity is to optimize human resources presented by heterogeneous groups, this is to say, diverse regarding the gender, age, race or nationality of their members.
We are making progress in integrating diverse teams in the organization, but we are still below the goal of 40 % female board managers in companies set out by the European Parliament and the European Commission.
This insight addresses the current situation and future leadership, where diversity will play a major role for sure.
Discover the barriers holding companies back from having the diversified teams needed to boost their results, ignite innovation and excellence. Learn what can be done to bridge the gap.
The Balancing Act - a study of how to balance the talent pipeline in business...Harvey Nash Plc
A report analysing the views of over 600 board directors on how organisations can better support female progression.Losing female talent has significant consequences for businesses, diverse groups are stronger and think more creatively, which makes them more competitive.
Produced by the Inspire Network, founded by the Harvey Nash Group in 2008 to connect senior business women and support their career advancement.
For more information
Website: www.harveynash.com/inspire/
The CS Gender 3000: Women in Senior ManagementCredit Suisse
Greater gender diversity in companies' management improves their financial performance. A new Credit Suisse Research Institute study presents the financial evidence, looks at which regions and sectors show higher diversity levels and analyzes the obstacles to female participation in the workplace.
To download a copy of 'CS Gender 3000: Women in Senior Management', click here: http://bit.ly/1cWMUIM
1. 2015 CEO Champions
Global Meeting
Advancing women in the private and public sectors:
building & strengthening the pipeline
An initiative of the Women’s Forum for the Economy & Society
Partnered by
With the support of
2. CEO Champions has been an initiative of the Women’s
Forum for the Economy & Society since 2010, and in 2015
AIG, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson
& Johnson and McKinsey & Company partnered this
initiative, with the support of the 30 Percent Club and the
OECD.
At the 2015 Women’s Forum Global Meeting in Deauville,
as part of the CEO Champions Initiative, a group of 45
leading figures from the public and private sectors were
joined by 15 experts on gender issues to debate tangible
and impactful actions for women’s advancement, with
a particular focus on “Building and strengthening the
pipeline”. This unprecedented large group gathered
for a three-hour closed-door working session under
Chatham House rules and expressed and underlined
their dedication and ambition to contribute actively to the
representation of women at all levels of the workforce.
For the first time, the CEO Champions workshop
gathered not only CEOs and senior executives from major
corporations but also leaders of public institutions, as
well as a high-level panel of gender experts from different
sectors. Building on insights from the recently published
study by the McKinsey Global Institute on Gender Parity1
,
and from McKinsey’s Women Matter series of research2
,
the CEO Champions brainstormed on two main questions
in breakout groups:
ƒƒ How can we help close the gender gap in society and
bring more women into the workforce?
ƒƒ How do we create a robust and sustainable pipeline of
talented women at each stage of our organizations?
CEO Champions Members showed a remarkable level
of commitment, passion and conviction which was
illustrated in the ideas and objectives set out by each
Member during the workshop. The group was unanimous
in stating that gender diversity in the workplace requires
tackling critical issues in our societies and in the
communities in which we operate, as well as driving
substantial cultural change. Workshop discussions
focused on the broad ecosystem, and inspiring ideas
were developed and shared on how to create a truly
equal place for women in our societies and corporations.
Recognizing that there is no one size fits all solution, the
group divided into eight tables in order to brainstorm on
the key questions. We were particularly struck by the
diversity and the number of initiatives proposed by the
CEO Champions Members, as each table concluded
1 McKinsey Global Institute, The Power of parity: How advancing
women’s equality can drive $12 trillion in global growth
2 McKinsey & Company, Women Matter, 2007, 2008, 2013
with four actions to be implemented, each one clearly
differentiated from the other. The result was noteworthy:
over thirty ideas emerged from the workshop, receiving
significant consideration and gaining momentum from the
group in general.
This white paper aims to capture the priorities and ideas
which were debated in the workshop, and to provide a
source of inspiration for other executive leaders. It will also
serve as a checklist of initiatives for the members of the
group itself who seek to advance women in the economy
and society or to build a robust pipeline of female leaders
in their own organizations. Walking the talk is a key
principle of our group. This publication, beyond simply
sharing ideas and perspectives, highlights three initiatives
in particular that the CEO Champions Members could
pilot in their own companies or institutions.
We hope that this effort will provide a valuable source of
reflection and action for private and public stakeholders.
We have committed to follow the progress of our group
on these items, through a number of meetings in 2016.
We will work together to implement the pilot initiatives and
to learn from our respective experiences. The objective
of this white paper is to broadly communicate these
ideas and initiatives, thus inspiring more companies
and organizations to take action. We will also engage
with governments to bring change in societies, through
tangible and impact-driven actions. The case has never
been as strong for committing to build a better world
for women. A world where men and women, together
and equally, can express their full potential with the firm
intention of building equitable and sustainable economies
and societies. Only then can we achieve a better quality of
life for all.
For the Women’s Forum for the Economy & Society:
Clara Gaymard, President, Women’s Forum for the
Economy & Society
Olivier Fleurot, Senior Vice President, Member of the P-12,
Publicis Groupe
and the CEO Champions partners:
Sandrine Devillard, Director, McKinsey & Company
Anthony Gooch, Director of Public Affairs and
Communications, OECD
Mary Goudie, Member, UK House of Lords, and Founding
Member, the 30 Percent Club
Jane Griffiths, Company Group Chairman, Europe, Middle
East and Africa, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of
Johnson & Johnson
Seraina Maag, President & CEO EMEA, AIG Property &
Casualty
Foreword
3.
4. What is at stake?
A case for economic growth
A recent report by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI)3
has made the case that narrowing the global gender
gap in the workforce would not only be equitable in the
broadest sense, it also constitutes one of the largest
opportunities for inclusive growth in the coming decade:
it could double contribution by women to global GDP
growth between 2014 and 2025, and deliver an additional
$12 trillion to global GDP by 2025 in a best-in-region
scenario (i.e. if every country were to close the gender gap
in the workplace at the same rate as its fastest improving
regional peer).
The MGI looked at 15 indicators of gender inequality
across four categories. The first category is gender
equality in the workplace. The other three categories
pertain to gender equality in society – gaps women face
in essential services such as education and healthcare,
financial and digital inclusion; in legal rights and political
representation; and finally in physical security and
autonomy. While progress has been made on some
aspects of gender inequality, large gaps still remain in
many parts of the world. MGI has found that 40 out of the
95 countries studied have high or extremely high levels of
inequality in more than half of the 15 indicators.
Inequality in the workforce is overtly apparent in the
simple fact that there are 655 million fewer women than
men in the labor force. Besides, women spend nearly
three times more hours on unpaid care work than men.
On essential services and enablers of economic equality,
many countries have bridged the gap, however some
critical issues remain. For instance, 240,000 women still
die every year due to pregnancy complications and there
are 195 million fewer literate adult women than men. The
world’s women still have only 77% of the access men
have to financial services, and only 84% of the access
men have to the Internet and mobile phones. All of these
inequalities impact the total contribution women make to
global GDP – which is currently only at 37%.
Clearly, closing all these gaps is critical from both a
humanitarian and moral perspective. The MGI report
however showed that additionally significant economic
growth would be achieved. It also demonstrated that it is
3 McKinsey Global Institute, The Power of parity: How advancing
women’s equality can drive $12 trillion in global growth
not possible to achieve gender equality in the economy
and in the workplace without equality in society.
Gender parity is good for business
Businesses have a role to play in helping close the gender
gap – both in society and in the workplace – and they have
a vested interest in driving an agenda for change. Several
studies, including McKinsey’s Women Matter series4
and
Sodexo’s business case5
(see Box 1), demonstrate that
gender diversity in corporations (in particular at the top)
results in better corporate performance.
We believe that successful interventions should
involve multi-sector coalitions. It is the reason why we
gathered 45 C-level executives and 15 gender diversity
experts from the private and public sectors, for the CEO
Champions workshop to discuss how we can build
and strengthen the pipeline of talented women in our
organizations, and how we can help drive change more
broadly in society.
In eight breakout groups, the CEO Champions Members
brainstorm contributed to the development of over 30
ideas, some of them proving to be quite straightforward,
while others would require some level of exploration.
A couple of ideas appeared to be self-evident. These
ideas are highlighted in the next sections of this paper,
as a checklist of basic actions for all CEO Champions
Members to implement in their own organizations. Other
more ambitious ideas will be explored further as pilot
projects within our own companies and institutions.
4 McKinsey, Gender diversity: A corporate performance driver,
Women Matter 2007; Gender diversity in top management: Moving
corporate culture, moving boundaries, Women Matter 2013,
5 In 2014 Sodexo established a correlation between gender-balanced
management teams and key performance indicators such as
employee engagement, brand awareness, client retention, and
financial metrics, across their 90 entities
Introduction
1
5. Ideas and perspectives were collected from each table
discussion and structured along the key dimensions of
the gender diversity ecosystem developed by McKinsey &
Company (Exhibit 1).
According to McKinsey’s research, an effective gender-
diversity ecosystem involves three main levers: i) resolute
and continuous commitment from the CEO as well as
the leadership team to put gender diversity at the top of
the strategic agenda and closely monitor progress, ii)
individual programs to help develop women as leaders,
and iii) collective enablers, such as gender-diversity
indicators and HR processes.
1. CEO and leadership team commitment
According to the CEO Champions Members, one of
the most strategic requirements for any gender parity
program is to establish it as a top priority on the
company agenda. “Gender parity is a strategic issue and
needs to be clearly positioned at the top of the strategic
agenda” explained a participant. Other attendees
confirmed “Gender diversity is not a sunny weather topic
that one drops at every crisis. CEOs need to sustain it over
time, and through good and bad weather”.
The imperative of a robust commitment by the
CEO personally appeared as a consensus in every
breakout discussion. All participants agreed that C-level
sponsorship of the gender diversity program with a high
level of ambition is mandatory in order to bring change.
One of the attendees emphasized the importance of
“setting clear figures on the objectives and leveraging
it as a communication tool to better engage the whole
organization”.
I. How to build and strengthen the
pipeline of talented women in our
organizations?
Developing women as leaders …
CEO and executive team's visible monitoring of progress in gender diversity programs
CEO commitment
HR processes
and policies
Gender diversity
indicators
Infrastructure
… supported by collective enablers
Gender diversity on top of the strategic agenda
Inclusiveness
programs
Mentoring
Networks and
role models
Sponsoring
Training and
coaching
Reinforcing the gender-diversity ecosystem to address gaps in the corporate culture
and mindsets
Fully implement the
gender-diversity
measures
Raise men’s engagement
and support
Beyond mentors, women
need sponsors!
Evolve and neutralize
the leadership and
performance models
Priorities
SOURCE: Women Matter: Moving the corporate culture, moving the needle, McKinsey, 2013
Exhibit 1 - McKinsey’s ecosystem for building gender-diversity in corporations
2
6. One group suggested assessing the impact of female
leadership through financial, qualitative or performance
tracking indicators. As a key action to be taken, provided
that corporations have the scale for achieving statistically
relevant correlations, one could build on Sodexo’s
example and develop a business case for female
leadership in operational and P&L roles (see Box 1).
CEO Champions Members agreed that assessing how
gender balance drives results at all levels of our own
organizations would constitute a powerful step.
Several participants also argued for a Gender Diversity
Index (see Box 2) similar to the Dow Jones Sustainability
Indices (DJSI) or leveraging the concept of Gender Parity
Score (GPS) developed by the McKinsey Global Institute.
This index could measure and track companies’ situations
over time, building transparency on a set of critical
gender parity indicators. The index would be publicly
communicated as a reference for investors, talents, and
influencers.
A number of CEO Champions Members were keen to
pilot such an index in their own company, highlighting
that communicating positive results is critical to the
dissemination of the initiative in the broader community,
and a powerful driver to accelerate change.
2. Women’s individual development programs
Breakout groups also brainstormed on effective ways to
help women develop as leaders, focusing on key barriers
and gaps to address from a cultural standpoint, such as
prevailing leadership models. Several ideas emerged
around the role model CEOs can play, the establishment of
a supportive environment for women’s development and,
finally, the importance of developing a robust pipeline of
female talent at each management layer.
ƒƒ CEOs as role models to neutralize the performance
model
The CEO Champions Members acknowledged the
importance of CEOs as role models for cultural change.
One group suggested systematically appointing two
co-CEOs – one female and one male – to build parity by
example at the top and another participant proposed
applying this disruptive model at each management
level. Participants furthermore highlighted a number
of outstanding initiatives such as male CEOs taking
BOX 1: ASSESSING THE BUSINESS CASE
AND COMMUNICATING RESULTS
In 2014, Sodexo explored the correlation
between gender-balanced management teams
and four key performance indicators: employee
engagement, brand awareness, client retention,
and financial metrics. They analyzed data from
50,000 managers across 90 entities around the
world and the results were compelling. They
clearly showed that teams with a male–female
ratio between 40 and 60% produce results that
are more sustained and predictable than those of
teams that are not gender balanced. The research,
for instance, showed that between 2010 and
2012, the employee engagement rate of gender-
balanced teams around the world increased by
an average of four percentage points, against
an average of one percentage point in the case
of unbalanced teams. Similar findings showed a
correlation between gender diversity and other
business metrics, including consumer satisfaction
and operating profit. Moreover, Sodexo’s case
study has confirmed that gender balance delivers
results if it is systematically addressed throughout
the organization: more women in the middle ranks
increases the pipeline of candidates for these top
positions.
BOX 2: ASSESSING COMPANIES’ GENDER
DIVERSITY PERFORMANCE USING A
GENDER DIVERSITY INDEX (GDI)
The Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) is
based on an analysis of corporate, economic,
environmental and social performance, assessing
issues such as corporate governance, risk
management, branding, climate change mitigation,
supply chain standards and labor practices. The
trend is to reject companies that do not operate
in a sustainable and ethical manner. It includes
general as well as industry-specific sustainability
criteria for each sector. The GDI could help set
up professional standards and criteria for gender
diversity in corporations and measure the journey
each company has to make in order to achieve full
parity, as well as best performers from whom we
can learn.
3
7. paternity leave. CEO role model examples can likewise
be found in direct mentorship by senior executives of
women executives who request dedicated coaching.
ƒƒ Supportive environment for women’s
development
The common agreement between CEO Champions
Members was that organizations have a clear
responsibility to establish a supportive environment
to facilitate women’s development. The notion of
inclusiveness was raised as an imperative: “We
need men to understand the specific barriers women
face on their way to the top” and “we need to better
include them in gender diversity initiatives, they need to
understand that what is good for women will potentially
be good for them”. Many discussions highlighted the
critical issue of some women lacking confidence when
facing a promotion and anticipating the associated
responsibilities. One company – Mazars – shared its
experience of how it succeeded in improving the self-
esteem of its talents by offering an in-house MBA
program, thus achieving two positive outcomes with one
initiative: “It helps build robust leadership capabilities
on the one hand, and fills the gap in one’s self-esteem
inherited from the past by building a new reference model
for what ‘being successful’ means’” (See Box 3).
Last but not least, one group suggested the creation
of a new type of venture capital fund dedicated to
supporting women’s entrepreneurship initiatives,
enabling greater gender diversity in business
development and the creation of start-ups.
BOX 3: ASSESSING SELF-ESTEEM AND
ADDRESSING RELATED GENDER GAPS
CEO Champions Members suggested exploring
rolling out a self-esteem survey in our organizations,
to help understand the specific groups affected by
a biased vision of their potentials and capabilities.
Doing so would help not only identify the self-
confidence issues women face in corporations, but
it would also help design a new company-based
success model that would benefit all categories of
talent – in particular Generation Y.
4
ƒƒ A robust and sustainable pipeline of female talent
Building a robust and sustainable pipeline of female
talent at every management layer is a critical topic for all
companies and public institutions who wish to bring more
women into their top management. Some participants
highlighted that mentoring and coaching is not enough:
“We need (male) senior executives to sponsor and
advocate for talented women”. One idea piloted by
Orange as part of their global gender diversity program
received considerable interest: identifying the invisible
women in the organization. “We could set up a rule for
each senior executive to identify at least two women from
their teams” suggested one table. “Promoting women
in every function, including for P&L responsibilities
and not just in the traditional HR or communications
departments, is absolutely critical” insisted one group,
pointing out that too few women are holding executive
positions in core business functions such as Finance,
Engineering or Sales. “We need to prevent the so-called
pink ghettos”. Similarly, one member suggested that it
was critical to create career paths enabling high-potential
women who occupy a position in support functions to join
or return to operational roles in their organizations.
3. HR policies and corporate culture
Human Resources policies and corporate culture were
widely explored during the CEO Champions workshop,
with four critical actions highlighted:
ƒƒ HR training on equality: Human Resources
departments are often owners of gender parity
programs. It is therefore important to encourage HR
teams to “do the obvious”: develop key gender-
parity indicators, and ensure that the company has
equal pay for equal work, equal opportunities in
recruitment and promotions, etc. It is crucial to train
HR – from directors and leaders to managers and
employees – and to work with them to deconstruct the
unconscious bias affecting recruiting, promoting,
and evaluating women at work. Launching such a
program could constitute an excellent opportunity to
mobilize HR professionals around the need to build a
gender diversity strategy and sustain it over time.
ƒƒ Personal life at work: One group expressed the idea
that “if professional life tends to take more and more
space in private life, private life should be allowed
more often into professional life”. This could be
explored through facilitating parental life at work,
8. for example, implementing an in-house childcare/
nursery in the company or other household facilities
and services. Beyond that, the discussion aimed
at drawing attention to certain behaviors, such as
visibility at the desk or extensible workhours,
which are sometimes considered as proof of
engagement at work and therefore unconscious
indicators of success, while most of the time they are
not compatible with family life.
ƒƒ Paternity / Maternity leave: Some companies have
been saluted for their recent moves regarding parental
leave policies. One good example is Facebook,
which recently granted employees a four-month paid
parental leave. It helps to neutralize the leave by
making it available for men as well as for women.
Participants also highlighted that companies should
“allow women to live in peace with their choices” and
offer them the possibility of staying in touch with their
corporate teams or projects when they are on parental
leave.
ƒƒ Agile working (Homeworking): The discussions on
this topic mentioned how technological developments
and the digitization of our organizations can help
develop better agility – and therefore flexibility – in the
workforce. It is critical to make leadership roles more
compatible with family life.
5
9. Beyond corporate actions, the CEO Champions
Members debated the importance for organizations
to work with and for the community on social gender
inequalities. Several ideas emerged from the breakout
discussions. Most of the participants acknowledged that
companies have a responsibility and potential for impact
in building a better world for women and bringing them to
the front stage, at parity with men.
1. Unconscious bias
ƒƒ Root treatment of the issue: One of the key ideas
that emerged from the discussions is to address the
root causes of gender equality. For example, a group
highlighted that still today, schools are not always
promoting gender equality values and they can be a
vehicle for persistent stereotypes. Corporations could
help identify and resolve the root causes through
supporting education programs or working in coalition
with the public sector, for example to devote time
to children in order to build awareness around
gender equality. In another area, the advertising
industry has a clear responsibility as a vehicle for
myths and trends – somehow promoting a skewed
picture, often representing women in charge of raising
children, cooking or doing household chores. This
industry in particular has an important role to play in
addressing unconscious gender bias.
ƒƒ Corporate communication: Communication can
be a powerful tool for driving change in society. For
example, CEO Champions Members suggested that
each of our companies should pick one or two game-
changer initiatives for gender equality, implement
them and then communicate broadly in the media
on their successes and impact, to leverage strong
brands to act as role models in society and drive
change. Each company has a responsibility in how
it communicates regarding its industry, functions,
services, and to counter the unconscious bias
being transmitted through advertising or marketing
campaigns. For instance, the consumer packaging
goods industry can convey greater gender parity in
everyday life situations that is featured in advertising
(e.g. ensuring that storytelling better illustrates the
role of both men and women in cooking, child care
or household chores). In the automotive and high-
tech industries, one still sees male-driven types
of advertising. Industries such as engineering,
construction or finance, typically considered as
male-dominated environments, should re-evaluate
their corporate communication strategies and
feature more women on their social media platforms
and in their advertising campaigns or recruitment
communication tools.
2. Funding social programs and supporting NGOs
The breakout discussions highlighted among other ideas
many examples of how corporations can fund social
programs, sometimes in association with NGOs, to help
solve critical gender inequality issues around the world.
3. Engaging with government
There is an opportunity to accelerate change by working
in coalition with public, private and social sectors, and to
influence government through relevant institutions. The
OECD for example has been working with the G20 on
gender equality and contributed to a commitment by all
G20 members to reduce the gender gap in labour force
participation in each country by 25% by 2025. OECD
members also adopted a Recommendation on Gender
Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship
and the OECD will be monitoring and reporting on
progress with implementation this recommendation.
II. How can corporations help
close the gender gap in society?
6
10. Six must-have objectives for our own organizations.
One suggestion emerged from the workshop: “We need to be
pragmatic: let’s do the obvious first!” Hence, the CEO Champions
Members will work together in the coming months to review six
“basic” gender-diversity aspirations (see Box 4) and how they
are implemented in their organizations.
CEO Champions Members will meet again in 2016 to review the
status and progress on the six actions. In the meeting we will
share learning and reflect on the barriers faced, in order to build
solutions that work.
Three “big ideas” to explore
We believe that the CEO Champions Initiative offers a superb
platform to further explore some of the “big ideas” generated
in the workshop. In particular, we believe that our member
organizations could pilot three ideas that emerged in a significant
way during our discussions:
Pilot n°1: Building the business case (see Box 1)
Pilot n° 2: Gender Parity Index (see Box 2)
Pilot n°2: Self-Esteem survey (see Box 3)
The next steps are to meet again as a group and discuss
specific targets, outcomes, work plans and timelines for these
commitments, set up project teams and steering committees for
the three pilots, and get started.
The Women’s Forum and the CEO Champions partners are
most grateful to the 2015 Members, who have expressed an
outstanding level of energy and commitment to make this
workshop a success. Thank you for your challenging points of
views, and breakthrough ideas, and for sharing your experiences.
We look forward to continuing the discussion and achieving
progress together in 2016 and beyond.
III. Ideas for action
a
a
a
a
a
a
BOX 4: SIX MUST-HAVE OBJECTIVES
7
1. Set up gender diversity indicators
2. HR processes
Equal pay for equal work
Equal treatment in recruiting and promotion
3. Set ambitious gender equality targets...
… at each management level
4. C-level commitment
Nominate a Chief Diversity Officer within the
Executive Committee
Put gender diversity at the top of the company’s
strategic agenda
5. Strengthen the pipeline of female top
management leaders
Promote women in the core business with P&L
responsibility
Identify “invisible women” for promotion outside the
traditional pipeline
6. Mentorship & sponsoring by each
member of the management team
11. Hosts & Partners:
Sandrine Devillard, Director and Global Leader of the McKinsey
Women Initiative, McKinsey & Company
Olivier Fleurot, Senior Vice President, Member of the P-12,
Publicis Groupe
Clara Gaymard, President, Women’s Forum for the Economy &
Society
Anthony Gooch, Director of Public Affairs and Communications,
OECD
Mary Goudie, Member, UK House of Lords, and Founding
Member, the 30 Percent Club
Jane Griffiths, Company Group Chairman, Europe, Middle East
and Africa, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson &
Johnson
Seraina Maag, President & CEO EMEA, AIG Property &
Casualty
2015 participants
Anousheh Ansari, Co-Founder and Chairman, Prodea Systems
Lucia Baldino, Managing Director, Representative Office
(Europe), Desjardins Group
Lourdes Berho, CEO and Founder, Alchemia “In the business of
transformation”
Laurent Blanchard, EVP, Global Field Operations (EMEAR),
Worldwide Alliances and Services, Dassault Systèmes
Kathryn Brown, President and CEO, the Internet Society
Eric Cador, Senior Vice President and President EMEA, Lenovo
Pia S. Cayetano, Member of the Senate and Chair of the Senate
Committee on Women, Family and Gender Relations, Republic
of the Philippines
Marie-Christine Coisne-Roquette, Executive Chairman,
Sonepar
Marie-Aimée de Dampierre, Managing Partner, Hogan Lovells
(Paris)
Johan de Villiers, Managing Director, Singapore, ABB
Jan De Witte, Healthcare Executive CEO, GE
Yves Daccord, Director-General, International Committee of the
Red Cross
Ghislaine Doukhan, Executive Vice-President, Safran Analytics
Jacqueline Franjou, CEO, Women’s Forum for the Economy &
Society
Catherine Guillouard, Deputy CEO, Rexel
Melody Hossaini, CEO, InspirEngage International
Yana Kakar, Global Managing Partner, Dalberg
Musimbi Kanyoro, President and CEO, Global Fund for Women
Anne Lauvergeon, Founder and CEO, ALP
Maria Livanos Cattaui, Former Secretary General, International
Chamber of Commerce, and Member, Women’s Forum Program
Committee
Chiheb Mahjoub, CEO, Kurt Salmon
Ann Walker Marchant, CEO, the Walker Marchant Group, and
Member, Women’s Forum Program Committee
Satya-Christophe Menard, CEO Service Operations, Sodexo
Andrea Menezes, CEO, Standard Bank Brazil
Anne Mény-Horn, Deputy General Manager, Musée d’Orsay
Virginie Morgon, Executive Board Member and Deputy CEO,
Eurazeo
Agnès Ogier, CEO, Thalys International
Stéphane Pallez, Chairman and CEO, Française des Jeux
Jean-Paul Paloméros, General, former Chief of the French
Air Force and former NATO Supreme Allied Commander for
Transformation
Emmanuelle Quilès, Managing Director, Janssen France
Shamsa Saleh, CEO, Dubai Women Establishment
Maria Seidman, CEO and Co-Founder, Yapp
Isabelle Simon, Group Secretary and General Counsel, Thales
Ekaterina Trofimova, First Vice-President, Member of the
Management Board of GPB (JSC) Nathalie Vranken, Managing
Director and Director of Marketing, Vranken Pommery
Monopole SA
Kasha Witkos, Central EU Immunology Business Head, and
acting EU Region Head, Baxalta
Su-Yen Wong, CEO, The Human Capital Leadership Institute
Experts
Rohini Anand, Senior Vice President Corporate Responsibility
and Global Chief Diversity Officer, Sodexo
Christiane Bisanzio, Global Chief Diversity & Inclusion Officer
and HR Director Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, AXA
Laurent Choain, Chief HR Officer, Mazars France
Laurent Depond, VP Diversity and Inclusion, Orange
Claire Dorland-Clauzel, Executive Vice President, Brands and
External Relations, Michelin Group
Jean-Jacques Gauthier, Chief Integration Officer & Head of
Organization and Human Resources, LafargeHolcim
Christie Hunter Arscott, Independent consultant on issues of
gender, diversity and millennial
Cécile Kossoff, Director of Global Knowledge Dissemination
and co-author of Women Matter, McKinsey & Company
Catherine Ladousse, Executive Director Communications
EMEA, Lenovo and President, Association Cercle InterElles
Béatrice Le Fouest, Director, Human Resources Development
and Diversity, Bouygues Telecom
Dinah Louda, Senior VP, Adviser on international relations to the
Chairman and CEO, Veolia
Marie-Christine Maheas, Engaging Men Project Lead,
European Professional Women Network
Karla Mawcinitt, General Communications and Image
Coordinator, ProMexico
Ann Owen, Head of Personal Property EMEA, AIG Property &
Casualty
Monika Queisser, Head of Social Policy Division, OECD
8
Acknowledgements