'Where's my justice?' shooting victim wonders as
former Marine gets probation
By DALE VINCENT
New Hampshire Union Leader
MANCHESTER — “Where’s my justice? Where’s my justice?” shooting victim
Josephine Otim cried Tuesday as she stood outside the courtroom where the former
Marine who pulled the trigger was placed on probation for five years.
Hillsborough County Superior Court North Judge Gillian Abramson said she didn’t
believe the New Hampshire State Prison system could give Thomas Landry, now 27,
the treatment he needs for his Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). She gave him
suspended sentences of 7 1/2 to 15 years and 3 1/2 to seven years for the random
shooting in which Otim was injured.
Abramson acknowledged that Otim, the mother of a young child, had come to this
country from war-torn Sudan, “expecting and deserving sanctuary and security.”
But on the night of July 15, 2013, Otim was shot as she sat in friend Shaquwan’da
Allen’s car on Somerville Street after completing a double shift as an LNA at a Bedford
nursing home.
Landry, who police said had been drinking the night of the shooting and was on various
medications — 26 prescription bottles bearing his name were found at his residence —
walked up to Allen’s car, so close that if she had opened the door it would have hit him.
It was then he fired the Sig Sauer P229 he carried in a back waist holster and hit Otim in
the leg. After two surgeries, she still walks with a limp.
“I’ve been through wars ...,” Otim said Tuesday in court. “You took me to the worst
nightmare of my life ... I can’t trust anyone because of you.”
Landry pleaded guilty to felonies of first-degree assault and criminal threatening.
The medical director for the New Hampshire State Prison System, Dr. David Potenza,
told Abramson Tuesday there were programs, including medications, for veterans and
other men with PTSD at the state prisons. But Landry’s new Massachusetts clinical
psychologist, Dr. William Newman, said that his methods could “cure” Landry of his
PTSD.
He said his treatment includes hypnosis, yoga and tai chi, meditation and mindfulness,
but no medications; he has been seeing Landry twice a week since September.
“I’m optimistic about his prognosis,” Newman said.
Newman told Abramson he doesn’t believe Landry would be helped in prison. “They
give medication and I know that’s not going to work,” he said.
Abramson said she was impressed with Landry’s reported progress and that he entered
a plea that eliminated the need for a trial that would further traumatize Otim and Allen.
Saying the two women may not agree with her sentence, Abramson said: “I ask that you
trust me.”
If there is any violation of probation, she promised, Landry will go to prison.
Conditions of the suspended sentences include 500 hours of community service within
18 months, continued in- and out-patient counseling, alcohol and drug screening,
restitution to his victim and the victi ...
Journal of Traumatic StressApril 2013, 26, 266–273Public.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Traumatic Stress
April 2013, 26, 266–273
Public Mental Health Clients with Severe Mental Illness and
Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Exposure and
Correlates of Symptom Severity
Weili Lu,1 Philip T. Yanos,2 Steven M. Silverstein,3 Kim T. Mueser,4 Stanley D. Rosenberg,4
Jennifer D. Gottlieb,4 Stephanie Marcello Duva,5 Thanuja Kularatne,1 Stephanie Dove-Williams,5
Danielle Paterno,5 Danielle Hawthorne,5 and Giovanna Giacobbe5
1Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Scotch Plains, New Jersey, USA
2John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Psychology, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
3Division of Schizophrenia Research, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
4Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
5University Behavioral Health Care, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) are at greatly increased risk for trauma exposure and for the development of posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). This study reports findings from a large, comprehensive screening of trauma and PTSD symptoms among public
mental health clients in a statewide community mental health system. In 851 individuals with SMI and probable PTSD, childhood sexual
abuse was the most commonly endorsed index trauma, followed closely by the sudden death of a loved one. Participants had typically
experienced an average of 7 types of traumatic events in their lifetime. The number of types of traumatic events experienced and Hispanic
ethnicity were significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity. Clients reported experiencing PTSD in relation to events that occurred
on average 20 years earlier, suggesting the clinical need to address trauma and loss throughout the lifespan, including their prolonged
after-effects.
Over the past two decades, a growing body of research has
shown that individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) are
at greatly increased risk for trauma exposure (see Grubaugh,
Zinzow, Paul, Egede, & Frueh, 2011, for a review). Although
national surveys indicate that more than half of people in the
general population report exposure to at least one event that
according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Associa-
tion, 1994) meets criteria for trauma (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet,
Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), studies of people with a SMI (such as
This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant R01
MH064662. We wish to thank the following individuals for their assistance
with this project: Edward Kim, Lee Hyer, Rachael Fite, Kenneth Gill, Rose-
marie Rosati, Christopher Kosseff, Karen Somers, John Swanson, Avis Scott,
Rena Gitlitz, John Markey, Zygmond Gray, Marilyn Green, Alex Sh ...
This document discusses arguments for and against legalizing voluntary euthanasia. Proponents argue that it respects personal autonomy, suicide is not illegal, and the "double effect" principle allows for over-sedation. However, others argue it violates the sanctity of human life, could lead down a slippery slope, and reduce the costs of healthcare. The document also provides statistics on support for euthanasia and its prevalence in other countries.
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on health implications of transitions between the criminal justice system and community. It finds that 3% of US adults are involved in the criminal justice system annually. Former inmates face high mortality rates, especially from drug overdose, in the first 2 weeks after release. Qualitative interviews found that access to healthcare and risks of overdose are primary concerns for those released. The transitions between incarceration and community have significant impacts on individual and public health.
This document discusses variables related to the male and female prison populations in the United States. It provides statistics on ethnic populations, age, gender, sentences, security levels, offenses, and mental health of inmates. A survey was also conducted of students in a sociology class about these topics. The survey results showed that students were most accurate in their responses about the total US inmate population, the average inmate age, the percentage of the population that is male inmates, and the percentage of female prison officers.
Restrictions-on-a-Woman-s-Reproductive-ChoiceLucinda Lee
Restricting access to reproductive healthcare and factual information leads to negative outcomes. It increases rates of preventable sexually transmitted diseases like HIV and HPV by limiting condom access and sex education. It also increases unintended pregnancy by promoting ineffective abstinence-only programs instead of contraception education and access. This damages individuals' health and economic opportunities, as well as increasing healthcare and social costs to society. Evidence shows that providing open access to factual information and medical services through education and contraception improves public health outcomes.
This document discusses domestic violence and stalking in the United States. It provides statistics on the high prevalence of domestic violence, its health and economic costs, and stalking behaviors. The document then proposes a GPS-based monitoring system called "Keep Me Safe" that would alert victims if their abuser breached a preset distance, allowing victims more protection and freedom from fear.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of transgender populations including estimates of prevalence, challenges with data collection, and HIV risk factors. Key points include:
- There are no reliable estimates of the transgender population due to lack of data collection and social stigma. Estimates range from 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 1,000 for MTF individuals and 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 33,800 for FTM individuals.
- HIV prevalence among transgender women averages 28% according to a meta-analysis, with the highest rates among African American transgender women. Risk factors driving transmission include social stigma, gender identity validation through sex, and survival sex work.
- Very little data exists on transgender
Journal of Traumatic StressApril 2013, 26, 266–273Public.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Traumatic Stress
April 2013, 26, 266–273
Public Mental Health Clients with Severe Mental Illness and
Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Exposure and
Correlates of Symptom Severity
Weili Lu,1 Philip T. Yanos,2 Steven M. Silverstein,3 Kim T. Mueser,4 Stanley D. Rosenberg,4
Jennifer D. Gottlieb,4 Stephanie Marcello Duva,5 Thanuja Kularatne,1 Stephanie Dove-Williams,5
Danielle Paterno,5 Danielle Hawthorne,5 and Giovanna Giacobbe5
1Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Scotch Plains, New Jersey, USA
2John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Department of Psychology, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
3Division of Schizophrenia Research, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
4Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
5University Behavioral Health Care, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) are at greatly increased risk for trauma exposure and for the development of posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). This study reports findings from a large, comprehensive screening of trauma and PTSD symptoms among public
mental health clients in a statewide community mental health system. In 851 individuals with SMI and probable PTSD, childhood sexual
abuse was the most commonly endorsed index trauma, followed closely by the sudden death of a loved one. Participants had typically
experienced an average of 7 types of traumatic events in their lifetime. The number of types of traumatic events experienced and Hispanic
ethnicity were significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity. Clients reported experiencing PTSD in relation to events that occurred
on average 20 years earlier, suggesting the clinical need to address trauma and loss throughout the lifespan, including their prolonged
after-effects.
Over the past two decades, a growing body of research has
shown that individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) are
at greatly increased risk for trauma exposure (see Grubaugh,
Zinzow, Paul, Egede, & Frueh, 2011, for a review). Although
national surveys indicate that more than half of people in the
general population report exposure to at least one event that
according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Associa-
tion, 1994) meets criteria for trauma (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet,
Hughes, & Nelson, 1995), studies of people with a SMI (such as
This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant R01
MH064662. We wish to thank the following individuals for their assistance
with this project: Edward Kim, Lee Hyer, Rachael Fite, Kenneth Gill, Rose-
marie Rosati, Christopher Kosseff, Karen Somers, John Swanson, Avis Scott,
Rena Gitlitz, John Markey, Zygmond Gray, Marilyn Green, Alex Sh ...
This document discusses arguments for and against legalizing voluntary euthanasia. Proponents argue that it respects personal autonomy, suicide is not illegal, and the "double effect" principle allows for over-sedation. However, others argue it violates the sanctity of human life, could lead down a slippery slope, and reduce the costs of healthcare. The document also provides statistics on support for euthanasia and its prevalence in other countries.
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on health implications of transitions between the criminal justice system and community. It finds that 3% of US adults are involved in the criminal justice system annually. Former inmates face high mortality rates, especially from drug overdose, in the first 2 weeks after release. Qualitative interviews found that access to healthcare and risks of overdose are primary concerns for those released. The transitions between incarceration and community have significant impacts on individual and public health.
This document discusses variables related to the male and female prison populations in the United States. It provides statistics on ethnic populations, age, gender, sentences, security levels, offenses, and mental health of inmates. A survey was also conducted of students in a sociology class about these topics. The survey results showed that students were most accurate in their responses about the total US inmate population, the average inmate age, the percentage of the population that is male inmates, and the percentage of female prison officers.
Restrictions-on-a-Woman-s-Reproductive-ChoiceLucinda Lee
Restricting access to reproductive healthcare and factual information leads to negative outcomes. It increases rates of preventable sexually transmitted diseases like HIV and HPV by limiting condom access and sex education. It also increases unintended pregnancy by promoting ineffective abstinence-only programs instead of contraception education and access. This damages individuals' health and economic opportunities, as well as increasing healthcare and social costs to society. Evidence shows that providing open access to factual information and medical services through education and contraception improves public health outcomes.
This document discusses domestic violence and stalking in the United States. It provides statistics on the high prevalence of domestic violence, its health and economic costs, and stalking behaviors. The document then proposes a GPS-based monitoring system called "Keep Me Safe" that would alert victims if their abuser breached a preset distance, allowing victims more protection and freedom from fear.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of transgender populations including estimates of prevalence, challenges with data collection, and HIV risk factors. Key points include:
- There are no reliable estimates of the transgender population due to lack of data collection and social stigma. Estimates range from 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 1,000 for MTF individuals and 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 33,800 for FTM individuals.
- HIV prevalence among transgender women averages 28% according to a meta-analysis, with the highest rates among African American transgender women. Risk factors driving transmission include social stigma, gender identity validation through sex, and survival sex work.
- Very little data exists on transgender
Alexander LeeDr. Martha ShermanCrim250W2282020 Will .docxADDY50
Here is a draft experimental methods proposal:
Designing the Experiment
Part 1
The research question I aim to answer is: Does priming individuals to "believe victims" affect trust in eyewitness evidence and jury verdicts in sexual assault cases?
Sample and Sampling Procedure
I will recruit a sample of approximately 1000 students from introductory psychology, sociology, and criminology courses at Pennsylvania State University. Students will be offered extra credit for participating. I will send recruitment and reminder emails with a link to the online study. Students can only participate once but can earn credit for multiple courses. This is a sample of convenience but college students are regularly used in jury decision making research.
Independent and Dependent Variables
Running head INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM1.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 1
INEFFECTIVENESS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 8
Ineffectiveness of the Capital Punishment System
Name
Introduction
Capital punishment is one of the major social issues affecting the sustenance of peace, democracy and mutual coexistence in the United States. Capital punishment is sometimes referred to as the death penalty and is largely recognized as a lawful sentence in 31 out of 50 states found in the United States. The Eighth Amendment constrains the application to disturbed killings submitted by rationally capable grown-ups. Historical analysis reveal that this mode of punishment began officially in 1776 after being authorized for identical law offences in the greater part of the American provinces preceding the country’s independence. This paper seeks to establish the ineffectiveness of the entire system and conclude by providing alternative solutions.
Problem Statement
According to Melusky and Pesto (2011), capital punishment in America is a broken procedure existing as a major social challenge. Currently, many opponents have risen to criticize and champion for the abolishment of the capital punishment due to its alleged ineffectiveness. These forms of punishments are anticipated not by the grievousness of the wrongdoing but rather by the low quality of the safeguard legal advisors, the race of the blamed or the casualty, and the district and state in which the wrongdoing happened.
On numerous occasions, research has shown that the criminal equity framework neglects to secure the poor and persons with genuine mental inabilities and ailments from execution (Melusky & Pesto, 2011). Indeed, even the organization of executions is totally defective: Every strategy for execution accompanies a heinously high danger of great agony and torment. Today, open backing for capital punishment is falling; the quantities of new capital punishments and executions are both quickly diminishing, it perhaps communicates the message that the time is ripe for America to end this fizzled test. It is, therefore, imperative to discuss the ineffective of capital punishment as a social issue in the United States.
Current Statistical Overview
Previous statistics reveal that thirty-five prisoners were executed last year in the U.S., and over 3,000 were on a death row. From 1976 to 2015, 1,392 executions happened in the United States, and 995 of them occurred in the South. Nonetheless, this deadly infusion has been the most widely recognized technique since the late 1970s. Thirty-four states have had executions since the death penalty was restored in 1976. Some of the states that took a lead role in the implementation of this awful law included Oklahoma, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Virginia. Additionally, these states were accused to have executed the law with relative recurrence. However, Texas and Oklahoma led the charge, with the most executions, and the m ...
Running head SPOUSE VIOLENCE 1SPOUSE VIOLENCE8.docxtodd521
Running head: SPOUSE VIOLENCE 1
SPOUSE VIOLENCE 8
Annotated Bibliography
Joshua D. Musick
PSAD 410 7980 Public Safety Research and Technology
Professor: Angela Edwards
University of Maryland University College
April 6, 2019
Institution
Spouse violence
This is a type of domestic violence and it magnitude can be determined based data from government agencies and pieces of research by scholars. Some factors such as drug abuse, money problems, and health of community contribute and cause spouse violence.
Thesis: Spouse violence is important public safety concern and it reflects quality of intimate partner life.
Kaur, R., & Garg, S. (2008). Addressing Domestic Violence Against Women: An Unfinished Agenda. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(2), 73–76. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.40871
According to this journal, domestic violence affect many sectors of social system such as health systems and the development of a nation. Also, the researcher believe the problem is widely dispersed geographically and has serious impact on the victim, mostly women. Based on research conducted in this journal, 85% of violent abuse target women compared to 3% of abuse experienced by men. Some of the causes of domestic violence are cultural mores, economic and political conditions, and religious practices precede the violence. The authors further argue that spouse violence undermine economic, spiritual, economic, and psychological wellbeing of victim, the perpetrator and society. According to research, an incident of spouse violence translate to lose of minimum of seven working days. In US the loss due to domestic violence is about 12.6 billion dollars annually.
Alejo, K. (2014). Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Effects of Domestic Violence. Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science, 2(5), 82-90.
This is a qualitative journal and it used existing studies to determine the magnitude and effect of spouse violence. According to the author domestic violence against men considered mild to society and parties affected. Further this paper shows that men and women who suffer from long-term health problems have high potential of causing domestic violence. The likelihood to cause violence is determined by the published statistic on prevalence of spouse violence in heterosexual relationships. The researchers analyze the results from existing studies to determine health effect of the spouse violence. According to the findings both men and women sustain injuries, however, women suffer more.
M. Pilar Matud. (2007). Dating Violence and Domestic Violence. Journal of Adolescent and health, 40(4), 295–297.
The journal states that spouse violence include sexual violence, emotional abuse, and controlling partner. The journal use quantitative and qualitative approaches to establish the prevalence of spouse violence. The author used 48 studies and the data shows between 10% and 69% of women are victim of assault and abusive behavior. The journal shows .
The document discusses the relationship between mental illness and violence. It finds that the majority of mentally ill individuals are not violent and that substance abuse is a major determinant of violence. It describes the neurobiology of aggression and the cycle of assault. Understanding these principles can help with managing aggression.
Ian's UnityHealth 2019 grand rounds suicide preventionIan Dawe
This document discusses suicide prevention and provides an overview of a presentation on the topic. It begins with background on suicide rates in Ontario and challenges with suicide data collection. It then covers contemporary theories of suicide and the disconnect between what is known and current practices. The presentation aims to describe suicide as a broader issue, discuss quality improvement approaches to prevention, and promote the Project Nøw initiative to improve care for those at risk of suicide. Project Nøw is a collaborative effort between healthcare, education, and community sectors in Peel Region, Ontario to develop a coordinated suicide prevention strategy with the goal of preventing all youth suicide.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
Aggression among the children and the adult is the primary cause of wrong and unethical activity. Children are getting violent and the peers are victimized by the aggressive behaviour among the peer group. Most of the ill will causes are somehow linked with or related with the level of aggression and therefore it becomes important that the factors impacting the aggression in adult and children are studied and examined, so as to address the related issues. Aggressiveness can be classified in short term or long term run. Short behaviour can also be referred as mimicry and the long term aggressiveness is linked with the problem of the brain and can be dangerous for both short and long term (Nauert, 2008).
Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
This document discusses a case, Pollizzi v. Get-a-Life Insurance Company, in which an insurance company is refusing to pay life insurance death benefits for an 8-year-old child who died of a drug overdose. The insurance company claims the death was a suicide, which is not covered. An expert witness conducted a psychological autopsy to determine if the child had the capacity to commit suicide. The document analyzes whether psychological autopsies meet the Frye standard for reliability and admissibility in court. It discusses studies on both sides and concludes that while psychological autopsies are generally accepted, their reliability is questionable, so they should not be admitted in this case.
HEALTH POLICY AND ETHICSFacilitating HIV DisclosureFac.docxpooleavelina
The document reviews literature on HIV status disclosure across diverse settings. Some key findings from the literature include:
- The majority of people disclosed their HIV status to someone, though disclosure rates varied from about 2/3 to 3/4 of respondents. Disclosure was generally higher in high-income countries.
- Gender shaped disclosure motivations and reactions, with women more likely to disclose to other women like mothers and sisters. Disclosure rates to partners varied between studies and by gender.
- Involuntary disclosure and low levels of disclosure to partners highlight the difficulties faced by health workers in facilitating disclosure while protecting privacy.
- Stigmatization increased fears of disclosure. The meaning and process of disclosure differed across settings.
The Socioeconomic Consequences and Costs of Mental IllnessMika Truly
The document summarizes several socioeconomic consequences and costs of mental illness. It discusses how approximately half of adults with severe mental illnesses also have a substance abuse disorder, but only a small percentage receive treatment for both. It also examines how substance abuse and lack of medication adherence in the mentally ill have been associated with increased violence. Additionally, the document outlines how treating the mentally ill with co-occurring substance abuse disorders results in significantly higher psychiatric care costs. Lastly, it explores the high rates of incarceration and homelessness among the mentally ill population and the financial costs these issues impose on society.
Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial issue that is only legal in five U.S. states. It allows terminally ill patients with less than six months to live to request lethal medication from their doctor to end their own lives. While some see it as giving patients control at the end of life, others argue it could encourage suicide or that terminally ill patients are not in a mental state to make such a decision. There are also concerns about how to protect vulnerable patients from being coerced into suicide. The document discusses the various perspectives on this complex issue and argues rules need to be put in place to allow physician-assisted suicide as an option while also protecting doctors' and patients' rights.
This document discusses how racism and racial inequalities impact health. It finds that racial disparities in health persist even after accounting for socioeconomic status. Black Americans have higher rates of disease, worse health outcomes, and shorter life expectancies than white Americans. Discrimination operates through multiple pathways like restricting socioeconomic attainment, segregating communities, and directly impacting stress levels. Both chronic everyday discrimination and acute major discriminatory experiences are associated with worse health. Place and environment also matter - segregated communities tend to be more disadvantaged and have worse health outcomes. Discrimination within the medical system also negatively impacts health. Overall, racism appears to be a major driver of the significant and persistent racial inequalities seen in health.
This document summarizes a research study on perceptions of female foeticide among Muslim doctors in Jammu, India. The study found that:
1) Female foeticide in the Muslim community is perceived as being due to son preference, lack of religious knowledge, and family/social values.
2) All doctors surveyed said lack of religious knowledge was a cause, and most (90%) also cited son preference and lack of awareness about women's status in Islam.
3) When asked about factors responsible for sex determination, most doctors cited parents (90%) and family/social values (80%), while 70% cited son preference and 60% cited technology availability and higher education.
This document summarizes a submission from Just Detention International to the United Nations regarding sexual abuse in U.S. detention facilities. It notes that sexual abuse is widespread according to several studies, violating the U.S.'s international obligations. It recommends that the U.S. fully adopt the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission's standards, ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture for external oversight, permit communications under the Convention Against Torture, and amend the Prison Litigation Reform Act. Adopting these recommendations would help address concerns raised by international bodies and improve protection of prisoner human rights.
Substance Abuse Vs Suicidal risk report Final Draft 06_04_2015Geoffrey Kip, MPH
1. This study examines the relationship between substance abuse and suicide risk among youth ages 14-24 in Philadelphia. It analyzes whether substance abuse scores and specific drugs (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, illicit drugs) predict suicide ideation and lifetime suicide scores.
2. The study uses a cross-sectional design and secondary data from behavioral health screens administered in emergency departments, primary care offices, schools and other locations. Logistic regression is used to calculate odds ratios for substance abuse variables predicting suicide history.
3. Preliminary results found that substance abuse scores and use of marijuana, alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs were all significant predictors of history of suicide in participants. Race also significantly predicted suicide history for those
Most patients with mental health disorders are not aggressive. H.docxhelzerpatrina
Most patients with mental health disorders are not aggressive. However, it is important for nurses to be able to know the signs and symptoms associated with the five phases of aggression, and to appropriately apply nursing interventions to assist in treating aggressive patients. Please read the case study below and answer the four questions related to it.
Aggression Case Study
Christopher, who is 14 years of age, was recently admitted to the hospital for schizophrenia. He has a history of aggressive behavior and states that the devil is telling him to kill all adults because they want to hurt him. Christopher has a history of recidivism and noncompliance with his medications. One day on the unit, the nurse observes Christopher displaying hypervigilant behaviors, pacing back and forth down the hallway, and speaking to himself under his breath. As the nurse runs over to Christopher to talk, he sees that his bedroom door is open and runs into his room and shuts the door. The nurse responds by attempting to open the door, but Christopher keeps pulling the door shut and tells the nurse that if the nurse comes in the room he will choke the nurse. The nurse responds by calling other staff to assist with the situation.
1. What phase of the aggression cycle is Christopher in at the beginning of this scenario? What phase is he in at the end the scenario? (State the evidence that supports your answers).
2. What interventions could have been implemented to prevent Christopher from escalating at the beginning of the scenario?
3. What interventions should the nurse take to deescalate the situation when Christopher is refusing to open his door?
4. If a restrictive intervention (restraint/seclusion) is used, what are some important steps for the nurse to remember?
.
MotivationExplain your motivation for applying to this prog.docxhelzerpatrina
Motivation:
Explain your motivation for applying to this program. How does the content of this study abroad program relate to your future academic and professional goals?
Goals(REQUIRED)
List and explain three concrete goals related to living and studying abroad that you will set for yourself to get the most out of this opportunity.
.
Most public policy is made from within government agencies. Select a.docxhelzerpatrina
Most public policy is made from within government agencies. Select an agency to review for this assignment:
1) Go to
https://www.usa.gov
to begin your search.
2) Next, click on the menu tab labelled “Government Agencies and Elected Officials.”
3) Then, click on “A-Z Index of U.S. Government Agencies.”
4) Select one of the large federal agencies, and review one of its major policies, laws, or regulations.
What is the primary mission of the agency? Select a problem that the agency is attempting to solve. Research the major policy process as it has evolved and identify its major stakeholders. Identify what major factors have contributed to policy ineffectiveness. Is the bureaucracy now too large to provide adequate oversight and future development? Be sure to integrate lessons learned and policy concepts discussed throughout the class. Examples may include security at airports, immigration, education (No Child Left Behind), welfare support, Social Security, health care, etc. Identify government subsidies, tools, and regulations the agency uses to meet its policy goals. Pinpoint supporting agencies, groups, or businesses that would be most interested in these policies, and describe the potential conflicts of interest.
Your APA style paper should be three pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. Provide at least three peer-reviewed or professional references. Be sure your paper is double-spaced and uses 12-point font and one-inch margins. Use your own words, and include citations and references as needed to avoid plagiarism. All sources used must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations and be cited per APA guidelines.
.
Mr. Smith brings his 4-year-old son to your primary care office. He .docxhelzerpatrina
Mr. Smith brings his 4-year-old son to your primary care office. He states the boy has been ill for three days. Mr. Smith indicates that he would like antibiotics so he can send his son back to pre-school the next day.
History - Child began with sneezing, mild cough, and low grade fever of 100 degrees three days ago. All immunizations UTD. Father reports that the child has had only two incidents of URI and no other illnesses.
Social - non-smoking household. Child attends preschool four mornings a week and is insured through his father’s employment. No other siblings in the household.
PE/ROS -T 99, R 20, P 100. Alert, cooperative, in good spirits, well-hydrated. Mildly erythemic throat, no exudate, tonsils +2. Both ears mild pink tympanic membrane with good movement. Lungs clear bilaterally. All other systems WNL.
Do not consider COVID-19 for this patient diagnosis.
.
Mrs. Walsh, a woman in her 70s, was in critical condition after rep.docxhelzerpatrina
“Mrs. Walsh, a woman in her 70s, was in critical condition after repeat coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Her family lived nearby when Mrs. Walsh had her first CABG surgery. They had moved out of town but returned to our institution, where the first surgery had been performed successfully. Mrs. Walsh remained critically ill and unstable for several weeks before her death. Her family was very anxious because of Mrs. Walsh’s unstable and deteriorating condition, and a family member was always with her 24 hours a day for the first few weeks.
The nurse became involved with this family while Mrs. Walsh was still in surgery, because family members were very anxious that the procedure was taking longer than it had the first time and made repeated calls to the critical care unit to ask about the patient. The nurse met with the family and offered to go into the operating room to talk with the cardiac surgeon to better inform the family of their mother’s status.
One of the helpful things the nurse did to assist this family was to establish a consistent group of nurses to work with Mrs. Walsh, so that family members could establish trust and feel more confident about the care their mother was receiving. This eventually enabled family members to leave the hospital for intervals to get some rest. The nurse related that this was a family whose members were affluent, educated, and well informed, and that they came in prepared with lists of questions. A consistent group of nurses who were familiar with Mrs. Walsh’s particular situation helped both family members and nurses to be more satisfied and less anxious. The family developed a close relationship with the three nurses who consistently cared for Mrs. Walsh and shared with them details about Mrs. Walsh and her life.
The nurse related that there was a tradition in this particular critical care unit not to involve family members in care. She broke that tradition when she responded to the son’s and the daughter’s helpless feelings by teaching them some simple things that they could do for their mother. They learned to give some basic care, such as bathing her. The nurse acknowledged that involving family members in direct patient care with a critically ill patient is complex and requires knowledge and sensitivity. She believes that a developmental process is involved when nurses learn to work with families.
She noted that after a nurse has lots of experience and feels very comfortable with highly technical skills, it becomes okay for family members to be in the room when care is provided. She pointed out that direct observation by anxious family members can be disconcerting to those who are insecure with their skills when family members ask things like, “Why are you doing this? Nurse ‘So and So’ does it differently.” She commented that nurses learn to be flexible and to reset priorities. They should be able to let some things wait that do not need to be done right away to give the family some.
Much has been made of the new Web 2.0 phenomenon, including social n.docxhelzerpatrina
Much has been made of the new Web 2.0 phenomenon, including social networking sites and user-created mash-ups. How does Web 2.0 change security for the Internet? Your submission should be between 500 words with references and following APA reference style. Please do not include a title page
.
MSN 5550 Health Promotion Prevention of Disease Case Study Module 2.docxhelzerpatrina
MSN 5550 Health Promotion: Prevention of Disease Case Study Module 2 Instructions: Read the following case study and answer the reflective questions.
Please provide rationales for your answers. Make sure to provide a citation for your answers. Deadline: CASE STUDY:
An Older Immigrant Couple: Mr. and Mrs. Arahan Mr. and Mrs. Arahan, an older couple in their seventies, have been living with their oldest daughter, her husband of 15 years, and their two children, ages 12 and 14. They all live in a middle-income neighborhood in a suburb of a metropolitan city. Mr. and Mrs. Arahan are both college educated and worked full-time while they were in their native country. In addition, Mr. Arahan, the only offspring of wealthy parents, inherited a substantial amount of money and real estate. Their daughter came to the United States as a registered nurse and met her husband, a drug company representative. The older couple moved to the United States when their daughter became a U.S. citizen and petitioned them as immigrants. Since the couple was facing retirement, they welcomed the opportunity to come to the United States. The Arahans found life in the United States different from that in their home country, but their adjustment was not as difficult because both were healthy and spoke English fluently. Most of their time was spent taking care of their two grandchildren and the house. As the grandchildren grew older, the older couple found that they had more spare time. The daughter and her husband advanced in their careers and spent a great deal more time at their jobs. There were few family dinners during the week. On weekends, the daughter, her husband, and their children socialized with their own friends. The couple began to feel isolated and longed for a more active life. Mr. and Mrs. Arahan began to think that perhaps they should return to the home country, where they still had relatives and friends. However, political and economic issues would have made it difficult for them to live there. Besides, they had become accustomed to the way of life in the United States with all the modern conveniences and abundance of goods that were difficult to obtain in their country. However, they also became concerned that they might not be able to tolerate the winter months and that minor health problems might worsen as they aged. They wondered who would take care of them if they became very frail and where they would live, knowing that their daughter had only saved money for their grandchildren’s college education. They expressed their sentiments to their daughter, who became very concerned about how her parents were feeling. This older couple had been attending church on a regular basis, but had never been active in other church-related activities. The church bulletin announced the establishment of parish nursing with two retired registered nurses as volunteers. The couple attended the first opening of the parish clinic. Here, they met one of the registered nur.
MSEL Strategy Mid-term Instructions Miguel Rivera-SantosFormat.docxhelzerpatrina
MSEL Strategy Mid-term Instructions Miguel Rivera-Santos
Format of the Mid-term
· You will find three recent newspaper articles describing a strategic move or a strategic decision in this document. Choose two out of these three articles and, for each of the two articles you have selected, answer the following two questions:
· Q1: What is (are) the issue(s) for the main company in the article? How do you assess the company’s strategic decision(s)? What additional information and what specific analyses would you conduct to fully understand the issue(s) and the decision(s)?
· Q2: What alternative recommendation would you consider in response to the issue(s)? What additional information/analyses would you need for this alternative recommendation? How could it be implemented?
· For each article, the combined answers to these two questions should be no longer than 2 single-spaced pages, in 12-point Times New Roman, with a 1-inch margin all around.
You can add as many appendices as you feel necessary, but remember that the page limitfor the mid-term (excluding exhibits) is 4 pages, i.e., 2 pages per newspaper article.
· You do not need to seek additional information beyond what is provided in the articles.
GOOD LUCK!
Geely to build satellites for self-driving cars - Financial Times (US), 3/4... https://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/ODN/FTUS/PrintArticle.aspx?d...
Automobiles
CHRISTIAN SHEPHERD — BEIJING
Geely is aiming to be the first China carmaker to design and build satellites to support its autonomous driving programme, the latest step by founder Li Shufu in his bid to build an industry leader.
Geely, which owns Swedish brand Volvo Cars, Malaysia’s Proton, and a stake in Mercedes-Benz owner Daimler, will invest Rmb2.27bn ($325m) in a new development centre and factory to manufacture satellites this year, the company said yesterday.
The announcement makes Geely the first known Chinese carmaker with plans to build its own satellites. Mr Li’s move sparked comparisons in China media with Elon Musk, founder of electric carmaker Tesla and private space exploration company SpaceX.
Last month Geely drew comparisons with Volkswagen when Mr Li’s holding group announced plans to merge Geely Automobile and Volvo Cars, moving the company towards becoming the first global Chinese carmaker.
Che Jun, Communist party boss of China’s eastern Zhejiang province, where Geely is based, said that the complex would be built in Taizhou city and that construction had begun.
The centre will design, test and manufacture low-orbit communication satellites, purpose-built to improve geolocation of vehicles and to support their connected functions, Geely said.
Geely has been pouring money into new technologies from self-driving cars to flying taxis, spending Rmb20bn on research and development in the past year.
The investments are part of the group’s spend on global expansion, such as buying a $9bn stake in Daimler.
The announcement comes as the coronavirus outbre.
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Designing the Experiment
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Sample and Sampling Procedure
I will recruit a sample of approximately 1000 students from introductory psychology, sociology, and criminology courses at Pennsylvania State University. Students will be offered extra credit for participating. I will send recruitment and reminder emails with a link to the online study. Students can only participate once but can earn credit for multiple courses. This is a sample of convenience but college students are regularly used in jury decision making research.
Independent and Dependent Variables
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Running head: INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 1
INEFFECTIVENESS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 8
Ineffectiveness of the Capital Punishment System
Name
Introduction
Capital punishment is one of the major social issues affecting the sustenance of peace, democracy and mutual coexistence in the United States. Capital punishment is sometimes referred to as the death penalty and is largely recognized as a lawful sentence in 31 out of 50 states found in the United States. The Eighth Amendment constrains the application to disturbed killings submitted by rationally capable grown-ups. Historical analysis reveal that this mode of punishment began officially in 1776 after being authorized for identical law offences in the greater part of the American provinces preceding the country’s independence. This paper seeks to establish the ineffectiveness of the entire system and conclude by providing alternative solutions.
Problem Statement
According to Melusky and Pesto (2011), capital punishment in America is a broken procedure existing as a major social challenge. Currently, many opponents have risen to criticize and champion for the abolishment of the capital punishment due to its alleged ineffectiveness. These forms of punishments are anticipated not by the grievousness of the wrongdoing but rather by the low quality of the safeguard legal advisors, the race of the blamed or the casualty, and the district and state in which the wrongdoing happened.
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Current Statistical Overview
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Annotated Bibliography
Joshua D. Musick
PSAD 410 7980 Public Safety Research and Technology
Professor: Angela Edwards
University of Maryland University College
April 6, 2019
Institution
Spouse violence
This is a type of domestic violence and it magnitude can be determined based data from government agencies and pieces of research by scholars. Some factors such as drug abuse, money problems, and health of community contribute and cause spouse violence.
Thesis: Spouse violence is important public safety concern and it reflects quality of intimate partner life.
Kaur, R., & Garg, S. (2008). Addressing Domestic Violence Against Women: An Unfinished Agenda. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(2), 73–76. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.40871
According to this journal, domestic violence affect many sectors of social system such as health systems and the development of a nation. Also, the researcher believe the problem is widely dispersed geographically and has serious impact on the victim, mostly women. Based on research conducted in this journal, 85% of violent abuse target women compared to 3% of abuse experienced by men. Some of the causes of domestic violence are cultural mores, economic and political conditions, and religious practices precede the violence. The authors further argue that spouse violence undermine economic, spiritual, economic, and psychological wellbeing of victim, the perpetrator and society. According to research, an incident of spouse violence translate to lose of minimum of seven working days. In US the loss due to domestic violence is about 12.6 billion dollars annually.
Alejo, K. (2014). Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Effects of Domestic Violence. Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science, 2(5), 82-90.
This is a qualitative journal and it used existing studies to determine the magnitude and effect of spouse violence. According to the author domestic violence against men considered mild to society and parties affected. Further this paper shows that men and women who suffer from long-term health problems have high potential of causing domestic violence. The likelihood to cause violence is determined by the published statistic on prevalence of spouse violence in heterosexual relationships. The researchers analyze the results from existing studies to determine health effect of the spouse violence. According to the findings both men and women sustain injuries, however, women suffer more.
M. Pilar Matud. (2007). Dating Violence and Domestic Violence. Journal of Adolescent and health, 40(4), 295–297.
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The document discusses the relationship between mental illness and violence. It finds that the majority of mentally ill individuals are not violent and that substance abuse is a major determinant of violence. It describes the neurobiology of aggression and the cycle of assault. Understanding these principles can help with managing aggression.
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Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
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Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
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Most patients with mental health disorders are not aggressive. However, it is important for nurses to be able to know the signs and symptoms associated with the five phases of aggression, and to appropriately apply nursing interventions to assist in treating aggressive patients. Please read the case study below and answer the four questions related to it.
Aggression Case Study
Christopher, who is 14 years of age, was recently admitted to the hospital for schizophrenia. He has a history of aggressive behavior and states that the devil is telling him to kill all adults because they want to hurt him. Christopher has a history of recidivism and noncompliance with his medications. One day on the unit, the nurse observes Christopher displaying hypervigilant behaviors, pacing back and forth down the hallway, and speaking to himself under his breath. As the nurse runs over to Christopher to talk, he sees that his bedroom door is open and runs into his room and shuts the door. The nurse responds by attempting to open the door, but Christopher keeps pulling the door shut and tells the nurse that if the nurse comes in the room he will choke the nurse. The nurse responds by calling other staff to assist with the situation.
1. What phase of the aggression cycle is Christopher in at the beginning of this scenario? What phase is he in at the end the scenario? (State the evidence that supports your answers).
2. What interventions could have been implemented to prevent Christopher from escalating at the beginning of the scenario?
3. What interventions should the nurse take to deescalate the situation when Christopher is refusing to open his door?
4. If a restrictive intervention (restraint/seclusion) is used, what are some important steps for the nurse to remember?
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Goals(REQUIRED)
List and explain three concrete goals related to living and studying abroad that you will set for yourself to get the most out of this opportunity.
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1) Go to
https://www.usa.gov
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2) Next, click on the menu tab labelled “Government Agencies and Elected Officials.”
3) Then, click on “A-Z Index of U.S. Government Agencies.”
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Mr. Smith brings his 4-year-old son to your primary care office. He states the boy has been ill for three days. Mr. Smith indicates that he would like antibiotics so he can send his son back to pre-school the next day.
History - Child began with sneezing, mild cough, and low grade fever of 100 degrees three days ago. All immunizations UTD. Father reports that the child has had only two incidents of URI and no other illnesses.
Social - non-smoking household. Child attends preschool four mornings a week and is insured through his father’s employment. No other siblings in the household.
PE/ROS -T 99, R 20, P 100. Alert, cooperative, in good spirits, well-hydrated. Mildly erythemic throat, no exudate, tonsils +2. Both ears mild pink tympanic membrane with good movement. Lungs clear bilaterally. All other systems WNL.
Do not consider COVID-19 for this patient diagnosis.
.
Mrs. Walsh, a woman in her 70s, was in critical condition after rep.docxhelzerpatrina
“Mrs. Walsh, a woman in her 70s, was in critical condition after repeat coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Her family lived nearby when Mrs. Walsh had her first CABG surgery. They had moved out of town but returned to our institution, where the first surgery had been performed successfully. Mrs. Walsh remained critically ill and unstable for several weeks before her death. Her family was very anxious because of Mrs. Walsh’s unstable and deteriorating condition, and a family member was always with her 24 hours a day for the first few weeks.
The nurse became involved with this family while Mrs. Walsh was still in surgery, because family members were very anxious that the procedure was taking longer than it had the first time and made repeated calls to the critical care unit to ask about the patient. The nurse met with the family and offered to go into the operating room to talk with the cardiac surgeon to better inform the family of their mother’s status.
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The nurse related that there was a tradition in this particular critical care unit not to involve family members in care. She broke that tradition when she responded to the son’s and the daughter’s helpless feelings by teaching them some simple things that they could do for their mother. They learned to give some basic care, such as bathing her. The nurse acknowledged that involving family members in direct patient care with a critically ill patient is complex and requires knowledge and sensitivity. She believes that a developmental process is involved when nurses learn to work with families.
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MSN 5550 Health Promotion: Prevention of Disease Case Study Module 2 Instructions: Read the following case study and answer the reflective questions.
Please provide rationales for your answers. Make sure to provide a citation for your answers. Deadline: CASE STUDY:
An Older Immigrant Couple: Mr. and Mrs. Arahan Mr. and Mrs. Arahan, an older couple in their seventies, have been living with their oldest daughter, her husband of 15 years, and their two children, ages 12 and 14. They all live in a middle-income neighborhood in a suburb of a metropolitan city. Mr. and Mrs. Arahan are both college educated and worked full-time while they were in their native country. In addition, Mr. Arahan, the only offspring of wealthy parents, inherited a substantial amount of money and real estate. Their daughter came to the United States as a registered nurse and met her husband, a drug company representative. The older couple moved to the United States when their daughter became a U.S. citizen and petitioned them as immigrants. Since the couple was facing retirement, they welcomed the opportunity to come to the United States. The Arahans found life in the United States different from that in their home country, but their adjustment was not as difficult because both were healthy and spoke English fluently. Most of their time was spent taking care of their two grandchildren and the house. As the grandchildren grew older, the older couple found that they had more spare time. The daughter and her husband advanced in their careers and spent a great deal more time at their jobs. There were few family dinners during the week. On weekends, the daughter, her husband, and their children socialized with their own friends. The couple began to feel isolated and longed for a more active life. Mr. and Mrs. Arahan began to think that perhaps they should return to the home country, where they still had relatives and friends. However, political and economic issues would have made it difficult for them to live there. Besides, they had become accustomed to the way of life in the United States with all the modern conveniences and abundance of goods that were difficult to obtain in their country. However, they also became concerned that they might not be able to tolerate the winter months and that minor health problems might worsen as they aged. They wondered who would take care of them if they became very frail and where they would live, knowing that their daughter had only saved money for their grandchildren’s college education. They expressed their sentiments to their daughter, who became very concerned about how her parents were feeling. This older couple had been attending church on a regular basis, but had never been active in other church-related activities. The church bulletin announced the establishment of parish nursing with two retired registered nurses as volunteers. The couple attended the first opening of the parish clinic. Here, they met one of the registered nur.
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MSEL Strategy Mid-term Instructions Miguel Rivera-Santos
Format of the Mid-term
· You will find three recent newspaper articles describing a strategic move or a strategic decision in this document. Choose two out of these three articles and, for each of the two articles you have selected, answer the following two questions:
· Q1: What is (are) the issue(s) for the main company in the article? How do you assess the company’s strategic decision(s)? What additional information and what specific analyses would you conduct to fully understand the issue(s) and the decision(s)?
· Q2: What alternative recommendation would you consider in response to the issue(s)? What additional information/analyses would you need for this alternative recommendation? How could it be implemented?
· For each article, the combined answers to these two questions should be no longer than 2 single-spaced pages, in 12-point Times New Roman, with a 1-inch margin all around.
You can add as many appendices as you feel necessary, but remember that the page limitfor the mid-term (excluding exhibits) is 4 pages, i.e., 2 pages per newspaper article.
· You do not need to seek additional information beyond what is provided in the articles.
GOOD LUCK!
Geely to build satellites for self-driving cars - Financial Times (US), 3/4... https://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/ODN/FTUS/PrintArticle.aspx?d...
Automobiles
CHRISTIAN SHEPHERD — BEIJING
Geely is aiming to be the first China carmaker to design and build satellites to support its autonomous driving programme, the latest step by founder Li Shufu in his bid to build an industry leader.
Geely, which owns Swedish brand Volvo Cars, Malaysia’s Proton, and a stake in Mercedes-Benz owner Daimler, will invest Rmb2.27bn ($325m) in a new development centre and factory to manufacture satellites this year, the company said yesterday.
The announcement makes Geely the first known Chinese carmaker with plans to build its own satellites. Mr Li’s move sparked comparisons in China media with Elon Musk, founder of electric carmaker Tesla and private space exploration company SpaceX.
Last month Geely drew comparisons with Volkswagen when Mr Li’s holding group announced plans to merge Geely Automobile and Volvo Cars, moving the company towards becoming the first global Chinese carmaker.
Che Jun, Communist party boss of China’s eastern Zhejiang province, where Geely is based, said that the complex would be built in Taizhou city and that construction had begun.
The centre will design, test and manufacture low-orbit communication satellites, purpose-built to improve geolocation of vehicles and to support their connected functions, Geely said.
Geely has been pouring money into new technologies from self-driving cars to flying taxis, spending Rmb20bn on research and development in the past year.
The investments are part of the group’s spend on global expansion, such as buying a $9bn stake in Daimler.
The announcement comes as the coronavirus outbre.
Much of the focus in network security centers upon measures in preve.docxhelzerpatrina
Network security focuses on preventing intrusions and handling security events, but there is debate around proactive measures an organization should take. Practical proactive measures could include monitoring for suspicious activity and strengthening access controls. Biblical principles suggest taking reasonable precautions against probable threats, though excessive measures may violate ethics of non-aggression or forgiveness.
Mt. Baker Hazards Hazard Rating Score High silic.docxhelzerpatrina
Mt. Baker
Hazards
Hazard Rating Score
High silica content of eruptive products, >60% (andesite/dacite/rhyolite)
Major explosive activity within last 500 years
Major explosive activity within last 5000 years
Pyroclastic flows within last 500 years
Mudflows (lahars) within the last 500 years
Destructive tsunami within last 500 years
Occurrence of frequent volcano-seismic crises (volcanic earthquake swarms)
Occurrence of significant ground deformation within last 50 years
SCORE
Risk
Risk Rating Score
Population at risk >100
Population at risk >1,000
Population at risk >10,000
Population at risk >100,000
Population at risk >1,000,000
Historical fatalities
Evacuation as a result of historical eruption(s)
SCORE
TOTAL SCORE ___________
For each of the above queries to which the answer is yes, score 1. For an answer of no, score 0.
If no information is found, assume the answer is no and score 0.
Mt. Hood
Hazards
Hazard Rating Score
High silica content of eruptive products, >60% (andesite/dacite/rhyolite)
Major explosive activity within last 500 years
Major explosive activity within last 5000 years
Pyroclastic flows within last 500 years
Mudflows (lahars) within the last 500 years
Destructive tsunami within last 500 years
Occurrence of frequent volcano-seismic crises (volcanic earthquake swarms)
Occurrence of significant ground deformation within last 50 years
SCORE
Risk
Risk Rating Score
Population at risk >100
Population at risk >1,000
Population at risk >10,000
Population at risk >100,000
Population at risk >1,000,000
Historical fatalities
Evacuation as a result of historical eruption(s)
SCORE
TOTAL SCORE ___________
For each of the above queries to which the answer is yes, score 1. For an answer of no, score 0.
If no information is found, assume the answer is no and score 0.
Mt. Rainier
Hazards
Hazard Rating Score
High silica content of eruptive products, >60% (andesite/dacite/rhyolite)
Major explosive activity within last 500 years
Major explosive activity within last 5000 years
Pyroclastic flows within last 500 years
Mudflows (lahars) within the last 500 years
Destructive tsunami within last 500 years
Occurrence of frequent volcano-seismic crises (volcanic earthquake swarms)
Occurrence of significant ground deformation within last 50 years
SCORE
Risk
Risk Rating Score
Population at risk >100
Population at risk >1,000
Population at risk >10,000
Population at risk >100,000
Population at risk >1,000,000
Historical fatalities
Evacuation as a result of historical eruption(s)
SCORE
TOTAL SCORE ___________
For each of the above queries to which the answer is yes, score 1. For an answer of no, score 0.
If no information is found, assume the answer is no and score 0.
Mt. St. Helens
Hazards
Hazard Rating Score
High.
Motivation and Cognitive FactorsQuestion AAlfred Hit.docxhelzerpatrina
Motivation and Cognitive Factors
Question A
Alfred Hitchcock reputedly said, “When an actor comes to me and wants to discuss his character, I say, “It’s in the script.” If he says, “But what’s my motivation,” I say, “Your salary.” Discuss motivation based on extrinsic rewards in comparison to that motivated by intrinsic rewards. Are different types of motivations preferable for different tasks? Remember to explain and cite educational sources to support the ideas within the post.
Question B
Social cognitive theory suggests that our beliefs and feelings influence our behavior. What beliefs (cognitive factors) might be related to the specific behavior of going to college? Remember to explain and cite educational sources to support the ideas within the post.
OR
Select one of the personality tests from
Similar Minds
. Take the test, read your results and reproduce them in your journal. What parts of the results ring true to you? What do not? Remember to explain and cite educational sources to support the ideas within the post.
View your discussion
rubric
.
13
.
Motivation in OrganizationsMotivation i.docxhelzerpatrina
Motivation in Organizations
*
Motivation in Organizations
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Preview:
Motivation in OrganizationsWhat do individuals need to do to meet a personal goal? What are the most important sources of work motivation (e.g., money? recognition? other?)What do you think makes for effective goal-setting? What happens when people feel that they are underpaid compared to their peers? What do people need to believe about a possible reward, in order for it to be motivating?
Components of motivation: What are the basic components of motivation? Page Ref: 214
Motivation: What motivates people to work? What are the most important sources of work motivation? Page Ref: 215
Guidelines for setting effective performance goals: What are they? Page Ref: 220-223
Equity Theory: What are some possible reactions to inequity? Page Ref: 226-227
Expectancy Theory: What are the three types of beliefs that people have, and what do they mean? Page Ref: 230
Copyright
Learning ObjectivesDefine motivation and explain its importance in the field of organizational behavior.Identify and explain the conditions through which goal setting can be used to improve job performance.
Learning ObjectivesDescribe equity theory and how it may be applied to motivating people in organizations.Describe expectancy theory and how it may be applied in organizations.
*
Today’s AgendaMotivationGoal SettingEquity TheoryExpectancy Theory
*
Today’s AgendaMotivationGoal SettingEquity TheoryExpectancy Theory
*
The set of processes thatarousedirect, and maintain
human behavior toward attaining some goal
Motivation
*
Motivation Components
*
Motivation
Key PointsMotivation and job performance are not synonymousMotivation is multifacetedPeople are motivated by more than just money
*
What Motivates You to Work?
*
What Motivates People to Work?
*
Today’s AgendaMotivationGoal SettingEquity TheoryExpectancy Theory
*
Goal Setting
*
Goal Setting
Do you have goals?Have you been successful in meeting them?What do you think are important characteristics of attainable goals?How does it make you feel to achieve goals?
*
Goal Setting Guidelines
For ManagersAssign specific goalsAssign difficult, but acceptable, performance goalsstretch goalsProvide feedback on goal attainment
*
Today’s AgendaMotivationGoal SettingEquity TheoryExpectancy Theory
*
Equity TheoryPeople strive to maintain ratios of their own outcomes (rewards) to their own inputs (contributions) that are equal to the outcome / input ratios of others with whom they compare themselves
*
Equity Theory
Possible Reactions to Inequity
*
Equity Theory
Managerial ImplicationsAvoid underpaymentAvoid overpaymentBe honest and open with employees
*
Equity Theory
Pay Practices in the NewsPay Practices at Reddit, Google and Gravity Payments
*
Equity Theory
Pay Practices in the NewsQuestions to co.
Motivations to Support Charity-Linked Events After Exposure to.docxhelzerpatrina
Motivations to Support Charity-Linked Events After Exposure to
Facebook Appeals: Emotional Cause Identification and Distinct
Self-Determined Regulations
Kaspar Schattke
Université du Québec à Montréal
Ronald Ferguson and Michèle Paulin
Concordia University
Nonprofit organizations are increasingly dependent on the involvement of Millennial
constituencies. Three studies investigated their motivations to support charity-linked
events: emotional identification with a cause, self-determination theory (SDT) regula-
tions, and context-related Facebook promotions. This article addresses the recent call to
expand SDT research from a simple analysis of autonomous versus controlled moti-
vation, to studying the effects of all the regulations in the SDT continuum, in particular,
the inclusion of the tripartite dimensions of intrinsic motivation and integrated moti-
vation. Results demonstrated that the greater the emotional identification with the
cause, the stronger was the tendency to support the charity-linked event. Also, the
results in these social media contexts revealed that specific intrinsic dimensions (e.g.,
experience stimulation) are motivators of online and offline support, as is the personal
value nature of integrated regulation. Whereas only autonomous motivational regula-
tions predicted support for the two events organized specifically a for charitable causes,
both autonomous and controlled regulations predicted support of a for-profit event
organized with a charitable cause as an adjunct. These findings can assist practitioners
in designing more effective social media communications in support of charity-linked
events.
Keywords: social media, self-determination theory, integrated regulation, tripartite
model of intrinsic motivation, charitable causes
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mot0000085.supp
Social media is a new domain offering excit-
ing opportunities to investigate research ques-
tions in social psychology (Greitemeyer, 2011;
Kende, Ujhelyi, Joinson, & Greitemeyer, 2015).
Our research examined motivation to support
charity-linked events of nonprofit organizations
that are currently faced with increased compe-
tition for resources and declining government
support (Paulin, Ferguson, Jost, & Fallu, 2014;
Reed, Aquino, & Levy, 2007; White & Peloza,
2009). Presently, they depend on an ageing set
of traditional supporters (Urbain, Gonzalez, &
Le Gall-Ely, 2013). However, their future suc-
cess lies in ensuring the sustainable involve-
ment of the Millennial generation (Fine, 2009),
distinguished from other generations by their
intense exposure at an early age to interactive
technology and social media (Bolton et al.,
2013).
Facebook, the most detailed social media, is
used primarily to maintain or solidify existing
offline relationships allowing people to develop
a public or semipublic profile and to emotion-
ally participate with those whom they can share
This article was published Online First December .
Mrs. Walsh, a woman in her 70s, was in critical condition after.docxhelzerpatrina
“Mrs. Walsh, a woman in her 70s, was in critical condition after repeat coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Her family lived nearby when Mrs. Walsh had her first CABG surgery. They had moved out of town but returned to our institution, where the first surgery had been performed successfully. Mrs. Walsh remained critically ill and unstable for several weeks before her death. Her family was very anxious because of Mrs. Walsh’s unstable and deteriorating condition, and a family member was always with her 24 hours a day for the first few weeks.
The nurse became involved with this family while Mrs. Walsh was still in surgery, because family members were very anxious that the procedure was taking longer than it had the first time and made repeated calls to the critical care unit to ask about the patient. The nurse met with the family and offered to go into the operating room to talk with the cardiac surgeon to better inform the family of their mother’s status.
· One of the helpful things the nurse did to assist this family was to establish a consistent group of nurses to work with Mrs. Walsh, so that family members could establish trust and feel more confident about the care their mother was receiving. This eventually enabled family members to leave the hospital for intervals to get some rest. The nurse related that this was a family whose members were affluent, educated, and well informed, and that they came in prepared with lists of questions. A consistent group of nurses who were familiar with Mrs. Walsh’s particular situation helped both family members and nurses to be more satisfied and less anxious. The family developed a close relationship with the three nurses who consistently cared for Mrs. Walsh and shared with them details about Mrs. Walsh and her life.
· The nurse related that there was a tradition in this particular critical care unit not to involve family members in care. She broke that tradition when she responded to the son’s and the daughter’s helpless feelings by teaching them some simple things that they could do for their mother. They learned to give some basic care, such as bathing her. The nurse acknowledged that involving family members in direct patient care with a critically ill patient is complex and requires knowledge and sensitivity. She believes that a developmental process is involved when nurses learn to work with families.
· She noted that after a nurse has lots of experience and feels very comfortable with highly technical skills, it becomes okay for family members to be in the room when care is provided. She pointed out that direct observation by anxious family members can be disconcerting to those who are insecure with their skills when family members ask things like, “Why are you doing this? Nurse ‘So and So’ does it differently.” She commented that nurses learn to be flexible and to reset priorities. They should be able to let some things wait that do not need to be done right away to give the famil.
MOVIE TITLE IS LIAR LIAR starring JIM CARREYProvide the name o.docxhelzerpatrina
MOVIE TITLE IS LIAR LIAR starring JIM CARREY
Provide the name of the movie, television series, or streaming series you chose, including a summary of the content, and explain why you selected it.
What are your impressions of the environments (include graphic elements)?
Pay attention to the relationships and communication occurring in the movie. How are people greeting each other? How are people interacting? Do you think you can tell the relationships of the people based on their verbal and nonverbal behaviors? Why or why not?
What are the cultural verbal cues that you notice in the movie?
What are the cultural nonverbal cues that you notice in the movie?
Describe two of the characters' use of language including word arrangement, word choice, and intended meaning.
Summarize how your content choice provided sufficient detail allowing you to describe the roles of verbal and nonverbal elements in communication and how the two forms of communication work in conjunction.
.
mple selection, and assignment to groups (as applicable). Describe.docxhelzerpatrina
The document outlines the process and procedures for a research project. It discusses obtaining informed consent from participants, analyzing demographic and other collected data through descriptive statistics, and addressing each research question or PICOT question through specific inferential statistics. It also covers ensuring the data meets assumptions for the statistics used and setting an alpha level. Finally, it addresses considering and dealing with any ethical issues regarding methodology, design, data collection, anonymity, confidentiality, informed consent, and conflicts of interest in line with the Belmont Report.
More and more businesses have integrated social media into every asp.docxhelzerpatrina
More and more businesses have integrated social media into every aspect of their communication strategies and there are many recent examples of employees being fired from their jobs for personal social media postings. Discuss the benefits and pitfalls of using social media within businesses and if you think it is ethical for business to fire employees for personal use of social media. How can you monitor and control your own social media activities to prevent such a professional conflict?
.
Module Five Directions for the ComparisonContrast EssayWrite a.docxhelzerpatrina
The document provides directions for writing a five paragraph comparison/contrast essay on NASA's past Apollo missions to the Moon and planned future missions to Mars. Students are asked to use MLA style with sources cited and include photos/illustrations to document the similarities and differences between the two missions. NASA.gov is listed as a primary source for quotations and the works cited page, along with other sources from the library databases or Google. A sample outline is provided with an introduction, paragraphs on similarities/differences, and a conclusion.
Monica asked that we meet to see if I could help to reduce the d.docxhelzerpatrina
Monica asked that we meet to see if I could help to reduce the differences between them. When the time came, she started the conversation by saying that Richard wasn’t saving any money at all. They hadn’t started implementing. She said he spent a good deal of time buy- ing and selling stocks. He seemed to be influenced by the weekly ups and downs of the market. At least temporarily, however, he had raised the quality of the stocks he was buying.
Richard seemed a little annoyed and said that Monica never wanted to sell any securities. She almost always told him to wait. She said the shares would come back. When I asked what money meant to them, Richard said an opportunity to gamble and Monica replied a chance to lose what you’ve accumulated. As far as their long-term goals were concerned, Richard said he had no real long-term goals. The future was too fickle. He said who knew what fate had in store for them. Monica’s goal was to feel secure. I had the feeling that her remark was in response to Richard’s behavior. She wouldn’t allow herself to think of anything beyond security until Richard’s activities could be controlled.
Case Application Questions
1. What should be done about Richard’s spending?
2. What kind of investment behavior is Richard demonstrating?What can be done about it? 3. What is Monica’s investment behavior called? How can it be helped?
4. Contrast their two views of money. Do you have any recommendations?
5. How can Monica’s fears be dealt with?
.
Module 6 AssignmentPlease list and describe four types of Cy.docxhelzerpatrina
Module 6 Assignment
Please list and describe four types of Cyber crime.
Rubric for Assignment submission
Criterion
Description
Points possible
Content
Student posts and describes four types of Cyber crimes
40
Word count
500 words
10
Total Points possible
50
.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Wheres my justice shooting victim wonders as former Mari.docx
1. 'Where's my justice?' shooting victim wonders as
former Marine gets probation
By DALE VINCENT
New Hampshire Union Leader
MANCHESTER — “Where’s my justice? Where’s my justice?”
shooting victim
Josephine Otim cried Tuesday as she stood outside the
courtroom where the former
Marine who pulled the trigger was placed on probation for five
years.
Hillsborough County Superior Court North Judge Gillian
Abramson said she didn’t
believe the New Hampshire State Prison system could give
Thomas Landry, now 27,
the treatment he needs for his Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD). She gave him
suspended sentences of 7 1/2 to 15 years and 3 1/2 to seven
years for the random
shooting in which Otim was injured.
Abramson acknowledged that Otim, the mother of a young
child, had come to this
country from war-torn Sudan, “expecting and deserving
sanctuary and security.”
But on the night of July 15, 2013, Otim was shot as she sat in
friend Shaquwan’da
Allen’s car on Somerville Street after completing a double shift
as an LNA at a Bedford
2. nursing home.
Landry, who police said had been drinking the night of the
shooting and was on various
medications — 26 prescription bottles bearing his name were
found at his residence —
walked up to Allen’s car, so close that if she had opened the
door it would have hit him.
It was then he fired the Sig Sauer P229 he carried in a back
waist holster and hit Otim in
the leg. After two surgeries, she still walks with a limp.
“I’ve been through wars ...,” Otim said Tuesday in court. “You
took me to the worst
nightmare of my life ... I can’t trust anyone because of you.”
Landry pleaded guilty to felonies of first-degree assault and
criminal threatening.
The medical director for the New Hampshire State Prison
System, Dr. David Potenza,
told Abramson Tuesday there were programs, including
medications, for veterans and
other men with PTSD at the state prisons. But Landry’s new
Massachusetts clinical
psychologist, Dr. William Newman, said that his methods could
“cure” Landry of his
PTSD.
He said his treatment includes hypnosis, yoga and tai chi,
meditation and mindfulness,
but no medications; he has been seeing Landry twice a week
since September.
3. “I’m optimistic about his prognosis,” Newman said.
Newman told Abramson he doesn’t believe Landry would be
helped in prison. “They
give medication and I know that’s not going to work,” he said.
Abramson said she was impressed with Landry’s reported
progress and that he entered
a plea that eliminated the need for a trial that would further
traumatize Otim and Allen.
Saying the two women may not agree with her sentence,
Abramson said: “I ask that you
trust me.”
If there is any violation of probation, she promised, Landry will
go to prison.
Conditions of the suspended sentences include 500 hours of
community service within
18 months, continued in- and out-patient counseling, alcohol
and drug screening,
restitution to his victim and the victim compensation fund and a
letter of apology to Otim
and Allen.
Landry, who lived near the shooting scene at the time but now
lives in Massachusetts,
is barred from any contact with the two women and is barred
from possessing firearms.
Abramson ordered review hearings every 90 days and said any
violation of probation,
which will include random urinalysis to ensure Landry isn’t
using alcohol or marijuana,
will result in a termination of probation and imposition of the
4. jail sentences, which were
suspended for 10 years and would be consecutive if imposed.
Assistant Hillsborough County Attorney Charlene Dulac, who
had requested the prison
sentences, said the night of the shooting Landry “lied to protect
himself and avoid
responsibility.” She said there’s no question he has a mental
illness, but his “random
and unprovoked attack ... created another PTSD victim.”
Both the prosecution and defense can request sentence review
by a three-judge panel.
'Where's my justice?' shooting victim wonders as former Marine
gets probation
The Fertility Transition in Africa
Author(s): Ezekiel Kalipeni
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp.
286-300
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/215274
Accessed: 06-04-2020 22:24 UTC
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https://about.jstor.org/terms
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Geographical Review
This content downloaded from 107.77.201.20 on Mon, 06 Apr
2020 22:24:36 UTC
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THE FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA*
EZEKIEL KALIPENI
ABSTRACT. Some African countries may be going through the
initial stages of
the fertility transition. In this article multivariate analysis
based on country-level
data from 1980 and 1993 assesses spatial variations and
changes in fertility rates.
Demographic and socioeconomic factors such as education,
rural or urban resi-
dence, status of women, and use of contraceptives are
important factors in
determining the onset of the fertility transition. Over the long
term, fertility will
decline to acceptable levels as Africa continues to experience
socioeconomic
and cultural changes. Of special importance in the transition is
6. the status of
women in society. Key words: Africa, contraceptive
prevalence, female autonomy,
fertility transition, infant mortality rates, population growth.
D uring the past twenty years apparent high growth rates and
their
implications for the environment have been important emphases
in population studies. A growing popular consensus assumes
that high
population growth rates in Africa are adversely affecting the
environ-
ment (Mott and Mott 1980; Goliber 1989; Jolly 1994; Kalipeni
1994;
Shapiro 1995). According to this consensus, the increasing
pressure of
population on limited resources results in destruction of the
carrying
capacity and hence in declining standards of living. Other
interpretations
contend that in an efficient market a growing population can
encourage
innovation and the development of advanced technologies
(Boserup
1981; Simon 1983; Shipton 1989).
These debates have determined how scholars study the
dynamics of
fertility in Africa and have influenced policies about fertility.
According
to the consensus that high fertility rates and rapid population
growth are
the major factors in environmental degradation and a declining
quality
of life, investment of large financial resources in family-
7. planning activi-
ties is justified. The study of fertility patterns has emphasized
why the
rates remain high despite a substantial decline in both adult and
infant
mortality rates since the 1950s (Okore 1987; Omideyi 1987;
Udjo 1987;
Mhloyi 1987).
This article adds the largely neglected spatial dimension to the
discus-
sion of African fertility through a geographical or spatial-
temporal frame-
work for the precepts of the demographic transition theory.
Data from
demographic and health surveys (DHS) indicate that fertility
levels in
Africa have begun to decline, and research supports the thesis
that some
* I thank Ellen Kraly and Eliya Zulu for insightful comments
on a draft of this article. I am very grateful
to Zhen Hou for her untiring research efforts. A grant from the
University of Illinois Research Board
funded the research.
DR. KALIPENI is an assistant professor of geography at the
University of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois 61801.
Copyright ? 1996 by the American Geographical Society of
New York
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8. FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA
African countries-Zimbabwe, Botswana, Kenya, and Nigeria,
for exam-
ple-may be in the initial stages of an irreversible fertility
transition (van
de Walle and Foster 1990; Cross, Obungu, and Kizito 1991;
Caldwell,
Orubuloye, and Caldwell 1992).
The central objective of this article is to examine the
geographical
variation in fertility rates by country throughout Africa in order
to iden-
tify some of the underlying influences. Quantitative techniques
are used
to provide confidence in any inferences drawn from the
analyzed data.
Cultural and socioeconomic factors are hypothesized to be
important
spatial correlates in the variation of fertility and consequently
the onset
of the fertility transition now under way.
DATA AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Multivariate analysis explains the observed patterns of African
fertil-
ity. Country-level data from 1980 and 1993 are used in this
analysis to
assess the spatial variation and change in fertility rates.
Socioeconomic
and demographic factors include education, rural or urban
9. residence,
income levels, status of women as measured by the HDI, infant
mortality
rates, and contraceptive prevalence. Pairwise t-test for means,
analysis of
variance, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple-regression
tech-
niques are employed to determine the levels of regional
variations and to
account for the observed spatial variation of fertility rates. The
continent
is divided into five regions-north, west, east, middle, and
south-as
suggested by the Population Reference Bureau. These regions
exhibit
different sociocultural and economic characteristics.
Initially, the spatial relationships among fourteen independent
vari-
ables and six measures of fertility were examined (Table I).
The choice of
variables was dictated by the availability of data; therefore, the
inde-
pendent variables may not necessarily be the best. Also, the
quality of
data depends on their source. However, data from other
sources, espe-
cially the recently completed demographic and health surveys,
show
similar trends and corroborate the findings of this study.
The choice of variables was also based on the causal model of
demo-
graphic transition. Proponents of this model generally agree
that socio-
10. economic development is the basic cause of fertility decline
(Beaver 1975).
The model highlights at least four phenomena that are
interrelated via
social, economic, and psychological mechanisms: urbanization,
educa-
tion, nonkinship institutions, and consumption levels or
standards of
living. Social structure includes the relaxation of gender-role
restrictions
on women, the decreased predominance of extended kinship
systems,
and the reduced value of children. Furthermore, the model
accounts for
the effect of other demographic variables such as infant
mortality and
technological advances on contraceptive availability and use.
To opera-
tionalize this model, six multivariate linear models stressing
the nature
287
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
TABLE I-DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Dependent variables
Crude birthrate 1980
Crude birthrate 1993
11. Percent change in crude birthrate 1980-1993
Total fertility rate 1980
Total fertility rate 1993
Percent change in total fertility rate 1980-1993
Pairwise difference in crude birthrate 1980-1993
Pairwise difference in total fertility rate 1980-1993
Independent variables
Socioeconomic
Gross national product 1980
Gross national product 1993
Primary-school enrollment ratio 1980
Percent urban population 1980
Percent urban population 1993
Percent change in urban population 1980-1993
Human development index for females
Demographic
Infant mortality rate 1980
Infant mortality rate 1993
Percent change in infant mortality 1980-1993
Overall program effort score and family planning
Policy concerning fertility reduction
Prevalence of modem contraceptives
Governmental view of fertility levels
and direction of the relationship between the chosen
demographic and
socioeconomic variables were formulated. Their form is:
Y = a + PIX1 + -2X2 + p3X3 ... E
where Y is the dependent variable, a measure of fertility; a is
12. the Y-inter-
cept or constant; p is the regression coefficient; X is the
independent
variable associated with fertility; and e is the error term.
A FACILE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION?
A World Bank study in 1994 noted the dramatic improvement
of health
in sub-Saharan Africa during the previous two decades (Shaw
1994). The
infant mortality rate had declined by 33 percent, from a high of
145 infant
deaths per 1,000 live births in 1970 to 104 per 1,000 live births
in 1992. The
mortality rate for children under the age of five fell 17 percent
between
1975 and 1990. In low-income Africa, between the late 1970s
and the late
1980s mortality for the under-five age cohort declined 41
percent in
Botswana, 32 percent in Burundi, 31 percent in Mali, and 33
percent in
Senegal. Declines have been more rapid in North Africa, with
mortality
of the under-five age cohort dropping by 50 percent in Egypt
and by
288
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13. FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA
around 40 percent in Morocco and Tunisia over the same period
(Sullivan
1991). Life expectancy at birth is currently estimated to be 52
years for
men and 55 years for women and has increased approximately 4
years
every decade since the 1950s (African Development Bank
1992; Popula-
tion Reference Bureau 1993). These gains are remarkable, but
the chal-
lenges of providing accessible health care are immense. The
risk of death
remains markedly higher at all ages in Africa than it does in
other major
world regions.
It has been contended that sub-Saharan Africa has not yet
experienced
a genuine demographic transition and that it is doubtful
whether the
continent will achieve the transition in a timely fashion
(Teitelbaum 1975).
The main factor in achieving the transition is socioeconomic
develop-
ment. The demographic transition postulates a necessary,
causal link
between modernization and fertility reduction. It explains
fertility and
population growth solely in socioeconomic terms: the
consequences of
widespread preference for fewer children that is consequent to
industri-
alization, urbanization, increased literacy, and declining infant
mortality.
14. Although mortality has declined rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa
over the
past fifty years, the declines have occurred not because of
socioeconomic
development but mainly because of the importation of medical
technolo-
gies from the industrialized world. It therefore can be argued
that the
declining infant mortality rates and crude death rates on the
African
continent are due largely to superficial demographic and
epidemiologi-
cal social changes. Sustainable socioeconomic development has
yet to
take root on the continent. In an examination of the available
data on the
main causes of death, infectious, parasitic, diarrheal,
respiratory, and
nutritional diseases are prominent, an indication that Africa is
still in the
age of famine and pestilence, as postulated by the
epidemiological
transition. In any population the main causes of death are
related to the
levels of economic and institutional development. The changes
in health
problems that come with economic and social advancement or a
shift in the
most common causes of death in a society as it accumulates
wealth are often
called the mortality or epidemiological transition. Pessimists
contend that
deep-rooted cultural forces may prevent Africa from ever
achieving the
15. fertility transition. Counterarguments can also be offered,
especially when
one takes into consideration that the demographic transition
does not give
a time framework and that European countries took more than a
century
and a half to go through the various stages of the transition.
Mortality
declines in Africa began only about fifty years ago, so, given
more time, the
transition may not be out of reach.
FERTILITY LEVELS AND REGIONAL VARIATIONS
By world standards fertility levels on the African continent are
still
very high. If one excludes the islands of Reunion, Seychelles,
Sao Tome,
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
and Principe, total fertility rates in 1993 ranged from 4 to 7
children per
woman for most countries. Crude birthrates are also still very
high,
ranging from a low of 25 births per 1,000 persons in Tunisia to
a high of
52 births per 1,000 persons in Niger (Fig. 1). In 1980 only
16. eight African
countries had crude birthrates of between 33 and 43 births per
1,000
persons. All other countries on the continent had crude
birthrates of 43
or higher. Of the eight countries with crude birthrates of less
than 43, four
were in the well-documented infertility belt in central Africa
(Doenges
and Newman 1989). Although no single overriding factor has
been iso-
lated to explain this pattern, gynecological disorders such as
pelvic
inflammatory disease and the presence of sexually transmitted
diseases
have been implicated. The other countries with lower than
expected
fertility rates in 1980 were Egypt, Tunisia, South Africa, and
Lesotho.
Egypt began to experience a sustained fertility transition as
early as 1960
(Omran 1973). Low fertility in South Africa can be explained
by its high
socioeconomic development.
By 1993 fertility had declined considerably in most parts of
Africa,
with regional patterning in the changes. Northern and southern
Africa
stand out as regions that have experienced the greatest declines
in fertility
rates. On the other hand, countries in central Africa
experienced slight
increases in their fertility rates, which is also true for Sahelian
countries
of western Africa. Analysis of variance for the difference
17. between re-
gional means yields a regional patterning for crude birthrates
statistically
significant at the 5 percent level in 1993 and a regional
difference in means
for total fertility rates significant at the 10 percent level for the
same year
(Table II). Paired comparisons of t-tests for the change in
fertility rates
between 1980 and 1993 indicate statistically significant
declines at the
continental level, especially for northern and southern Africa
(Table III).
The eastern and western regions experienced declines that were
statisti-
cally insignificant. On the other hand, central Africa
experienced a slight
but insignificant increase in crude birthrates. A similar analysis
of total
fertility rates yields more or less the same results (Table IV).
At the country level, fertility declines of varied magnitude
affected
most countries (Table V and Fig. 2). Data from demographic
and health
surveys and other published works indicate that fertility levels
in most
African countries have indeed begun to decline. For example,
in Bo-
tswana the total fertility rate declined from 7 to 5, or 30
percent, between
1981 and 1988 (Lesetedi, Mompati, and Khulumani 1989).
Kenya, which
has long experienced the highest population growth rate in
Africa-more
than 4 percent annually-appears to be on the way to a fertility
18. transition
(Kelley and Nobbe 1990). By 1989 the fertility rate for Kenya
had declined
by 17 percent to a low of 6.7 (Kenya Ministry of Home Affairs
and
National Heritage 1989; Cross, Obungu, and Kizito 1991).
Between 1984
and 1988 total fertility rates in Zimbabwe had declined from
6.5 to 5.5
290
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FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA 291
Computation CBR, 1the author;data from Population
Refere980nCBR 19931993
3 3300 to43. 085
40.90 to 44.7 10
43.00 to 47.00
47.00 to 49.00
PercFIG. Crude birrates for 1980 and 1993 and percentage
change in crude birrates. Sources:
(Meekers 1991). In addition, the fertility transition may also
have started
in some areas of other countries, including Nigeria, Ghana,
19. Senegal,
Malawi, and Tanzania (Ghana Statistical Service 1989;
Ngallaba and
others 1993; Kalipeni and Harrington 1995). The DHS survey
data also
0.67 to 4.7.
4.78O0o 23.65
indicate that feercentility appeahave increased in some
countries.
Computation by the author; data from Population Reference
Bureau 1980, 1993.
indicate that fertility appears to have increased in some
countries.
In Namibia the total fertility rate is 5, and fertility in this
country has
been declining gradually over the past fifteen years (Katjiuanjo
and
.s
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
TABLE II-ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR FERTILITY
RATES
20. IN AFRICA, BY REGION, 1980 AND 1993
MEAN CRUDE MEAN CRUDE MEAN TOTAL MEAN TOTAL
REGION BIRTHRATE 1980 BIRTHRATE 1993 FERTILITY
RATE 1980 FERTILITY RATE 1993
North 42 34 6.2 4.88
West 49 46 6.8 6.71
East 48 47 6.6 6.77
Middle 45 46 6.0 6.46
South 39 35 5.2 4.57
F-ratio 1.13 4.61 0.72 2.45
P-value 0.3529 0.0032a 0.5825 0.0590b
Sources: Computation by the author; data from Population
Reference Bureau 1980, 1993.
a Statistically significant at the .05 level.
b Statistically significant at the .10 level.
TABLE III-PAIRED COMPARISONS T-TEST FOR
DIFFERENCES IN CRUDE BIRTHRATE
IN AFRICA, BY REGION, 1980 AND 1993
MEAN DIFFERENCE IN
REGION CRUDE BIRTHRATE STANDARD ERROR T-
STATISTIC P-VALUE
North -9.12 1.62 -5.62a 0.0049
West -0.870 .95 -0.91 0.3767
East -1.36 1.64 -0.83 0.4265
Middle 1.38 1.16 1.19 0.2736
South -4.07 1.38 -2.96a 0.0161
Africa -2.04 0.70 -2.92a 0.0052
21. Sources: Computation by the author; data from Population
Reference Bureau 1980, 1993.
a T-statistic is significant at the .05 level.
TABLE IV-PAIRED COMPARISONS T-TEST FOR
DIFFERENCES IN TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
IN AFRICA, BY REGION, 1980 AND 1993
MEAN DIFFERENCE IN
REGION TOTAL FERTILITY RATE STANDARD ERROR T-
STATISTIC P-VALUE
North -1.82 0.40 -4.50a 0.0108
West 0.06 0.14 0.39 0.7013
East -1.36 0.36 -0.25 0.8056
Middle 0.25 0.17 1.50 0.1778
South -0.59 0.20 -2.89a 0.0179
Africa -0.25 0.13 -1.89 0.0646
Sources: Computation by the author; data from Population
Reference Bureau 1980, 1993.
a T-statistic is significant at the .05 level.
others 1993). In Malawi the total fertility rates declined from 8
in 1987 to
7 in 1992, for a decrease of 12 percent in just five years
(Malawi National
Statistical Office 1992). In Zambia total fertility rates declined
from a high
of 7 in the 1980 census to 6.5 in 1992 (Gaisie, Cross, and
22. Nsemukila 1993).
292
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FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA
TABLE V-TOP 15 AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH GREATEST
DECUNES IN CRUDE BIRTHRATES
FROM 1980 TO 1993
PERCENT
PERCENT CHANGE IN PERCENT
CHANGE IN INFANT PERCENT CHANGE IN MODERN
CRUDE CRUDE CRUDE MORTALITY CHANGE IN URBAN
CONTRACEPTIVE
BIRTHRATE BIRTHRATE BIRTHRATE RATE GNP
POPULATION PREVALENCE
COUNTRY 1980 1993 1980-1993 1980-1993 1980-1993 1980-
1993 IN 1993
Algeria 48.0 34.0 -29.17 -57.04 60.31 -9.82 31
Botswana 51.0 36.9 -27.65 -54.02 317.74 110.83 32
Morocco 43.0 31.3 -27.21 -56.84 53.73 10.71 36
Mauritius 27.0 20.7 -23.33 -46.86 191.57 -6.82 46
Tunisia 33.0 25.4 -23.03 -65.60 58.95 18.40 40
23. Sao Tome & Principe 45.0 35.0 -22.22 -12.34 -28.57 76.25
Rwanda 50.0 39.5 -21.00 -13.46 44.44 35.00 13
Egypt 38.0 30.8 -18.95 -37.78 55.00 -0.23 44
Kenya 53.0 45.2 -14.72 -12.89 6.25 136.00 18
Malawi 51.0 44.0 -13.73 -21.42 27.78 74.72 7
Zimbabwe 47.0 40.6 -13.62 -54.26 29.16 30.14 36
Lesotho 40.0 35.4 -11.50 -24.32 107.14 372.50
Libya 47.0 41.9 -10.85 -47.69 -15.30 26.33
Ghana 48.0 43.0 -10.42 -25.65 2.56 -10.00 5
Nigeria 50.0 44.8 -10.40 -46.31 -48.21 -19.50 4
Sources: Computation by the author; data from Population
Reference Bureau 1980, 1993.
Even in the predominantly Muslim, northern African countries
of
Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt, fertility declined by 18 percent
or more.
Libya, which has been noted for its persistent high fertility
rate, experi-
enced a modest decline of 10 percent. These declines may not
be dramatic,
but they indicate that unusually high fertility rates in Africa are
not static.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
To account for the observed geographical variations in fertility
levels
on the continent, six stepwise regression models were
24. generated with the
dependent and independent variables (Table VI). As indicated
by the
F-ratio and the associated R-square values, all six models were
statisti-
cally significant at the 5 percent level. The first model
concerned the
variation of total fertility rates in 1980. Only one independent
variable
met the criterion for entry into a stepwise regression method.
GNP per
capita for 1980, the variable chosen, explained a modest 15
percent of the
variation in total fertility rates for that year. The second model
used total
fertility rates in 1993 as the dependent variable. Three
independent
variables-total fertility rates in 1980 included as a control
variable, the
HDI for females in 1990, and modern contraceptive prevalence
in 1993-
were selected for entry into the model by the stepwise
procedure in the
SAS statistical software package. All standardized regression
coefficients
of the three independent variables were statistically significant
at the 5
percent level. The signs of the standardized regression
coefficients are
293
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25. THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
Mali -
-C-- ------ -- ^ - i TFR 1990
Uganda . .1
Malawi j TFR 1980
i- _ .
Burundi
Kenya
Liberia
TaZambia
- I
Z Senegal
Togo
Ghana
Tanzania
Nigeria
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Botswana
26. 1 24 5 6 8
TOTAL FERTILITY RATES (TFR)
FIG. 2-Total fertility rates for selected DHS countries 1980 and
1990. Sources: Computation by the
author; data for 1980 from Population Reference Bureau 1980,
and for 1990 from various DHS
publications.
also in the hypothesized direction. In other words, the greater
the HDI,
the smaller the total fertility rate, a negative relationship; the
greater the
percentage of population using modem contraceptives, the
smaller the
fertility rate, a negative relationship; and the greater the total
fertility rate
in 1980, the larger the fertility rate in 1993, a positive
relationship. This
model explained 71 percent of the variation in fertility rates for
1993.
The third and fourth models used crude birthrates in 1980 and
1993 as
independent variables. The results were similar to those
obtained for total
fertility rates. GNP per capita in 1980 and percentage of urban
population
accounted for 29 percent of the variation in crude birthrates in
1980, with
the standardized coefficient for GNP statistically significant at
the 5 percent
level. Both variables chosen for entry into the model for crude
27. birthrates
in 1993 had statistically significant regression coefficients.
Once again
the HDI and the prevalence of modern contraceptives proved to
be
powerful explanatory variables for crude birthrates in 1993.
The fifth and sixth models used the percentage change in
fertility rates
between 1980 and 1993 as the dependent variable. The fifth
model shows
that 51 percent of the change in crude birthrates between 1980
and 1993
294
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FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA
TABLE VI-STANDARDIZED PARTIAL REGRESSION
COEFFICIENTS*
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Change in
Change in Total
Crude Fertility
Total Total Crude Crude Birthrate Rate
Fertility Fertility Birthrate Birthrate 1980-1993 1980-1993
28. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Rate 1980 Rate 1993 1980 1993
(%) (%)
GNP per Capita 1980 -0.3857a -0.3993a 0.3129a
Total Fertility Rates 1980 0.3957a
Percent Urban
Population 1980 -0.3993 -0.2080 -0.2267
Infant Mortality Rate 1980 0.5949a 0.5188a
Human Development
Index for Females 1990 -0.2868a -0.3326a
Modem Contraceptive
Prevalence 1993 -0.5582a -0.5620a
Change in Infant
Mortality Rates
1980-1993 (%) 0.3434a 0.2603a
r2 0.15 0.71 0.29 0.64 0.51 0.41
F-ratio 6.29a 30.9a 7.27a 34.8a 8.40a 7.87a
N 37 41 41 41 37 37
* Empty cells are variables not selected for entry into model by
stepwise procedure.
a Statistically significant at the .05 level.
can be explained by four independent variables-GNP in 1980,
percent-
age urban population in 1980, level of infant mortality rate in
1980, and
change in infant mortality rates between 1980 and 1993. In the
sixth
model, 41 percent of the change in total fertility rates between
1980 and
1993 was accounted for by three variables: percentage urban
29. population,
infant mortality rates, and change in infant mortality rates. For
all of the
models in which percentage urban population was entered, the
stan-
dardized coefficient was not significant at the 5 percent level
but was so
at the 10 percent level.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
This overview of regression results highlights the importance
of both
socioeconomic and demographic variables in fertility
reduction. Im-
provements in social, economic, and demographic conditions
are cru-
cial to the realization of an irreversible, sustainable fertility
transition in
Africa. Clearly, contraceptive prevalence and the status of
women as
measured by the HDI as well as reductions in infant mortality
rates are
central to the ongoing fertility declines in many parts of Africa.
My
discussion concentrates on these three variables and their
implications
for a fertility transition on the continent.
295
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30. THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND STATUS OF
WOMEN
The United Nations Development Programme formulated the
HDI as
a composite measure of economic and social welfare. Unlike
other meas-
ures of socioeconomic development, this index gives equal
weight to
longevity, educational attainment, and utility derived from
income
(UNDP 1990). A score is derived for each of these, from 0 for
the lowest
achieved by any country to 1 for the highest. Averaging the
three indica-
tors gives a HDI value between 0 and 1. The Human
Development Report
1990 (UNDP 1990) gives the index by sex for each country in
Africa, and
by extracting the data I compiled a HDI for females as a
surrogate
measure of the status of women across the continent. In the
regression
analysis the HDI was a strong explanatory variable for the
spatial pat-
terns of fertility in 1993 as measured by total fertility rates and
crude
birthrates. Countries that had a high HDI exhibited a lower
fertility rate.
The importance of status and autonomy of women in the
attainment
of fertility reductions cannot be overemphasized. If a woman is
31. the main
controller of her reproductivity, she is more likely to use
contraceptives
and to limit the ultimate number of children born than if the
decision is
left to a man, because women assume most of the physiological
and
child-care burdens of frequent childbearing. One reason for the
persist-
ence of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa is the minimal
involvement of
women in decision making about childbearing.
The main policy implication of this finding is to reiterate the
call for
upgrading the status of African women. This variable
decisively shows
that in countries in which the status of women has improved,
declines in
fertility have been dramatic during the past decade. Fertility
decreases as
the education of females increases.
INFANT MORTALITY
A good indicator of health conditions in a country is its infant
mortal-
ity rate: the number of deaths of children under the age of one
per 1,000
live births annually. Studies during the past twenty years or so
indicate
that a very significant relationship exists between high levels
of infant
and child mortality and low levels of maternal education
(Caldwell 1979;
32. Cleland and Van Ginneken 1989; Bicego and Fegan 1991;
Kalipeni 1993).
The education of females seems to correlate highly with infant
mortality
rates. Even if incomes are low, educated women tend to make
better
decisions about their children than do uneducated women.
Lower levels of infant mortality have been shown to be
strongly
correlated with lower fertility rates. Because of comparatively
high child-
hood mortality throughout the developing world, many families
have felt
the need to have more children to ensure that some will survive
to
adulthood. This pattern is further reinforced by the need for
sons as social
security in old age.
296
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FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA
The importance of infant mortality in any fertility transition is
high-
lighted by the situation in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Botswana,
each of
which has an infant mortality rate below 70 per 1,000 live
births
33. (Caldwell, Orubuloye, and Caldwell 1992). No other countries
in sub-
Saharan Africa record a level below 80, and most have rates
above 100,
which suggests that the attainment of this level of infant
mortality may
prove to be the necessary condition for African fertility
decline. In this
analysis, infant mortality rates and change in infant mortality
rates had
a significant effect on total fertility rates. Countries with the
greatest
declines in infant mortality rates between 1980 and 1993 also
experienced
the greatest fertility declines. This pattern again can easily be
related to
female autonomy and status.
The policy option is clear: the role and status of women should
be
changed through vigorous pursuit of universal education of
girls through-
out the continent. Governments are urged to increase women's
access to
education, employment opportunities, and extension and credit
services
and to enact laws that protect women's rights against male
domination in
various sectors of economic and social life.
CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE AND FAMILY PLANNING
Perhaps of greatest significance in the onset of the fertility
transition
in the top fifteen countries in decline of crude birthrates is the
use of
34. modern and effective contraceptives. During the 1960s and
1970s African
governments were reluctant to institute effective family-
planning pro-
grams, and political support for them in the public sector was
"uniformly
weak" throughout the continent (Africa Development Bank
1992). This
attitude has changed, however; and since the 1974 and 1984
world
population conferences, governments in several African
countries have
acknowledged that they consider fertility levels to be high.
Most govern-
ments with this viewpoint have initiated family-planning
programs.
Although success in popularizing the use of modern
contraceptive tech-
niques has been slow in coming, some countries have built an
impressive
infrastructure for provision of these services.
In 1973 the government of Botswana launched a maternal- and
child-
health program into which family-planning services were
integrated.
This program has been very successful in achieving its goals
and objec-
tives. By 1988, for 92 percent of births, mothers had received
prenatal care;
for 66 percent, mothers had medically supervised deliveries;
and for 54
percent, mothers had received postnatal care (Lesetedi,
Mompati, and
Khulumani 1989). From 1984 to 1988 current use of modem
methods of
35. contraception among married women aged fifteen to forty-nine
rose from
19 to 29 percent, and total fertility rates declined from 7 to 5.
Data from
Zimbabwe show that the decline of fertility there has been
caused by
changes in both marriage patterns and contraceptive use. The
shift to use
297
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2020 22:24:36 UTC
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
of modern contraception practices seemed most pronounced
among un-
educated rural populations, which implies that neither
education nor
other forms of socioeconomic change were responsible. This
pattern
indicates that if a fertility transition is to be achieved, there
will be a great
need for the provision of effective methods of contraception in
both rural
and urban settings.
Investigations in Kenya found large variations in contraceptive
use
among the thirteen districts covered in the DHS data (Kelley
and Nobbe
1990; Cross, Obungu, and Kizito 1991). These findings indicate
36. that
pockets of contraceptive use in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and
Botswana reach
levels as high as those found in developed countries and that
these areas
are rapidly going through a fertility transition (Way, Cross, and
Kumar
1987). Throughout the continent there are signs of progress in
contracep-
tive use. The celebrated family-planning programs in
Botswana, Zim-
babwe, South Africa, and Kenya have followed different paths,
but all
have succeeded. In Botswana, for example, family-planning
services
operate in the framework of an integrated maternal- and child-
health
program of a decentralized health system. The Zimbabwe
National Fam-
ily Planning Council is a semiautonomous unit in the Ministry
of Health
(Lucas 1992). The common theme in the southern African
programs is a
commitment to the provision of safe and effective means of
child spacing
or of stopping births altogether.
In short, successful programs, coupled with strong political
support
for family planning, have undermined the preference for large
families.
Rapid declines in infant mortality rates, improved maternal and
child
care, rapidly increasing attainment of formal education by
females, and
increased use of effective contraceptives have all contributed to
37. the onset
of a fertility transition, especially in northern and southern
Africa.
CONCLUSION
Through analysis of variance, paired t-tests, and exploratory
stepwise
regression analysis this article demonstrates that northern and
southern
Africa are in the process of a fertility transition. Furthermore,
the results
demonstrate that a significant number of countries on the
continent
experienced substantial declines in their fertility rates between
1980 and
1993. Female autonomy as measured by the HDI, total fertility
rates,
percentage of urban population, infant mortality rates, and
moder con-
traceptive prevalence are strongly associated with the declining
fertility
rates. Countries that scored very high on the HDI also
experienced the
greatest declines in fertility rates and had relatively lower
fertility rates.
Countries that experienced the greatest declines in infant
mortality rates
also exhibited the greatest declines in fertility rates. Although
fertility
rates are still very high by world standards and population will
continue
to grow at high rates, the declining trends need to be reinforced
through
298
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2020 22:24:36 UTC
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FERTILITY TRANSITION IN AFRICA
the education of women, the reduction of high infant mortality
rates, and
the provision of safe and effective contraception.
This analysis refutes the argument that African countries may
not
achieve a fertility transition in the near future, because the
necessary
socioeconomic conditions for the transition are weak or
nonexistent. The
achievement of the fertility transition is possible if certain
policy issues
are addressed with unyielding governmental commitment. Over
the long
term, fertility will decline to acceptable levels as Africa
continues to
experience socioeconomic and cultural transformation. Of great
impor-
tance in the timely achievement of the transition is the status of
women
in society.
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Contentsimage 1image 2image 3image 4image 5image 6image
7image 8image 9image 10image 11image 12image 13image
14image 15Issue Table of ContentsGeographical Review, Vol.
85, No. 3, Jul., 1995Front MatterPolitical Stability and Minority
Groups in Burma [pp.269-285]The Fertility Transition in Africa
[pp.286-300]Indigenous Development of Mesoamerican
Irrigation [pp.301-323]Home as a Region [pp.324-
334]Mexicali's Chinatown [pp.335-348]Postmodern Phoenix
[pp.349-363]Urban Community Gardens as Contested Space
[pp.364-381]Geographical RecordOil and Gas in Austria
[pp.382-383]New Pipelines in Australia [pp.384-
385]Geographical Reviewsuntitled [pp.386-388]untitled
[pp.388-390]untitled [pp.390-391]untitled [pp.391-392]untitled
[pp.392-394]untitled [pp.394-396]untitled [pp.396-398]untitled
[pp.398-400]untitled [pp.400-402]untitled [pp.402-403]untitled
[pp.403-404]untitled [pp.404-406]untitled [pp.406-408]untitled
[pp.408-410]untitled [pp.410-411]untitled [pp.412-413]Back
Matter [pp.414-414]