whether or not the viruses is not used to classify viruses.Vir.pdf
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\"whether or not the viruses\" is not used to classify viruses. Viruses are classified based on the type of genetic material. They have either DNA or RNA but not both. If DNA is present, it may be single stranded or double stranded. In the same way RNA may also be single stranded or double stranded. Based on the presence or absence of envelope they are again classified into enveloped and non enveloped viruses. HIV is RNA virus and enveloped. Herepes virus is DNA virus and enveloped. Polio virus is RNA virus and non enveloped. Solution \"whether or not the viruses\" is not used to classify viruses. Viruses are classified based on the type of genetic material. They have either DNA or RNA but not both. If DNA is present, it may be single stranded or double stranded. In the same way RNA may also be single stranded or double stranded. Based on the presence or absence of envelope they are again classified into enveloped and non enveloped viruses. HIV is RNA virus and enveloped. Herepes virus is DNA virus and enveloped. Polio virus is RNA virus and non enveloped..
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Virus2
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently, two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
DNA Viruses-1.docx
This document compares and contrasts DNA viruses and RNA viruses in three paragraphs. It notes that DNA viruses have a DNA genome that can be double or single stranded, and they infect both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. RNA viruses have an RNA genome that can also be double or single stranded, and they have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses. The final paragraph summarizes that viruses must enter and hijack host cells to replicate, and that DNA viruses integrate their genetic material into the host DNA while many RNA viruses simply inject their RNA and use the host's machinery to replicate.
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Viruses can be classified according to their genetic material and structure. Unlike living organisms that use DNA, viruses may contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Their genetic material may be single- or double-stranded and linear or circular. RNA viruses must encode their own RNA polymerase enzymes, making copying errors more common than in DNA viruses and allowing RNA viruses to change and adapt more rapidly. Historically, viruses were classified based on morphology and then by nucleic acid type and structure, but the current Baltimore classification groups viruses based on how messenger RNA is generated.
Virus classification by Kainat Ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the
structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex
poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical
composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Virus classification by kainat ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Viruses
This document discusses the classification of viruses based on their structure, genetic material, replication process, and other properties. It describes the main groups of viruses according to the Baltimore classification system, which categorizes viruses into 7 groups based on their genome type and replication strategy. The groups include double-stranded DNA viruses, single-stranded DNA viruses, double-stranded RNA viruses, and different types of single-stranded RNA viruses. The document also discusses taxonomy based on other virus characteristics.
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under cat.pdf
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell.
Solution
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell..
Classification of viruses
The document provides an overview of virus classification systems. It discusses how viruses were initially named randomly but are now classified systematically. The main classification criteria include the type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), number of strands, presence of an envelope, capsid structure, host type, and mode of transmission. Two major classification systems are described - the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system which is based on genomic properties, and the Baltimore classification which is based on mRNA synthesis strategies. The document also discusses classification based on replication properties and site.
Recommended
Virus2
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. Similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is mainly due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which is to say they are non-living particles with some chemical characteristics similar to those of life. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms.
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. Currently, two main schemes are used for the classification of viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the ICTV.
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classification of virus
Viruses can be classified according to their genetic material and structure. Unlike living organisms that use DNA, viruses may contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Their genetic material may be single- or double-stranded and linear or circular. RNA viruses must encode their own RNA polymerase enzymes, making copying errors more common than in DNA viruses and allowing RNA viruses to change and adapt more rapidly. Historically, viruses were classified based on morphology and then by nucleic acid type and structure, but the current Baltimore classification groups viruses based on how messenger RNA is generated.
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Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the
structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex
poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical
composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
Virus classification by kainat ramzan
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses range from the structurally simple and small parvoviruses and picornaviruses to the large and complex poxviruses and herpesviruses. Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology, chemical composition, and mode of replication. The viruses that infect humans are currently grouped into 21 families, reflecting only a small part of the spectrum of the multitude of different viruses whose host ranges extend from vertebrates to protozoa and from plants and fungi to bacteria.
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This document discusses the classification of viruses based on their structure, genetic material, replication process, and other properties. It describes the main groups of viruses according to the Baltimore classification system, which categorizes viruses into 7 groups based on their genome type and replication strategy. The groups include double-stranded DNA viruses, single-stranded DNA viruses, double-stranded RNA viruses, and different types of single-stranded RNA viruses. The document also discusses taxonomy based on other virus characteristics.
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under cat.pdf
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell.
Solution
viruses which have single strande DNA in their genome come under category of paroviridae
which generally includes animal pathogens. These viruses when infect the host, the single
stranded DNA is first converted into double stranded DNA, and then using the host machinary
for transcription, ds DNA transcribes into viral mRNA.
For transcription, RNA polymerase, transcription factors , enzymes are acquired from the host
and divided into initiation, elongation and termaination. For gene expression in viruses
transcription is generally not coupled with translation in ssDNA virus. The virus instructs
transcription machinary to make viral components in the host cell..
Classification of viruses
The document provides an overview of virus classification systems. It discusses how viruses were initially named randomly but are now classified systematically. The main classification criteria include the type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), number of strands, presence of an envelope, capsid structure, host type, and mode of transmission. Two major classification systems are described - the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system which is based on genomic properties, and the Baltimore classification which is based on mRNA synthesis strategies. The document also discusses classification based on replication properties and site.
Virus nomenclature classification and properties
This document discusses viruses, including their definition, discovery, classification, and properties. It defines viruses as non-living particles that can only multiply within host cells. Some key points include:
- Viruses were first discovered in the late 1800s and early 1900s, including tobacco mosaic virus and viruses that cause smallpox and rabies.
- Viruses are classified based on their structure, genetic composition, and the hosts they infect, with the main systems being Baltimore classification and ICTV classification.
- Properties of viruses include their small size range of 20-350nm, that they are obligate intracellular parasites, and that they contain either RNA or DNA but not both.
Virus Chapter No 5 Class XI
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DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material and have large capsids. They replicate in the nucleus and have a lower mutation rate than RNA viruses. RNA viruses contain RNA as their genetic material, have single-stranded capsids, replicate in the cytoplasm, and have a higher mutation rate. DNA viruses like herpes and adenoviruses are double-stranded, stable, and replicate accurately while RNA viruses like influenza and SARS are single-stranded, unstable, and replicate error-prone.
Bacterioliogy and Virolgy.pptx
DNA viruses contain DNA as their genetic material and have a lower mutation rate than RNA viruses. They replicate in the nucleus and have a large, double-stranded genome that is packaged into a pre-formed capsid. Examples include herpes, hepatitis, adenoviruses, and poxviruses.
RNA viruses contain RNA as their genetic material and have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses. They replicate in the cytoplasm and have a small, single-stranded genome that is not packaged into a pre-formed capsid. Examples include influenza, SARS, the common cold, hepatitis C, polio, and measles.
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In this topic am talking about DNA VIRUSES, i hope you learn more about it.
- You have to overcome the ionic forces of the CsI, the hydrogen bon.pdf
- You have to overcome the ionic forces of the CsI, the hydrogen bonding of the HF. In return
you get ion-dipole forces of the Cs(+) and I(-) in the solution
- Dispersion Forces and Metallic bonds
Solution
- You have to overcome the ionic forces of the CsI, the hydrogen bonding of the HF. In return
you get ion-dipole forces of the Cs(+) and I(-) in the solution
- Dispersion Forces and Metallic bonds.
#includeiostream struct node { char value; struct no.pdf
#include
struct node
{
char value;
struct node *next;
};
class StringOfNode
{
struct node * head;
public:
StringOfNode()
{
head=NULL;
}
int size()
{
struct node *p=head;
int count=1;
while(p)
{
count++;
p=p->next;
}
return count;
}
struct node * begin()
{
return head;
}
char &operator[](int index)
{
int i=0;
struct node *p=head;
while(index!=i)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
return p->value;
}
void insertFront(char valuee)
{
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(head==NULL)
head=temp;
else
{
temp->next=head;
head=temp;
}
}
void insert(char valuee, int pos)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
int i=0;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(i!=pos-1)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
temp->next=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void insertBack(char valuee)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void print()
{
struct node *p=head;
while(p)
{
std::cout<value<<\"\ \";
p=p->next;
}
}
StringOfNode operator+(const StringOfNode& b)
{
StringOfNode *S;
struct node *p=head;
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=S->begin();
}
};
int main()
{
StringOfNode *p1=new StringOfNode;
p1->insertBack(\'b\');
p1->insertBack(\'c\');
p1->insertBack(\'e\');
p1->insert(\'d\',2);
p1->insertFront(\'a\');
p1->print();
system(\"pause\");
return 0;
}
Solution
#include
struct node
{
char value;
struct node *next;
};
class StringOfNode
{
struct node * head;
public:
StringOfNode()
{
head=NULL;
}
int size()
{
struct node *p=head;
int count=1;
while(p)
{
count++;
p=p->next;
}
return count;
}
struct node * begin()
{
return head;
}
char &operator[](int index)
{
int i=0;
struct node *p=head;
while(index!=i)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
return p->value;
}
void insertFront(char valuee)
{
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(head==NULL)
head=temp;
else
{
temp->next=head;
head=temp;
}
}
void insert(char valuee, int pos)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
int i=0;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(i!=pos-1)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
temp->next=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void insertBack(char valuee)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void print()
{
struct node *p=head;
while(p)
{
std::cout<value<<\"\ \";
p=p->next;
}
}
StringOfNode operator+(const StringOfNode& b)
{
StringOfNode *S;
struct node *p=head;
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=S->begin();
}
};
int main()
{
StringOfNode *p1=new StringOfNode;
p1->insertBack(\'b\');
p1->insertBack(\'c\');
p1->insertBack(\'e\');
p1->insert(\'d\',2.
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Virus nomenclature classification and properties
This document discusses viruses, including their definition, discovery, classification, and properties. It defines viruses as non-living particles that can only multiply within host cells. Some key points include:
- Viruses were first discovered in the late 1800s and early 1900s, including tobacco mosaic virus and viruses that cause smallpox and rabies.
- Viruses are classified based on their structure, genetic composition, and the hosts they infect, with the main systems being Baltimore classification and ICTV classification.
- Properties of viruses include their small size range of 20-350nm, that they are obligate intracellular parasites, and that they contain either RNA or DNA but not both.
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The document discusses viral endosymbionts that infect various protozoan parasites. It focuses on viruses that infect Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania spp., Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. These viruses belong to the Totiviridae family and have dsRNA genomes between 4.6-6.7 kb that encode a capsid protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. They replicate cytoplasmically by transcribing their genomes inside the viral particles without exposing the dsRNA. Specific viruses discussed include Trichomonas vaginalis virus, Leishmania RNA virus, and Giardia lamblia virus. Purification of these protozoan viruses involves culturing
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Viruses can replicate only inside living host cells. The replication process involves several steps:
1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell receptor.
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3) Replication of the viral nucleic acid using host cell machinery. This results in many copies of the viral genome.
4) Synthesis of viral capsid proteins and assembly of new virus particles that are released from the host cell.
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Viruses are microscopic parasites that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. When a virus infects a susceptible host cell, it directs the cell to produce more viruses. The simplest viruses contain only the genetic material and protein coating, while more complex viruses can encode up to 200 proteins. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus studied by Wendell Stanley. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material as DNA or RNA viruses, with RNA viruses including notable human diseases like influenza, SARS, and COVID-19.
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The document discusses viruses and their classification. It describes the 7 groups that viruses are classified into based on their nucleic acid and replication strategy. Key points include:
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- Group III contains dsRNA viruses like rotaviruses.
- Groups IV-V contain different types of ssRNA viruses, including important human pathogens.
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This document discusses the basic structure and life cycle of viruses. It explains that viruses contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Some viruses have an additional lipid envelope. The virus attaches and enters a host cell, where it uses the cell's machinery to replicate its genome and proteins. New viral particles then assemble and exit the cell. Retroviruses are unique in that they use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from their RNA genome. The immune system also responds to viral infection through cell-mediated immunity and antibody production.
dna and rna Viruses
Viruses are biological agents that reproduce inside host cells. They contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. Viruses come in various shapes and sizes, and there are over 2,000 known virus species that can infect humans and cause diseases like influenza, hepatitis C, and SARS. Viruses have a life cycle where they attach and penetrate a host cell, use the cell to replicate their genetic material and proteins, assemble new virus particles, and are released to infect new cells. Viruses are classified based on their genetic material and structure. Important human virus families include those with RNA genomes like influenza virus and those with DNA genomes like adenovirus.
Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #4
The document discusses different types of infectious agents including viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions. It describes their structures and compositions. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain their own genome and proteins. Viroids contain only RNA, virusoids contain nucleic acid and a virus capsid, and prions are composed solely of protein. Defective viruses also require a helper virus. The document then discusses the history of virology discoveries and provides comparisons of viruses and cells.
Classification of virus
This document discusses the classification of viruses. It describes how viruses are classified based on their morphology, genome, and other properties. There are three major categories of viruses: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacteriophages. Animal viruses are further classified into families based on their nucleic acid content, envelope, and other features. Plant viruses and bacteriophages are also organized into families and genera according to their genome and structure. The Baltimore classification and ICTV classification systems provide frameworks for systematically grouping viruses.
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
This document discusses the molecular features of two virus families. Herpesviridae viruses have a DNA genome, undergo nuclear replication, and can integrate into the host cell's genome. Poxviridae viruses have a large, complex structure, a DNA genome, undergo nuclear replication, and have an envelope surrounding the virion. They also have a core wall surrounding the viral genome.
Classification of dna virus ppt
This document discusses viral classification and taxonomy. It begins by describing the basic structure and nature of viruses. It then explains the two main classification systems used - the ICTV system developed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, and the Baltimore classification system. The ICTV system organizes viruses into orders, families, subfamilies, genera and species. As of 2012, seven orders have been defined containing 96 families, 22 subfamilies and over 2,600 species. The Baltimore classification divides viruses based on their genome type and replication process into 7 classes. Several important viral families are then discussed in more detail including their genome, structure, genera, species and the diseases they cause.
Antiviral & antifungal agents/prosthodontic courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Baltimore classification of viruse 1
The Baltimore classification system groups viruses into seven categories based on their nucleic acid composition and replication strategy. Category I viruses have double-stranded DNA genomes and replicate in the host cell nucleus. Category II viruses have single-stranded DNA genomes of positive sense and replicate through mRNA. Category III viruses have double-stranded RNA genomes and replicate in the host cell cytoplasm without using host enzymes.
Overview of families of viruses
An overview of the families of viruses that come up in the 2nd year pathology course of Cambridge medical school.
DNA VIRUS.pptx
What are viruses?
Viruses are tiny microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organisms.
Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Viruses are classified in to two :
DNA containing viruses, and
RNA containing viruses.
In this topic am talking about DNA VIRUSES, i hope you learn more about it.
Similar to whether or not the viruses is not used to classify viruses.Vir.pdf (20)
introduction to viruses, classification and structure.
introduction to viruses, classification and structure.
What are Virus? living or dead? Virus have DNA/ RNA
What are Virus? living or dead? Virus have DNA/ RNA
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
For Herpesviridae select all the features that are true to descri.pdf
Antiviral & antifungal agents/prosthodontic courses
Antiviral & antifungal agents/prosthodontic courses
More from ankitmobileshop235
- You have to overcome the ionic forces of the CsI, the hydrogen bon.pdf
- You have to overcome the ionic forces of the CsI, the hydrogen bonding of the HF. In return
you get ion-dipole forces of the Cs(+) and I(-) in the solution
- Dispersion Forces and Metallic bonds
Solution
- You have to overcome the ionic forces of the CsI, the hydrogen bonding of the HF. In return
you get ion-dipole forces of the Cs(+) and I(-) in the solution
- Dispersion Forces and Metallic bonds.
#includeiostream struct node { char value; struct no.pdf
#include
struct node
{
char value;
struct node *next;
};
class StringOfNode
{
struct node * head;
public:
StringOfNode()
{
head=NULL;
}
int size()
{
struct node *p=head;
int count=1;
while(p)
{
count++;
p=p->next;
}
return count;
}
struct node * begin()
{
return head;
}
char &operator[](int index)
{
int i=0;
struct node *p=head;
while(index!=i)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
return p->value;
}
void insertFront(char valuee)
{
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(head==NULL)
head=temp;
else
{
temp->next=head;
head=temp;
}
}
void insert(char valuee, int pos)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
int i=0;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(i!=pos-1)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
temp->next=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void insertBack(char valuee)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void print()
{
struct node *p=head;
while(p)
{
std::cout<value<<\"\ \";
p=p->next;
}
}
StringOfNode operator+(const StringOfNode& b)
{
StringOfNode *S;
struct node *p=head;
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=S->begin();
}
};
int main()
{
StringOfNode *p1=new StringOfNode;
p1->insertBack(\'b\');
p1->insertBack(\'c\');
p1->insertBack(\'e\');
p1->insert(\'d\',2);
p1->insertFront(\'a\');
p1->print();
system(\"pause\");
return 0;
}
Solution
#include
struct node
{
char value;
struct node *next;
};
class StringOfNode
{
struct node * head;
public:
StringOfNode()
{
head=NULL;
}
int size()
{
struct node *p=head;
int count=1;
while(p)
{
count++;
p=p->next;
}
return count;
}
struct node * begin()
{
return head;
}
char &operator[](int index)
{
int i=0;
struct node *p=head;
while(index!=i)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
return p->value;
}
void insertFront(char valuee)
{
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(head==NULL)
head=temp;
else
{
temp->next=head;
head=temp;
}
}
void insert(char valuee, int pos)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
int i=0;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(i!=pos-1)
{
p=p->next;
i++;
}
temp->next=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void insertBack(char valuee)
{
struct node *p=head;
struct node * temp=(struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->value=valuee;
temp->next=NULL;
if(p==NULL)
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=temp;
}
}
void print()
{
struct node *p=head;
while(p)
{
std::cout<value<<\"\ \";
p=p->next;
}
}
StringOfNode operator+(const StringOfNode& b)
{
StringOfNode *S;
struct node *p=head;
while(p->next!=NULL)
p=p->next;
p->next=S->begin();
}
};
int main()
{
StringOfNode *p1=new StringOfNode;
p1->insertBack(\'b\');
p1->insertBack(\'c\');
p1->insertBack(\'e\');
p1->insert(\'d\',2.
Two sp3 orbitals are filled by lone electron pair.pdf
Two sp3 orbitals are filled by lone electron pairs, so they cannot bond to another
atom.
Solution
Two sp3 orbitals are filled by lone electron pairs, so they cannot bond to another
atom..
X-Intercept is the value of x where cross x axis. Another name is .pdf
X-Intercept is the value of x where cross x axis.
Another name is the zeros of the function, when y is zero, the graph cross the x-axis
The answer is x-intercepts, Nataliya already answer the question. I just add some explanations to
it.
Solution
X-Intercept is the value of x where cross x axis.
Another name is the zeros of the function, when y is zero, the graph cross the x-axis
The answer is x-intercepts, Nataliya already answer the question. I just add some explanations to
it..
Vi may be a powerful text editor enclosed with most UNIX systems, ev.pdf
Vi may be a powerful text editor enclosed with most UNIX systems, even embedded ones.
generally you’ll ought toedit a document on a system that doesn’t embrace a friendlier text
editor, therefore knowing Vi is important.
Unlike Nano, Associate in Nursing easy-to-use terminal text editor, Vi doesn’t hold your hand
and supplya listingof keyboard shortcuts on the screen. It’s a modal text editor, Associate in
Nursingd it\'seach an insert and command mode.
Vi may be a terminal application, therefore you’ll ought tobegin it from a terminal window. Use
the vi /path/to/file command to open Associate in Nursing existing file with Vi. The vi
/path/to/file command additionally works if the file doesn’t exist yet; Vi canproducea brand new
file and write it to the desired location once you save.
Command Mode
This is what you’ll see once you open a get in vi. it\'ssuch as youwillsimplybeginwriting,
however you can’t. Vimay be a modal text editor, and it opens in command mode. making an
attempt to kind at this screen canlead tosudden behavior.
While in command mode, you\'ll move the pointer around with the arrow keys. Press the x key
to delete the characterbeneath the pointer. There area unita spread of alternative delete
commands — as an example, writingDD(press the d key twice) deletes a whole line of text.
You can choose, copy, cut and paste text in command mode. Position the pointer at the left or
right aspect of the text you would liketo repeat and press the v key. Move your pointerto pick out
text, so press y to repeatthe chosen text or x to chop it. Position your pointer at the required
location and press the p key to stick the text youtraced or cut.
Insert Mode
Aside from command mode, the opposite mode you wishto understandconcerning is insert
mode, thatpermitsyou to insert text in Vi. getting into insert mode is simple once you recognize it
exists — simply press the i key once when you’ve positioned the pointer in command mode.
beginwriting and Vi can insert the characters youkind into the file instead ofmaking an attempt to
interpret them as commands.
Once you’re worn out insert mode, press the escape key to come to command mode.
Saving and Quitting
You can save and quit vi from command mode. First, guarantee you’re in command mode by
pressing the escape key (pressing the escape key once morewill nothing if you’re already in
command mode.)
Type :wq and press enter to put in writing the file to disk and quit vi. you\'lladditionally split
this command up — as an example, kind :w and press enter to put in writing the file to disk
while not quitting or kind :q to quit vi while not saving the file.
Vi won’t allow you to quit if you’ve changed the file since you last saved, howeveryou\'llkind
:q! and press enter to ignore this warning.
Solution
Vi may be a powerful text editor enclosed with most UNIX systems, even embedded ones.
generally you’ll ought toedit a document on a system that doesn’t embrace a friendlier text
editor, therefore knowing Vi is .
U.S management is trained to provide the executives their own career.pdf
U.S management is trained to provide the executives their own career path; it provides flexibility
to the top executive over the journey. The top executive is set forward to accommodate their own
journey with their own set of interest. The management is expecting that the top executives will
be of good track record and will somehow contribute to the growth of the company and will
contribute solidly to the team and work as a team. The top executive should deliver best quality
efforts to the other team members. Management is trying to provide a corporate culture or
training to the team members and ill deliver appropriate efforts to the company. The
management is also trained towards the culture of the company and is dedicated to provide
cultural formal training. The U.S. management is focused on dividing the executive on the basis
of common language globally and domestically. To ensure the same the management is trained
for providing language courses to the executives for better understanding and training to the
organization.
Solution
U.S management is trained to provide the executives their own career path; it provides flexibility
to the top executive over the journey. The top executive is set forward to accommodate their own
journey with their own set of interest. The management is expecting that the top executives will
be of good track record and will somehow contribute to the growth of the company and will
contribute solidly to the team and work as a team. The top executive should deliver best quality
efforts to the other team members. Management is trying to provide a corporate culture or
training to the team members and ill deliver appropriate efforts to the company. The
management is also trained towards the culture of the company and is dedicated to provide
cultural formal training. The U.S. management is focused on dividing the executive on the basis
of common language globally and domestically. To ensure the same the management is trained
for providing language courses to the executives for better understanding and training to the
organization..
There are many operating systemsReal-Time Operating SystemReal-t.pdf
There are many operating systems
Real-Time Operating System
Real-time applications usually are executed on top of a Real-time Operating System (RTOS).
Specific scheduling algorithms can be designed. When possible, static cyclic schedules are
calculated off-line.
Real-time systems are those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on
the logical result of computation, but also on the time at which the results are produced.
RTOS is therefore an operating system that supports real-time applications by providing
logically correct result within the deadline required. Basic Structure is similar to regular OS but,
in addition, it provides mechanisms to allow real time scheduling of tasks.
Though real-time operating systems may or may not increase the speed of execution, they can
provide much more precise and predictable timing characteristics than general-purpose OS.
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the
system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the
response time. So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online
processing.
Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a
processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated
application. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints,
otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.
Design considerations
Designing a proper RTOS architecture needs some delicate decisions. The basic services like
process management, inter-process communication, interrupt handling, or process
synchronization have to be provided in an efficient manner making use of a very restricted
resource budget.
Multi-core architectures need special techniques for process management, memory management,
and synchronization. The upcoming Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) generate special demands
for RTOS support leading to dedicated solutions. Another special area is given by multimedia
applications. Very high data rates have to be supported under (soft) RT constraints.
The key difference between general-computing operating systems and real-time operating
systems is the need for \" deterministic \" timing behavior in the real-time operating systems.
Formally, \"deterministic\" timing means that operating system services consume only known
and expected amounts of time. In theory, these service times could be expressed as mathematical
formulas. These formulas must be strictly algebraic and not include any random timing
components. Random elements in service times could cause random delays in application
software and could then make the application randomly .
The three major forms of business organizations are1. Sole Propri.pdf
The three major forms of business organizations are:
1. Sole Proprietorship
2. Partnership &
3. Corporation
Sole Proprietorship: Ownership : In this form of organisation the ownership lies with a single
person i.e. the proprietor of the buiness. Along with the ownership all the liabilities and
responsibilities are with the sole proprietor of the organisation
Partnership: Ownership: In a partnership form of organisation more than one person come
together to form a business and all of them bring in capital in a decided proportion and they own
such decided portion of the organisation. They share liabilities and responsibilities in the pre
determined proportion i.e. profit sharing ratio
It is managed by all the partners together or by any working partner as decided by all of the
partners.
Corporation : Many people contribute to the Capital of the organisation and the management lies
with the directors and the management ho are elected by the shareholders and are completely
answerable and responsible to all the stakeholders.
Solution
The three major forms of business organizations are:
1. Sole Proprietorship
2. Partnership &
3. Corporation
Sole Proprietorship: Ownership : In this form of organisation the ownership lies with a single
person i.e. the proprietor of the buiness. Along with the ownership all the liabilities and
responsibilities are with the sole proprietor of the organisation
Partnership: Ownership: In a partnership form of organisation more than one person come
together to form a business and all of them bring in capital in a decided proportion and they own
such decided portion of the organisation. They share liabilities and responsibilities in the pre
determined proportion i.e. profit sharing ratio
It is managed by all the partners together or by any working partner as decided by all of the
partners.
Corporation : Many people contribute to the Capital of the organisation and the management lies
with the directors and the management ho are elected by the shareholders and are completely
answerable and responsible to all the stakeholders..
the OSI model is an idea. it is abstract it has no value without imp.pdf
the OSI model is an idea. it is abstract it has no value without implementation. TCP/IP is an
implementation. it was shaped by the concept of the OSI model. the OSI model is unchanging,
implementations like TCP/IP conform to the mode
Solution
the OSI model is an idea. it is abstract it has no value without implementation. TCP/IP is an
implementation. it was shaped by the concept of the OSI model. the OSI model is unchanging,
implementations like TCP/IP conform to the mode.
The EVA metric effectively measures the amount of shareholder wealth.pdf
The EVA metric effectively measures the amount of shareholder wealth that the firm\'s
management has added to the firm\'s value during a time period. If EVA is positive , then
management has increased value.
While there cannot be a single factor which can be attributed to the managers performing their
primary task i.e. MVA/EVA as they are basically interrelated. This is due to the fact that both
aim towards creation of value.
The only difference is in the calculation and the interpretation as defined by mathematical
paradigms.
EVA is the difference of NOPAT (Net Operating Profit After Taxes ) and Cost of Capital.This
indicates the wealth the company generated over and above the cost of capital.
THe MVA on the other hand is simply the difference between the current total market value and
the capital contributed by investors (both shareholders and bondholders).
Thus as the company performs well on the EVA metric and as it retained earnings rise so will
the business. And as the business rises so will the share price and hence the MVA. SO basically
it is all interrelated.
EBIT = 80M-52M = 28M
EVA = 28* (1-0.4) - 115*0.125 = 2.425 M
MVA of a company is equal to the net present value of all future EVAs.
Solution
The EVA metric effectively measures the amount of shareholder wealth that the firm\'s
management has added to the firm\'s value during a time period. If EVA is positive , then
management has increased value.
While there cannot be a single factor which can be attributed to the managers performing their
primary task i.e. MVA/EVA as they are basically interrelated. This is due to the fact that both
aim towards creation of value.
The only difference is in the calculation and the interpretation as defined by mathematical
paradigms.
EVA is the difference of NOPAT (Net Operating Profit After Taxes ) and Cost of Capital.This
indicates the wealth the company generated over and above the cost of capital.
THe MVA on the other hand is simply the difference between the current total market value and
the capital contributed by investors (both shareholders and bondholders).
Thus as the company performs well on the EVA metric and as it retained earnings rise so will
the business. And as the business rises so will the share price and hence the MVA. SO basically
it is all interrelated.
EBIT = 80M-52M = 28M
EVA = 28* (1-0.4) - 115*0.125 = 2.425 M
MVA of a company is equal to the net present value of all future EVAs..
Reflection about the centre of the pentagon is not its symmetric and.pdf
Reflection about the centre of the pentagon is not its symmetric and the symmetry group has
trivial centre
Solution
Reflection about the centre of the pentagon is not its symmetric and the symmetry group has
trivial centre.
Question not visible. Please state again.SolutionQuestion not .pdf
The document does not contain any visible questions or information to summarize. No context or content was provided in the document to generate a 3 sentence summary.
Per my quiz, it was also D) formation of the carbocatio or bromonium.pdf
Per my quiz, it was also D) formation of the carbocatio or bromonium ion and B) addition of the
halide anion
Solution
Per my quiz, it was also D) formation of the carbocatio or bromonium ion and B) addition of the
halide anion.
Part ATay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, so, o.pdf
Part A:
Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, so, only a homozygous recessive person
will have the disease. 1 in 300 individuals of neither descent will be carrier. A child can have the
disease, only if both his/her parents are carriers.
Let the genotype of Tay Sachs disease be \'tt\'. So, carrier will be \'Tt\'
According to HW equilibrium, 2pq= 1/300
Given data is p = 0.0167 q = 0.983 (This data is totally wrong). Please note that \'q\' is the
recessive Tay-Sachs allele and \'p\' is the dominant one. So, the frequency of recessive allele
cannot be more than the dominant one.
When two carriers cross, 25% chance is there of having the genotype \'tt\'.
So, chances of having a child with Tay-Sachs disease = 25% of the total children born or 25% of
(1/300 * 1/300)
Part B.
If one individual is of Ashkenazi descent, then chances of being a carrier is 1/30
If the other parent is normal, then chances of being a carrier is 1/300
When two carriers cross, chances of having homozygous recessive genotype = 25%
So, 25% chance of having an affected child is there i.e
25% of (1/30 * 1/300)
Part C:
Again 25% chance of having an affected child is there.
You can also write as: 25% of (1/30 * 1/30)
Part D:
Again 25% chance of having an affected child is there.
You can also write as: 25% of (1/30 * 1/30)
Solution
Part A:
Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, so, only a homozygous recessive person
will have the disease. 1 in 300 individuals of neither descent will be carrier. A child can have the
disease, only if both his/her parents are carriers.
Let the genotype of Tay Sachs disease be \'tt\'. So, carrier will be \'Tt\'
According to HW equilibrium, 2pq= 1/300
Given data is p = 0.0167 q = 0.983 (This data is totally wrong). Please note that \'q\' is the
recessive Tay-Sachs allele and \'p\' is the dominant one. So, the frequency of recessive allele
cannot be more than the dominant one.
When two carriers cross, 25% chance is there of having the genotype \'tt\'.
So, chances of having a child with Tay-Sachs disease = 25% of the total children born or 25% of
(1/300 * 1/300)
Part B.
If one individual is of Ashkenazi descent, then chances of being a carrier is 1/30
If the other parent is normal, then chances of being a carrier is 1/300
When two carriers cross, chances of having homozygous recessive genotype = 25%
So, 25% chance of having an affected child is there i.e
25% of (1/30 * 1/300)
Part C:
Again 25% chance of having an affected child is there.
You can also write as: 25% of (1/30 * 1/30)
Part D:
Again 25% chance of having an affected child is there.
You can also write as: 25% of (1/30 * 1/30).
null is a subset of every setTrueSolutionnull is a sub.pdf
The document discusses the empty set, also known as the null set. It states that the null set is a subset of every set, and verifies that this statement is true. The null set contains no elements, so it is contained within any set regardless of its elements.
LiOH Sol.pdf
This 3-word document appears to be referring to a solution containing lithium hydroxide (LiOH). Lithium hydroxide is listed three times, suggesting it is the primary component of the solution under discussion. The brief document does not provide much other context around the LiOH solution.
Information is a valuable asset that can make or break your business.pdf
Information is a valuable asset that can make or break your business. When properly managed it
allows you to operate with confidence. Information security management gives you the freedom
to grow, innovate and broaden your customer-base in the knowledge that all your confidential
information will remain that way.
In this information era, Security has become more difficult to define and enforce.
information security was limited to controlling physical access to oral or written
communications. The importance of information security led societies to develop innovative
ways of protecting their information. Recent innovations in information technology, like the
Internet, have made it possible to send vast quantities of data across the globe with ease.
However, the challenge of controlling and protecting that information has grown exponentially
now that data can be easily transmitted, stored, copied, manipulated, and destroyed.
Within a large organization information technology generally refers to laptop and desktop
computers, servers, routers, and switches that form a computer network, although information
technology also includes fax machines, phone and voice mail systems, cellular phones, and other
electronic systems. A growing reliance on computers to work and communicate has made the
control of computer networks an important part of information security. Unauthorized access to
paper documents or phone conversations is still an information security concern, but the real
challenge has become protecting the security of computer networks, especially when they are
connected to the Internet. Most large organizations have their own local computer network, or
intranet, that links their computers together to share resources and support the communications
of employees and others with a legitimate need for access. Almost all of these networks are
connected to the Internet and allow employees to go “online.”
Solution
Information is a valuable asset that can make or break your business. When properly managed it
allows you to operate with confidence. Information security management gives you the freedom
to grow, innovate and broaden your customer-base in the knowledge that all your confidential
information will remain that way.
In this information era, Security has become more difficult to define and enforce.
information security was limited to controlling physical access to oral or written
communications. The importance of information security led societies to develop innovative
ways of protecting their information. Recent innovations in information technology, like the
Internet, have made it possible to send vast quantities of data across the globe with ease.
However, the challenge of controlling and protecting that information has grown exponentially
now that data can be easily transmitted, stored, copied, manipulated, and destroyed.
Within a large organization information technology generally refers to laptop and desktop
computers, servers, routers, and.
Ho there is no relationship between the age of the individual and t.pdf
Ho: there is no relationship between the age of the individual and the individual
Solution
Ho: there is no relationship between the age of the individual and the individual.
H2SO3 - H2O = SO2The oxide is sulfur dioxide SO2SolutionH2.pdf
H2SO3 - H2O => SO2
The oxide is sulfur dioxide: SO2
Solution
H2SO3 - H2O => SO2
The oxide is sulfur dioxide: SO2.
First of all we shoud understand what is HIV AIDSHIV AIDS is .pdf
First of all we shoud understand what is HIV / AIDS?
HIV / AIDS is not a single disease it is combination of diseases. Because once HIV is infected it
will start reduce immune system i.e defence mechanisms so it is called as Aquired Immuno
Defficiency Syndrome (AIDS). So because the HIV infected patient needs nutrient food for
increase their life span.
If you are HIV-positive, good nutrition can have several benefits. It can:
Basic principle of nutrition :
So overall the HIV infected patient shuld have high nutritious food havig good protein,
carbohydrates,vitamins , minerals to get good immune system to defence by the desease.
Thanks all the best
Solution
First of all we shoud understand what is HIV / AIDS?
HIV / AIDS is not a single disease it is combination of diseases. Because once HIV is infected it
will start reduce immune system i.e defence mechanisms so it is called as Aquired Immuno
Defficiency Syndrome (AIDS). So because the HIV infected patient needs nutrient food for
increase their life span.
If you are HIV-positive, good nutrition can have several benefits. It can:
Basic principle of nutrition :
So overall the HIV infected patient shuld have high nutritious food havig good protein,
carbohydrates,vitamins , minerals to get good immune system to defence by the desease.
Thanks all the best.
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