World history Italian political revolution
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The document summarizes the political evolution of Italian city-states from the 12th to 15th centuries. It describes how city-states became autonomous from the Holy Roman Empire and feudal system, adopting republican governments dominated initially by merchant and noble classes. As the centuries progressed, many city-states transitioned to despotic rule as wealthy families like the Medicis in Florence seized power. Republicanism gave way to oligarchy and intrigue as class conflicts and economic troubles increased.
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Early Modern Europe
Between 1450 and 1750, Europe became more "modern" through significant social, political, economic, and intellectual changes. The Renaissance and Reformation led to new ideas in science, politics, and religion that challenged traditional authority. Politically, powerful monarchies centralized rule and asserted divine right, while some nations developed constitutional rule and parliament. Economically, international trade increased under mercantilism and eventually capitalism emerged, driven by new ideas about free markets and specialization.
Renaissance notes with first assignment
1. Several Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, Milan, and Florence grew extremely wealthy through overseas trade in the 12th-15th centuries, fueling economic growth and patronage of the arts.
2. Many northern Italian cities established communes ruled by merchant oligarchies, though the common people sought more political power through popular uprisings.
3. By the 15th century, Italy was dominated by several powerful states including Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples, who worked to maintain a balance of power to prevent any one from gaining complete control. However, the failure to unify made Italy vulnerable to foreign invasion and conquest.
Early modern europe 15th and 16th century
Major political and economic changes occurred in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The authority of kings grew through the concept of the divine right of kings, replacing feudal systems and serfdom declined. Mercantilism dominated Western European economies, encouraging exports and discouraging imports. The Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 marked the defeat of the House of York and rise of the Tudor Dynasty in England under Henry VII. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 ended the Byzantine Empire and led to expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Capitalism began emerging in Italian city-states and later in other European nations. Christopher Columbus' expedition to the Americas in 1492 marked the beginning of European colonization
AP Euro CH 13
This chapter discusses the economic, political, intellectual, and social developments in Europe during the Renaissance period from 1350-1550 CE. Key points include: the rise of trade and banking in Italian city-states which enriched merchants and allowed them to patronize the arts; the development of republican governments; the influence of humanism which emphasized classical learning and secular ideas; changes in artistic styles and subjects; and the evolution of more powerful centralized states under rulers like Louis XI in France and the joint rule of Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain. Social hierarchies regarding class, gender, and emerging ideas about race were also in flux during this time of cultural and intellectual transformation in Europe.
Italian renaissance philosophy ppt by Farida yasinzai
The document summarizes the philosophy of the Italian Renaissance, which began in Florence in the 14th century and lasted until the 17th century. It was a period of cultural, artistic, scientific and intellectual flowering, bridging the Middle Ages and modern times. The Renaissance began as a rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman philosophy, literature and art. Some key causes included the Black Death plague, the rise of humanism, the politics of divided Italian city-states, wealth from trade and commerce, and a renewed interest in classicism. The effects included innovations in art, technology, literature, drama, education reforms and the emergence of great thinkers and artists. The Renaissance had three major periods - Early, High, and Late Renaissance.
Section 5.1 notes
The Renaissance began in Italy as a period of recovery after disasters in the 14th century. City-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice prospered as centers of trade but lacked strong central rulers. This led to conflicts between foreign powers like France and Spain who battled for control over Italy in the Italian Wars. Niccolo Machiavelli's book The Prince influenced this period with its view that leaders should prioritize state interests over personal ethics. Italian society was stratified with most people as peasants, townspeople as merchants or artisans, and nobility holding political power. The family unit and dowry system were important social institutions.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe, particularly the Iberian Peninsula, between the 11th-15th centuries. Specifically:
1) Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
2) Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Monarchs granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
3) The Iberian Peninsula saw the formation of Christian kingdoms like Aragon, Navarre, and Leon-Castille by the 11th century, which recon
Feudalism
Feudalism developed in Western Europe following the collapse of the Roman political order. As Roman rule gave way to anarchy in the 5th century, kings had to rely more on local nobles to administer their kingdoms, granting them land in exchange for military service. This led to the decentralization of political power as nobles subdivided their lands among lesser nobles. Though this system led to instability and conflict at first, feudalism provided some defense against raids and invasions in the absence of strong central government. By 1000 AD feudalism had established a degree of stability in Western Europe, setting the stage for renewed civilization in the High Middle Ages.
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Between 1450 and 1750, Europe became more "modern" through significant social, political, economic, and intellectual changes. The Renaissance and Reformation led to new ideas in science, politics, and religion that challenged traditional authority. Politically, powerful monarchies centralized rule and asserted divine right, while some nations developed constitutional rule and parliament. Economically, international trade increased under mercantilism and eventually capitalism emerged, driven by new ideas about free markets and specialization.
Renaissance notes with first assignment
1. Several Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, Milan, and Florence grew extremely wealthy through overseas trade in the 12th-15th centuries, fueling economic growth and patronage of the arts.
2. Many northern Italian cities established communes ruled by merchant oligarchies, though the common people sought more political power through popular uprisings.
3. By the 15th century, Italy was dominated by several powerful states including Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples, who worked to maintain a balance of power to prevent any one from gaining complete control. However, the failure to unify made Italy vulnerable to foreign invasion and conquest.
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This chapter discusses the economic, political, intellectual, and social developments in Europe during the Renaissance period from 1350-1550 CE. Key points include: the rise of trade and banking in Italian city-states which enriched merchants and allowed them to patronize the arts; the development of republican governments; the influence of humanism which emphasized classical learning and secular ideas; changes in artistic styles and subjects; and the evolution of more powerful centralized states under rulers like Louis XI in France and the joint rule of Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain. Social hierarchies regarding class, gender, and emerging ideas about race were also in flux during this time of cultural and intellectual transformation in Europe.
Italian renaissance philosophy ppt by Farida yasinzai
The document summarizes the philosophy of the Italian Renaissance, which began in Florence in the 14th century and lasted until the 17th century. It was a period of cultural, artistic, scientific and intellectual flowering, bridging the Middle Ages and modern times. The Renaissance began as a rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman philosophy, literature and art. Some key causes included the Black Death plague, the rise of humanism, the politics of divided Italian city-states, wealth from trade and commerce, and a renewed interest in classicism. The effects included innovations in art, technology, literature, drama, education reforms and the emergence of great thinkers and artists. The Renaissance had three major periods - Early, High, and Late Renaissance.
Section 5.1 notes
The Renaissance began in Italy as a period of recovery after disasters in the 14th century. City-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice prospered as centers of trade but lacked strong central rulers. This led to conflicts between foreign powers like France and Spain who battled for control over Italy in the Italian Wars. Niccolo Machiavelli's book The Prince influenced this period with its view that leaders should prioritize state interests over personal ethics. Italian society was stratified with most people as peasants, townspeople as merchants or artisans, and nobility holding political power. The family unit and dowry system were important social institutions.
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The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe, particularly the Iberian Peninsula, between the 11th-15th centuries. Specifically:
1) Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
2) Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Monarchs granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
3) The Iberian Peninsula saw the formation of Christian kingdoms like Aragon, Navarre, and Leon-Castille by the 11th century, which recon
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Feudalism developed in Western Europe following the collapse of the Roman political order. As Roman rule gave way to anarchy in the 5th century, kings had to rely more on local nobles to administer their kingdoms, granting them land in exchange for military service. This led to the decentralization of political power as nobles subdivided their lands among lesser nobles. Though this system led to instability and conflict at first, feudalism provided some defense against raids and invasions in the absence of strong central government. By 1000 AD feudalism had established a degree of stability in Western Europe, setting the stage for renewed civilization in the High Middle Ages.
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II. The slave trade intensified slavery and influenced politics in West and Central African societies like the Asante and Dahomey empires, with states close to the coast having more power.
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Machiavelli
1) Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period who is widely considered the founder of modern political science.
2) He observed the political turmoil in Italy during his time, which was divided between several powers and regularly threatened by foreign powers.
3) Machiavelli's works like The Prince were informed by his experiences as a diplomat and aimed to provide leaders with pragmatic advice on how to maintain their power and strengthen their states.
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This document provides a historical overview of travel from ancient times to the 19th century. It discusses how trade and commerce drove travel in ancient times. As civilization developed, travel became more about exploration. The Renaissance marked a period when the aristocracy and intelligentsia would take educational tours of France and Italy, known as the Grand Tour. The 19th century saw the rise of modern tourism alongside the Industrial Revolution, which increased wealth and improved transportation, allowing the working class to travel for leisure.
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The Spanish kingdom was created in 1492 and began its empire through Columbus' voyage to the New World. For the next three centuries, Spain was the most powerful colonial power, though wars with other European nations led to economic decline by the 17th century. A civil war in 1936 resulted in a nationalist dictatorship under Francisco Franco until 1975, after which Spain transitioned to a constitutional monarchy.
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Absolute monarchies were dominant in Europe during this time period, with monarchs claiming divine right to rule however they wished without limits to their power. Key absolute rulers mentioned include Philip II of Spain, Louis XIV of France, and Peter the Great of Russia, all of whom centralized authority and modernized their nations. Meanwhile in England, the rise of Parliament gradually curtailed royal power, culminating in the Glorious Revolution that established constitutional monarchy.
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Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to supply labor for the Americas. Major social and demographic changes occurred as crops and diseases were exchanged between the Old and New Worlds, and millions of people were forced into transatlantic slavery. Culturally, the European Renaissance and Reformation reshaped intellectual life and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
The french court
The French Court served important political, social, and cultural functions. Politically, it was where the King and nobles made decisions and formed councils. Socially, it attracted people seeking advancement in their careers and status. Culturally, the court promoted innovation as nobles introduced new ideas from their travels abroad and patrons like Charles VIII employed artists like Leonardo Da Vinci. However, attendance at the lavish court was also a financial burden for nobles.
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It is supposed to be a program to enlarge the social awareness. believing in everyone's right in knowledge.
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The document summarizes the key developments and events of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It describes the transition from the medieval to the modern era, the rise of humanism and secular thought during this period in Italy and other parts of Europe. It also discusses the growth of powerful monarchies in countries like France and the exploration and colonization of the Americas by powers like Spain and Portugal that established new global empires and trade networks and had major social, economic and political impacts.
TheRomanEmpire
The Roman Republic struggled with internal problems as it expanded, including conflicts between social classes and powerful generals. This led to civil war and the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus, who established a new imperial government called the Principate. The Pax Romana period that followed saw two centuries of peace and prosperity under emperors like Trajan, but internal difficulties and invasions eventually caused the Western Roman Empire to fall in 476 AD. The Eastern Byzantine Empire continued for another thousand years.
Africa and the Africans
I. The Atlantic slave trade transported over 12 million Africans between 1450-1850, with the 18th century seeing the height of the trade. The Portuguese initially dominated the trade, though the Dutch, English, and French later played major roles.
II. The slave trade intensified slavery and influenced politics in West and Central African societies like the Asante and Dahomey empires, with states close to the coast having more power.
III. Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to Southern Africa by 1500, where they encountered Dutch settlers at the Cape and later British rule, while the Zulu rose to power under Shaka in the early 1800s.
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The document provides a detailed overview of the history of Spanish and Portuguese colonization in the Americas from the 15th to 18th centuries. It covers the reconquest of Iberia, the paths of conquest in regions like Mexico and the Inca empire, the establishment of colonial economies focused on mining and agriculture, the growth of multiracial societies, and 18th century reforms implemented by the Bourbon monarchs to centralize control over the colonies.
Spanish empire
- The Spanish Empire reached its peak during the 16th-17th centuries under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty, particularly through the conquest of the Americas and influx of silver from colonies.
- However, several bankruptcies due to inflation, wars, and dependency on imports from colonies led to an economic crisis in Spain in the 16th century.
- By the 18th century the Spanish Empire was in decline after losing European territories in the War of the Spanish Succession and gaining independence in South American colonies in the early 19th century.
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14 the ottoman empire
The Ottoman Empire rose to become a powerful world empire starting in the 15th century. It originated as a nomadic Turkish group from central Asia. The Ottomans conquered the Byzantine Empire and captured its capital, Constantinople, in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire which had lasted nearly 1,500 years. Under Sultans like Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire established a system of rule based on Islamic law and organized citizens into social classes of educated elites, military, merchants, and farmers.
06 Enlightenment Monarchs
The document discusses several Enlightenment monarchs and their attempts at reform based on Enlightenment ideals. It describes Catherine the Great of Russia who implemented government reforms based on Montesquieu's theories of separation of powers. Frederick the Great of Prussia introduced rational laws and reforms to education, agriculture, and the military. Joseph II of Austria centralized the government, imposed taxes equally, abolished serfdom, and established religious toleration, though he faced opposition from the Catholic Church and aristocracy. However, the document notes that the true reforms in line with Enlightenment thinking would be realized in America rather than under these monarchs.
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Between 1450-1700, Russia grew from a loose federation of states centered around Kiev into a vast empire dominated by the Tsars. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century brought Russia under Mongol rule until the 1400s. The first Tsars expanded the Russian state into Siberia and Central Asia while centralizing power. Conflict between nobles and Tsars led to civil wars. The Romanov Dynasty established rule from 1613-1914 after a period of turmoil. Peter the Great forcibly Westernized Russia in the early 1700s through reforms like a modernized army and navy as well as the founding of St. Petersburg, but serfdom and oppression of lower classes continued.
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Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer from the 15th century. He is best known for his work The Prince, where he advised rulers on how to effectively govern their countries. In the book, Machiavelli emphasized that it is better for rulers to be feared than loved. He also argued that leaders should prioritize military strength and discipline to maintain power. Machiavelli's works had lasting influence and the concept of "Machiavellian" politics is still used today to describe cunning approaches to governing.
Machiavelli
1) Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period who is widely considered the founder of modern political science.
2) He observed the political turmoil in Italy during his time, which was divided between several powers and regularly threatened by foreign powers.
3) Machiavelli's works like The Prince were informed by his experiences as a diplomat and aimed to provide leaders with pragmatic advice on how to maintain their power and strengthen their states.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and political philosopher during the Renaissance period in the 15th-16th centuries. He wrote The Prince in 1513 in an attempt to gain favor with the ruling Medici family in Florence. The Prince advocates for amoral and pragmatic political methods, advising rulers that the ends justify the means and that appearing morally good is more important than actually being good. It became infamous for seeming to promote deception, ruthlessness, and other immoral tactics to gain and maintain political power.
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Machiavelli lived during the Renaissance and witnessed the transition from medieval to modern politics. He believed that stable government requires recognizing human nature, which is inherently selfish. Politics should be separated from ethics and focus on what works based on human behavior, not ideals. To stay in power, a leader may need to act with virtue through both force and deception. Machiavelli analyzed different forms of government and argued the most stable are republics, while tyrannies require the ruler to do whatever is necessary to remain in power and ensure stability.
The Machiavelli’s Prince Lesson
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer during the Renaissance who is considered the founder of modern political science. His most famous work is The Prince, a political treatise that instructs rulers on how to gain and maintain power. The Prince recommends that a ruler be feared rather than loved by his people and should not hesitate to lie or use violence when necessary to achieve his goals. Scholars debate Machiavelli's true intentions in writing The Prince, with some arguing it was meant to expose the misdeeds of rulers while others believe it was an attempt to regain political office.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, philosopher, musician, and poet during the Renaissance period who is known for his work The Prince. Some of his key contributions include establishing the political theory of realpolitik and the concept of pragmatism in politics. Though his philosophy was heavily criticized during his time, Machiavelli had a significant influence on political thought and remains an important figure in the study of political science and philosophy.
Nicollo Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, and political philosopher during the Renaissance. He is known for his book The Prince where he argued that politics and ethics are separate, and that a ruler may do whatever is necessary to maintain control of the state, including deceit, secret plotting, and other immoral acts. Some of Machiavelli's key contributions to early management thinking included emphasizing the importance of stability in organizations, allowing members to resolve conflicts internally, and having strong leadership to guide change while respecting existing customs. The term "Machiavellian" describes those who manipulate others to achieve their goals by any means necessary.
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Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. Specifically:
- Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
- Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Kings granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
- The late medieval period saw the resurgence of cities, development of urban society, and political changes as monarchies consolidated power. However, the 14th century brought a crisis due to religious schisms, war, plague
8305366
- Spain's empire declined due to inflation, unequal taxes, and the costly Dutch Revolt. Absolute monarchs consolidated power in Europe by reducing the influence of the nobility and church. France's King Louis XIV ruled absolutely from Versailles, but costly wars weakened France. In Russia, Peter the Great westernized Russia and strengthened the czar's power over nobles and the Orthodox Church. In England, conflicts between kings and Parliament led to the English Civil War and the eventual establishment of a constitutional monarchy with Parliament sharing power.
The italian renaissance 13 15
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Italian Renaissance between the 14th and 16th centuries. It discusses the economic, social, political, artistic, architectural, educational and philosophical developments during this period. Some of the major figures and works mentioned include Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli's The Prince, and the spread of humanism throughout Europe via the printing press.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries with a focus on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the resurgence of cities in the Late Middle Ages, the urban society that emerged, and political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and growing power of monarchies. It then discusses the crisis of the 14th century including religious, political, demographic, and social upheaval, as well as the end of the Middle Ages. Finally, it provides details on the political situation and expansion in the Iberian Peninsula from the 11th to 15th centuries, including the rise of Castile and Aragon as the most important kingdoms.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe: 11th to 15th
The document summarizes political and social developments in medieval Europe, particularly the late Middle Ages from the 11th to 15th centuries. It describes the resurgence of cities due to increased agricultural productivity and rural populations migrating to cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power while monarchies sought to limit the power of feudal nobility and gain allies among townspeople. The late Middle Ages saw a crisis in the 14th century from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, the Hundred Years' War, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance brought new humanist ideas and spread of the printing press, marking the transition
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, with increased rural populations migrating to cities and higher agricultural productivity leading to more food and commercial importance for urban areas. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but cities offered more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. The document then specifically discusses the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering the origins of Christian kingdoms and the political situation between Muslim taifas and Christian kingdoms from 1031 to 1085.
Apwhperiod4europetransformations
This document provides an overview of major political, social, and economic transformations in Europe between 1450-1750. It discusses the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation led by figures like Martin Luther, the resulting religious wars, and the rise of strong centralized monarchies in countries like France under Louis XIV. Constitutional governments also began emerging in places like England and the Netherlands as a result of conflicts between monarchs and parliaments over religion and political power. By 1750, Western Europe was dominated by powerful sovereign states rather than fragmented feudal systems.
7 3 power point (2)
Absolutism emerged in 17th century Europe as monarchs sought more stability and control by consolidating power. Under absolutism, the ruler held total power, deriving authority from God alone. Louis XIV of France exemplified absolutism, centralizing control over policy, the church, taxes, and more. He sought to eliminate Protestants and solidify Catholicism. His long reign left France in debt after costly wars to expand royal power. Meanwhile, Prussia strengthened its military and centralized authority under Frederick William, and Russia grew as a military power under Peter the Great through westernization reforms.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
Renaissance+Overview2
The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian Renaissance, including:
1) The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century, fueled by growing commerce, declining feudalism, and exposure to ancient Greek and Roman culture.
2) Important economic developments like banking and printing supported growth of trade in northern Italian city-states like Florence.
3) Renaissance society was highly stratified and family-focused, with wealthy families vying for political power within city-states.
4) The arts flourished in this period, with painters like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci producing famous works that reflected Renaissance ideals of naturalism, balance, and humanism.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, with a focus on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the resurgence of cities in the Late Middle Ages, driven by increased agricultural productivity and rural populations migrating to cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds. Politically, monarchies worked to consolidate power while the papacy and Holy Roman Empire remained influential. The document then analyzes the Iberian Peninsula specifically, noting the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal dominated. Major events included the Reconquista against the Al-Andalus Islamic states and the union of Castile and Aragon through marriage of Is
Niccolò machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher and writer during the Renaissance period. He is best known for his works "The Prince" and "Discourses on Livy". "The Prince" provides advice to rulers on how to acquire and maintain political power, even if through immoral means that are pragmatic for the ruler's interests. It argues that politics and ethics are separate spheres. "Discourses on Livy" discusses republican governance and the superiority of republics over monarchies and principalities.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE ANCIENT REGIME
The document provides an overview of 18th century European society, economy, politics, and culture. It describes the stratified social structure consisting of privileged and non-privileged estates. The privileged estates such as nobility and clergy had special rights and did not have to work, while the non-privileged estates like peasants and bourgeoisie worked and paid taxes. Absolute monarchy grew stronger during this period, though England established a parliamentary monarchy. The Enlightenment era saw new ideas challenging traditional religious authority and justifying more rational and representative forms of government.
3 renaissance in rome
The document provides an overview of important people and events during the Italian Renaissance from 1300-1527. It summarizes the rise of Florence as the center of the Renaissance under the Medici family and their patronage of the arts. It also discusses the power struggles between foreign powers like France and Spain vying for control of the Italian peninsula, the rise and fall of various popes, and the start of the Protestant Reformation challenging the Catholic Church.
The age of absolutism and constitutionalism in europe over
1) The document discusses the rise of absolutism in 17th century Europe in response to problems faced in the previous era. Absolutism centralized power in monarchs and limited the rights of citizens.
2) It specifically examines the growth of absolutism in France under King Louis XIV, who dominated all aspects of French politics, culture, and economics from his palace at Versailles.
3) The document also briefly outlines the decline of absolutism in Spain in this century due to economic and political issues, as well as the development of absolutist governments in Eastern Europe under Austria, Prussia, and Russia that differed from Western models by retaining more feudal structures.
Unit 8. the habsburg spain
The document discusses various terms that can be related to the concept of "monarchy" in the Modern Age, including authoritarian, democratic, powerful, weak, controlled by nobles, nobility in rebellion, and bureaucracy. It also asks what terms can be linked to the monarchy and provides potential Spanish terms like authoritarian, democratic, more taxes, royal armies, ruled by nobles, inquisition, and peasant uprisings.
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
18th century
The 18th century Ancien Régime in Europe faced challenges from growing Enlightenment ideals and economic changes. The absolute monarchies that dominated society, politics, and the economy in countries like France and Spain came under increasing criticism. Enlightenment thinkers advocated for rational thinking, religious tolerance, and more egalitarian political systems with separation of powers. Meanwhile, the growth of trade and the bourgeoisie class eroded the power and privileges of the nobility and clergy. By the late 1700s, the Ancien Régime faced revolutionary pressures that would ultimately transform European societies.
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The age of absolutism and constitutionalism in europe over
The age of absolutism and constitutionalism in europe over
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World history Italian political revolution
- 1. Political Evolution of the City - States During the Middle Ages, the Feudal States of Northern Italy had been absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire. But its protracted wars with the papacy had sapped the empire’s vitality. Autonomous Political entities
- 2. By the end of the twelfth century the city- states had ceased to be dominated by the feudal nobility, or landed aristocracy. The aristocracy and rich merchant had to share power. Two groups struggled for power based on their opposing interests and outlooks. Internal conflict and External rivalry
- 3. The Political Experimentation 1300 – 1450 Republicanism/Republican 1450 – 1550 Despotism
- 4. Republicanism By the end of the twelfth century, the city-states had adopted a fairly uniform pattern of republican self- government built around the office of chief magistrate. Two councils a large one and small secret one.
- 5. External Enemies Papacy and the empire Emperor argued at their customary feudal subjection to his authority must be radically adjusted Papacy argued that christ had denied all political jurisdiction to the clergy, including pope and undercut Papal claim to political control in Italy and elsewhere.
- 6. Despotism Three conditions 1. Class war between rich merchants and nobles 2. The economic disasters, famine and disease 3. Perhaps most important, city-states had come to rely on mercenary troops.
- 7. Middle of 15th century Florentines developed new arguments and theories Florentine republicanism was giving way of Intrigues of rich banking family.
- 8. 1430’s Cosimo de Medici completed the destruction of the republican constitution 1480’s Set up a government staffed by his own supporters.
- 9. Venice 1297 both offices and electorate were narrowly restricted by law of old patricians families Aristocratic republic series of duty passed by generation to generation
- 11. Renaissance Politics • Same pattern and problems as those of the Greek city- states • Inter-city warfare led to new advances in diplomacy -- “balance of power” • Northern Italian “communes” • The Peace of Lodi (1454)
- 12. Renaissance Politics (cont) • Rome, Venice, Milan, Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples • Renaissance Venice • Renaissance Florence --Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) • 1300’s republicanism became 1400’s despotism— with the exception of Venice
- 13. Renaissance Politics (cont) • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469- 1527) -- “The Prince” • The goal of the prince must be power • Cynical view of human nature • Fear is a better motivator than affection • Politics as the art of deception
- 14. V. Renaissance Politics (cont) • Ancient and contemporary examples of effective political leaders --Cesare Borgia • A new realism in political thought • 1400’s “Civic” humanism • Leonardo Bruni’s The New Cicero • Henry VIII as a Renaissance prince
- 15. II. European Economic Recovery • Dramatic recovery of European commerce • Important industries flourish in Northern Italy • The significance of printing • The fifteenth-century banking empire of the Medici family in Florence
- 16. Renaissance Economics • Profit-making became more important than Church doctrine • To overcome guilt, profit- makers indulge in philanthropy • Influence of guilds declining • High profits led to economic diversification
- 17. Renaissance Economics (cont) • “Cottage Industry” • Art became the way to advertise economic success • Intensified commercial competition created the need to be efficient
- 18. Renaissance Society • Renaissance is an elitist historical phenomenon • Northern Italy was urban and commercial while Southern Italy mostly was not • Very family-oriented society • Marriages were frequently arranged to strengthen business ties
- 19. Renaissance Society (cont) • Father’s authority over his family • Some wealthy women played an important role in Italian city-states --Isabella d’Este of Mantua • Concentration of wealth among great families -- “populo grosso”
- 20. Renaissance Society (cont) • Extreme social stratification divided into factions around the wealthiest families • Poor increasingly attempting to improve their social status --The Ciompi Revolt (1378) -- “populo minuto” • “The Cult of the Individual”
- 21. Renaissance Society (cont) • Number of portraits painted during this era illustrates focus on the individual • A true nobleman • Growing humanism and secularism in a Christian context • Focus on man’s free will • Rewards for living excellently came in this life