The document discusses assessment for learning. It defines assessment for learning as the process of gathering information about student learning through classroom activities to promote learning and achievement. For learning to take place, students need to understand the learning aim, why they need to learn it, their current progress, and how to achieve the aim. When students understand these principles, the quality of learning improves. Effective assessment involves teachers explaining aims, demonstrating standards, providing feedback, having high expectations, and developing students' self-assessment skills. Assessment for learning empowers students by informing them of their progress and allowing them to take action to improve.

1. What is Assessment for Learning?
Assessmentaspart of classroomactivitiesisafundamental processrequired
to promote learning and ultimately achievement.
Learnersneedtoknowandunderstandthefollowingbeforelearningcantake
place:
 What is the aim of the learning?
 Why do they need to learn it?
 Where are they in terms of achieving the aim?
 How can they achieve the aim?
Whenlearnersknowandunderstandthese principles,the qualityof learning
will improve.Sharingthisinformation withlearnerswill promote ownership
of the learningaimsandasense of sharedresponsibilitybetweenthe teacher
and learner to achieve those aims. Improving learners’confidence and self-
esteemreflectspositivelyinlearners’workandtheirmotivation isimproved
To promote effective assessment, teachers need to:
 explainthe learningaimstolearnersandcheck their understanding
 demonstrate the standardslearnersare requiredtoachieveandhelp
them recognize when they have achieved that standard
 give effective feedback on assessment decisions, so that learners
know how to improve
 demonstrate highexpectationsandmake it obvioustolearnersthat
they believe that they can improve on their past performance
 provide regularopportunitiesforteachersandlearnerstoreflecton
the last performance and review learners’ progress
 develop learners’ self-assessment skills, so that they can recognize
what aspects of their own work need to improve.
Assessment for Learning is all about informing learners of their
progress to empower them to take the necessary action to improve their
performance.Teachersneedtocreate learningopportunitieswhere learners
can progressat theirownpace and undertake consolidationactivitieswhere
necessary. In recent years, it has been stated that teachers have become
adeptat supportingthe lessable learner,sometimestothe detrimentof the
more able learner. Assessment for Learning strategies should be
implementedinsucha waythat qualityfeedbackprovidedtolearnersbased
on, for example, an interim assessment decision, will help to challenge the
more able learnertoreachnewlevelsof achievementand,indoingso,reach
their full potential. The individuality of feedback,by its very nature, has the
facility to support weaker learners and challenge more able learners.
Assessment of learning is the snapshot in time that lets the teacher,
students and their parents know how well each student has completed the
learning tasks and activities. It provides information about student
achievement.Whileitprovidesusefulreportinginformation,itoftenhaslittle
effect on learning.
How to use Assessment for Learning in classroom
practice?
Much classroompractice canbe describedasassessmentactivities.Teachers
set tasks and activities and pose questions to learners. Learners respondto
the tasks,activitiesandquestions,andthe teachersmakejudgementsonthe
learners’knowledge,understandingandskillsacquisitionasevidencedinthe
learners’ responses. These judgements on learners’ performance happen
quite naturallyinthe course of anyteachingandlearningsessionandrequire
two-way dialogue, decision-making and communication of the assessment
decisioninthe formof qualityfeedbacktothe learnerontheirperformance.
Depending on how successfully these classroom practices have been
undertaken,learningwillhave takenplaceinvaryingdegreesfromlearnerto
learner. At the end of each session,teachers need to ask themselves: What
do learners know now that they did not know before they attended the
session? Although somewhat crude, this will evaluate how effective a
particular session has been.

2. How to plan for learning?
Learning does not happen incidentally; it has to be carefully planned.
Planning is an essential part of a teacher’s workload. Teachers need to plan
and create opportunitieswithin each session for both the learner and the
teachertoobtaininformationabouta learner’sprogresstowardsthelearning
goals definedby the teacher at the start of the session. It is crucial that the
learning goals are communicated to the learner, and of equal importance is
that the teacherchecks to ensure that the learnernot only understandsthe
learninggoals,butalsoappreciatesthe assessmentcriteriawhichwill beused
to assess the work.
Teachers need to:
 decide what is going to be learnt in a particular session
 define the learning goals
 communicate the learning goals to the learners
 compile questions and design tasks to check learner understanding
of the learning goals
 explaintothe learnersthe criteriawhich will be usedto assesstheir
work
 decide how feedback is going to be provided
 define howlearnerswilltakeanactive partintheassessmentprocess
 plan opportunities for learners to use the feedback provided on the
assessment decision to further progress
How to establish the learning goals?
At the beginning of an academic year, it is usual for teachers to plan the
deliveryof the curriculumforthe forthcomingyear.A scheme of workdetails
what is going to be covered each week and how it is going to be done to
ensure the curriculumgovernedbytheawardingbodiesiscovered.However,
it is crucial that teachers identify the learning objectives for each session to
ensure that chunks of time are devoted to specific learning goals and the
sessionsare not wasted‘carryingon fromthe last session’withoutanything
specific being achieved. It is therefore important that schemes of work
identifythe learninggoalsforeachsessionanddefine howtheyare goingto
be assessed.
How to share learning goals?
For learners to understand the learning goals, it is important that teachers
explain and check that they comprehend what they have to do during the
task, what they have to learn from doing it and why they have to learn it.
Oftenlearnersdonotunderstandwhytheyhavetoundertake ataskandhow
it fits into the curriculum; if they did, they would be more inclined to do it.
The learning outcomes,in terms of the work that learners have to produce,
have tobe clearlycommunicatedtolearnersandinvolve theminthe learning
process.Learningcannotbe done to individuals;ithasto be done withthem
and by them.It is evident,therefore,thateffective two-waycommunication
isthe keytounlockinglearners’fullpotentialtolearnandultimatelyachieve.
Encourage learners to observe how others are responding to a task, so that
they will begin to apply the assessment criteria to their own work.
Teachers need to explain:
 the learningobjectivesandwhylearnershave toachieve them(and
check learners’ understanding)
 the assessment criteria and how to use them
 whatlearnershave done well andwhattheyneedtodoto improve.
 How to create a learning ethos within a college or school?
 The teacher and the learning community as a whole must:
 demonstrate that learning is valued and celebrated
 foster trust in all professional relationships
 develop learners to ask for help and to access support accordingly
 use learning to promote self-esteem
 genuinely believe that all learners can learn and improve against
their own previous performance, not that of others
 demonstrate the use of value-added data
 provide teachers with appropriate training and support in
Assessment for Learning

3.  encourage team involvement in defining any strategies designed to
promote change whether it be imposed by external agencies or
within an institution.
Assessing learning: the effective use of questioning
Nomatterhowwell ateachingandlearningsessionisplanned,orhowwella
teacher may feel at the conclusion to the session, it is not how well the
teacherhasperformed,butthe reactionof thelearnersthatmatters.The real
test is whether learners have learnt and ultimatelyprogressed against the
learning objectives definedat the start of the session. Testing learningis an
important part of classroom practice, and questioning is one of the most
common methods of checking learner understanding. Questioning is
somethingteachersdonaturallyaspartof theirdailyroutine,butdeveloping
the skills associated with questioning techniques presents many challenges
for teachersand issomethingthatis developedovertime.Teachersneedto
reviewwhatisto be learntinany one teachingandlearningsessionandplan
for the inclusion of questioning accordingly.When to pose open and closed
questions, how to developa questiondistributionstrategy and when to use
questionstocheck learners’knowledge,comprehensionandapplicationare
all issues that teachers should consider
What is feedback?
 Feedbackisprovidinginformationtoanindividual whichfocuses
on their performance or behavior.
 The feedbackprovidedshouldbe deliveredinapositive mannerand
lead to action to affirm or developan individual’s performance or
behavior.
 Feedback provided should not be of a personal nature and should
focus on hard data, facts or observed examples of evidence.
Types of feedback
Affirmation feedback:
 Affirmation feedback is provided as soon as possible after a
performance hasbeenobserved.‘Well done,Ben,youobservedsafe
working practices while preparing a window mount for your
artwork.’
Developmental feedback:
 ‘Nancy, next time you stretch paper, use gum strip instead of
masking tape to secure the paper to your drawing board.
Effective feedback:
 Effective feedbackistailoredtomeetthe needsof the individualand
is directlylinkedtoobservable evidence –eithera learner’swritten
or practical work or a performance of a given task.
 It focuses on individual action points.
 Effective feedback deals with one point at a time.
The benefits to learners of effective feedback
Teachers’feedbackshouldactasscaffoldingtosupportlearners’skillbuilding
and the acquisition of knowledge. Teachers provide the ‘x’ factor in
promotinglearningthroughinterventionstrategiesandfeedbackonlearners’
performance. Feedback must not be confused with doing the work for the
learners or giving them so much help that it becomes the teacher’s work.
There isanarttoprovidingsupportandfeedbackanditisdefinitelynotgiving
learners the solution to a problem as soon as they become stuck. Learners
must be given opportunities to think a problem through for themselves,
which is a crucial part of the learning process, so that the piece of work is
their own and the end result evidences their learning through which
individuals can take much satisfaction in their progress and achievements.

4. There isno doubtthat learnerscanand do benefitfromeffective feedback.
 They know how well they are progressing.
 They are informed of their strengths and of areas they need to
improve.
 They know what they need to do to improve
The benefits of effective feedback are greatly enhanced when feedback is
applied on a number of attempts so that progress can be tracked from one
attempt to the next and illustrated by developmental improvement.
Effective feedback and its appropriate use can improve:
Progress: progressismade whenlearnersknowandunderstandwhatthey
need to do to improve and are given time to undertake the requiredaction
to bring about an improvement in their work.
Achievement: as a result of progress being made in each teaching and
learning session, opportunities for learners to achieve will increase.
Learners handing work in on time: workbeinghandedinandthe return
of markedwork with feedbackisa two-waycontract. The dates for handing
in and returning marked work should be adhered to by both parties. If
feedbackisvalued,itwill promote the desiredeffect – workis handedin on
time.
Learner confidence:effectivefeedbackwhichrecognizeswhatthelearner
has done well andinstigatesfurtherprogresspromoteslearner confidence.
Motivation: motivation is enhancedwhen learners can see for themselves
that theyare improvingas a resultof takingthe actionrecommendedinthe
feedback.
Attendance and timekeeping: when feedback is valued and thereby
worth receiving, learners are encouraged to attend teaching and learning
sessions and timekeeping does not become an issue.
Retention: whenfeedbackisvaluedand progressis seenby the learnerto
have been made, retention does not become an issue.
Behavior in class: the mosteffectivebehaviormanagementstrategyisthe
demonstration of progress which has resulted from effective teaching and
learning.
Learner–teacher relations: when feedback is effective,learners value
teachers’ contributions and this is apparent in the quality of the learner–
teacher relationship.
Learner participation in class: when learners receive helpful and
constructive feedback, they are encouraged to contribute to classroom
activities.
Oral feedback
Learners receive oral feedback every time they are in contact with their
teacher,whetheritis consciouslyorsubconsciously.Learnerssometimesdo
not class informal discussionwith their teachers as feedback, but this can
often be the most valuable form of information where hints and tips for
improvementare sharedwithlearnersand vocational tricksof the trade are
imparted by vocational experts while monitoring learner activities in an
effective learning environment.
Written feedback
Even the most reluctant learners want and value assessment feedback.
Teachers should never say anything in writing that they would not say to a
learner’sface.Theyshouldfocusonfeedingbackon the qualityof work and
notonthe persontominimizethepossibilityofpersonalityissuescominginto
play. Personal comments such as: ‘You are lazy and this has reflectedin the
quality of your work’ are not helpful and only serve to detract from the
content of the feedback. They also create a barrier between teachers and
learners,resultinginthe learnersdiggingintheirheelsandrefusingtoacton
the teachers’ advice even though it is their work which will suffer. As with

5. oral feedback,teachersshoulduse onlythe assessmentcriteriaasdefinedin
the briefing of the task on which to base the assessment. To mark learners
down for not doing something that was not a requirement stipulatedin the
initial briefing is unfair and will only serve to promote mistrust.
Peer and self-assessment
It is widely recognized that when learners are fully engagedin the learning
process, learning increases. A fundamental requirement of Assessment for
Learning is for learners to know what they have to learn, why it is required
(howit fitsintothe course of studyand whichunit itis part of) and howit is
to be assessed. When learners are able to understand the assessment
criteria, progress is often maximized, especially when individuals have
opportunities to apply the assessment criteria to work produced by their
peers as part of planned classroom activities. Peer assessment using the
predefined assessment criteria is the next stage to evaluate learner
understanding and consolidating learning.
What is the purpose of assessment of learning?
Assessmentof learning measures whatand how well
the students havelearned at the end of instruction. it
certifies learning and measures students' overall
achievement/proficiency. it determines whether learning goals and
outcomes have been achieved. summative assessments serve the
purpose of assessment of learning.

9. What is assessment of learning 1 all about?
To identify the students who have already knowledge
about the lesson; To determine the causes of learning
problems and formulate a plane for remedial action.
What are 3 types of assessment for learning?
Types of Classroom Assessment
 Assessment for Learning (Formative Assessment)
 Assessment of Learning (Summative Assessment)
 Comparing Assessment for Learning and Assessment of
Learning.
 Assessment as Learning.
What are the 4 principles of assessment?
Clause 1.8 in the Standards states the four principles of
assessment are:
 Fairness.
 Flexibility.
 Validity.
 Reliability.
What are the characteristics of assessment of
learning?
Five Essential Features of Assessment for Learning
 Coherence With the Enacted Curriculum. ...
 Items and Tasks that Support Deeper Thinking. ...
 Results that are at the Right Grain Size to Support Useful
Feedback. ...
 Results that are Timely. ...
 Results that Inform Instruction.
What are the 5 theories of learning?
There are five primary educational learning theories:
 behaviorism,
 cognitive,
 constructivism,
 humanism, and
 connectivism
What is an assessment plan?
An assessmentplan is an outline that includes all
relevant portions of an assessmentproject, tying together
each step of an assessmentprojectin consideration of the
context in which the assessmentwilloccur.
What are assessment tools?
An assessmenttoolis a technique or method of
evaluating information to determine how much a person
knows and whether this knowledgealigns with the bigger
picture of a theory or framework. Assessmentmethods
differ based on context and purpose.
What are the 3 purposes of assessment?
This article argues that each of the three basic purposes of
assessment, assessment to support learning; assessment
for accountability; assessment for certification, progress,
and transfer need to enjoy appropriate attention to support
quality education.

10. ASSESSMENT
“Assessment is the systematic collection,
review, and use of information about educational programs
undertaken for the purpose of improving
student learning and development”.
T.Marchese
(1987) Educational assessment is the process of documenting,
usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes
and beliefs. Assessment can focus on the individual learner, the
learning community (class, workshop, or other organized group of
learners), the institution, or the educational system as a whole.
According to the
Academic Exchange Quarterly
: "Studies of a theoretical or empirical nature (including case
studies, portfolio studies, exploratory, or experimental work)
addressing the assessment of learner aptitude
and preparation, motivation and learning styles, learning outcomes
in achievement and satisfaction in different educational contexts
are all welcome, as are studies addressing issues of measurable
standards and benchmarks". Assessment is a processbywhich
information is obtained relative to some known objective or goal.
Assessment is a broad term that includes testing. A test is a
special form of assessment. Tests are assessments made under
contrived circumstances especially so that they
may be administered. In other words, all tests are assessments,
but not all assessments are tests. We test at the end of a lesson
or unit.
Formative assessments
 Michael Scriven coined the terms formative and
summative evaluation in 1967, and emphasized their
differences both in terms of the goals of the information
they seek and how the information is used.
 a process of evaluating the students' knowledge as they
learn. It is a method of on-going assessment and it
involves putting together a series of quick-fire questions
and exercises to help you monitor the learner's progress
during the course.
 is a planned, ongoing process used by all students and
teachers during learning and teaching to elicit and use
evidence of student learning to improve student
understanding of intended disciplinary learning outcomes
and support students to become self-directed learners.
 to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback
that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching
and by students to improve their learning.
 Formative assessments are central to the teaching-
learning process. They can help improve student outcomes
if part of a fair, valid, and reliable process of gathering,
interpreting and using information generated throughout
the student learning process
 can be as informal evaluation as observing the learner's
work or as formal as a written test. Formative Assessment
is the most powerful type of assessment for improving
student understanding and performance.
 are evaluations of someone’s learning progress in a
classroom. Common formative assessments include:
 Quizzes
 Group activities
 Games
 Projects
 Presentations

11. What are the 4 types of formative assessment?
 Clarifying Learning
 Eliciting Evidence.
 Providing Feedback
 Activating Learners.
 Enrich your ability to boost every student's engagement
What are the benefits of formative assessment?
When formative assessment is well implemented, the benefits
include:
 Defined learning goals.
 Increased rigor.
 Improved academic achievement.
 Enhanced student motivation.
 Increased student engagement.
 Focused and targeted feedback.
 Personalized learning experiences.
 Self-regulated learners.
What are the characteristics of formative
assessment?
 responsiveness;
 the sources of evidence;
 student disclosure;
 a tacit process;
 using professional knowledge and experiences;
 an integral part of teaching and learning;
 who is doing the formative assessment;
 the purposes for formative assessment
Summative assessments
 Summative assessment theory aims at recording or
reporting the students' achievement (Harlen (2005). In
other words, summative assessment is the reflection of
what they have learned in the past. Taras (2005) defines
summative assessment as a sort of 'judgment which
encapsulates all the pieces of evidence to a given point.
 summative describes something that is produced through
addition
 to evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional
unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark.
Summative assessments are often high stakes, which
means that they have a high point value.
 a type of course evaluation that happens at the end of a
training or program
 Summative assessments are formal evaluations of what a
student has learned in a unit or course. They “sum up”
what the class can now do or now knows as a result of the
teacher's instruction.
 they are not reliable or valid and so are not fit for
purpose.
 are evaluations of what someone has learned throughout a
course.
Common summative assessments include:
 Tests
 Final exams
 Reports
 Papers
 End-of-class projects

12. What are the characteristics of summative
assessment?
The Five Major Features of Summative Assessments
 Authenticity. A test should examine real-world
applications. ...
 Reliability. Tests given as summative assessments
should hold up in another setting, or with another set
of students. ...
 Volume. Educators should avoid the urge to over-test.
 Validity.
 Variety.
What are the 4 types of assessment?
 Diagnostic,
 Formative
 Interim, and
 Summative
What is the impact of summative assessment?
 Lower-achieving students are doubly disadvantaged by
summative assessment. Being labelled as failures has an
impact not just on current feelings about their ability to
learn, but lowers further their already low self-esteem and
reduces the chance of future effort and success.
What is the strength of summative assessment?
1) Summative assessments offer an opportunity to refresh
students' memories of what they previously learned.
2) Summative assessments reinforce the overall learning
objectives of the course.
3) Summative assessments provide a snapshot for class members
to see if they know the collective language points or not.
Three Types of Assessment
1) Formative Assessment
This occurs in the short term, as learners are in the
process of making meaning of new content and of
integrating it into what they already know. Feedback to
the learner is immediate (or nearly so), to enable the
learner to change his/her behavior and understandings
right away. Formative Assessment also enables the
teacher to "turn on a dime" and rethink instructional
strategies, activities, and content based on student
understanding and performance. His/her role here is
comparable to that of a coach. Formative Assessment
can be as informal as observing the learner's work or
as formal as a written test. Formative Assessment is
the most powerful type of assessment for improving
student understanding and performance.
Examples: a very interactive class discussion; a warm-
up, closure, or exit slip; a on-the-spot performance; a
quiz.

13. 2) Interim Assessment
This takes place occasionally throughout a larger time
period. Feedback to the learner is still quick, but may
not be immediate. Interim Assessments tend to be
more formal, using tools such as projects, written
assignments, and tests. The learner should be given the
opportunity to re-demonstrate his/her understanding
once the feedback has been digested and acted upon.
Interim Assessments can help teachers identify gaps in
student understanding and instruction, and ideally
teachers address these before moving on or by weaving
remedies into upcoming instruction and activities.
Examples: Chapter test; extended essay; a project
scored with a rubric.
3) Summative Assessment
This takes place at the end of a large chunk of
learning, with the results being primarily for the
teacher's or school's use. Results may take time to be
returned to the student/parent, feedback to the
student is usually very limited, and the student usually
has no opportunity to be reassessed. Thus, Summative
Assessment tends to have the least impact on
improving an individual student's understanding or
performance. Students/parents can use the results of
Summative Assessments to see where the student's
performance lies compared to either a standard
(MEAP/MME) or to a group of students (usually a
grade-level group, such as all 6th graders nationally,
such as Iowa Tests or ACT). Teachers/schools can use
these assessments to identify strengths and
weaknesses of curriculum and instruction, with
improvements affecting the next year's/term's
students.
Examples: Standardized testing (MEAP, MME, ACT,
Work Keys, Terra Nova, etc.); Final exams; Major
cumulative projects, research projects, and
performances.