13-) Check out the tree on the right- Given the information in this tr.docx
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13.) Check out the tree on the right. Given the information in this tree, which statement about primates and rodents/rabbits is true? a) They both have pre-orbital fenestra. b) Only rodents and rabbits have preorbital fenestra. c) They both have hair. d) Only primates form an amniotic egg. e) Rodents and rabbits are most closely related to crocodiles 14.) Use the tree from question 13 to answer the following; ray-finned fish are more closely related to primates than to sharks, a) True b) False 15.) The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered an example of artificial selection because: a) humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria evermore resistant b) S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients c) humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin d) humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin 16.) Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today? a) It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics b) It is synonymous with the process of gene flow c) It is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes d) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes 17.) Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? a) ecological and morphological b) ecological and phylogenetic c) morphological and phylogenetic d) biological and morphological e) biological and phylogenetic 18.) Linnaeus was a "fixist" who believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with: a) classifying organisms using the morphospecies concept b) the scientific discipline known as taxonomy c) phylogenies d) nested, ever-more inclusive categories of organisms e) a hierarchical classification scheme .
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Which scenario is the least likely to be supported by the theory of .pdf
Which scenario is the least likely to be supported by the theory of evolution?a. All species that
have ever lived are genetically related.b. Pigs, dolphins, bats, and humans share a common
ancestor.c. Humans evolved from chimpanzees.d. Dogs were domesticated from their gray wolf
ancestor.e. Repeated exposure to DDT can lead to pesticide resistance in mosquitos.
Solution
c. Humans evolved from chimpanzees .
This is because genetic evidence suggests that though humans and chimps are closely related,
chimps do not represent our ancestors and both the groups have diverged about 4.4 m.y ago but
have a common ancestor.
Recent evidence suggests that the fossil Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 m Y)may have been our
common ancestor but walked neither like chimps nor like humans and had intermediate form of
walking..
Some historians have referred to many of the self-proclaimed “Darwin.pdf
Some historians have referred to many of the self-proclaimed “Darwinians”, such as Ernst
Haeckel, that followed in Darwin’s footsteps at the end of the 19th century as “pseudo-
Darwinians”. In what sense were they Darwinian? In what sense were they not Darwinian?
Most evolutionary scientists would agree that evolution has led to increased complexity of life on
Earth.
Select one:
True
False
Rice has a genome size of about 420-460 million base pairs while humans have a genome size of
about 3 billion base pairs. Of the following, which is a possible reason for this difference?
Select one:
a. Humans are more complex morphologically.
b. Rice is a plant, while humans are animals.
c. Humans have more genes than rice.
d. The human genome has a lot of mobile genetic elements.
e. The vertebrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Solution
Answer A)Darwin\'s theory is based on natural selection and the servival of fittest.
According to the theory the characteristics which are best fitted transfer to the next progeny.
Living animal compete for food ,shelter and basic requirements for their survival, dominant wins
the competition and get selected by nature to reproduce.
Acquired characters of a species throughout its lifetime pass to its progeny through genetic
material.Thus over a period of time due to accumulation of characteristics a new species evolve.
Darwin\'s could not account for either mechanism for trait (character) transmission or the basis
of variability among individual.
Hence new modified theory given by a group of scientist which is called psuedo Darwinian
theory.
This theory is support Darwin s view on transmission acquired characters to next generation. But
all acquired characters do not pass to next generation only useful character transmite to next
generation.
It supports the natural selection theory too.
Points support Darwin theory-
1)Naturally selected animals are able to reproduce and transmit Acquired character to next
generation.
2)Survival of fittest
3) acquired characters transfer through genetic material.
Points of psuedo Darwinian theory not support Darwin theory-
1) All acquired characters do not transmit to next generation only useful character transmite.
2) Genes for the useful character can transfer trait if present in genital pole.
3)Human races are separate species which is rejected by Darwin.
4) Language evolve from speachless pre human.which is not mentioned in Darwin theory.
Answer 2)
E) The vertibrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Vertibrates evolve from their ancestors contain large number of genes and thus large size of
genome because throughout the evolutionary period many characters are acquired in terms of
separate gene. More gene results in more complex structure ..
19-) The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecu.docx
19.) The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is: a) having a large number of base pairs b) having a larger proportion of exonic DNA than of intronic DNA c) having a reliable average rate of mutation d) its recent origin by a gene-duplication event e) its being acted upon by natural selection 20.) A large proportion of archaeans are extremophiles, so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity, salinity, and/or temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on the primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of the following is a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged? a) Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions b) On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter than the non-extremophilic archaeans c) They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotic hosts for numerous species of bacteria d) They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with nonextremophilic archaeans 21.) If cetaceans are determined to have diverged from the lineage leading to the artiodactyls before the divergence of lineages leading to the modern artiodactyls (including hippos), then the cetaceans can be considered: 1. a sister order to the order Artiodactyla 2. an ingroup of the order Artiodactyla 3. the common ancestor of the order Artiodactyla a) 1 only b) 3 only c) 1 and 2 d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 3 22.) Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, excluding humans from the great ape clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes: a) polyphyletic b) paraphyletic c) monophyletic d) conform with Linnaeus' view of great ape phylogeny 23.) You are asked to draw animals that fly, including insects, birds, and bats. You read that fossil evidence suggests that bat wings and bird wings arose independently from forelimbs of different tetrapod ancestors. If this is the case, then a bird's wing is to a bat's wing. a) analogous b) homologous c) developmentally homologous d) descended with modification e) more closely related to flying reptiles than
.
From Figure 26 what is true of Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus 1.) .pdf
From Figure 26 what is true of Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus? 1.) They were great apes.
2.) They shared a common ancestor more recently with the orangutans than with the other great
apes. 3.) They appear to be part of a polytomy. 4.) Their closest common ancestor with all of
the extant great apes is the one they share with the orangutans. 5.) They were about as different
from each other genetically as humans are different from chimps. A. 1, 2, and 4 B. 1, 3, and 4
C. 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. 2, 3, 4, and 5 Which of these can be properly inferred from the phylogeny in
Figure 26-5? A. Chimps and humans evolved from gorillas. B. The lesser apes are genetically
more distinct from each other than the members of the great apes are each other. C. Orangutans
have existed for about 14 million years. D. Together, the lesser apes and great apes form a clade.
Assuming chimps and gorillas are closest relatives to humans, removing humans from the great
ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of
the great apes A) polyphyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) monophyletic. D) aphyletic
Solution
they share 4.1 .they are not great apes.2 is definitely true, they share a common ancestor more
recently with the orangutans than the other apes.3. We can see 2 branch of dryopithecus &
ouranopothecus rising from same point. So they are a part of polytomy 4 is also true their closest
common ancestor with all of the extant great apes is the one they share with orangutan. 5. Is true
they are obviously genetically different as we see they are part of different branches. So , last
option is right I.e. 2,3,4,5 are correct
5. It is clearly shown that orangutans existed for 14 million years.
6..
Recommended
Which scenario is the least likely to be supported by the theory of .pdf
Which scenario is the least likely to be supported by the theory of evolution?a. All species that
have ever lived are genetically related.b. Pigs, dolphins, bats, and humans share a common
ancestor.c. Humans evolved from chimpanzees.d. Dogs were domesticated from their gray wolf
ancestor.e. Repeated exposure to DDT can lead to pesticide resistance in mosquitos.
Solution
c. Humans evolved from chimpanzees .
This is because genetic evidence suggests that though humans and chimps are closely related,
chimps do not represent our ancestors and both the groups have diverged about 4.4 m.y ago but
have a common ancestor.
Recent evidence suggests that the fossil Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 m Y)may have been our
common ancestor but walked neither like chimps nor like humans and had intermediate form of
walking..
Some historians have referred to many of the self-proclaimed “Darwin.pdf
Some historians have referred to many of the self-proclaimed “Darwinians”, such as Ernst
Haeckel, that followed in Darwin’s footsteps at the end of the 19th century as “pseudo-
Darwinians”. In what sense were they Darwinian? In what sense were they not Darwinian?
Most evolutionary scientists would agree that evolution has led to increased complexity of life on
Earth.
Select one:
True
False
Rice has a genome size of about 420-460 million base pairs while humans have a genome size of
about 3 billion base pairs. Of the following, which is a possible reason for this difference?
Select one:
a. Humans are more complex morphologically.
b. Rice is a plant, while humans are animals.
c. Humans have more genes than rice.
d. The human genome has a lot of mobile genetic elements.
e. The vertebrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Solution
Answer A)Darwin\'s theory is based on natural selection and the servival of fittest.
According to the theory the characteristics which are best fitted transfer to the next progeny.
Living animal compete for food ,shelter and basic requirements for their survival, dominant wins
the competition and get selected by nature to reproduce.
Acquired characters of a species throughout its lifetime pass to its progeny through genetic
material.Thus over a period of time due to accumulation of characteristics a new species evolve.
Darwin\'s could not account for either mechanism for trait (character) transmission or the basis
of variability among individual.
Hence new modified theory given by a group of scientist which is called psuedo Darwinian
theory.
This theory is support Darwin s view on transmission acquired characters to next generation. But
all acquired characters do not pass to next generation only useful character transmite to next
generation.
It supports the natural selection theory too.
Points support Darwin theory-
1)Naturally selected animals are able to reproduce and transmit Acquired character to next
generation.
2)Survival of fittest
3) acquired characters transfer through genetic material.
Points of psuedo Darwinian theory not support Darwin theory-
1) All acquired characters do not transmit to next generation only useful character transmite.
2) Genes for the useful character can transfer trait if present in genital pole.
3)Human races are separate species which is rejected by Darwin.
4) Language evolve from speachless pre human.which is not mentioned in Darwin theory.
Answer 2)
E) The vertibrate lineage has a longer evolutionary history.
Vertibrates evolve from their ancestors contain large number of genes and thus large size of
genome because throughout the evolutionary period many characters are acquired in terms of
separate gene. More gene results in more complex structure ..
19-) The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecu.docx
19.) The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is: a) having a large number of base pairs b) having a larger proportion of exonic DNA than of intronic DNA c) having a reliable average rate of mutation d) its recent origin by a gene-duplication event e) its being acted upon by natural selection 20.) A large proportion of archaeans are extremophiles, so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity, salinity, and/or temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on the primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of the following is a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged? a) Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions b) On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to the amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter than the non-extremophilic archaeans c) They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotic hosts for numerous species of bacteria d) They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with nonextremophilic archaeans 21.) If cetaceans are determined to have diverged from the lineage leading to the artiodactyls before the divergence of lineages leading to the modern artiodactyls (including hippos), then the cetaceans can be considered: 1. a sister order to the order Artiodactyla 2. an ingroup of the order Artiodactyla 3. the common ancestor of the order Artiodactyla a) 1 only b) 3 only c) 1 and 2 d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 3 22.) Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, excluding humans from the great ape clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes: a) polyphyletic b) paraphyletic c) monophyletic d) conform with Linnaeus' view of great ape phylogeny 23.) You are asked to draw animals that fly, including insects, birds, and bats. You read that fossil evidence suggests that bat wings and bird wings arose independently from forelimbs of different tetrapod ancestors. If this is the case, then a bird's wing is to a bat's wing. a) analogous b) homologous c) developmentally homologous d) descended with modification e) more closely related to flying reptiles than
.
From Figure 26 what is true of Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus 1.) .pdf
From Figure 26 what is true of Dryopithecus and Ouranopithecus? 1.) They were great apes.
2.) They shared a common ancestor more recently with the orangutans than with the other great
apes. 3.) They appear to be part of a polytomy. 4.) Their closest common ancestor with all of
the extant great apes is the one they share with the orangutans. 5.) They were about as different
from each other genetically as humans are different from chimps. A. 1, 2, and 4 B. 1, 3, and 4
C. 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. 2, 3, 4, and 5 Which of these can be properly inferred from the phylogeny in
Figure 26-5? A. Chimps and humans evolved from gorillas. B. The lesser apes are genetically
more distinct from each other than the members of the great apes are each other. C. Orangutans
have existed for about 14 million years. D. Together, the lesser apes and great apes form a clade.
Assuming chimps and gorillas are closest relatives to humans, removing humans from the great
ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of
the great apes A) polyphyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) monophyletic. D) aphyletic
Solution
they share 4.1 .they are not great apes.2 is definitely true, they share a common ancestor more
recently with the orangutans than the other apes.3. We can see 2 branch of dryopithecus &
ouranopothecus rising from same point. So they are a part of polytomy 4 is also true their closest
common ancestor with all of the extant great apes is the one they share with orangutan. 5. Is true
they are obviously genetically different as we see they are part of different branches. So , last
option is right I.e. 2,3,4,5 are correct
5. It is clearly shown that orangutans existed for 14 million years.
6..
History of genetics. Bio 212
Some references are coming from the internet, i just copied it.. credits to the owner. some information are not mine as well as the slide i just download it from the internet. My report in my Masters.
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questions
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
The lineage that produced chimpanzees and humans split from other pri.pdf
The lineage that produced chimpanzees and humans split from other primates roughly 30
million years ago Chimpanzees\' skulls have the fossils as old as 10 to 12 million years, is molars
with thick enamel Trait B found in fossils as old as 55 million following features: Trait A found
in postorbital wall that ventrally separates the orbit from the temporal fossa. Which of the
following statements is TRUE? Trait A is more beneficial for chimpanzee survival because it is
newer. Trait B is more beneficial for chimpanzee survival because it is older. Trait A is more
likely to be widespread among other primate species because it is newer. Trait B is more likely
to be widespread among other primate species because it is older. Your classmate shows you the
two groups of lizards shown below-each made within the Evolutionary Evidence lab and asks if
you can figure out how she made them. Which of the following is most likely? The lizards in
Group A were independently designed, in the lizards in Group B were produced by descent with
modification from a common ancestor. The lizards in Group A were produced by descent with
modification from a common ancestor the lizards in Group B were independently designed. The
lizards in both Group A and Group B were produced by descent with modification them common
ancestor. It\'s impossible make any inferences on how these lizards were made from the
information given. Each of the following graphs shows a hypothetical relationship between the
predicted order of trait appearance based on trait nesting (y-axis) and the actual order of the
appearance in the fossil record (x axis), for a number of traits among a group of species. Which
graph would provide the best evidence that these species arose by descent with modification
from a common ancestor?
Solution
We shall first summarize the given data -
1) Chimpanzees evolved 30 million years ago.
2) Trait A is seen in fossils as old as 10 to 12 million years old.
3) Trait B is seen in fossils as old as 55 million years old.
Let us look at each option one by one-
A) Trait A is more beneficial to the chimpanzees because it is newer.
Although the trait is newr, there is no information in the data to support the claim that the trait is
beneficial. Evolution of a new trait need not be always beneficial. Therefore, we cannot accept
this statement.
B) Trait B is more beneficial for chipanzee survival because it is older
This statement could be true, but for the fact that it was found in fossils as old as 55 million
years ago. Chimpanzees evolved 30 million years ago. It could very well be possible that the
chimpanzees outgrew this trait. Hence we cannot accept this statement.
C) Trait A is more likely to be widespread among the primate species because it is newer.
This is an incorrect statement. Trait A evolved only 12 million years back. By this time, the
lineage of chimpanzees had already separated from the earlier primate species. Therefore, the
trait will not be present among oth.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
I EvolutionIf I have seen further it is by standing on th
I: Evolution
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.
-- Sir Isaac Newton
1
Theories in Science
In the context of scientific inquiry, a theory is:
A conceptual framework supported by a large body of evidence
Broader in scope than a hypothesis. A theory ties information together and leads to specific testable hypotheses
In other words, a theory is a big deal in science, NOT a synonym for guessing
2
2
3
(This used to be a joke, but I’m not laughing anymore.)
3
Historical Overview
What can explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth?
Organic evolution: genetically based change over time. It acts on individuals in the present, but only manifests in the population over generations.
Natural Selection: mechanism causing the match between organisms and their environment (adaptive evolution = adaptation)
4
4
Traditional views involved unchanging and perfect species inhabiting a young Earth (Old Testament, Linnaeus, etc.)
The emergence of paleontology and geology helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s contributions
Other areas of research also influenced his thinking, including studies on human population growth
6
6
Fig. 22-2
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1900
1850
1800
1750
1795
1809
1798
1830
1831–1836
1837
1859
1837
1844
1858
The Origin of Species is published.
Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
Darwin begins his notebooks.
Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
Linnaeus (classification)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Malthus (population limits)
Lamarck (species can change)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
7
7
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Layers of deposited
sediment
Older stratum
with older fossils
8
8
Several 18th century naturalists (including Erasmus Darwin) suggested life evolves as environments change
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and subsequent inheritance of acquired characteristics
This mechanism is unsupported by evidence (e.g., even if you and your mate lost the same finger, your children would still be born with all ten), but it did refocus subsequent research
Lamarck’s Hypothesis
9
9
10
The miniature phenotype of Bonsai trees is caused by manipulations of a bonsai master, not genetics. Would the next generation still be stunted if we planted their seeds and allowed them to grow naturally?
11
12
After first studying medicine, then theology at Cambridge, Darwin took an unpaid position as naturalist for a 5-year voyage around the world
During his travels on HMS Beagle, he collected thousa ...
1. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumA) consists of .docx
1. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A) consists of genotype frequencies that are constantly changing.
B) is under no selective pressures.
C) is very common in nature.
D) consists of allele frequencies that are constantly changing.
E) requires a small population size.
2. Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A) It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
B) It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C) It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
D) It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E) It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
3. Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A) are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
B) are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
C) are dioecious and typically cross-fertilize.
D) are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
E) are hermaphroditic and typically self-fertilize
4. On a molecular level, all organisms
A) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C) use different means of storing genetic information.
D) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
E) show no similarities.
6. Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A) All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
B) Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C) Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
D) Natural selection leads to extinction.
E) Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
8. Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation?
A) a trait that will be beneficial in the future
B) a trait that is currently beneficial to survival
C) a trait that is of no advantage to survival
D) an environmental change that selects for certain traits
E) a trait that was beneficial to survival in the past
11. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are
A) produced in the testes.
B) only produced in female humans.
C) produced in the ovaries.
D) produced in both male and female humans.
E) constantly secreted into the bloodstream of males.
14. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A) is needed to form the placenta.
B) is stored in the ovaries.
C) is produced by the amnion.
D) acts as a hormone signaling menstruation.
E) can be used to reveal pregnancy.
15. Negative feedback loops act to
A) cause an erection of the penis when stimulated.
B) cause uterine contra ...
QUESTION 9 Consider the plot above from an artificial selection experi.pdf
QUESTION 9 Consider the plot above from an artificial selection experiment on fruit flies.
Which of the following must have been true at the beginning of this experiment (generation 0 )?
A new mutation had just arisen that caused flies to move away from the light. There must have
been a single gene controlling the response of flies to light. There must have been preexisting
variation in the response of flies to light. There must have been a population bottleneck leading
to random fluctuations in behavior over time. In examining the DNA sequences of many human
genes scientists have found they are very similar to the sequences of the same genes in
chimpanzees. How can this be explained? A. chimpanzees evolved from humans. B. humans
evolved from chimpanzees. C. DNA similarities evolved independently in humans and chimps.
D. humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. E. humans and
chimpanzees are not closely related. Consider the plot above which shows the relationship been
the mean size (SNV) of snakes in the population versus the time that populations of red-bellied
black snakes in Australia have been exposed to poisonous cane toads. Given that researchers
have multiple lines of evidence that this pattern is due to natural selection, which of the
following is most likely NOT true? On average, snakes of any size are equally likely to survive
and reproduce after ingesting a cane toad. Larger snakes have increased fitness compared to
smaller snakes in populations exposed to toads. An increase in mean size is an adaptation to the
presence of poisonous cane loads. There is variation in snake size, both within and among
populations of snakes. Imagine you are studying a radioisotope with a half-life of 4 , 000 , 000
years. When the rock you are studying was formed, it had 200 radioisotope atoms. How many
radioisotope atoms are expected to remain in the rock after 8 , 000 , 000 years? Fill in the blank
with the correct number. Just provide the number without units..
12- Seth purchased a variable annuity with a premium deposit of $30-00.docx
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.
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12% of all Americans live in poverty. If 40 Americans are randomly selected, find the probability that a. Exactly 2 of them live in poverty. b. At most 3 of them live in poverty. c. At least 2 of them live in poverty. d. Between 3 and 10 (including 3 and 10 ) of them live in poverty.
.
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Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
The lineage that produced chimpanzees and humans split from other pri.pdf
The lineage that produced chimpanzees and humans split from other primates roughly 30
million years ago Chimpanzees\' skulls have the fossils as old as 10 to 12 million years, is molars
with thick enamel Trait B found in fossils as old as 55 million following features: Trait A found
in postorbital wall that ventrally separates the orbit from the temporal fossa. Which of the
following statements is TRUE? Trait A is more beneficial for chimpanzee survival because it is
newer. Trait B is more beneficial for chimpanzee survival because it is older. Trait A is more
likely to be widespread among other primate species because it is newer. Trait B is more likely
to be widespread among other primate species because it is older. Your classmate shows you the
two groups of lizards shown below-each made within the Evolutionary Evidence lab and asks if
you can figure out how she made them. Which of the following is most likely? The lizards in
Group A were independently designed, in the lizards in Group B were produced by descent with
modification from a common ancestor. The lizards in Group A were produced by descent with
modification from a common ancestor the lizards in Group B were independently designed. The
lizards in both Group A and Group B were produced by descent with modification them common
ancestor. It\'s impossible make any inferences on how these lizards were made from the
information given. Each of the following graphs shows a hypothetical relationship between the
predicted order of trait appearance based on trait nesting (y-axis) and the actual order of the
appearance in the fossil record (x axis), for a number of traits among a group of species. Which
graph would provide the best evidence that these species arose by descent with modification
from a common ancestor?
Solution
We shall first summarize the given data -
1) Chimpanzees evolved 30 million years ago.
2) Trait A is seen in fossils as old as 10 to 12 million years old.
3) Trait B is seen in fossils as old as 55 million years old.
Let us look at each option one by one-
A) Trait A is more beneficial to the chimpanzees because it is newer.
Although the trait is newr, there is no information in the data to support the claim that the trait is
beneficial. Evolution of a new trait need not be always beneficial. Therefore, we cannot accept
this statement.
B) Trait B is more beneficial for chipanzee survival because it is older
This statement could be true, but for the fact that it was found in fossils as old as 55 million
years ago. Chimpanzees evolved 30 million years ago. It could very well be possible that the
chimpanzees outgrew this trait. Hence we cannot accept this statement.
C) Trait A is more likely to be widespread among the primate species because it is newer.
This is an incorrect statement. Trait A evolved only 12 million years back. By this time, the
lineage of chimpanzees had already separated from the earlier primate species. Therefore, the
trait will not be present among oth.
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produc.docx
1. Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as
a. reproductive success.
b. punctuated evolution.
c. adaptive radiation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. geographic isolation.
2. The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
a. macroevolution.
b. fitness.
c. speciation.
d. the biological species concept.
e. convergent evolution.
3. Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation?
a. timing
b. behavior
c. habitat
d. incompatible reproductive structures
e. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Horses and donkeys are separate species.
b. Two mules can mate and produce fertile offspring.
c. A horse and a donkey can mate and produce offspring.
d. Two donkeys can mate and produce fertile offspring.
e. Two horses can mate and produce fertile offspring.
5. The evolution of the penguin’s wing from a wing suited for flying to a “flipper-wing” used for swimming is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
6. Which of the following have been preserved as fossils?
a. dinosaur footprints
b. insects preserved in amber
c. petrified plant remains
d. animal bones
e. all of the above
7. The mass extinctions that included the dinosaurs took place during which period?
a. Cambrian (543–510 million years ago)
b. Devonian (409–363 million years ago)
c. Carboniferous (363–290 million years ago)
d. Jurassic (206–144 million years ago)
e. Cretaceous (144–65 million years ago)
8. The development of the complex, camera-like eye of a mammal is an example of
a. refinement of existing adaptations.
b. reproductive isolation.
c. adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
e. the biological species concept.
9. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Carbon-14 dating is useful for studying the age of early dinosaur fossils.
b. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
c. Uranium-238 has a very short half-life.
d. Uranium-238 is present in all organisms.
e. Carbon-12 is not found in living plants.
10. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
a. punctuated equilibrium
b. the biological species concept
c. convergent evolution
d. continental drift
e. cladistics
11. Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. Australia
b. the Yucatán peninsula
c. The Galápagos Islands
d. Pangaea
e. India
12. The great diversit.
I EvolutionIf I have seen further it is by standing on th
I: Evolution
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.
-- Sir Isaac Newton
1
Theories in Science
In the context of scientific inquiry, a theory is:
A conceptual framework supported by a large body of evidence
Broader in scope than a hypothesis. A theory ties information together and leads to specific testable hypotheses
In other words, a theory is a big deal in science, NOT a synonym for guessing
2
2
3
(This used to be a joke, but I’m not laughing anymore.)
3
Historical Overview
What can explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth?
Organic evolution: genetically based change over time. It acts on individuals in the present, but only manifests in the population over generations.
Natural Selection: mechanism causing the match between organisms and their environment (adaptive evolution = adaptation)
4
4
Traditional views involved unchanging and perfect species inhabiting a young Earth (Old Testament, Linnaeus, etc.)
The emergence of paleontology and geology helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s contributions
Other areas of research also influenced his thinking, including studies on human population growth
6
6
Fig. 22-2
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1900
1850
1800
1750
1795
1809
1798
1830
1831–1836
1837
1859
1837
1844
1858
The Origin of Species is published.
Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
Darwin begins his notebooks.
Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
Linnaeus (classification)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Malthus (population limits)
Lamarck (species can change)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
7
7
Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Layers of deposited
sediment
Older stratum
with older fossils
8
8
Several 18th century naturalists (including Erasmus Darwin) suggested life evolves as environments change
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and subsequent inheritance of acquired characteristics
This mechanism is unsupported by evidence (e.g., even if you and your mate lost the same finger, your children would still be born with all ten), but it did refocus subsequent research
Lamarck’s Hypothesis
9
9
10
The miniature phenotype of Bonsai trees is caused by manipulations of a bonsai master, not genetics. Would the next generation still be stunted if we planted their seeds and allowed them to grow naturally?
11
12
After first studying medicine, then theology at Cambridge, Darwin took an unpaid position as naturalist for a 5-year voyage around the world
During his travels on HMS Beagle, he collected thousa ...
1. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumA) consists of .docx
1. A population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A) consists of genotype frequencies that are constantly changing.
B) is under no selective pressures.
C) is very common in nature.
D) consists of allele frequencies that are constantly changing.
E) requires a small population size.
2. Which of the following is not true of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
A) It proposes that most evolutionary change is concentrated in relatively brief episodes of change.
B) It suggests that most species undergo little phenotypic change during most of their evolutionary duration.
C) It was inspired in part by patterns observed in the fossil record.
D) It appears to be well supported by the fossil record.
E) It suggests that subgroups diverge and evolve at about equal and constant rates.
3. Animals that possess both male and female sexual organs
A) are dioecious and typically self-fertilize.
B) are parthenogenetic and typically self-fertilize.
C) are dioecious and typically cross-fertilize.
D) are hermaphroditic and typically cross-fertilize.
E) are hermaphroditic and typically self-fertilize
4. On a molecular level, all organisms
A) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, but use different genetic codes.
B) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, the same amino acids in proteins, and use the same genetic code.
C) use different means of storing genetic information.
D) have the same bases in DNA and RNA, but different amino acids in proteins.
E) show no similarities.
6. Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
A) All individuals within a population have an equal likelihood of survival. Survival is based on chance.
B) Natural selection results in those individuals within a population who are best-adapted surviving and producing more offspring.
C) Natural selection leads to increased likelihood of survival for certain individuals based on variation. The variation must come from outside the population.
D) Natural selection leads to extinction.
E) Natural selection causes variations to arise within a population.
8. Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation?
A) a trait that will be beneficial in the future
B) a trait that is currently beneficial to survival
C) a trait that is of no advantage to survival
D) an environmental change that selects for certain traits
E) a trait that was beneficial to survival in the past
11. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are
A) produced in the testes.
B) only produced in female humans.
C) produced in the ovaries.
D) produced in both male and female humans.
E) constantly secreted into the bloodstream of males.
14. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A) is needed to form the placenta.
B) is stored in the ovaries.
C) is produced by the amnion.
D) acts as a hormone signaling menstruation.
E) can be used to reveal pregnancy.
15. Negative feedback loops act to
A) cause an erection of the penis when stimulated.
B) cause uterine contra ...
QUESTION 9 Consider the plot above from an artificial selection experi.pdf
QUESTION 9 Consider the plot above from an artificial selection experiment on fruit flies.
Which of the following must have been true at the beginning of this experiment (generation 0 )?
A new mutation had just arisen that caused flies to move away from the light. There must have
been a single gene controlling the response of flies to light. There must have been preexisting
variation in the response of flies to light. There must have been a population bottleneck leading
to random fluctuations in behavior over time. In examining the DNA sequences of many human
genes scientists have found they are very similar to the sequences of the same genes in
chimpanzees. How can this be explained? A. chimpanzees evolved from humans. B. humans
evolved from chimpanzees. C. DNA similarities evolved independently in humans and chimps.
D. humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. E. humans and
chimpanzees are not closely related. Consider the plot above which shows the relationship been
the mean size (SNV) of snakes in the population versus the time that populations of red-bellied
black snakes in Australia have been exposed to poisonous cane toads. Given that researchers
have multiple lines of evidence that this pattern is due to natural selection, which of the
following is most likely NOT true? On average, snakes of any size are equally likely to survive
and reproduce after ingesting a cane toad. Larger snakes have increased fitness compared to
smaller snakes in populations exposed to toads. An increase in mean size is an adaptation to the
presence of poisonous cane loads. There is variation in snake size, both within and among
populations of snakes. Imagine you are studying a radioisotope with a half-life of 4 , 000 , 000
years. When the rock you are studying was formed, it had 200 radioisotope atoms. How many
radioisotope atoms are expected to remain in the rock after 8 , 000 , 000 years? Fill in the blank
with the correct number. Just provide the number without units..
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Event Link:-
https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-exploring-gemini-ai-and-integration-with-mulesoft/
Agenda
● Java 17 Upgrade Overview
● Why and by when do customers need to upgrade to Java 17?
● Is there any immediate impact to upgrading to Mule Runtime 4.6 and beyond?
● Which MuleSoft products are in scope?
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/
YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Shyam Raj Prasad-
https://www.linkedin.com/in/shyam-raj-prasad/
The geography of Taylor Swift - some ideas
Geographical themes connected with Taylor Swift's ERAS tour - coming to the UK in June 2024
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs in detailed.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
678020731-Sumas-y-Restas-Para-Colorear.pdf
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Recently uploaded (20)
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
Mule 4.6 & Java 17 Upgrade | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #46
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptx
13-) Check out the tree on the right- Given the information in this tr.docx
- 1. 13.) Check out the tree on the right. Given the information in this tree, which statement about primates and rodents/rabbits is true? a) They both have pre-orbital fenestra. b) Only rodents and rabbits have preorbital fenestra. c) They both have hair. d) Only primates form an amniotic egg. e) Rodents and rabbits are most closely related to crocodiles 14.) Use the tree from question 13 to answer the following; ray-finned fish are more closely related to primates than to sharks, a) True b) False 15.) The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered an example of artificial selection because: a) humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria evermore resistant b) S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients c) humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin d) humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin 16.) Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today? a) It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics b) It is synonymous with the process of gene flow c) It is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes d) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes 17.) Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? a) ecological and morphological b) ecological and phylogenetic c) morphological and phylogenetic d) biological and morphological e) biological and phylogenetic 18.) Linnaeus was a "fixist" who believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with: a) classifying organisms using the morphospecies concept b) the scientific discipline known as taxonomy c) phylogenies d) nested, ever-more inclusive categories of organisms e) a hierarchical classification scheme