Which of the following provide evidence of biological evolution a. .pdf
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Which of the following provide evidence of biological evolution? a. transitional fossils b. artificial selection c. vestigial organs d. biogeography e. all of the above (a-d) Islands, such as the Galapagos Islands, have high numbers of ENDEMIC species because: a. They are easy to colonize b. They are close to continents c. They are physically isolated The theory of special creation argues that all species were created independently. True False The principle of parsimony assumes that more simpler explanations are better than more complex ones. True False Which of the following characters can be used to create a phylogenetic tree? a. Morphological characters b. Aligned DNA sequences c. Aligned protein sequences d. Behavioral characters e. All of the above (a-d) can be used as phylogenetic characters Solution 16. All of these (transitional fossils, artificial selection, vestigial organs, and biogeography) provide evidence for biological evolution 17. Islands, such as Galapagos islands, have a high number of endemic species because they are physically isolated. 18. Theory of special creation argues that all species are independently created. FALSE 19. The principle of parsimony believes that simpler explanations are better than the complex ones. TRUE 20. \'Morphological characters; aligned DNA sequences; Aligned protein sequences; and behavioral characters\', all of these can be used asphylogeneticcharacters to create a phylogenetic tree..
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Summative.evolution
This document contains a multiple choice test on evolution concepts including:
- Genomic DNA is a more definite characteristic for showing relatedness between organisms than courting behavior.
- The oldest fossils can be found in the Pre-Cambrian Era.
- Adaptations seen in different bird beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands and the dying out of dinosaurs support the process of adaptation.
- Homologous structures like the wings of bats and butterflies show evolutionary relationships.
- Statements and diagrams illustrate concepts of natural selection, use and disuse, convergent and divergent evolution.
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This document discusses various clues that provide evidence for evolution, including fossils, homologous structures, and vestigial structures. It explains that fossils are formed from the remains of ancient organisms and are found within sedimentary rock layers. By examining fossils found within different rock layers, paleontologists can determine organisms' approximate ages and how they changed over time. The arrangement of fossils also indicates that simpler life forms predated more complex ones. Homologous structures and vestigial structures in related species also suggest a shared evolutionary history. DNA evidence further supports how extinct species are related to modern descendants.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
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b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
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11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
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B) is under no selective pressures.
C) is very common in nature.
D) consists of allele frequencies that are constantly changing.
E) requires a small population size.
2. Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
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B) It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C) It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
D) It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E) It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
3. Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A) are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
B) are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
C) are dioecious and typically cross-fertilize.
D) are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
E) are hermaphroditic and typically self-fertilize
4. On a molecular level, all organisms
A) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C) use different means of storing genetic information.
D) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
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A) All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
B) Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C) Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
D) Natural selection leads to extinction.
E) Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
8. Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation?
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B) a trait that is currently beneficial to survival
C) a trait that is of no advantage to survival
D) an environmental change that selects for certain traits
E) a trait that was beneficial to survival in the past
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A) produced in the testes.
B) only produced in female humans.
C) produced in the ovaries.
D) produced in both male and female humans.
E) constantly secreted into the bloodstream of males.
14. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A) is needed to form the placenta.
B) is stored in the ovaries.
C) is produced by the amnion.
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E) can be used to reveal pregnancy.
15. Negative feedback loops act to
A) cause an erection of the penis when stimulated.
B) cause uterine contra ...
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The document contains a series of questions and answers about biology topics like the age of fossils, mass extinctions, Darwin's observations of the Galapagos tortoises, genetic variation and natural selection. It reviews concepts like adaptations, mutations, selective breeding and how physical traits in species can change over generations through natural selection. Examples include the development of camouflage in moths and loss of tusks in elephants.
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Recommended
Summative.evolution
This document contains a multiple choice test on evolution concepts including:
- Genomic DNA is a more definite characteristic for showing relatedness between organisms than courting behavior.
- The oldest fossils can be found in the Pre-Cambrian Era.
- Adaptations seen in different bird beak shapes on the Galapagos Islands and the dying out of dinosaurs support the process of adaptation.
- Homologous structures like the wings of bats and butterflies show evolutionary relationships.
- Statements and diagrams illustrate concepts of natural selection, use and disuse, convergent and divergent evolution.
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.
Chapter 6 section 2 (clues about evolution)
This document discusses various clues that provide evidence for evolution, including fossils, homologous structures, and vestigial structures. It explains that fossils are formed from the remains of ancient organisms and are found within sedimentary rock layers. By examining fossils found within different rock layers, paleontologists can determine organisms' approximate ages and how they changed over time. The arrangement of fossils also indicates that simpler life forms predated more complex ones. Homologous structures and vestigial structures in related species also suggest a shared evolutionary history. DNA evidence further supports how extinct species are related to modern descendants.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
1. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumA) consists of .docx
1. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A) consists of genotype frequencies that are constantly changing.
B) is under no selective pressures.
C) is very common in nature.
D) consists of allele frequencies that are constantly changing.
E) requires a small population size.
2. Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A) It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
B) It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C) It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
D) It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E) It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
3. Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A) are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
B) are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
C) are dioecious and typically cross-fertilize.
D) are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
E) are hermaphroditic and typically self-fertilize
4. On a molecular level, all organisms
A) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C) use different means of storing genetic information.
D) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
E) show no similarities.
6. Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A) All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
B) Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C) Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
D) Natural selection leads to extinction.
E) Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
8. Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation?
A) a trait that will be beneficial in the future
B) a trait that is currently beneficial to survival
C) a trait that is of no advantage to survival
D) an environmental change that selects for certain traits
E) a trait that was beneficial to survival in the past
11. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are
A) produced in the testes.
B) only produced in female humans.
C) produced in the ovaries.
D) produced in both male and female humans.
E) constantly secreted into the bloodstream of males.
14. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A) is needed to form the placenta.
B) is stored in the ovaries.
C) is produced by the amnion.
D) acts as a hormone signaling menstruation.
E) can be used to reveal pregnancy.
15. Negative feedback loops act to
A) cause an erection of the penis when stimulated.
B) cause uterine contra ...
Ch 6 1 and 6-2 review questions
The document contains a series of questions and answers about biology topics like the age of fossils, mass extinctions, Darwin's observations of the Galapagos tortoises, genetic variation and natural selection. It reviews concepts like adaptations, mutations, selective breeding and how physical traits in species can change over generations through natural selection. Examples include the development of camouflage in moths and loss of tusks in elephants.
Unit 10 natural selection
The document discusses key concepts and evidence related to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin observed adaptations in species on the Galapagos Islands and how this insight, combined with evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology and anatomy, led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Natural selection acts on inherited variation in traits, with those conferring greater fitness being passed on to more offspring over generations of descent with modification.
Question 1 This type of selection favors both extremes of the .docx
Question 1
This type of selection favors both extremes of the phenotype spectrum within a population.
A.
disruptive
B.
natural
C.
neutral
D.
stabilizing
E.
directional
5 points
Question 2
On a molecular level, all organisms
A.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C.
use different means of storing genetic information.
D.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
E.
show no similarities.
5 points
Question 3
Most mutations lead to a decreased chance of survival for the mutant organism. Rarely, a mutation can provide an increased chance of survival. These rare mutations provide a(n) _____________________ for the mutant.
A.
selective disadvantage
B.
environmental susceptibility
C.
adaptive
D.
directional shift
E.
selective advantage
5 points
Question 4
After being produced in the seminiferous tubules, sperm mature in the
A.
seminal vesicle.
B.
vas deferens.
C.
epididymis.
D.
ejaculatory duct.
E.
urethra.
5 points
Question 5
Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small populations describes the concept of
A.
genetic drift.
B.
adaptive radiation.
C.
parapatric speciation.
D.
sympatric speciation.
E.
convergent evolution.
5 points
Question 6
The primary male hormone is
A.
produced throughout a male’s entire lifetime.
B.
produced in the brain.
C.
testosterone.
D.
estrogen.
E.
only involved in sperm production.
5 points
Question 7
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A.
Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
B.
Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C.
Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
D.
All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
E.
Natural selection leads to extinction.
5 points
Question 8
Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A.
It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
B.
It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C.
It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
D.
It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E.
It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
5 points
Question 9
Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A.
are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
B.
are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
C.
are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
D.
are hermaphroditic and typically ...
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QUESTION 1All of the following are parts of a flower except the.docx
QUESTION 1
All of the following are parts of a flower except the
A.
carpel.
B.
ovary.
C.
fruit.
D.
stamen.
E.
cuticle.
QUESTION 2
The segmented worms of the phylum Annelida
A.
have an open circulatory system.
B.
possess setae on each segment.
C.
are acoelomate.
D.
display radial symmetry.
E.
move by use of flagella.
QUESTION 3
In bryophytes, the rhizoids
A.
obtain nutrients.
B.
are involved in reproduction.
C.
obtain water.
D.
lure possible prey.
E.
serve as attachment structures.
QUESTION 4
Which of the following is not a characteristic differentiating Neanderthals from modern humans?
A.
Neanderthals had smaller brains.
B.
Neanderthals had larger noses.
C.
Neanderthals had projecting brow ridges.
D.
Neanderthals were shorter.
E.
Neanderthals were stronger.
QUESTION 5
Fungi exhibit certain characteristics. One of these characteristics is that they
A.
are capable of carrying on photosynthesis.
B.
lack cell nuclei.
C.
reproduce using seeds and pollen.
D.
reproduce using spores.
E.
are prokaryotes.
QUESTION 6
In plants, the secondary metabolites are primarily responsible for
A.
food gathering.
B.
nutrition.
C.
defense.
D.
protection against ultraviolet radiation.
E.
overcoming air pollutants.
QUESTION 7
In cnidarians, nematocysts are important in
A.
obtaining oxygen from the water.
B.
obtaining prey.
C.
movement.
D.
excretion of wastes.
E.
food digestion.
QUESTION 8
Cnidarians and ctenophores are similar in that they both have
A.
a pseudocoel.
B.
a digestive tract with two openings.
C.
radial symmetry.
D.
mesoderm.
E.
nematocysts.
QUESTION 9
All members of the phylum Chordata share
A.
exoskeletons.
B.
gills present throughout their lives.
C.
tails present throughout their lives.
D.
a vertebral column.
E.
a notochord present sometime in their lives.
QUESTION 10
It is generally thought that animals have undergone four major physiological and anatomical innovations during their evolution. These are (in no particular order)
A.
development of tissues, photosynthesis, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity.
B.
development of the versatile forelimb, multicellularity, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
C.
multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
D.
bilateral symmetry, development of tissues, origin of the multichambered heart, origin of patterns of embryonic development.
E.
origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of the versatile forelimb, origin of the multichambered heart, multicellularity.
QUESTION 11
Mammals have two traits that set them apart from all other animals. These are
A.
body hair or fur, and being homeothermic.
B.
four-chambered heart and milk production.
C.
amniotic eggs and milk production.
D.
body hair or fur, and milk production.
E.
four-chambered heart and body hair or fur.
QUESTION 12
Which of the following characteristics is not shared by typical birds and mammals?
A.
four limbs
B.
insulating skin ...
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This document provides an overview of evolution and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It defines evolution as change over time, specifically changes in gene frequencies in a population. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations, such as different species in South America and unique species on the Galapagos Islands, that led him to propose natural selection. Natural selection consists of overproduction of offspring, genetic variation, competition for limited resources, and differential survival and reproduction of individuals with traits best suited for the environment.
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) Explain how geography, mass extinctions and adaptive radiation help explain the diversity of living organisms.
B)
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explain how living organisms evolve.
A)
Explain what do phylogenies represent.
B)
If two species look similar, can you assume they are closely related? Explain why.
C)
Describe one practical application of studying phylogenies?
When comparing birds and bats they both have wings,
A)
can we use the presence of wings as an indicator of phylogenetic relationship? Explain
B)
What do we call a trait like wings present in bats and birds (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
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A)
If you group birds, bats and humans in one clade and leave out other apes and mammals, what type of group would they form (monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic)? Explain
B)
What do we call a trait like presence of vertebral column within bats, birds and humans (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
C)
What other organisms would you have to include in this clade in order to have a monophyletic group?
A)
Viruses can create mutations in bacteria, and in humans some viruses are linked to cancer. Explain whether the lytic or the lysogenic cycles is more likely to have these sides effects on the host.
B)
Why has it been so difficult to find a vaccine against HIV or a vaccine against all flu viruses?
.
darwin evolution ppt.pptx
The document defines key objectives around evolution and biodiversity. It then provides examples of different mammalian species and groups them by common characteristics. The mechanisms of evolution are described as natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and recombination. Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle is discussed, where he made observations that led to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
1 Humans dogs cats and all species of plant in my garden.pdf
1. Humans, dogs, cats, and all species of plant in my garden can perform anaerobic respiration. a.
TRUE b. FALSE 2. Respiration necessarily involves... a. Air b. Carbohydrates c. An
electrochemical gradient across a membrane d. Oxygen e. All of the above f. None of the above 3.
Over the 4-billion-year history of life on Earth, plants have been mostly responsible for all of the
photosynthesis that has taken place. a. TRUE b. FALSE 4. In the Cyanobacteria lineage, a way of
using H2O as an electron donor evolved. What's the big deal about this? Why was this significant?
Select all that apply. a. It changed the water cycle forever b. It created a source of Oxygen, which
spurred the evolution of other metabolisms that could use it c. It created a source of Oxygen,
which, once it became abundant, changed the redox chemistry of the Earth forever d. Never
before had organisms been able to use light energy as a source of energy and reduced
compounds like NADPH e. This form of photosynthesis would go on to become the dominant form
of carbon fixation on the planet 5. It's unlikely that we'd find the Calvin Cycle in any deep-sea
organisms, down where there is no sunlight to absorb. a. TRUE b. FALSE6. Which of the following
terms would describe an organism that harnesses energy from the sun but does not synthesize its
own carbon-based biomolecules from inorganic sources, such as CO2 ? a. Autotroph b.
Photoautotroph c. Chemoautotroph d. Photoheterotroph e. None of the above 7. Which of the
following should return the most results in a search on Web of Science? a. behavior OR color b.
behavio$r AND colo$r c. behavio $r OR colo$r d. behav* AND colo* e. behav* OR colo* f.
behavior AND color 8. I'm writing my own paper, and I want to cite a paper by Pardis Sabeti and
16 of her colleagues. The reference will appear at the end of my paper in the Works Cited section
as: Sabeti, P. C., Reich, D. E., Higgins, J. M., Levine, H. Z., Richter, D. J., Schaffner, S. F., ... &
Ackerman, H. C. (2002). Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype
structure. Nature, 419(6909),832. Which of the following would be an appropriate way to cite this
paper in an in-text citation? Select all that apply. a. We adapted methods used to identify partial
selective sweeps at SNPs (Sabeti et al. 2002). b. We adapted methods used to identify partial
selective sweeps at SNPs (Sabeti, Reich, Higgins, et al. 2002). c. We adapted methods used to
identify partial selective sweeps at SNPs. (Sabeti et al. 2002) d. A variation on this theme was
proposed by (Sabeti et al. 2002) who considered the increase in the number of distinct haplotypes
away from the location of a putative selective sweep. e. A variation on this theme was proposed by
Sabeti et al. (2002) who considered the increase in the number of distinct haplotypes away from
the location of a putative selective sweep.f. A variation on this theme was proposed by Sabeti et
al. (2002) who considered the increase in the.
Heredity and evolution class 10th cbse
1. The document provides information about heredity, variation, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, evolution, and human evolution.
2. Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study patterns of inheritance. His experiments showed dominant and recessive traits are inherited in predictable ratios.
3. Evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variations over many generations, leading to the formation of new species. Evidence for evolution comes from homologous and analogous structures as well as fossils.
Evolution
- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questions
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
multiple choice choose right answer1. After you study a populatio.pdf
multiple choice: choose right answer
1. After you study a population of a butterfly species over several generations, you observe that
its average wing size is steadily increasing and is significantly larger in the more recent
generations. This is most likely an example of
a. genetic drift.
b. non-random mating.
c. disruptive selection.
d. directional selection.
e. genetic variation.
2. A volcano has wiped out a significant part of a spider population on a small island. This would
be considered an example of
a. natural selection.
b. disruptive selection.
c. the bottleneck effect.
d. balanced polymorphism.
e. relative fitness.
3. All but one of the following is required for a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which one doesn’t
meet the requirements?
a. random mating
b. no mutations
c. large populations
d. no natural selection
e. gene flow Principles of Biology IIB 5
4. Heterozygote advantage is an example of
a. inbreeding.
b. balanced polymorphism.
c. genetic drift.
d. genetic variation.
e. directional selection.
5. Which of the following terms would you associate with genetic drift?
a. small populations
b. natural selection
c. disruptive selection
d. mutations
e. non-random mating
6. Autopolyploidy is an example of
a. hybrid breakdown.
b. hybrid inviability.
c. allopatric speciation.
d. sympatric speciation.
e. genetic drift.
7. A plant species with a chromosome number 2n=12 hybridizes with another species (2n=4) in
the same genus to produce a hybrid through allopolyploidy. The resulting new species has a
chromosome number of
a. 2n=4.
b. 2n=8.
c. 2n=12.
d. 2n=16.
e. 2n=32.
8. Based on chromosome numbers, banding patterns, and inversions, orangutans are most closely
related to
a. humans.
b. both humans and gorillas.
c. gorillas.
d. chimpanzees.
e. none of the above.
9. Figure 18.4 shows two species of Warbler. Their difference is based on
a. the biological species concept.
b. the ecological species concept.
c. the morphological species concept.
d. the phylogenetic species concept.
e. none of the above.
10. A species of flowering plant receives pollen from a different species. The pollen germinates,
but it is too short to reach the female ovules. This is an example of
a. ecological isolation.
b. temporal isolation.
c. mechanical isolation.
d. gametic isolation.
e. a postzygotic isolation mechanism.
11. Two organisms belonging to the same class would also be in the same
a. order.
b. genus.
c. species.
d. kingdom.
e. family.
12. Paraphyletic taxa
a. include groups with different ancestors.
b. all have one common ancestor and include all taxa derived from that common ancestor.
c. all have one common ancestor but do not include all taxa derived from that common ancestor.
d. are not based on parsimonious principles.
e. none of the above
13. Traditional phylogenetic systematists consider birds as a separate class from reptiles because
a. of sufficient morphological difference from their reptile ancestors.
b. birds are closely related to dinosaurs.
c. they .
Chapter 13 notes
This document summarizes key aspects of the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It discusses how Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to propose that their ancestors had migrated and evolved over time through natural selection. The document then defines natural selection and adaptation, and describes evidence that supports evolution, including fossils, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA and proteins between related species. It provides examples of Darwin's finches and the formation of new species through divergence and speciation.
B3 lesson part one
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on life on Earth. It will cover topics such as the variety of life, evolution, evidence of change, Charles Darwin's theories of evolution, the origins of species, inheritance, where life came from, human evolution, extinction, and human-caused extinction. The first lesson focuses on the variety of life and how all living things are different due to genetic variations.
Chapter 19 Review Questions
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about animal biology concepts. It asks about the roles of bats, characteristics of animals, hypotheses of animal origins, evolutionary innovations in the animal kingdom, body structures like symmetry, germ layers and body cavities. The questions cover topics like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, tapeworms and roundworms. It tests knowledge of the defining features, life cycles and examples of different phyla within the animal kingdom.
Imp quest x
The document contains questions and answers related to biology topics like reproduction, evolution, human anatomy and physiology. It discusses how reproduction provides stability to a species' population through DNA copying and variations. It also explains examples of regeneration in planaria, bryophyllum and rhizopus. The answers provide details on sexual reproduction, changes in uterus during implantation and menstruation, evidence of evolution from homologous and analogous organs and fossils, and Mendel's experiments on dominant and recessive traits.
BIO101 Midterm - Sacramento Valley Campus- June 2014TEST MName.docx
BIO101 Midterm - Sacramento Valley Campus- June 2014
TEST M
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Homologous chromosomes ______.
A) include only the autosomes
B) separate during interphase
C) include only the sex chromosomes
D) are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent
E) carry the same genes
1)
2) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example,
the sperm are changing ______.
A) kinetic energy into chemical energy
B) chemical energy into potential energy
C) kinetic energy into potential energy
D) chemical energy into kinetic energy
E) none of the above
2)
3) Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______. 3)
1
A) serine
B) alanine
C) glycine
D) threonine
E) arginine
4) Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait.
The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross
between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?
A) Seventy-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
B) Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
C) Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
D) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
E) All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia.
4)
Please read the following paragraph and answer the following question(s).
Amanda's parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was
shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took
her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. He ordered a
karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific
cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she
received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty.
5) Amanda's abnormal number of sex chromosomes resulted from ______.
A) random fertilization
B) independent assortment of chromosomes
C) cytokinesis
D) nondisjunction
E) crossing over
5)
6) Speciation requires ______.
A) long periods of time
B) geographic isolation
C) periods of rapid evolutionary change
D) a mass extinction so that new environmental opportunities will be available to the
survivors
E) genetic isolation
6)
7) The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life is most likely to be seen in ______.
A) Native Americans
B) East Asian populations
C) populations that live in cold climates
D) cultures that keep dairy herds
E) populations that live in wet climates
7)
2
8) Which of the foll ...
Heredity and evolution
This Presentation is especially for the grade 10 as it is informaive and can be used for the CBSE syllabus of india ( of course ). hope this helps you alot and if any problems please let me know from the comments section below.................peace out......... and message me at bavitharavi@hotmail.com. this is also the chpter 9 of the cbse gr 10 science book biology.
Meredith Ward is the assistant chief accountant at Frazier Company, .pdf
Meredith Ward is the assistant chief accountant at Frazier Company, a manufacturer of computer
chips and cellular phones. The company presently has total sales of $20 million. It is the end of
the first quarter. Meredith is hurriedly trying to prepare a trial balance so that quarterly financial
statements can be prepared and released to management and the regulatory agencies. The total
credits on the trial balance exceed the debits by $1,000. In order to meet the 4 p.m. deadline,
Meredith decides to force the debits and credits into balance by adding the amount of the
difference to the Equipment account. She chooses Equipment because it is one of the larger
account balances; percentage-wise, it will be the least misstatedMeredith “plugs” the difference!
She believes that the difference will not affect anyone’s decisions. She wishes that she had
another few days to find the error but realizes that the financial statements are already late.
Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
What are Meredith’s alternatives?
Solution
Part A
The stakeholders in this situation are:
- the Frazier company, the company and its shareholders.
- Meredith Ward who is employee working at a position of assistant chief accountant.
- Users of the company’s financial statements.
Part B
Meredith\'saction of adding $1,000 to the Equipment account is unethical. The total of equipment
account is intentionally misstated. The misstatement of equipment account by $1000 will also
result into misstatement of other account by $1000 to avoid error that may arise due to
imbalance. If the amount would have been immaterial and there is no intention to commit fraud
(cover up an embezzlement or other misappropriation of assets), Meredith’s action might not be
considered unethical in the preparation of interim financial statements. However, if Meredith is
considered to be violating a company accounting policy by her action, in that case her behaviour
is believed to be unethical.
Part C
Meredith’s alternatives are:
1. Identify the error causing the imbalance though it requires more time than deadline
2. She should honestly inform her supervisor of the imbalance and suffer the consequences.
3. making the adjustment in the next quarter, identifying the error after deadline.
In mathematics, a formula is a(n)A.expression of the value of.pdf
In mathematics, a formula is a(n)
A.
expression of the value of the quantity.
B.
procedure for calculating area and perimeter.
C.
equation with three or more unknown quantities.
D.
rule for finding an unknown quantity
Solution
I would say that it is a rule for finding an unknown quantity as we use formulas to find answers..
More Related Content
Similar to Which of the following provide evidence of biological evolution a. .pdf
Question 1 This type of selection favors both extremes of the .docx
Question 1
This type of selection favors both extremes of the phenotype spectrum within a population.
A.
disruptive
B.
natural
C.
neutral
D.
stabilizing
E.
directional
5 points
Question 2
On a molecular level, all organisms
A.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C.
use different means of storing genetic information.
D.
have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
E.
show no similarities.
5 points
Question 3
Most mutations lead to a decreased chance of survival for the mutant organism. Rarely, a mutation can provide an increased chance of survival. These rare mutations provide a(n) _____________________ for the mutant.
A.
selective disadvantage
B.
environmental susceptibility
C.
adaptive
D.
directional shift
E.
selective advantage
5 points
Question 4
After being produced in the seminiferous tubules, sperm mature in the
A.
seminal vesicle.
B.
vas deferens.
C.
epididymis.
D.
ejaculatory duct.
E.
urethra.
5 points
Question 5
Random changes in gene frequency that occur in small populations describes the concept of
A.
genetic drift.
B.
adaptive radiation.
C.
parapatric speciation.
D.
sympatric speciation.
E.
convergent evolution.
5 points
Question 6
The primary male hormone is
A.
produced throughout a male’s entire lifetime.
B.
produced in the brain.
C.
testosterone.
D.
estrogen.
E.
only involved in sperm production.
5 points
Question 7
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A.
Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
B.
Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C.
Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
D.
All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
E.
Natural selection leads to extinction.
5 points
Question 8
Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A.
It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
B.
It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C.
It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
D.
It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E.
It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
5 points
Question 9
Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A.
are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
B.
are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
C.
are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
D.
are hermaphroditic and typically ...
EVIDENCE.pptx
Five types of evidence for evolution are discussed in this section: ancient organism remains, fossil layers, similarities among organisms alive today, similarities in DNA, and similarities of embryos.
QUESTION 1All of the following are parts of a flower except the.docx
QUESTION 1
All of the following are parts of a flower except the
A.
carpel.
B.
ovary.
C.
fruit.
D.
stamen.
E.
cuticle.
QUESTION 2
The segmented worms of the phylum Annelida
A.
have an open circulatory system.
B.
possess setae on each segment.
C.
are acoelomate.
D.
display radial symmetry.
E.
move by use of flagella.
QUESTION 3
In bryophytes, the rhizoids
A.
obtain nutrients.
B.
are involved in reproduction.
C.
obtain water.
D.
lure possible prey.
E.
serve as attachment structures.
QUESTION 4
Which of the following is not a characteristic differentiating Neanderthals from modern humans?
A.
Neanderthals had smaller brains.
B.
Neanderthals had larger noses.
C.
Neanderthals had projecting brow ridges.
D.
Neanderthals were shorter.
E.
Neanderthals were stronger.
QUESTION 5
Fungi exhibit certain characteristics. One of these characteristics is that they
A.
are capable of carrying on photosynthesis.
B.
lack cell nuclei.
C.
reproduce using seeds and pollen.
D.
reproduce using spores.
E.
are prokaryotes.
QUESTION 6
In plants, the secondary metabolites are primarily responsible for
A.
food gathering.
B.
nutrition.
C.
defense.
D.
protection against ultraviolet radiation.
E.
overcoming air pollutants.
QUESTION 7
In cnidarians, nematocysts are important in
A.
obtaining oxygen from the water.
B.
obtaining prey.
C.
movement.
D.
excretion of wastes.
E.
food digestion.
QUESTION 8
Cnidarians and ctenophores are similar in that they both have
A.
a pseudocoel.
B.
a digestive tract with two openings.
C.
radial symmetry.
D.
mesoderm.
E.
nematocysts.
QUESTION 9
All members of the phylum Chordata share
A.
exoskeletons.
B.
gills present throughout their lives.
C.
tails present throughout their lives.
D.
a vertebral column.
E.
a notochord present sometime in their lives.
QUESTION 10
It is generally thought that animals have undergone four major physiological and anatomical innovations during their evolution. These are (in no particular order)
A.
development of tissues, photosynthesis, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity.
B.
development of the versatile forelimb, multicellularity, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
C.
multicellularity, bilateral symmetry, origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of tissues.
D.
bilateral symmetry, development of tissues, origin of the multichambered heart, origin of patterns of embryonic development.
E.
origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of the versatile forelimb, origin of the multichambered heart, multicellularity.
QUESTION 11
Mammals have two traits that set them apart from all other animals. These are
A.
body hair or fur, and being homeothermic.
B.
four-chambered heart and milk production.
C.
amniotic eggs and milk production.
D.
body hair or fur, and milk production.
E.
four-chambered heart and body hair or fur.
QUESTION 12
Which of the following characteristics is not shared by typical birds and mammals?
A.
four limbs
B.
insulating skin ...
Evolution- Natural Selection.pptnjjhggffffff
This document provides an overview of evolution and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It defines evolution as change over time, specifically changes in gene frequencies in a population. It describes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations, such as different species in South America and unique species on the Galapagos Islands, that led him to propose natural selection. Natural selection consists of overproduction of offspring, genetic variation, competition for limited resources, and differential survival and reproduction of individuals with traits best suited for the environment.
Regeants Evidence for Evolution
This document provides evidence for evolution by natural selection from multiple sources, including the fossil record, anatomical record, and molecular record. It discusses several key lines of evidence:
- The fossil record shows changes in organisms over millions of years, with transitional fossils showing links between species.
- Comparative anatomy reveals homologous structures across species that indicate common ancestry, as well as vestigial structures providing evidence of evolutionary change over time.
- Molecular data, such as comparing DNA and protein sequences, provides further support for evolutionary relationships between organisms reflected in their genetic similarities.
10. Evidence of Evolution.pptx Fossils, comparative
The document discusses five main categories of evidence for evolution:
1. Fossil evidence shows increasingly complex lifeforms over time.
2. Geographical distribution patterns reflect ancestral relationships between currently separated species.
3. Embryological similarities across species provide evidence of shared ancestry in early development.
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION.ppt.pdf
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to heredity and evolution:
1. Heredity is the transfer of characters from parents to offspring. Variations exist between individuals of the same species.
2. Accumulation of minor variations during reproduction, some of which help organisms adapt, can lead to the formation of new species over time.
3. Mendel's experiments with pea plants determined the rules of inheritance and that traits are transferred through genes on chromosomes.
So in summary, this document outlines concepts of heredity, variation, evolution through natural selection and accumulation of variations, and Mendel's rules of inheritance.
A) Explain how geography, mass extinctions and adaptive radiatio.docx
A
) Explain how geography, mass extinctions and adaptive radiation help explain the diversity of living organisms.
B)
Explain how changes in development can explain the evolution of new life forms.
Using the information you presented about geography, mass extinction, adaptive radiation and embryonic development, from the previous two questions,
explain how living organisms evolve.
A)
Explain what do phylogenies represent.
B)
If two species look similar, can you assume they are closely related? Explain why.
C)
Describe one practical application of studying phylogenies?
When comparing birds and bats they both have wings,
A)
can we use the presence of wings as an indicator of phylogenetic relationship? Explain
B)
What do we call a trait like wings present in bats and birds (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
Birds, bats and humans all have a vertebral column.
A)
If you group birds, bats and humans in one clade and leave out other apes and mammals, what type of group would they form (monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic)? Explain
B)
What do we call a trait like presence of vertebral column within bats, birds and humans (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain.
C)
What other organisms would you have to include in this clade in order to have a monophyletic group?
A)
Viruses can create mutations in bacteria, and in humans some viruses are linked to cancer. Explain whether the lytic or the lysogenic cycles is more likely to have these sides effects on the host.
B)
Why has it been so difficult to find a vaccine against HIV or a vaccine against all flu viruses?
.
darwin evolution ppt.pptx
The document defines key objectives around evolution and biodiversity. It then provides examples of different mammalian species and groups them by common characteristics. The mechanisms of evolution are described as natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and recombination. Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle is discussed, where he made observations that led to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
1 Humans dogs cats and all species of plant in my garden.pdf
1. Humans, dogs, cats, and all species of plant in my garden can perform anaerobic respiration. a.
TRUE b. FALSE 2. Respiration necessarily involves... a. Air b. Carbohydrates c. An
electrochemical gradient across a membrane d. Oxygen e. All of the above f. None of the above 3.
Over the 4-billion-year history of life on Earth, plants have been mostly responsible for all of the
photosynthesis that has taken place. a. TRUE b. FALSE 4. In the Cyanobacteria lineage, a way of
using H2O as an electron donor evolved. What's the big deal about this? Why was this significant?
Select all that apply. a. It changed the water cycle forever b. It created a source of Oxygen, which
spurred the evolution of other metabolisms that could use it c. It created a source of Oxygen,
which, once it became abundant, changed the redox chemistry of the Earth forever d. Never
before had organisms been able to use light energy as a source of energy and reduced
compounds like NADPH e. This form of photosynthesis would go on to become the dominant form
of carbon fixation on the planet 5. It's unlikely that we'd find the Calvin Cycle in any deep-sea
organisms, down where there is no sunlight to absorb. a. TRUE b. FALSE6. Which of the following
terms would describe an organism that harnesses energy from the sun but does not synthesize its
own carbon-based biomolecules from inorganic sources, such as CO2 ? a. Autotroph b.
Photoautotroph c. Chemoautotroph d. Photoheterotroph e. None of the above 7. Which of the
following should return the most results in a search on Web of Science? a. behavior OR color b.
behavio$r AND colo$r c. behavio $r OR colo$r d. behav* AND colo* e. behav* OR colo* f.
behavior AND color 8. I'm writing my own paper, and I want to cite a paper by Pardis Sabeti and
16 of her colleagues. The reference will appear at the end of my paper in the Works Cited section
as: Sabeti, P. C., Reich, D. E., Higgins, J. M., Levine, H. Z., Richter, D. J., Schaffner, S. F., ... &
Ackerman, H. C. (2002). Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype
structure. Nature, 419(6909),832. Which of the following would be an appropriate way to cite this
paper in an in-text citation? Select all that apply. a. We adapted methods used to identify partial
selective sweeps at SNPs (Sabeti et al. 2002). b. We adapted methods used to identify partial
selective sweeps at SNPs (Sabeti, Reich, Higgins, et al. 2002). c. We adapted methods used to
identify partial selective sweeps at SNPs. (Sabeti et al. 2002) d. A variation on this theme was
proposed by (Sabeti et al. 2002) who considered the increase in the number of distinct haplotypes
away from the location of a putative selective sweep. e. A variation on this theme was proposed by
Sabeti et al. (2002) who considered the increase in the number of distinct haplotypes away from
the location of a putative selective sweep.f. A variation on this theme was proposed by Sabeti et
al. (2002) who considered the increase in the.
Heredity and evolution class 10th cbse
1. The document provides information about heredity, variation, Mendel's experiments with pea plants, evolution, and human evolution.
2. Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study patterns of inheritance. His experiments showed dominant and recessive traits are inherited in predictable ratios.
3. Evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variations over many generations, leading to the formation of new species. Evidence for evolution comes from homologous and analogous structures as well as fossils.
Evolution
- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questions
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
multiple choice choose right answer1. After you study a populatio.pdf
multiple choice: choose right answer
1. After you study a population of a butterfly species over several generations, you observe that
its average wing size is steadily increasing and is significantly larger in the more recent
generations. This is most likely an example of
a. genetic drift.
b. non-random mating.
c. disruptive selection.
d. directional selection.
e. genetic variation.
2. A volcano has wiped out a significant part of a spider population on a small island. This would
be considered an example of
a. natural selection.
b. disruptive selection.
c. the bottleneck effect.
d. balanced polymorphism.
e. relative fitness.
3. All but one of the following is required for a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which one doesn’t
meet the requirements?
a. random mating
b. no mutations
c. large populations
d. no natural selection
e. gene flow Principles of Biology IIB 5
4. Heterozygote advantage is an example of
a. inbreeding.
b. balanced polymorphism.
c. genetic drift.
d. genetic variation.
e. directional selection.
5. Which of the following terms would you associate with genetic drift?
a. small populations
b. natural selection
c. disruptive selection
d. mutations
e. non-random mating
6. Autopolyploidy is an example of
a. hybrid breakdown.
b. hybrid inviability.
c. allopatric speciation.
d. sympatric speciation.
e. genetic drift.
7. A plant species with a chromosome number 2n=12 hybridizes with another species (2n=4) in
the same genus to produce a hybrid through allopolyploidy. The resulting new species has a
chromosome number of
a. 2n=4.
b. 2n=8.
c. 2n=12.
d. 2n=16.
e. 2n=32.
8. Based on chromosome numbers, banding patterns, and inversions, orangutans are most closely
related to
a. humans.
b. both humans and gorillas.
c. gorillas.
d. chimpanzees.
e. none of the above.
9. Figure 18.4 shows two species of Warbler. Their difference is based on
a. the biological species concept.
b. the ecological species concept.
c. the morphological species concept.
d. the phylogenetic species concept.
e. none of the above.
10. A species of flowering plant receives pollen from a different species. The pollen germinates,
but it is too short to reach the female ovules. This is an example of
a. ecological isolation.
b. temporal isolation.
c. mechanical isolation.
d. gametic isolation.
e. a postzygotic isolation mechanism.
11. Two organisms belonging to the same class would also be in the same
a. order.
b. genus.
c. species.
d. kingdom.
e. family.
12. Paraphyletic taxa
a. include groups with different ancestors.
b. all have one common ancestor and include all taxa derived from that common ancestor.
c. all have one common ancestor but do not include all taxa derived from that common ancestor.
d. are not based on parsimonious principles.
e. none of the above
13. Traditional phylogenetic systematists consider birds as a separate class from reptiles because
a. of sufficient morphological difference from their reptile ancestors.
b. birds are closely related to dinosaurs.
c. they .
Chapter 13 notes
This document summarizes key aspects of the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It discusses how Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to propose that their ancestors had migrated and evolved over time through natural selection. The document then defines natural selection and adaptation, and describes evidence that supports evolution, including fossils, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA and proteins between related species. It provides examples of Darwin's finches and the formation of new species through divergence and speciation.
B3 lesson part one
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on life on Earth. It will cover topics such as the variety of life, evolution, evidence of change, Charles Darwin's theories of evolution, the origins of species, inheritance, where life came from, human evolution, extinction, and human-caused extinction. The first lesson focuses on the variety of life and how all living things are different due to genetic variations.
Chapter 19 Review Questions
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about animal biology concepts. It asks about the roles of bats, characteristics of animals, hypotheses of animal origins, evolutionary innovations in the animal kingdom, body structures like symmetry, germ layers and body cavities. The questions cover topics like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, tapeworms and roundworms. It tests knowledge of the defining features, life cycles and examples of different phyla within the animal kingdom.
Imp quest x
The document contains questions and answers related to biology topics like reproduction, evolution, human anatomy and physiology. It discusses how reproduction provides stability to a species' population through DNA copying and variations. It also explains examples of regeneration in planaria, bryophyllum and rhizopus. The answers provide details on sexual reproduction, changes in uterus during implantation and menstruation, evidence of evolution from homologous and analogous organs and fossils, and Mendel's experiments on dominant and recessive traits.
BIO101 Midterm - Sacramento Valley Campus- June 2014TEST MName.docx
BIO101 Midterm - Sacramento Valley Campus- June 2014
TEST M
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Homologous chromosomes ______.
A) include only the autosomes
B) separate during interphase
C) include only the sex chromosomes
D) are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent
E) carry the same genes
1)
2) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example,
the sperm are changing ______.
A) kinetic energy into chemical energy
B) chemical energy into potential energy
C) kinetic energy into potential energy
D) chemical energy into kinetic energy
E) none of the above
2)
3) Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______. 3)
1
A) serine
B) alanine
C) glycine
D) threonine
E) arginine
4) Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait.
The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross
between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?
A) Seventy-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
B) Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
C) Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
D) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
E) All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia.
4)
Please read the following paragraph and answer the following question(s).
Amanda's parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was
shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took
her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. He ordered a
karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific
cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she
received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty.
5) Amanda's abnormal number of sex chromosomes resulted from ______.
A) random fertilization
B) independent assortment of chromosomes
C) cytokinesis
D) nondisjunction
E) crossing over
5)
6) Speciation requires ______.
A) long periods of time
B) geographic isolation
C) periods of rapid evolutionary change
D) a mass extinction so that new environmental opportunities will be available to the
survivors
E) genetic isolation
6)
7) The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life is most likely to be seen in ______.
A) Native Americans
B) East Asian populations
C) populations that live in cold climates
D) cultures that keep dairy herds
E) populations that live in wet climates
7)
2
8) Which of the foll ...
Heredity and evolution
This Presentation is especially for the grade 10 as it is informaive and can be used for the CBSE syllabus of india ( of course ). hope this helps you alot and if any problems please let me know from the comments section below.................peace out......... and message me at bavitharavi@hotmail.com. this is also the chpter 9 of the cbse gr 10 science book biology.
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1 Humans dogs cats and all species of plant in my garden.pdf
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multiple choice choose right answer1. After you study a populatio.pdf
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BIO101 Midterm - Sacramento Valley Campus- June 2014TEST MName.docx
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More from foottraders
Meredith Ward is the assistant chief accountant at Frazier Company, .pdf
Meredith Ward is the assistant chief accountant at Frazier Company, a manufacturer of computer
chips and cellular phones. The company presently has total sales of $20 million. It is the end of
the first quarter. Meredith is hurriedly trying to prepare a trial balance so that quarterly financial
statements can be prepared and released to management and the regulatory agencies. The total
credits on the trial balance exceed the debits by $1,000. In order to meet the 4 p.m. deadline,
Meredith decides to force the debits and credits into balance by adding the amount of the
difference to the Equipment account. She chooses Equipment because it is one of the larger
account balances; percentage-wise, it will be the least misstatedMeredith “plugs” the difference!
She believes that the difference will not affect anyone’s decisions. She wishes that she had
another few days to find the error but realizes that the financial statements are already late.
Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
What are Meredith’s alternatives?
Solution
Part A
The stakeholders in this situation are:
- the Frazier company, the company and its shareholders.
- Meredith Ward who is employee working at a position of assistant chief accountant.
- Users of the company’s financial statements.
Part B
Meredith\'saction of adding $1,000 to the Equipment account is unethical. The total of equipment
account is intentionally misstated. The misstatement of equipment account by $1000 will also
result into misstatement of other account by $1000 to avoid error that may arise due to
imbalance. If the amount would have been immaterial and there is no intention to commit fraud
(cover up an embezzlement or other misappropriation of assets), Meredith’s action might not be
considered unethical in the preparation of interim financial statements. However, if Meredith is
considered to be violating a company accounting policy by her action, in that case her behaviour
is believed to be unethical.
Part C
Meredith’s alternatives are:
1. Identify the error causing the imbalance though it requires more time than deadline
2. She should honestly inform her supervisor of the imbalance and suffer the consequences.
3. making the adjustment in the next quarter, identifying the error after deadline.
In mathematics, a formula is a(n)A.expression of the value of.pdf
In mathematics, a formula is a(n)
A.
expression of the value of the quantity.
B.
procedure for calculating area and perimeter.
C.
equation with three or more unknown quantities.
D.
rule for finding an unknown quantity
Solution
I would say that it is a rule for finding an unknown quantity as we use formulas to find answers..
Landless Corporation currently has 120,000 shares outstanding of $1 .pdf
Landless Corporation currently has 120,000 shares outstanding of $1 par value common stock.
The stock was originally issued for $12 per share. On March 15, the board of directors declares
and distributes a 10% stock dividend when the stock is selling for $16 per share. Prepare the
journal entry to record the stock dividend.
Solution
Retained earnings 192000 =120000*10%*16 Common stock 12000 Paid-in
capital in excess of par 180000 To record the stock dividend.
Following are some transactions and events of Business Solutions. Feb.pdf
Following are some transactions and events of Business
Solution
s. Feb. 26 The company paid cash to Lyn Addie for eight days\' work at $140 per day. Mar. 25
The company sold merchandise with a $2,132 cost for $2,800 on credit to Wildcat Services,
invoice dated March 25. Required: 1. Assume that Lyn Addie is an unmarried employee. Her
$1,120 of wages are subject to no deductions other than FICA Social Security taxes, FICA
Medicare taxes, and federal income taxes. Her federal income taxes for this pay period total
$112. Compute her net pay for the eight days\' work paid on February 26. (Round your answer to
2 decimal places. Do not round intermediate calculations.) Net pay.
Each of the following termsphrases conceptually falls into one of t.pdf
Each of the following terms/phrases conceptually falls into one of the two categories: type I error
and type II error. Put a “1” or “2” next to the letter of each word listed below…
A. Critical region(s)
B. p > a
C. Reject H0
D. Region(s) of rejection
E. Fail to reject H0
F. |z| < |za|
G. Statistically significant H. Region of retention I. p is less than or equal to a
Solution
a type I error
b type I error
c type i error
d. type II ERROR
e type ii error
f type i error
e..
Dinosaur fossils are often dated by using an element other than carbo.pdf
Dinosaur fossils are often dated by using an element other than carbon, such as potassium-40,
that has a longer half-life (in this case, approximately 1.25 billion years). Suppose the minimum
detectable amount is 0.1 % and a dinosaur is dated with ^40K to be 68 million years old. Is such
a dating possible? In other words, what is the maximum age of a fossil that we could date using
^40K?
Solution.
Discuss the term renaissance (what does it mean) and the developmen.pdf
Discuss the term renaissance (what does it mean?) and the development of the Italian
Renaissance. Describe its features and some of its notable figures - artistic and literary. What is
new about this time and what themes are based on past art, architecture, and literature? What
relationship does the Italian renaissance have to the Protestant reformations? Respond to two
other people
Solution
The term ‘renaissance ‘ accurately means rebirth in a contracted sense it is used to describe the
revival of interest in the classical civilization of Greece and Rome renaissance was marked by a
series of new development in the field of art ,literature, religion, philosophy, science and politics
.the period of served as a bridge between medieval and modern west Europe
Renaissance began with the rediscovery of Greco –roman evolution which had been neglected
during the middle ages .it emphasized reason a questioning attitude experimentation and free
enquiry
This is contrasted with medieval reason with faith authority and tradition it glorified the
individual and approved worldly pleasure
Art and architecture during renaissance was in fluenced by classical Greece ad Rome renaissance
painting emphasized realism attention to detail and desire for perfection
In the era of Renaissance Literature, it was considered as division between the middle ages and
modern era. The Humanists considered that the man should be considered as subject of study and
not god. Printing press was one of the inventions during that era. Famous Writers include
William Shakespeare, John Milton, Philip Sidney
During the late 15thCentury is when ItalianRenaissance had started in Tuscany. It is well known
for cultural achievements. The work also includes literatures, Art, Architecture etc.
In the course of Renaissance the principles of art and architecture became integrated in the
recognition of classical antiquity. Florence had become the centre of culture and artistic event for
art. Artist had begun to appear from the role of artisan in which oil based paints were used for the
first time at this period. Artist here started to paint everyday life instead of religious scene. One
of the famous painter being Michelangelo, Leonardo Da vinci.
The causes for reformation was due to Political, Economic, Intellectual etc..
Consider a binary SNP matrix M with 1 representing the derived allele.pdf
Consider a binary SNP matrix M with 1 representing the derived allele, and 0 as the ancestral
allele. The SNP matrix has n haplotypes. The HAF vector of a haplotype h in M, denoted c_h, is
obtained by taking the binary haplotype vector and replacing non-zero entries (derived alleles
carried by the haplotype) with their respective frequencies in the sample. Define the HAF score
of h as: HAF (h) sigma_j c_h[j] where the sum proceeds over all segregating sites j in the
genomic region. Derive an expression for the Expected value of HAF (h) for h randomly
sampled from a neutrally evolving sample of n individuals.
Solution
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)
Frequency of SNPs is greater than that of any other type of polymorphism.
Having the understanding of the structure and frequencies of haplotypes is very important for
associating genetic polymorphisms with a given trait. It also helps in inferring the genetic
genealogy of alleles in a population.
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes can be determined without ambiguity when
an individual does not have more than one heterozygous site in a given genomic region.
The Haplotype Allele Frequency (HAF) score assigned to individual haplotypes in a sample
naturally captures many of the properties shared by haplotypes carrying a favored allele.
Haplotype: Combinations of genetic variants occurring on the same DNA molecule. Each gene
in the diploid genome has two sequences, one on each haplotype.
Methods for detecting the genomic signatures of natural selection have been heavily studied.
They have been successful in identifying many selective sweeps.
For most of these sweeps, the favored allele remains unknown, making it difficult to distinguish
carriers of the sweep from non-carriers.
In an ongoing selective sweep, carriers of the favored allele are likely to contain a future most
recent common ancestor.
a) Expected value of HAF (h) for h randomly sampled from a neutrally evolving sample of n
individuals.
Consider a neutrally evolving sample of n individuals. We assume that all sites are biallelic, and
at each site, we denote ancestral alleles by 0 and derived alleles by 1. We also assume that all
sites are polymorphic in the sample. The HAF vector of a haplotype h, denoted by c, is obtained
by taking the binary haplotype vector and replacing non-zero entries (derived alleles carried by
the haplotype) with their respective frequencies in the sample. For parameter , we define the -
HAF score of c as:
where the sum proceeds over all segregating sites j in the genomic region. The 1-HAF score of a
haplotype amounts to the sum of frequencies of all derived alleles carried by the haplotype. The -
HAF score is equivalent to the -norm of c raised to the th power..
Can someone explain to me the classification of PRRs in immuniology.pdf
Can someone explain to me the classification of PRRs in immuniology
Classification of PRRs
: a) signaling b) endocytic
Solution
Prr are pattern recognition receptors, which play a very crucial part in immune system.
On the basis of ligand specificity, localisation , function and evolutionary relation ships , they
can be classified into two
A) signalling prr. They include large family of cytoplasmic NOD like receptors, and membrane
bound TOLL like receptors
B) endocytic prr . They engulf and destroy micro organisms, diaease causing antigens with the
help of phagocytes without any relay of intra cellular signals..
An empty soda can has been submitted as evidence. Name at least two .pdf
An empty soda can was submitted as evidence. Fingerprints and saliva residue could be analyzed through forensic examination. Fingerprints would be visualized using powder and photographed or lifted with tape. DNA could also be analyzed by extracting variable number tandem repeats, mixing them with probes, and exposing the blot to film to identify dark bands matching an individual's DNA profile.
All Newsweek (March 20. 2011) Theyre the sort of scores that driv.pdf
All Newsweek (March 20. 2011) They\'re the sort of scores that drive high-school history
teachers to drink. When NEWSWEEK recently asked 1,000 U S. citizens to take America\'s
official citizenship test 30 percent couldn\'t name the vice president Seventy-five percent
couldn\'t correctly say why we fought the Cold War forty-five percent were unable to define the
Bill of Rights. And 6 percent couldn\'t even circle Independence Day on a calendar. Don\'t get us
wrong: civic ignorance is nothing new. For as long as they\'ve existed. Americans have been
misunderstanding checks and balances and misidentifying their senators. And they\'ve been
lamenting the philistinism of their peers ever since pollsters started publishing these dispiriting
surveys back in Harry Truman\'s day. (He was a president, by the way) According to a study by
Michael X. Delli Carpini, dean of the Annenherg School for Communication, the yearly shifts in
civic knowledge since World War II have averaged out to \"slightly under I percent.\" In a
sample of 10 individuals, what is the probability 4 arc could not name the vice president? In a
sample of 12 individuals what is the probability at least 8 arc not able to correctly say why we
fought the Cold War? In a sample of 15 individuals, what is the probability no more than 10 are
unable to define the Bill of Rights? In a sample of 9 individuals, what is the probability that 2, 3,
4, or 5 could not circle Independence Day on a calendar?
Solution.
a. What is structure a.... b. Are the contents of structure haploid.pdf
a. What is structure a?.... b. Are the contents of structure haploid or diploid? Forming Fungi gus
a uc o the (130x). (Auad \'MrMooudl
Solution
Answer:
The above diagram shows that it is fungus, named as a Rhizopus, which belong to class
\"Zygomycota\".
The mycelium is divided into three parts, 1) Rhizoids (roots like), which help in absorbtion of
food materials from substratum.. 2) Sporangiophores 3) Sporangia
The thallus of fungus is haploid, it forms zygospore (diploid) during reproduction..
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of foreign exchange mark.pdf
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of foreign exchange markets?
Select one:
a. All of these are functions of foreign exchange markets
b. speculation in currency values
c. foreign trade
d. raising capital in foreign markets
e. the transfer of risk between market participants
Solution
option: c. foreign trade
functions of foreign trade are.....
Which of the following is necessary in order for an explanation to b.pdf
Which of the following is necessary in order for an explanation to be adequate? (Points : 1)
It does not agree with other human knowledge.
It provides an overly complex solution.
It is noncircular.
It is contradicted by other instances.Which of the following is necessary in order for an
explanation to be adequate? (Points : 1) It does not agree with other human knowledge.
It provides an overly complex solution.
It is noncircular.
It is contradicted by other instances.
Solution
it is non circular.
When does the centrosome duplicateIn parallel to chromosome segre.pdf
When does the centrosome duplicate?
In parallel to chromosome segregation in mitosis
In parallel with DNA replication in S-phase
In G1
In G2
In an unregulated manner
Solution
When does the centrosome duplicate?
Answer: In parallel with DNA replication in S-phase
The centrosome appears to initiate cell division and Centrosome duplication is controlled by
centriole replication.In centrosome duplication the mother and daughter centriole duplicates
themselves.This process take place during the S-phase, at the same time as when the cell
duplicates its DNA..
What are some differences between public sector and private sector b.pdf
What are some differences between public sector and private sector budgets? Provide examples?
Solution
Public sector refers to government-owned organizations and government-provided services.
Private sector refers to
1) organizations that are not government owned, and
2) the goods and services provided by organizations outside of the government.
For example, companies owned by individuals are part of the private sector. Even the largest
corporation with its common stockpublicly-traded on the New York Stock Exchange is part of
the private sector.
Thanks.
Two days later the patient reports to the infrmary with a severe hea.pdf
Two days later the patient reports to the infrmary with a severe headache, stiff neck, nausea and
a temperature of 103.5 F.
What is your diagnosis at this time? (BE SPECIFIC!) A 19 yo female recruit inthe US Army was
seen in the infirmary with a 3 day history of a \"sore throat\'\', malaise and headache of
progressing severity. On examination her throat was erythematous without the presence of
pustular or vesicular lesions. She had mild cervical lymphadenopathy and her temperature was
101F. No history of medication or other allergies was reported.
Solution
Its streptococcal pharyngitis caused by Group A Streptococci. Erythemarous rash and absence of
pustules or vesicles rules out viral infection..
The “Impartial Spectator” described by Adam Smith isa -An imparti.pdf
The “Impartial Spectator” described by Adam Smith is:
a -An impartial flesh-and-blood third party
b- A representation of the opinion of society at large
c - Our supervisor at our place of employment
d -A supposed impartial spectator who knows all of the relevant facts
What does Adam Smith mean by the “man within the breast”
Our sympathies
Our emotions
Our self-concept
Our conscience
In making moral decisions, it is essential that we be:
Compassionate
Objective
Trusting
Friendly
The “Impartial Spectator”:
a)Listens to our complaints
b)Helps us determine the propriety of the actions of others
c)Helps us determine the propriety of our own actions
d)Speaks on our behalf
Solution
1.
Answer is Option B. Smith said that we humans have tendency to be loved and to acknowledge
that we are loved we need some spectator\'s approval, Impartial Spectator\'s approval.
2. Option D, Self conscious. Smith says that conscious is a representative of a Spectator, distinct
from and impartial to oneself, yet lodged within, internalized as “the man within the breast.”
3.
Option B, objective means that the decision is not influenced by any personal perceptions or
feelings, Decision should be based upon facts and on moral grounds.
4.
Option C.
1. What are some applications of stored procedure2. How triggers .pdf
1. What are some applications of stored procedure?
2. How triggers can help in database security?
Solution
1.The sections of SQL code encapsulated into chunks of named methods which are easily
identifiable and all accessible at one location is called stored procedures
Applications of stored procedures
2.Trigger is a procedure which automatically run by DBMS in response to update to the database.
The positron decay of 15O goes directly to the ground state of 15N; n.pdf
The positron decay of 15O goes directly to the ground state of 15N; no excited states of 15N are
populated and no gamma rays follow the beta decay. Yet a source of 15O is found to emit
gamma rays of about 0.5 MeV. Explain the origin of these gamma rays.
Solution
When a nucleus has too many protons, it tends to positron decay. A positron is an antimatter beta
particle. When a positron meets with an electron it annihilates it! Both particles disappear and
two gamma rays are produced instead.
Electron–positron annihilation
e + e+ +
When a low-energy electron (beta particle) annihilates a low-energy positron (antielectron), they
can only produce two or more gamma ray photons, since the electron and positron do not carry
enough mass-energy to produce heavier particles, and conservation of energy and linear
momentum forbid the creation of only one photon.
When an electron and a positron collide to annihilate and create gamma rays, energy is given off.
Both particles have a rest energy of 0.511 mega electron volts (MeV). When the mass of the two
particles is converted entirely into energy, this rest energy is what is given off. The energy is
given off in the form of the aforementioned gamma rays. Each of the gamma rays has energy of
0.511 MeV.
This the reason why when rays originates in radioactive decay of Oxygen-15 by positron
emission.
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Following are some transactions and events of Business Solutions. Feb.pdf
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Each of the following termsphrases conceptually falls into one of t.pdf
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Dinosaur fossils are often dated by using an element other than carbo.pdf
Dinosaur fossils are often dated by using an element other than carbo.pdf
Discuss the term renaissance (what does it mean) and the developmen.pdf
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Consider a binary SNP matrix M with 1 representing the derived allele.pdf
Consider a binary SNP matrix M with 1 representing the derived allele.pdf
Can someone explain to me the classification of PRRs in immuniology.pdf
Can someone explain to me the classification of PRRs in immuniology.pdf
An empty soda can has been submitted as evidence. Name at least two .pdf
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All Newsweek (March 20. 2011) Theyre the sort of scores that driv.pdf
All Newsweek (March 20. 2011) Theyre the sort of scores that driv.pdf
a. What is structure a.... b. Are the contents of structure haploid.pdf
a. What is structure a.... b. Are the contents of structure haploid.pdf
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of foreign exchange mark.pdf
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of foreign exchange mark.pdf
Which of the following is necessary in order for an explanation to b.pdf
Which of the following is necessary in order for an explanation to b.pdf
When does the centrosome duplicateIn parallel to chromosome segre.pdf
When does the centrosome duplicateIn parallel to chromosome segre.pdf
What are some differences between public sector and private sector b.pdf
What are some differences between public sector and private sector b.pdf
Two days later the patient reports to the infrmary with a severe hea.pdf
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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