What happens in the transduction phase of cell signaling when protei.pdf

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What happens in the transduction phase of cell signaling when protein signal molecules are present? A) Signal molecules induce a change in membrane proteins that activates other proteins within the cell. B) A cell reacts to the message from signal molecules by initiating changes in shape, activity, or behavior. C) Specialized cell surface proteins bind to specific protein signal molecules outside the cell. D) Protein signal molecules outside the cell diffuse through the phospholipids in the cell membrane. Solution Option C is correct Specialized cell surface protein bind to specific protein signal molecule outside the cell.When subtrate is protein in nature its need specific receptor because cell membrane is made up of phospholipid which not allowed to pass protein molecule thats why its need specific receptor and secondry messenger ..

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ANSWER ALL A positively charged ion with an equilibrium potential of -10 mv would most likely (a) enter the cell until equilibrium is reached. (b) is already in equilibrium (c) exit the cell until equilibrium is reached. -20. Rank the following types of cell signaling from A to C, with A representing the type of signaling in which the signal travels the least distance and C the largest distance 8. Paracrine signaling 9. Contact-dependent signaling 0. Endocrine signaling 1. Which of the following if NOT true? (a) Nucleotides and amino acids can act as extracellular signal molecules (b) some molecules can bind directly to intracellular proteins that bind DNA and regulate signal gene transcription (c) Some signal molecules are transmembrane proteins (d) Dissolved gases such as nitric oxide (NO) can act as signal molecules, but because they cannot interact with proteins they must act by affecting membrane lipids 1-24. Which process in each pair is likely to occur more rapidly in response to an extracellular signal? 2. (a) changes in cell secretion OR (b) increased cell division (a) changes in protein phosphorylation Or (b) changes in protein synthesis 24. (a) changes in mRNA levels OR (b) changes in membrane potential 25. (a) response to acetylcholine OR (b) response to testosterone 26. Which of the following statements is true? (a) Extracellular signal molecules that are hydrophilic must bind to a cell-surface receptor so as target cell to change its behavior. (b) To function, all extracellular signal molecules must be transported by their receptor across the plasma membrane into the cytosol. (c) A cell-surface receptor capable of binding only one type of signal molecule can mediate only one kind of cell response 7. (3) Describe in detail how glucose transport occurs in the gut. Include a diagram that shows the proteins involved, their location, and function. Solution 20. A. Contact dependent signalling. B. Paracrine signalling. C. Endocrine signalling. In contact dependent signalling, signalling occurs due to contact between cells. In endocrine signaling, the signaling molecules (hormones) are secreted by specialized endocrine cells and carried through the circulation to act on target cells at distant body sites. In paracrine signaling, a molecule released by one cell acts on neighboring target cells. 21. C . Some signalling moecules are transmembrane protiens. Transmembrane protiens are not known to act as signaling molecules. Other options are true. 24. Changes in mRNA level or changes in membrane potential. 26. A Extracellullar signalling molecules that are hydrophilic must bind to cell surface receptor so as to signal a target cell to change its behaviour. The neurotransmitters carry signals between neurons or from neurons to other types of target cells (such as muscle cells). They are a diverse group of small hydrophilic molecules including acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin, histamine, glutamate, glycine, and -am.

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-Cellular Communication -There are three stages of cell: communication a.Reception b.Transduction c. Response -Receptors And Ligands There are two basic types of receptors: a.Internal receptors b.Cell surface receptors -Internal receptors-often steroid hormones -There are several different types of ligands a.Hydrophobic ligands b. Water soluble hydrophilic ligands -Three stages of cell communication -How insulin works Cell Junction -There are three types of cell junctions: 1.Adhesive (Anchoring) junctions 2.Tight Junctions 3.Gap Junactions -The two main kinds of adhesive cell-cell junctions are: a.Adherens junctions b.Desmosomes a. Adherens junctions: Adherens junction is the cell to cell junction, which connects the actin filaments. In adherens junction, the membranes of the adjacent cells are held together by some transmembrane proteins called cadherins. b. Desmosome Desmosome is a cell to cell junction, where the intermediate filaments connect two adjacent cells. Desmosome is also called macula adherens. Desmosomes function like tight junctions. The trans-membrane proteins involved in desmosome are mainly cadherins. 2. Tight Junctions The cell membranes are connected by strands of trans-membrane proteins such as claudins and occludins. Tight junctions bind cells together, prevent molecules from passing in between the cells, and also help to maintain the polarity of cells. -Functions of Tight Junctions: Another function of tight junctions is simply to hold cells together. 3. Gap Junction Gap junctions are a type of cell junction in which adjacent cells are connected through protein channels. Gap junctions are made up of connexin proteins. Groups of six connexins form a connexon, and two connexons are put together to form a channel that molecules can pass through. Other channels in gap junctions are made up of pannexin proteins. -Functions of Gap Junction The main function of gap junctions is to connect cells together so that molecules may pass from one cell to other. This allows for cell-to-cell communication. -Cell Signaling Cell signaling is the process of cellular communication within the body. The binding of extracellular signaling molecules to their receptors -Modes of cell-cell signaling 1.Direct cell-cell signaling 2. Signaling by secreted molecule a.Endocrine signaling: -E. g. hormones produced by endocrine glands including pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, parathyroid glands etc. b.Paracrine signaling: -E.g. action of neurotransmitters in carrying signals between nerve cells at a synapse. c.Autocrine signaling: -When interleukin-1 is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it. d.Synaptic signaling: -Types of signaling molecules a.Nitric oxide b.Carbon monoxide c.Neurotransmitter d.Peptide hormone -Intracellular signaling pathway activated by an extracellular signal molecule

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Some Calvin Cycle enzymes contain disulfide bonds that must be reduced through a mechanism involving thioredoxin in order for the enzyme to be active in sunlight. What is the name of the key regulatory protein that inactivates these same Calvin Cycle enzymes by oxidation when the sun goes down? Choose the ONE best answer. Question 10 options: Thioredoxin requires sunlight for proper folding into its functional three dimensional structure, so in the absence of light, it is unfolded and cannot reduce these enzymes. There is no regulatory protein that oxidizes these Calvin Cycle enzymes; oxidation is spontaneous. Sunlight is a reducing energy and moonlight is an oxidizing energy, so when the moon comes out at night, the Calvin Cycle enzymes are oxidized spontaneously. None of these answers are correct. The protein is called ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. Thioredoxin has multiple light-sensing properties and when the sun goes down it turns into a strong oxidant. Thioredoxin requires sunlight for proper folding into its functional three dimensional structure, so in the absence of light, it is unfolded and cannot reduce these enzymes. There is no regulatory protein that oxidizes these Calvin Cycle enzymes; oxidation is spontaneous. Sunlight is a reducing energy and moonlight is an oxidizing energy, so when the moon comes out at night, the Calvin Cycle enzymes are oxidized spontaneously. None of these answers are correct. The protein is called ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. Thioredoxin has multiple light-sensing properties and when the sun goes down it turns into a strong oxidant. Solution Option 4 \" None of these answers are correct.\" \"Chloroplast thioredoxin systems are crucial components of redox network, mediating environmental signals to chloroplast proteins. One key protein in calvin cycle regulatory processes is thioredoxin. The reduced form of thioredoxin activates many biosynthetic enzymes by reducing disulfide bridges that control their activity and inhibits several degradative enzymes by the same means. In chloroplasts, oxidized thioredoxin is reduced by ferredoxin in a reaction catalyzed by ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. This enzyme contains a 4Fe-4S cluster that couples two one-electron oxidations of reduced ferredoxin to the two-electron reduction of thioredoxin. Thus, the activities of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis are coordinated through electron transfer from reduced ferredoxin to thioredoxin and then to component enzymes containing regulatory disulfide bonds. Other means of control of calvin cycle also exist. For instance, phosphoribulose kinase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase also are regulated by NADPH directly. Some plants synthesize a transition-state inhibitor, carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate (CA1P), in the dark. In the dark, these enzymes associate with a small protein called CP12 to form a large complex in which the enzymes are inactivated. RuBP Carboxylase Activase facilitates release.

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