Where is [Cl\'] normally highest, inside or outside of a cell? How does this compare to [Na*] in
a cell? If the membrane became permeable to Cl^-, what direction would Cl^- move based on its
chemical gradient? In a healthy person, when the CFTR channel opens, Cl^- moves from the
inside of the cell to membranes, and your response to Question 2 as you answer) What direction
will water move in this system when the CFTR is open? If the CFTR doesn\'t work correctly due
to a mutation, Cl^- movement is blocked and an Inside Cell abnormally thick sticky mucus is
produced on the outside of the cell. This mucus clogs the airways in the lungs, and increases the
risk of infection by bacteria. Figure 2 illustrates a mutant CFTR channel in the epithelial cells
lining the lung.
Solution
1. Mostly Chloride and Sodium are present in high concentrations in the extracellular region and
low concentration in the intra cellular region. This is the reason behind generation of membrane
potential as potassium is present at low concentrations in the extracellular region and higher in
intracellular areas.
2. Since the concentration of Chloride is relatively higher in the extracellular region, if the
membrane becomes permeable, it would lead to movement of chloride ions from extracellular to
intracellular region because of the existing concentration gradient.
3. CFTR channels stand for Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Channels. It
is an ABC transporter class protein which conducts chloride ions and water along with
thiocynate ions across epithelial cell membranes. It is responsible for carrying out active
transport of Chloride ions against the concentration gradient by the use of ATP as well as
phosphorylation. That is why the movement of chloride ions is possible against the concentration
gradient.
4. The ionic concentration of the mucus slowly increases with the functioning of CFTR channel
and this leads to movement of water from the inside to the outside via osmosis..
What is the function of CFTR (details are important) (5 points).pdfrupeshmehta151
What is the function of CFTR? (details are important) (5 points)
Solution
Ans:- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a membrane protein and
chloride channel in vertebrates that is encoded by the CFTR gene.CFTR functions as a ATP
gated anion channel increasing the conductance for certain anions to flow down their
electrochemical gradient.ATP driven conformational changes in CFTR open and close a gate to
allow transmembrane flow of anions down their electrochemical gradient. Essentially CFTR is
an ion channel that evolved as a broken ABC transporter that leaks when in open
conformation.The CFTR is found in the epithelial cells of many organs including the lungs,liver
,pancreas,digestive tract ,reproductive tract and skin.Normally the protein moves chloride and
thiocyanate ions out of an epithelial cell covering mucus.Positively chargedsodium ions follow
passively increasing the total electrolyte concentration in the mucus resulting in the movement of
water out of the cell via osmosis.In sweat glands defective CSTR results in reduced transport of
sodium chloride and sodium thiocyanate in the reabsorptive duct and therefore saltier sweat..
Chloride Channel / Ion Channels / Integral Membrane Proteins .pdfSELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the Chloride Channel / Ion Channels / Integral Membrane Proteins.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cystic Fibrosis and Protein Synthesis Introduction Cystic fi.pdfsunilverma8487
Cystic Fibrosis and Protein Synthesis
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that is marked by the buildup of thick, sticky mucus that can
damage the lungs and many other organs. Cystic fibrosis affects the viscosity of the mucus lining
of the lungs. Mucus is a collection of many substances including enzymes, proteins and mucins. In
the lungs, specialized cells called Goblet cells help produce mucus. The lung tissues keep the
mucus hydrated and moving. The mucus also traps bacteria and particulates and flushes them out
of the lungs to avoid infection. In a person with Cystic Fibrosis, mucus becomes dehydrated and
thick. Bacteria and particles get trapped and lead to infection.
These infections cause chronic coughing, wheezing, and inflammation. Over time, mucus buildup
and infections result in permanent lung damage.
CFTR
CFTR gene is found on human chromosome 7 and the gene is 4400 nucleotides in length. CFTR
gene produces CFTR protein. In the human body, it functions as a channel across the membrane
of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. In the lungs, the
membrane channel transports negatively charged chloride ions into and out of cells. The transport
of chloride ions helps control the movement of water in tissues, which is necessary for the
production of thin, freely flowing mucus.
Figure 1: Normal and mutated versions of the CFTR structure and function.
In cells from non-CF (Cystic Fibrosis) individuals, the chloride channels open periodically to allow
the cell to maintain a normal balance of chloride ion between the inside and outside of the cell. In
CF individuals, these chloride channels do not function, and chloride ions build up inside the cell.
Figure 2: Image of the open and closed CFTR transmembrane protein. The NBD region
-
binds ATP in order to transport Cl .
Why might the mucus of CF patients be thicker than that of non-CF individuals?
-
Using your knowledge of osmosis and water potential, explain why a lack of transport of Cl ions
might result in thicker mucus for people with CF.
Using the model below, describe what is happening to the mucus thickness, cilia and airway
surface liquid of the CF person.
-
Figure 3: Model of a normal and a CF airway due to lack of Cl transport..
CFTR is a chloride channel located on the cell membrane. Under the mediation of cAMP, CFTR is phosphorylated, causing the channel to open and transporting about 10 CIs extracellularly per minute. When the cftr gene is mutated (most commonly, the codon encoding 508 phenylalanine is lost), the defective CFTR cannot be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and most cannot be transported to the cell membrane;
What is the function of CFTR (details are important) (5 points).pdfrupeshmehta151
What is the function of CFTR? (details are important) (5 points)
Solution
Ans:- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a membrane protein and
chloride channel in vertebrates that is encoded by the CFTR gene.CFTR functions as a ATP
gated anion channel increasing the conductance for certain anions to flow down their
electrochemical gradient.ATP driven conformational changes in CFTR open and close a gate to
allow transmembrane flow of anions down their electrochemical gradient. Essentially CFTR is
an ion channel that evolved as a broken ABC transporter that leaks when in open
conformation.The CFTR is found in the epithelial cells of many organs including the lungs,liver
,pancreas,digestive tract ,reproductive tract and skin.Normally the protein moves chloride and
thiocyanate ions out of an epithelial cell covering mucus.Positively chargedsodium ions follow
passively increasing the total electrolyte concentration in the mucus resulting in the movement of
water out of the cell via osmosis.In sweat glands defective CSTR results in reduced transport of
sodium chloride and sodium thiocyanate in the reabsorptive duct and therefore saltier sweat..
Chloride Channel / Ion Channels / Integral Membrane Proteins .pdfSELF-EXPLANATORY
This pdf is about the Chloride Channel / Ion Channels / Integral Membrane Proteins.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cystic Fibrosis and Protein Synthesis Introduction Cystic fi.pdfsunilverma8487
Cystic Fibrosis and Protein Synthesis
Introduction
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that is marked by the buildup of thick, sticky mucus that can
damage the lungs and many other organs. Cystic fibrosis affects the viscosity of the mucus lining
of the lungs. Mucus is a collection of many substances including enzymes, proteins and mucins. In
the lungs, specialized cells called Goblet cells help produce mucus. The lung tissues keep the
mucus hydrated and moving. The mucus also traps bacteria and particulates and flushes them out
of the lungs to avoid infection. In a person with Cystic Fibrosis, mucus becomes dehydrated and
thick. Bacteria and particles get trapped and lead to infection.
These infections cause chronic coughing, wheezing, and inflammation. Over time, mucus buildup
and infections result in permanent lung damage.
CFTR
CFTR gene is found on human chromosome 7 and the gene is 4400 nucleotides in length. CFTR
gene produces CFTR protein. In the human body, it functions as a channel across the membrane
of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. In the lungs, the
membrane channel transports negatively charged chloride ions into and out of cells. The transport
of chloride ions helps control the movement of water in tissues, which is necessary for the
production of thin, freely flowing mucus.
Figure 1: Normal and mutated versions of the CFTR structure and function.
In cells from non-CF (Cystic Fibrosis) individuals, the chloride channels open periodically to allow
the cell to maintain a normal balance of chloride ion between the inside and outside of the cell. In
CF individuals, these chloride channels do not function, and chloride ions build up inside the cell.
Figure 2: Image of the open and closed CFTR transmembrane protein. The NBD region
-
binds ATP in order to transport Cl .
Why might the mucus of CF patients be thicker than that of non-CF individuals?
-
Using your knowledge of osmosis and water potential, explain why a lack of transport of Cl ions
might result in thicker mucus for people with CF.
Using the model below, describe what is happening to the mucus thickness, cilia and airway
surface liquid of the CF person.
-
Figure 3: Model of a normal and a CF airway due to lack of Cl transport..
CFTR is a chloride channel located on the cell membrane. Under the mediation of cAMP, CFTR is phosphorylated, causing the channel to open and transporting about 10 CIs extracellularly per minute. When the cftr gene is mutated (most commonly, the codon encoding 508 phenylalanine is lost), the defective CFTR cannot be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and most cannot be transported to the cell membrane;
Mechanism of transport of small molecules across membrane.pptxBharathReddy443625
Some molecules can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane while others cannot , so they require certain mechanisms for their transport which will be discussed in the following sections.
In this chapter, we consider how cell membranes control the traffic of inorganic ions and small, water-soluble molecules into and out of the cell and its membrane-enclosed organelles.
Create a test case for Euler problem 3The prime factors of 13195 .pdfbarristeressaseren71
Create a test case for Euler problem 3:
The prime factors of 13195 are 5, 7, 13 and 29.
What is the largest prime factor of the number 600851475143 ?
Solution
#include
#include
// function to print all prime factors for a given number.
int primFact(long int n,int* arr)
{
long int i;
int j=0;
// Print the number of 2s that divide n
while (n%2 == 0)
{
arr[j++] = 2;
n = n/2;
}
// n must be odd at this point. So we can skip one element (Note i = i +2)
for (i = 3; i <= sqrt(n); i = i+2)
{
// While i divides n, print i and divide n
while (n%i == 0)
{
arr[j++] = i;
n = n/i;
}
}
/*
handle prime numbers;
*/
if (n > 2){
arr[j++] = n;
}
return j;
}
/* main function to test the prime factors functions.*/
int main()
{
long int n = 600851475143;
int arr[100];
int len = primFact(n,&arr[0]);
int i;
int max = arr[0];
for(i=1;i.
Construct a program that sorts a list (numbers or strings) then sear.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Construct a program that sorts a list (numbers or strings) then searches for an element in the list.
You can ask the user to enter elements for your list or create the list within your program. Also,
allow the user to enter an item to search for. (Please use comments)
Solution
#include
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int list1[10],size,i,j,temp,element;
int flag=0;
cout<<\"Enter the no. of elements:\"<> size;
cout<<\"Enter the array elements:\"<>list1[i];
cout<<\"The array entered before sort is\"< list1[j+1] )
{
temp= list1[i];
list1[i]= list1[j+1];
list1[j+1]= temp;
}
}
}
cout<<\"The array after sort is \"<>element;
//search code
for(i=0;i.
More Related Content
Similar to Where is [Cl] normally highest, inside or outside of a cell How do.pdf
Mechanism of transport of small molecules across membrane.pptxBharathReddy443625
Some molecules can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane while others cannot , so they require certain mechanisms for their transport which will be discussed in the following sections.
In this chapter, we consider how cell membranes control the traffic of inorganic ions and small, water-soluble molecules into and out of the cell and its membrane-enclosed organelles.
Create a test case for Euler problem 3The prime factors of 13195 .pdfbarristeressaseren71
Create a test case for Euler problem 3:
The prime factors of 13195 are 5, 7, 13 and 29.
What is the largest prime factor of the number 600851475143 ?
Solution
#include
#include
// function to print all prime factors for a given number.
int primFact(long int n,int* arr)
{
long int i;
int j=0;
// Print the number of 2s that divide n
while (n%2 == 0)
{
arr[j++] = 2;
n = n/2;
}
// n must be odd at this point. So we can skip one element (Note i = i +2)
for (i = 3; i <= sqrt(n); i = i+2)
{
// While i divides n, print i and divide n
while (n%i == 0)
{
arr[j++] = i;
n = n/i;
}
}
/*
handle prime numbers;
*/
if (n > 2){
arr[j++] = n;
}
return j;
}
/* main function to test the prime factors functions.*/
int main()
{
long int n = 600851475143;
int arr[100];
int len = primFact(n,&arr[0]);
int i;
int max = arr[0];
for(i=1;i.
Construct a program that sorts a list (numbers or strings) then sear.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Construct a program that sorts a list (numbers or strings) then searches for an element in the list.
You can ask the user to enter elements for your list or create the list within your program. Also,
allow the user to enter an item to search for. (Please use comments)
Solution
#include
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int list1[10],size,i,j,temp,element;
int flag=0;
cout<<\"Enter the no. of elements:\"<> size;
cout<<\"Enter the array elements:\"<>list1[i];
cout<<\"The array entered before sort is\"< list1[j+1] )
{
temp= list1[i];
list1[i]= list1[j+1];
list1[j+1]= temp;
}
}
}
cout<<\"The array after sort is \"<>element;
//search code
for(i=0;i.
Circular Flow of Economic ActivityYour instructor will assign you .pdfbarristeressaseren71
Circular Flow of Economic Activity
Your instructor will assign you to be a part of a group of business or a group of households.
Consider the following questions:
What goes into your decision to work (for households)?
List three different issues that influenced your decision.
Solution
Circular Flow of Economic Activity
1. Real Flow:- Producers supply goods and services to the Households, and Households (as the
owners of factors of production) supply factors of production (or factor services) to Producers in
form of Land, Labour,capital and entrepreneurship.
2. Money Flow:- refers to flow of factor income, viz., Rent, profit, interest and wages from
producing sectors to household sector as monetary reward for their factor services (land, labour,
capital and entrepreneurship). The households spend their incomes on goods and services
produced by the producing sector. Accordingly, money flows back to the producing sector as
household expenditure..
b. What construction activities would be regulated under the CWA Why.pdfbarristeressaseren71
b. What construction activities would be regulated under the CWA? Why? (2 pts.) species that
has a tissue lipid concentration of 1%, calculate the theoretical bioaccumulation potential (TBP)
for the necessary organic contaminants in the marina, referensce area and HRS sediments (show
your calculations). (3 pts.) c. Assuming a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of 1.7 and
using a test d. Based on your TBP predictions, do you think placement of the dredged material at
the HRS would \"significantly\" reduce the bioaccumulation of DDE from the site? Why? (2 pts.)
e. Does the quality of the marina dredged material meet CWA \"contaminant determination\"
Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines existing for open-water discharge? Why? (2 pts.) . Based on
existing information, would Tier 3 testing of the sediments be necessary? Why? (2 pts.) g Does
discharge of the marina dredged material meet applicable New York State water quality
standards? Why? (2 pts.)
Solution
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water
pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity
of the nation\'s waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance
to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and
maintaining the integrity of wetlands. It is one of the United States\' first and most influential
modern environmental laws. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is
administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state
governments. The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination.
Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Superfund act. All waters with a \"significant nexus\" to
\"navigable waters\" are covered under the CWA; however, the phrase \"significant nexus\"
remains open to judicial interpretation and considerable controversy. The 1972 statute frequently
uses the term \"navigable waters,\" but also defines the term as \"waters of the United States,
including the territorial seas.\"[.
Why are cells growing in a colony on solid media likely to be in many.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Why are cells growing in a colony on solid media likely to be in many more different phases of
growth than cells growing in liquid culture? Cells grow much more quickly in liquid culture, so
they are more likely to stay in the same phase. Cells in liquid culture experience a relatively
uniform environment, so they are much more likely to be in the same phase of growth. Growth
on solid media provides a greater abundance of nutrients, so cells are able to rapidly separate out
into different phases of growth. Unlike cells on the edge of a colony, those in the centre of a
colony face depleted levels of nutrients and O_2, yielding different phases of growth.
Solution
The true statements are followings:-.
Which of the following statements is (are) trueI Gross and net .pdfbarristeressaseren71
Which of the following statements is (are) true:
I : Gross and net profit ratios are key performance indicators for a company.
II: Both gross and net profit ratios should be looked at on a regular basis.
Statement I is false; Statement II is true
Solution
Option 2: Both statements are true.
1) Gross profit reflects the trading profit of the company and net profit is what the earnings of
the shareholders. Hence shareholders are keen on netprofit ratio.
2)Many companies prepare interim financial statements as a part of regulatory reforms to analyse
the company performance as of the date. Hence, for the same both gross and net ratios should be
looked at on a regular basis..
What is the difference between the personal contact model of communi.pdfbarristeressaseren71
What is the difference between the personal contact model of communicating on the Web and
the mass media approach?
Solution
Pesonal contact model of communicating on the web:
1.It is cooperative.
2.It is fabricated to swallow.
3.They are effortless to perceive.
4.Sequestrate the objects to produce the new stories depending on what they find in anecdotes
said by others.
5.They are much perceptive.
6.It is commandable.
Mass media approach:
1.It is unassertive.
2.It was fabricated by people who escort a .prong a belief.
3.Radio.t.v,magazine are very regular policy and influenced the mass media.
4.It portrays a risky charecter in coaching the public..
Volcanic eruptions affect many populated areas. Which of the followi.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Volcanic eruptions affect many populated areas. Which of the following pieces of evidence
would a geologists use to predict future eruptions?
Correlation with hurricane frequency
Astrologic relationships
Frequency of localize earthquakes
The price of a barrel of crude oil
Changes in the intensity of solar radiation
2)
Which of the following data is most convincing regarding the age of fossilized bones within a
sedimentary layer that is both underlain and overlain by parallel volcanic ash layers A and B?[\\
Which of the following data is most convincing regarding the age of fossilized bones within a
sedimentary layer that is both underlain and overlain by parallel volcanic ash layers A and B?[\\
The fossil bones are between 14,000 and 12,000 years old
There is no way of telling the age of the fossil bones from the data provided
The fossil bones are older than Ash B, but younger than Ash A
The fossil bones are between 15,000 and 11,990 years old
The fossil bones are exactly 13,000 years old
3)
The exposure of large granite plutons at the Earth\'s surface implies that:
The exposure of large granite plutons at the Earth\'s surface implies that:
a thick section of overlying rock has been removed by erosion
granite is the only kind of plutonic rock in the Earth\'s crust
granite is sometimes precipitated from marine water
most granite plutons are very young
granite can crystallize at or very near the Earth\'s surface
4)
While walking along the Earth’s continental surface, you observe a large mountain range
composed of layers of strata that have been shortened by folding, which type of tectonic stress is
most likely responsible for the strain you observed?
While walking along the Earth’s continental surface, you observe a large mountain range
composed of layers of strata that have been shortened by folding, which type of tectonic stress is
most likely responsible for the strain you observed?
migraine
compressional
shear
brittle
tensional
5)
The event that is hypothesized to have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs on Earth involved
a(n) ______________ that occurred about __________years ago.
The event that is hypothesized to have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs on Earth involved
a(n) ______________ that occurred about __________years ago.
a mammalian invasion; 800 million
a meteorite impact; 65 million
increase in the speed of the Earth’s rotation; 2 million
a comet collision; 200,000
a rapid rise in sea-level; 5,000 million
6)
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
Which of the following statements are TRUE?
All subduction zones involve the interaction of oceanic and continental crust
All convergent plate boundaries involve the process of rifting
Some divergent boundaries are also convergent boundaries
All convergent plate boundaries are subduction zones
All subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries
The __________ proposed by Alfred Wegener to explain the continental shapes and positions is
known as _____.
theory; rift val.
The following information, based on the 123118 Annual Report to Sha.pdfbarristeressaseren71
The following information, based on the 12/31/18 Annual Report to Shareholders of Krafty
Foods (S in millions): Accounts payable Accounts receivable (net) Accrued liabilities and taxes
Cash and cash equivalents Cost of sales Current payables to parent and affiliates Current portion
of long-term debt Deferred income taxes and other liabilities Retained earnings as of 12/31/18
Goodwill and other intangible assets (net) Income tax expense Interest and other debt expense,
net Inventories Long-term debt Long-term notes payable to parent and affiliates Marketing,
general and administration expenses Operating revenues Other eurrent assets Other noncurrent
assets Other stockholders\' equity Paid-in capital for common and preferred stock Property, plant
and equipment (net) Short-term borrowings 1,897 3,131 4,105 162 17,531 1,652 540 10,311
2,391 5,957 1,565 1,437 3,026 8,134 5,000 1,460 3,875 687 3,726 (2,568) 23,655 9,109 681
Required: Ented vn ur e nvoemation presented bovo bropore the lhcome Statement fo the year
ended December 3t, 2018. your answers in millions (i.e., 10,000,000 should be entered as 10).)
KRAFTY FOODS Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
Solution
Krafty Foods Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Operating
revenues 33875 Cost of sales 17531 Gross profit 16344 Marketing, general and
administration Expenses 11460 Operating income 4884 Interest and other debt expense,
net 1437 Income before taxes 3447 Income tax expense 1565 Net income 1882.
Question 2 Since Gullivers travels is growing rapidly there is a ne.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Question 2 Since Gulliver\'s travels is growing rapidly there is a need for journalizing the
financial cth that are taking place in the company. So you are required to ghve the journal entries
following data that took place in the month of July. Make use of the following accounts: 010
Building 020 Equipment 040 Equity for the 041 Withdrawals 060 Mortgage 100 Cash 130
Accounts receivable 140 Accounts payable 180 VAT receivable 181 VAT payable 400
Advertising expenses 420 Interest expenses 430 Depreciation expenses 700 Inventories 800 Cost
of goods sokd 820 Discounts given 840 Sales revenue 5,800 August 4: Sold: a trip to Hawai to
Mr. D. Dekker for VAT 21% 7,018 Invcice V-26 sent. The purchase price of the trip was 4,060
1,100 August 10. Purchased: 2 office chairs for 1- VAT21% Invoice-25 received August 15:
Purchased: booked hotel rooms in hotel Medclub in Nice for the summer 1,200 VAT 21%
Invoice I- 26 received August 17: Sent back to Office Supply Ltd. 1 office chair 550 115 VAT
21% Credit invoice I -27 received August 21: According to B 35 Paid cash to creditors
(suppliers) Paid for advertising expenses, (including 42 VAT) Received cash from debtors 5,400
242 3,100
Solution.
132017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkl.pdfbarristeressaseren71
1/3/2017 Genetics Problems 1. Round shape is dominant to wrinkled. Yellow pea color is
dominant to green. Purple flowers are dominant to white. If Mendel crossed a round green pea
plant with purple flowers to a wrinkled yellow pea plant with white flowers and got at least some
of each possible genotype, what were the genotypes of each parent and if he counted 1000
progeny, how many round yellow peas should he expect? How many wrinkled green peas with
purple flowers? 2. In an individual with Aa BB Cc dd Ee alleles, assuming independent
assortment, how many different gametes are possible?
Solution
Dominant: Round (R) shape, yellow (Y) color, purple (P) flower
Recessive: wrinkled (r), green (y) pea color, white(p) flower
Cross between
Round green purple RryyPp x rrYypp wrinkled yellow white
Gametes
rYp
ryp
RyP
RrYyPp Round Yellow Purple
RryyPp Round Green Purple
Ryp
RrYypp Round Yellow White
Rryypp Round Green White
ryP
rrYyPp Wrinkled Yellow Purple
rryyPp Wrinkled Green Purple
ryp
rrYypp Wrinkled Yellow White
rryypp Wrinkled Green White
Round yellow genotypes are = 2 in 8 genotypes so percentage of having the trait is =
2/8 x 100 =25%; so the number of progenies are 1000 x 25% = 250
Wrinkled Green Purple genotypes are = 1 in 8 so percentage of having the trait is =
1/8 x 100 = 12.5%; so the number of progenies are 1000 x 12.5%; = 125
Number of gametes depends upon heterozygous alleles. This is calculated by the formula
(number of heterozygote)2
For AaBBCcddEe ; total number of heterozygote alleles= 3
so the Number of gametes are = 32 = 9
Gametes
rYp
ryp
RyP
RrYyPp Round Yellow Purple
RryyPp Round Green Purple
Ryp
RrYypp Round Yellow White
Rryypp Round Green White
ryP
rrYyPp Wrinkled Yellow Purple
rryyPp Wrinkled Green Purple
ryp
rrYypp Wrinkled Yellow White
rryypp Wrinkled Green White.
Please answer the following questions 1 through 30QUESTION 1The .pdfbarristeressaseren71
Please answer the following questions 1 through 30
QUESTION 1
The function ____ returns the absolute value of its double-precision argument.
double ceil(double)
double fmod(double)
double fabs(double)
double abs(double)
10 points
QUESTION 2
char codes[] = \"sample\"; sets aside ____ elements in the codes array.
5
6
7
8
10 points
QUESTION 3
A ____ is the beginning of a final function that is used as a placeholder for the final function
until the function is completed.
function header
function declarator
prototype
stub
10 points
QUESTION 4
Global variables are only meaningful when used in expressions or statements inside the function
that declares them.
True
False
10 points
QUESTION 5
The items enclosed within the parentheses in a function call statement are called ____ of the
function.
parameters
formal parameters
arguments
formal arguments
10 points
QUESTION 6
Each item in an array is called a(n) ____ of the array.
subscript
variable
index
element
10 points
QUESTION 7
Each C function is a separate and independent entity with its own parameters and variables.
True
False
10 points
QUESTION 8
A(n) ____ is a data type with two main characteristics: (1) its values can be decomposed into
individual data elements, and (2) it provides an access scheme for locating individual data
elements.
data structure
scalar data type
array
atomic data type
10 points
QUESTION 9
A variable with a ____ scope is simply one that has had storage locations set aside for it by a
declaration statement made within a function body.
function
module
local
global
10 points
QUESTION 10
The four available storage classes are called auto, static, extern, and ____.
stack
intern
void
register
10 points
QUESTION 11
___ is an example of a function header line.
float roi(int, double);
printf(\"%f\", roi(3, amt));
float roi( int yrs, double rate);
float roi( int yrs, double rate)
10 points
QUESTION 12
To return a value, a function must use a(n) ____ statement.
exit
throw
break
return
10 points
QUESTION 13
A(n) ____ variable, is a variable whose value cannot be further subdivided or separated into a
built-in data type.
data structure
scalar
array
class
10 points
QUESTION 14
For one-dimensional arrays, the offset to the element with index i is calculated as ____.
Offset = i * the size of the array
Offset = i * the size of the subscript
Offset = i * the size of a component + 1
Offset = i * the size of an individual element
10 points
QUESTION 15
A function that calls another function is referred to as the ____.
function prototype
called function
calling function
function declarator
10 points
QUESTION 16
As long as a function has not returned control to its calling function, all automatic variables local
to the function are “alive”; that is, storage for the variables is available.
True
False
10 points
QUESTION 17
Global variables can be used by all functions in a program that are physically placed after the
global variable declaration.
True
False
10 points
QUESTION 18
The scope of a variabl.
Name and describe (in your own words) the four sources of variance w.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Name and describe (in your own words) the four sources of variance which make up phenotypic
variance. Four sentences. Clear, simple, and precise please.
Solution
These include genetic effects,parental effects just after conception,developmental effects due to
interactions between genes and environment,and the biotic and abiotic environment effects
through to the point at which the trait is expressed.Additive,dominance,and epistatic effects can
all contribute to the phenotype of a quantitative trait,but generally additive interactions are the
most important.The phenotype is a sum of the environmental and the genetic effects..
M2 Discussion Hyperthermophiles “Like It Hot”33 unread replies.44.pdfbarristeressaseren71
M2 Discussion: Hyperthermophiles “Like It Hot”
33 unread replies.44 replies.
In 1977, scientists discovered a new and unexpected habitat in the Pacific Ocean northeast of the
Galapagos Islands. Hydrothermal vent organisms were discovered in a dark deep-sea
environment, approximately 2600 m below the ocean\'s surface, where earth’s crustal plates were
spreading apart. Among these organisms were a large number of previously unknown animal
species, such as the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. How could life thrive in total darkness?
Researchers looked closely at these hydrothermal vents where columns of dark, cloud mineral-
laden hot water pour through fissures in the sea floor. Cold water seeps downward through
cracks in the earth\'s crust and is heated by molten lava. Later, as the hydrothermal water is
forced upward, it mixes with seawater causing mineral precipitates to form that create the
chimney-like structures called black smokers. In the extreme heat and pressure, deep within
earth’s crust, sulfate is reduced to form the high-energy H-S bond. The water in these
hydrothermal vents is thus rich in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and teams with a large numbers of
sulfur bacteria. These bacteria oxidize H2S to form H2SO4 and thereby use the energy of the
earth\'s interior (captured by H2S formation) to convert CO2 into organic nutrients.
To benefit from this process, several vent animals have established endosymbiotic relationships
with these sulfur bacteria. One of the best-researched examples is R. pachyptila. This giant
gutless tube worm consists primarily of a long, thin sac attached to a gill plume. H2S, O2, and
some CO2 molecules are absorbed through the gill plume and carried to the tissues through the
blood bound to the transport protein hemoglobin. The trophosome, the site of the redox (energy-
generating) reactions, is the animal\'s most prominent organ. It is colonized by a large number of
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. In return for a steady supply of H2S, O2, and CO2 provided by the
tube worms\' circulatory system, the sulfur bacteria provide the organic nutrients required for the
worm\'s growth and development.
For additional reading read this article on aspects of life development (Links to an external site.).
Hyperthermophilic organisms thrive in extremely hot conditions. Discuss (in 250-300 words)
any one biochemical property or adaptation that may facilitate the survival of these organisms at
temperatures above 80oC.
Solution
The hyperthermophiles have modified DNA, enzyme and membrane modifications that facilitate
the survival of these organisms above 80 C.
The adaptations include-.
1. Input the data into Minitab system. 2. Summarizing Gender find.pdfbarristeressaseren71
1. Input the data into Minitab system.
2. Summarizing Gender: find its empirical distribution and graph it.
3. Summarizing Height: find its mean and median. Graph its distribution; which measure
best summarizes the center of the distribution?
4.Make a table to show the association between Gender and College.
5.Make a plot to illustrate the association between Height and Weight.
6.Make a plot to illustrate the association between Height and Gender. Height (inches) (pounds
68.5 61.2 63.0 70.0 68.6 65.1 72.4 71.5 Weight Gender ) College 155 115 205 170 125 220 188
Bsns Sci Bsns Sci Bsns Eng Eng Sc
Solution.
Label the following figure which shows the evolutionary relationship .pdfbarristeressaseren71
Label the following figure which shows the evolutionary relationship of the domains Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya. Not all labels will be used.
Solution
1.Common ancestor (first cells)
2.Heterotropic protist
3.Cell with nucleus
4.Photosynthetic protist
5.Eukarya
6.Bacteria
7.Archea
8.Animals
9.Plants
10.Fungi
11.Kingdom.
Interestingly enough, the Fibonacci numbers appear in quite unexpecte.pdfbarristeressaseren71
Interestingly enough, the Fibonacci numbers appear in quite unexpected places. They occur in
nature, music, geography, and geometry. They can be found in the spiral arrangements of seeds
in sunflowers, the scale patterns of pine cones, the number of petals in flowers, and the
arrangement of leaves on trees. Find the first 25 Fibonacci numbers. The Fibonacci sequence
appears in the family tree of a male bee. Male bees hatch from eggs which have not been
fertilized, while female bees hatch from fertilized eggs. Because of this, a male bee has only one
parent, his mother. On the other hand, female bees have both mothers and fathers. Using for
female bees and for male bees, continue the family tree started below back 5 generations. Thus,
a male bee has 1 parent, 2 grandparents, 3 great-grandparents, and so on.
Solution
Fibonacci series:
F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)
we know that F(0)=F(1)=1
F(2)=F(1)+F(0)=1+1=2
F(3)=F(2)+F(1)=2+1=3
F(4)=F(3)+F(2)=3+2=5
F(5)=F(4)+F(3)=5+3=8
F(6)=F(5)+F(4)=8+5=13
F(7)=F(6)+F(5)=13+8=21
F(8)=F(7)+F(6)=21+13=34
F(9)=F(8)+F(7)=34+21=55
F(10)=F(9)+F(8)=55+34=89
F(11)=F(10)+F(9)=89+55=144
F(12)=F(11)+F(10)=144+89=233
F(13)=F(12)+F(11)=233+144=377
F(14)=F(13)+F(12)=377+233=610
F(15)=F(14)+F(13)=610+377=987
F(16)=F(15)+F(14)=987+610=1597
F(17)=F(16)+F(15)=1597+987=2584
F(18)=F(17)+F(16)=2584+1597=4181
F(19)=F(18)+F(17)=4181+2584=6765
F(20)=F(19)+F(18)=6765+4181=10946
F(21)=F(20)+F(19)=10946+6765=17711
F(22)=F(21)+F(20)=17711+10946=28657
F(23)=F(22)+F(21)=28657+17711=46368
F(24)=F(23)+F(22)=46368+28657=75025
F(25)=F(24)+F(23)+75025+46368=121393.
In what order did life progress on EarthSmall protocells; archaea.pdfbarristeressaseren71
In what order did life progress on Earth?
Small protocells; archaea; multicellular prokaryotes; eukaryotes
Small inorganic molecules; protocells; prokaryotes; eukaryotes
Protocells; small inorganic molecules; eukaryotes; prokaryotes
Mitochondria; plastids; bacteria; animalsa.
Small protocells; archaea; multicellular prokaryotes; eukaryotesb.
Small inorganic molecules; protocells; prokaryotes; eukaryotesc.
Protocells; small inorganic molecules; eukaryotes; prokaryotesd.
Mitochondria; plastids; bacteria; animals
Solution
b. Small inorganic molecules; protocells; prokaryotes; eukaryotes
Explanation:
Organic molecules were synthesized from inorganic compounds in the atmosphere; A protocell :
self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids is the next major event.
Simple prokaryotic life forms were followed by complex eukaryotes were formed..
In regards to the findings of Darwin on the intellectual differences.pdfbarristeressaseren71
In regards to the findings of Darwin on the intellectual differences between men and women, he
based his complete findings entirely on the basis of a consideration of the long-continued action
of natural and sexual selection. He never took into consideration other factors. Write a 1-2 page
essay that addresses the following:
Why do you think Darwin never took into consideration the environment, social roles, influence
of culture, and the few opportunities that existed in the late 1870s for women as well as
historically for both men and women?
How do you think the findings of Darwin, in regards to women being of inferior intelligence,
would have changed if he had taken into consideration all the above factors as well as natural
and sexual selection? What would the major differences have been?
Solution
According to Darwin theory of natural selection, sexual selection is the phenomenon that drives
the evolution of life. The findings of Darwin on the intellectual differences are between men and
women depict his complete findings entirely based on a consideration of the long-continued
action of natural and sexual selection. Darwin never took into consideration the environment,
social roles, influence of culture, and the few opportunities that existed in the late 1870s for
women as well as historically for both men and women because these factors have no meticulous
effects on the \"human intellectual differences\" and gender differences. Reproductive capability
tasks plays an important stronger role to produce the progeny with strong survival rate of the
fittest is crucial in the natural selection, where human progeny often produce higher intellectual
abilities. The evolution of these offspring with higher fitness to survive in the environment with
intellectual differences between men and women, based on a consideration of the long-continued
action of natural and sexual selection (women for men with high fitness) is done through natural
selection. Therefore the resultant offspring will gain \"higher intellectual ability & high
reproductive fitness\" and genomic feature to eliminate deleterious alleles (induced by mutations)
via natural selection. Those species, which can withstand and sustain to this environment, those
will survive for a period by getting nurture from the nature. Natural selection is always occurs in
a population if there are genetic variation for a trait in that population followed by heritability of
that specific trait to the offspring as an evolutionary adaptation. Mutations also induce natural
selection and evolution of new traits
According to the findings of Darwin, in regards to women being of inferior intelligence, it would
have not changed if he had taken into consideration of the environment, social roles, influence of
culture, because “men always trying face higher “selection pressure”. Men always try to prove
physically & emotionally and intellectually higher ability or superior than other men to compete
for women as a r.
I know that flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adeni.pdfbarristeressaseren71
I know that flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are
both molecules that are reduced during cellular respiration and that NAD is known to be a
coenzyme, while FAD is considered a redox cofactor. As in NAD can accommodate 1 H+ while
FAD can accommodate 2.
I was wondering what other characteristics about these molecules make them necessary for
different chemical reactions throughout cellular respiration? Like why is NAD used in the citric
acid cycle and gylcolysis, where as FAD is used only in the citric acid cycle? What unique
properties cause both of these molecules to be necessary instead of just one?
Solution
NADH is a coenzyme where FADH is a prosthetic group. and there is a energy gap between the
NADH AND FADH.so there is necessary to fill the energy gap. thats why NAD used in
glycolysis where as FAD is used in TCA cycle..
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Where is [Cl] normally highest, inside or outside of a cell How do.pdf
1. Where is [Cl'] normally highest, inside or outside of a cell? How does this compare to [Na*] in
a cell? If the membrane became permeable to Cl^-, what direction would Cl^- move based on its
chemical gradient? In a healthy person, when the CFTR channel opens, Cl^- moves from the
inside of the cell to membranes, and your response to Question 2 as you answer) What direction
will water move in this system when the CFTR is open? If the CFTR doesn't work correctly due
to a mutation, Cl^- movement is blocked and an Inside Cell abnormally thick sticky mucus is
produced on the outside of the cell. This mucus clogs the airways in the lungs, and increases the
risk of infection by bacteria. Figure 2 illustrates a mutant CFTR channel in the epithelial cells
lining the lung.
Solution
1. Mostly Chloride and Sodium are present in high concentrations in the extracellular region and
low concentration in the intra cellular region. This is the reason behind generation of membrane
potential as potassium is present at low concentrations in the extracellular region and higher in
intracellular areas.
2. Since the concentration of Chloride is relatively higher in the extracellular region, if the
membrane becomes permeable, it would lead to movement of chloride ions from extracellular to
intracellular region because of the existing concentration gradient.
3. CFTR channels stand for Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Channels. It
is an ABC transporter class protein which conducts chloride ions and water along with
thiocynate ions across epithelial cell membranes. It is responsible for carrying out active
transport of Chloride ions against the concentration gradient by the use of ATP as well as
phosphorylation. That is why the movement of chloride ions is possible against the concentration
gradient.
4. The ionic concentration of the mucus slowly increases with the functioning of CFTR channel
and this leads to movement of water from the inside to the outside via osmosis.
![Where is [Cl'] normally highest, inside or outside of a cell? How does this compare to [Na*] in
a cell? If the membrane became permeable to Cl^-, what direction would Cl^- move based on its
chemical gradient? In a healthy person, when the CFTR channel opens, Cl^- moves from the
inside of the cell to membranes, and your response to Question 2 as you answer) What direction
will water move in this system when the CFTR is open? If the CFTR doesn't work correctly due
to a mutation, Cl^- movement is blocked and an Inside Cell abnormally thick sticky mucus is
produced on the outside of the cell. This mucus clogs the airways in the lungs, and increases the
risk of infection by bacteria. Figure 2 illustrates a mutant CFTR channel in the epithelial cells
lining the lung.
Solution
1. Mostly Chloride and Sodium are present in high concentrations in the extracellular region and
low concentration in the intra cellular region. This is the reason behind generation of membrane
potential as potassium is present at low concentrations in the extracellular region and higher in
intracellular areas.
2. Since the concentration of Chloride is relatively higher in the extracellular region, if the
membrane becomes permeable, it would lead to movement of chloride ions from extracellular to
intracellular region because of the existing concentration gradient.
3. CFTR channels stand for Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Channels. It
is an ABC transporter class protein which conducts chloride ions and water along with
thiocynate ions across epithelial cell membranes. It is responsible for carrying out active
transport of Chloride ions against the concentration gradient by the use of ATP as well as
phosphorylation. That is why the movement of chloride ions is possible against the concentration
gradient.
4. The ionic concentration of the mucus slowly increases with the functioning of CFTR channel
and this leads to movement of water from the inside to the outside via osmosis.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whereisclnormallyhighestinsideoroutsideofacellhowdo-230705101619-4b26b77e/85/Where-is-Cl-normally-highest-inside-or-outside-of-a-cell-How-do-pdf-1-320.jpg)
