Mule ESB is a lightweight and scalable Java-based messaging framework that allows for quick and easy integration of applications and data exchange between them. It uses a service-oriented architecture and supports integration with various technologies through different endpoints. Key features include being lightweight, supporting more than just mediation, being accessible to any developer through common tools, and being able to scale up or down through embeddability and cloud deployment on CloudHub. Mule ESB provides core integration capabilities like message processing, routing, and transformation through reusable components in a visual flow-based development environment.