When an ionic solid is added into a solvent- you can see that the ioni.docx

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When an ionic solid is added into a solvent, you can see that the ionic solid dissociates into its respective cations and anions. The solvent molecules immediately cluster around the ions. This is known as solvation. When the solvent is water, the solvation process is called hydration. Dissolution and hydration occur simultaneously, and salt is said to be dissolved in water. You can observe that some of the ions dissolved in the solution recrystallize or deposit to form the solid salt. When the rate of dissolution equals the rate of deposition, dynamic equilibrium is reached rank from the first step to the last step. To rank the steps that occur simultaneously, overlap them. Solution Ranking of the first to last step: i)Dissolution of the salt into cations and anions ii)Hydration of Cations & anions iii)Rate of dissolution ia equal to rate of deposition iv) Hydrated cations and anions begins to deposit as a salt .

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The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate when a soluble compound combining one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in equilibrium with the precipitate. It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is increased, then, according to Le Chatelier\'s principle, the ions in excess should combine with the oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ionic product is equal to the solubility of the product. In simple words, common ion effect is defined as the suppression of the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion. Many transition metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions. For example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added, such as when hydrochloric acid is added. This is due to the formation of soluble CuCl2 complex ions.By pulling Ag+ ions out of this equilibrium, the equilibrium must shift to replace them as best it can. i.e. more AgBr(s) must go into solution. The solubility of a slightly soluble salt increases when one of its ions can be changed to a soluble complex ion.Adding the ammonia introduces another equilibrium and we can sum the two equilibrium present.Original EquilibriumAgBr(s) <=====> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-] Solution The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate when a soluble compound combining one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in equilibrium with the precipitate. It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is increased, then, according to Le Chatelier\'s principle, the ions in excess should combine with the oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ionic product is equal to the solubility of the product. In simple words, common ion effect is defined as the suppression of the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion. Many transition metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions. For example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added, such as when hydrochloric acid is added. This is due to the formation of soluble CuCl2 complex ions.By pulling Ag+ ions out of this equilibrium, the equilibrium must shift to replace them as best it can. i.e. more AgBr(s) must go into solution. The solubility of a slightly soluble salt increases when one of its ions can be changed to a soluble complex ion.Adding the ammonia introduces another equilibrium and we can sum the two equilibrium present.Original EquilibriumAgBr(s) <=====> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-].

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Why does salt dissolve in water? The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water molecules The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water molecules The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ions The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strong None of the above Why does salt dissolve in water?A. The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water moleculesB. The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water moleculesC. The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ionsD. The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strongE. None of the above Solution Answer from the above options is A PART When we try to dissolve an ionic compound by stirring it in water, the positive poles of the water molecules are attracted to the anions, while the negative poles of other water molecules are attracted to the cations, so the polar water molecules \"pull\" the ions out of a crystal. As a result of these interactions, the ionic bonds eventually break and ions are released into the water. When the salt is dissolved, every ion is surrounded by water molecules, creating a kind of concentric shells of polar water molecules centered around the ions. (They also look like petals of a daisy). This process is called \"hydration.\" The hydration of its ions causes a salt crystal to break apart (dissolve) in the water. Therefore, when table salt (NaCl) is dissolved, two hydrated ions appear in the water: a positively cation Na+ and a negative charged anion Cl-. Each is surrounded with a shell of closely attracted water molecules that prevent the ions from reconciling into a crystal again. These watery shells prevent the ions from getting together again into a solid. Hydrated ions jostles around the solution, dispersing evenly in the solution and causing the particles to disappear from view as they are spreading within the solution. The hydrated ions are so small that we cannot see them even with a strong microscope. and therefore we see the process as a disappearance of particles from view as the dissolving progresses. Different ions can attract different number of water molecules into the \"watery shell\" because they can have different strength (density) of their charge. The density of the charge depends on the ratio of charge to surface area of an ion; the larger the ratio, the larger the hydration number will be..

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1- According to the career opportunities on their websites- what are s.docx

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Which is the stronger acid in the following pair? Explain your reasoning. Be sure to answer all parts. p? Methoxyphenol o? Methoxyphenol The stronger acidity is due to (select all that apply): electron-donating inductive effects intra-molecular hydrogen bonding electron-withdrawing inductive effects conjugation with the substituent Solution 1. Ortho-methoxy phenol is more acidic than para Methoxy phenol. Since OMe is -I group and it stabilizes the phenoxide ion. As we know that strength of Inductive effect decreases with the increase of distance. Hence in para isomer, withdrawing effect of OMe is less compared to ortho isomer. 2. Options B, C and D are correct Intramolecular hydrogen bond: increase the acidity. Ex: ortho Nitro phenol is more acidic than para Nitro phenol, Hydrogen bonding stabilize the anion after proton loosing. -I groups (NO2, CHO, CN etc) increases the acidity Conjugation of group also increases the acidity by resonance Ex: phenol is more acidic than methanol since phenoxide is stabilized by resonance which is not possible to methoxide. .

Which is the stronger acid in the following pair- Explain your reasoni.docx

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Which is NOT true for solute retention? A) Retention time, t r, is the elapsed time between injecting the sample to the arrival of a sample component at the detector minus the dwell time between the end of the column and the detector. B) Adjusted retention time is t râ€™ = t r â€“ t m, where t r is the retention time and t m is the time for mobile phase or unretained solutes to pass through the column. C) The relative retention, ? = r 2 , is the ratio for the adjusted retention time for two t \' r1 components of the sample, where t r2â€™ > t r1â€™ so that ? > 1. D) The retention factor, k = t r ? t m , is the time, tr, required to elute a component t m K 1coefficients for components 2 and 1.minus the time, tm, for mobile phase to pass through the column divided by t m . E) The relative retention, ?, also equals K 2 , where K 2 and K 1 are the partition coefficients for components 2 and 1. Solution (A) is the answer. Reason: The absolute time taken by a compound to travel from the injector through the column to the detector is the retention time. Dwell time will not come into the definition. Rest all options are correct .

Which is NOT true for solute retention- A) Retention time- tr- is the.docx

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Which form type displays records in a tabular format similar to a Datasheet view but has more editing options, such as adding graphics? Datasheet Form Multiple Items Form Split Form Subform Which database property type increases the efficiency of a search on the designated field in the physical database? Validation rule Validation text Indexed Expression Which of the following describes a poor design consideration for a form? Arrange controls closely together or in a sequence that is easy to read by the user. Each form should have a different theme. Make labels descriptive and clear. Right-align labels followed by a colon and left-align bound controls. After running a query, which view will be shown? Datasheet Design Query Result A deletion anomaly is deleting facts about one entity successfully. deleting a table. deleting facts about one entity and deleting facts about another entity. deleting only one fact from a column. Solution 1) DataSheet Form It is a data entry form where we can display query result into tables. 2)Indexed Normally all data stored in database is indexed so that searching by integer index value is faster than searching whole data fields. Normally this search known as indexed search. 3)Right-align labels followed by a colon and left-align bound controls. 4) After running a query, the result shown in daraSheet view. 5)deleting facts about one entity successfully .

Which form type displays records in a tabular format similar to a Data.docx

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which equation best represents the net ionic reaction that occurs when an aqueous solution of barium iodide is mixed with an aqueous solution of lithium sulfate? No net reaction occurs Ba^2+(aq)+SO4^2-(aq)-> BaSO4(s) BaI2(aq)+Li2SO4(aq)-> BaSO4(s)+2LiI(aq) 2H^+(aq)+2I^-(aq)->2HI(g) Ba^2+(aq)+2I^-(aq)+2Li^+(aq)+SO4^2-(aq)-->BaSO4(s)+2LiI(aq) which equation best represents the net ionic reaction that occurs when an aqueous solution of barium iodide is mixed with an aqueous solution of lithium sulfate? No net reaction occurs Ba^2+(aq)+SO4^2-(aq)-> BaSO4(s) BaI2(aq)+Li2SO4(aq)-> BaSO4(s)+2LiI(aq) 2H^+(aq)+2I^-(aq)->2HI(g) Ba^2+(aq)+2I^-(aq)+2Li^+(aq)+SO4^2-(aq)-->BaSO4(s)+2LiI(aq) No net reaction occurs Ba^2+(aq)+SO4^2-(aq)-> BaSO4(s) BaI2(aq)+Li2SO4(aq)-> BaSO4(s)+2LiI(aq) 2H^+(aq)+2I^-(aq)->2HI(g) Ba^2+(aq)+2I^-(aq)+2Li^+(aq)+SO4^2-(aq)-->BaSO4(s)+2LiI(aq) Solution Ans Reaction between aqueous solution of barium iodide and lithium sulfate BaI 2 (aq) + Li 2 SO 4 (aq) -> BaSO 4 (s) + 2LiI(aq) From above reaction it is clear that formation of barium sulfate is solid i.e. in pure form so not participate in net ionic reaction So net ionic reaction is 2LiI(aq) -> 2 Li + (aq) + 2Cl - (aq) So last equation best to represent the net ionic reaction Ba 2+ (aq) + 2I - (aq) + 2Li + (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) --> BaSO 4 (s) + 2LiI(aq) .

which equation best represents the net ionic reaction that occurs when.docx

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Which complex in the electron transport chain does not contribute to the proton gradient? Why not? Solution Ans - An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. The molecules of the chain include peptides, enzymes (which are proteins or protein complexes), and others. The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. The four complexes involved in electron transport chain are Complex II does not contribute to proton gradient in electron transport chain. This complex oxidizes succinate, which is produced in TCA cycle, and transfers electrons to ubiquinone. This complex is not associated with any proton gradient. .

Which complex in the electron transport chain does not contribute to t.docx

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where heat is transfer high in conduction or convection where heat is transfer high in conduction or convection Solution CONDUCTION-- Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other. The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will be transferred. Metal is a good conduction of heat. Conduction occurs when a substance is heated, particles will gain more energy, and vibrate more. These molecules then bump into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy to them. This then continues and passes the energy from the hot end down to the colder end of the substance. CONVECTION-- Thermal energy is transferred from hot places to cold places by convection. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas. Cooler liquid or gas then takes the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This results in a continous circulation pattern. Water boiling in a pan is a good example of these convection currents. Another good example of convection is in the atmosphere. The earth\'s surface is warmed by the sun, the warm air rises and cool air moves in. Hence more heat is transferred by CONDUCTION because of the direct contact. .

where heat is transfer high in conduction or convection where heat i.docx

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Where do most college students exist on Maslow\'s hierarchy of needs? Be descriptive in your explanation of why... Please be orginial no articles or cut and paste what are your real thoughts! Thanks !! Solution I think that most college students exist between the Love and Belong and Esteem parts of the hierarchy on the pyramid. Many College students have achieved a sense of love and belonging through relationships wthi their friends and family.Â Â Students have made social connections by being members of sports teams, clubs, fraternities, sororities and other types of activities that help to achieve this pyramid level. At the same time, the need for belonging may become overcome other needs depending on the level of peer pressure. Also, college students have a need to feel respected and values by others. This spills into the Esteem layer of Maslow\'s hierarchy pyramid. Students will participate in a hobby, team or other organization to gain recognition of others. By doing this, students achieve a sense of value and acceptance from others. In some cases, there will be a need to achieve popularity or fame but this will not assist in achieving actual happiness as the sense of value and acceptance must really come from within the student .

Where do most college students exist on Maslow-'s hierarchy of needs-.docx

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