This document outlines key concepts related to feedback, reinforcement, and intrinsic motivation. It discusses principles of reinforcement including how rewards and punishments shape behavior. Positive and negative approaches to influencing behavior are compared, with sport psychologists agreeing the predominant approach should be positive. Intrinsic motivation and how extrinsic rewards can undermine it are examined through cognitive evaluation theory. Flow, a state of optimal intrinsic motivation, is defined by elements like balance of skills and challenges. Factors that facilitate or disrupt flow are also addressed.
This chapter discusses feedback, reinforcement, and intrinsic motivation. It outlines principles of reinforcement including how reinforcement and punishment can influence future behaviors. The chapter also discusses approaches to positively and negatively influencing behavior and guidelines for using punishment. Intrinsic motivation and how extrinsic rewards can impact it are explored through cognitive evaluation theory. The chapter also defines the concept of "flow" as a special case of intrinsic motivation and lists elements that characterize being in a state of flow.
This chapter discusses personality and its relationship to sport performance. It defines personality as the unique characteristics that make a person who they are, which can be understood through examining psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior. Several approaches to studying personality are described, including trait, situational, interactional, and phenomenological approaches. Research findings show some relationship between personality and performance, though no definitive profile exists. Cognitive strategies, like mental preparation and coping with adversity, differentiate more successful from less successful athletes.
This document discusses personality and its relationship to sport performance. It defines personality and outlines several approaches to understanding it, including the psychodynamic, trait, situational, interactional, and phenomenological approaches. Research support for each approach is provided. The document also discusses measuring personality, selected findings in personality research related to sport, cognitive strategies and their link to athletic success, and guidelines for the reader's role in understanding personality.
This document discusses different theories and approaches to motivation. It covers:
- Positive and negative motivation using rewards and punishments.
- The expectancy theory which ties effort to expected rewards.
- Goal-setting theory where specific, challenging goals improve performance.
- Behavioral modification using reinforcement and consequences to change behaviors.
- Coaching skills like listening, feedback, and problem-solving to support individuals.
This document discusses leadership in sport. It defines leadership and distinguishes between leaders and managers. Leaders provide vision and direction while managers focus on organization and logistics. Leaders can be appointed or emerge naturally from a group. Effective leaders ensure goals are met and group needs are satisfied. Approaches to studying leadership include traits, behaviors, situations, and their interactions. The multidimensional model of sport leadership proposes that leader effectiveness depends on athlete and situational characteristics. Research shows that coaching style influences outcomes like athlete satisfaction, team cohesion, and performance. Developing high skill, work ethic, relationships, and knowledge are outcomes of athlete leadership development through sport.
This document discusses leadership in sport. It defines leadership and distinguishes between leaders and managers. Leaders provide vision and direction while managers focus on organization and logistics. Leaders can be appointed or emerge naturally from a group. Effective leaders ensure goals are met and group needs are satisfied. Approaches to studying leadership include traits, behaviors, situations, and their interactions. The multidimensional model of sport leadership proposes that leader effectiveness depends on athlete and situational characteristics. Research shows that coaching style influences outcomes like satisfaction, cohesion, motivation and performance. Developing leadership in athletes through sport can provide skills, work ethic, people skills and tactical knowledge. Situational factors also impact which leadership styles are most effective.
This document discusses motivation and related concepts. It defines motivation as the psychological processes that cause arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions toward a goal. Key elements of motivation include intensity, direction, and persistence of effort. Motivation theories examined include:
1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Alderfer's ERG theory, which discuss factors that motivate based on fulfilling physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
2. Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishes between motivators like achievement that create job satisfaction and hygiene factors like salary that prevent dissatisfaction.
3. Expectancy theory proposes that motivation depends on expectations of effort leading to performance
Pet 735 week2 smith smoll and curtis presentationtjgoad
This study evaluated the impact of a coach training program aimed at improving coaches' relationship skills and positive reinforcement of players. Experimental coaches received training on modifying their behavior, while control coaches did not. Researchers then observed coaches' behaviors and interviewed players to assess their perceptions. They found that trained coaches exhibited significantly more positive reinforcement and that players of trained coaches reported more positive perceptions of the coach, team, and themselves compared to players of control coaches. The results suggest that coach education can improve the youth sports experience by promoting positive reinforcement.
This chapter discusses feedback, reinforcement, and intrinsic motivation. It outlines principles of reinforcement including how reinforcement and punishment can influence future behaviors. The chapter also discusses approaches to positively and negatively influencing behavior and guidelines for using punishment. Intrinsic motivation and how extrinsic rewards can impact it are explored through cognitive evaluation theory. The chapter also defines the concept of "flow" as a special case of intrinsic motivation and lists elements that characterize being in a state of flow.
This chapter discusses personality and its relationship to sport performance. It defines personality as the unique characteristics that make a person who they are, which can be understood through examining psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior. Several approaches to studying personality are described, including trait, situational, interactional, and phenomenological approaches. Research findings show some relationship between personality and performance, though no definitive profile exists. Cognitive strategies, like mental preparation and coping with adversity, differentiate more successful from less successful athletes.
This document discusses personality and its relationship to sport performance. It defines personality and outlines several approaches to understanding it, including the psychodynamic, trait, situational, interactional, and phenomenological approaches. Research support for each approach is provided. The document also discusses measuring personality, selected findings in personality research related to sport, cognitive strategies and their link to athletic success, and guidelines for the reader's role in understanding personality.
This document discusses different theories and approaches to motivation. It covers:
- Positive and negative motivation using rewards and punishments.
- The expectancy theory which ties effort to expected rewards.
- Goal-setting theory where specific, challenging goals improve performance.
- Behavioral modification using reinforcement and consequences to change behaviors.
- Coaching skills like listening, feedback, and problem-solving to support individuals.
This document discusses leadership in sport. It defines leadership and distinguishes between leaders and managers. Leaders provide vision and direction while managers focus on organization and logistics. Leaders can be appointed or emerge naturally from a group. Effective leaders ensure goals are met and group needs are satisfied. Approaches to studying leadership include traits, behaviors, situations, and their interactions. The multidimensional model of sport leadership proposes that leader effectiveness depends on athlete and situational characteristics. Research shows that coaching style influences outcomes like athlete satisfaction, team cohesion, and performance. Developing high skill, work ethic, relationships, and knowledge are outcomes of athlete leadership development through sport.
This document discusses leadership in sport. It defines leadership and distinguishes between leaders and managers. Leaders provide vision and direction while managers focus on organization and logistics. Leaders can be appointed or emerge naturally from a group. Effective leaders ensure goals are met and group needs are satisfied. Approaches to studying leadership include traits, behaviors, situations, and their interactions. The multidimensional model of sport leadership proposes that leader effectiveness depends on athlete and situational characteristics. Research shows that coaching style influences outcomes like satisfaction, cohesion, motivation and performance. Developing leadership in athletes through sport can provide skills, work ethic, people skills and tactical knowledge. Situational factors also impact which leadership styles are most effective.
This document discusses motivation and related concepts. It defines motivation as the psychological processes that cause arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions toward a goal. Key elements of motivation include intensity, direction, and persistence of effort. Motivation theories examined include:
1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Alderfer's ERG theory, which discuss factors that motivate based on fulfilling physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
2. Herzberg's two-factor theory distinguishes between motivators like achievement that create job satisfaction and hygiene factors like salary that prevent dissatisfaction.
3. Expectancy theory proposes that motivation depends on expectations of effort leading to performance
Pet 735 week2 smith smoll and curtis presentationtjgoad
This study evaluated the impact of a coach training program aimed at improving coaches' relationship skills and positive reinforcement of players. Experimental coaches received training on modifying their behavior, while control coaches did not. Researchers then observed coaches' behaviors and interviewed players to assess their perceptions. They found that trained coaches exhibited significantly more positive reinforcement and that players of trained coaches reported more positive perceptions of the coach, team, and themselves compared to players of control coaches. The results suggest that coach education can improve the youth sports experience by promoting positive reinforcement.
This document discusses self-confidence and its importance in sport. It defines self-confidence as the belief in one's ability to successfully perform a desired behavior. Having self-confidence provides benefits like increased effort and goal achievement. Coaches can build athletes' self-confidence through ensuring performance accomplishments, positive instruction and feedback, and creating a supportive environment. Self-efficacy theory also explains how perceptions of ability influence behavior, effort, and persistence.
1. The document discusses organizational behavior and learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. It defines key concepts for each theory.
2. Learning theories focus on how behavior is acquired and changed through experience. Classical conditioning involves responding to a stimulus that does not normally produce a response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behavior being shaped by consequences like rewards and punishments.
3. Social learning theory recognizes observational learning and how people perceive consequences influences behavior. Reinforcement and shaping behavior are also discussed in relation to changing and maintaining behaviors.
Motivation approach,processes and theories Mac Pro
This document defines motivation and discusses several theories and perspectives on motivation. It describes motivation as goal-directed behavior driven by an individual's needs and desires. Several approaches to motivation are outlined, including incentive pay systems, considering social needs, and valuing employee contributions. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and ERG theory are discussed as content perspectives on motivation. Process perspectives covered include expectancy theory and equity theory. The document also discusses reinforcement perspectives, emerging perspectives, and strategies for motivating employees through modified work schedules, empowerment, and effective reward systems.
This document discusses goal setting, including defining different types of goals, principles of effective goal setting, research on goal setting, and designing goal setting systems. The key points are:
1) There are different types of goals including outcome, performance, and process goals. Effective goal setting uses a combination of these goal types.
2) Research shows that goal setting is effective in enhancing performance when goals are specific, moderately difficult, and include both long-term and short-term goals.
3) Principles of effective goal setting include setting specific, realistic goals; developing strategies; providing feedback; and considering individual differences in motivation and personality.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation in the workplace. It covers content perspectives like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory, as well as process perspectives including expectancy theory and equity theory. Reinforcement perspectives and popular motivational strategies like empowerment, participation, and organizational reward systems are also examined. The key is to understand what motivates employees and how to apply different approaches to maximize performance and minimize undesirable behaviors.
This document provides an overview and outline of topics covered in a course on sport and exercise psychology. It discusses:
1) The objectives and broad population of those studied in sport psychology, including athletes, coaches, and exercisers.
2) The three main roles of sport psychologists - as researchers, teachers, and consultants working with athletes and fitness professionals.
3) The history and evolution of the field from the early 20th century to the present, focusing on its development into a multidisciplinary science.
4) The integration of scientific and professional practice knowledge in sport psychology and the balance of science and art required.
The document discusses personality in sports and exercise psychology. It covers major approaches to understanding personality like the psychodynamic, trait, situation, and interactional approaches. The interactional approach that considers both traits and situations is most widely adopted. Personality can be measured using traits, states, general and specific tests. Findings show relationships between personality and performance but no definitive profiles. Cognitive strategies relating to mental preparation are important for success more than personality traits alone.
This document provides an overview and outline of topics covered in a chapter on sport and exercise psychology. It discusses key concepts including the definition and objectives of sport psychology, the roles of sport psychologists, different specialties within the field, the scientific and historical foundations, and ethical standards. The chapter aims to introduce students to the broad population and multidisciplinary nature of the field.
Identify that influence employee behavior
Describe outcomes resulting from behavior and tell how they influence future behavior
State how a supervisor’s leadership and expectations for employees can affect their behavior
Define motivation and describe the main approaches to understanding motivation at work
Anil Dahiya XII chapter 9 Psychology & SportsANIL DAHIYA
1. The document summarizes a chapter about psychology and sports which covers topics like personality types, motivation, exercise adherence, strategies to enhance adherence, and types of aggression in sports.
2. It defines personality and describes various personality classifications including traits, Jung's classification, and the Big Five theory.
3. Motivation is discussed as either intrinsic or extrinsic, and various techniques to motivate athletes are outlined, including praise, goal setting, and social support.
4. Exercise adherence, reasons for exercise, and strategies to enhance adherence like social support and intrinsic motivation are also summarized.
5. Finally, the document defines aggression and describes the types seen in sports such as hostile, instrumental, and
This document discusses group and team dynamics in sports. It covers theories of group development including linear, cyclical, and pendular perspectives. It describes the importance of group structure including roles, norms, and modifying norms. It discusses creating effective team climate through social support, proximity, distinctiveness, and fairness. It also covers individual and team performance, social loafing, enhancing peer relationships and desire for group success. Finally, it discusses transition and disengagement for teams.
The document provides guidance on key aspects of coaching, including teaching skills, leadership, motivation, developing a coaching philosophy, and mental training techniques. It emphasizes controlling practice preparation, having passion for the sport, developing players' skills and physical abilities in a step-wise manner, and creating a team environment with mutual respect. Mental training includes developing confidence through preparation, visualization, relaxation, focus, and defining roles. The overall message is that coaching requires continual learning, having the right support system, and focusing on player development.
Terry Liskevych Presentation: Coaching Basicsbenlittle
The document provides guidance on key aspects of successful coaching. It discusses coaching as teaching skills and developing performance. A coach must lead their team to a common goal through effective planning, preparation, motivation, and interaction. Additional factors for success include having passion for the sport, a long-term vision, leadership abilities, applying proper teaching methods, and creating a fun environment. It emphasizes surrounding oneself with the right people, prioritizing life goals, continual learning, and maintaining a positive attitude.
Group dynamics and cohesion are important factors for sports teams. There are typically four stages of group development - forming, storming, norming, and performing. A group's actual productivity is based on its potential productivity minus losses from faulty processes like coordination problems and social loafing. Individual effort tends to decrease as group size increases (Ringelmann effect). Developing strong cohesion where members share goals and roles helps maximize a team's performance. Personality, motivation, arousal, anxiety, and stress also influence individual and team dynamics.
The document discusses attitudes in physical education, defining attitudes as ideas charged with emotion that influence behavior, and explains how attitudes are formed through learning and socialization and can be changed using persuasive communication and creating cognitive dissonance. It also outlines methods for coaches to assess attitudes and change negative attitudes in athletes through emphasizing benefits, ensuring success, and using role models.
This document summarizes a presentation on behaviorism and operant conditioning. It discusses B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, which states that behaviors reinforced with positive outcomes will be repeated. Examples of operant conditioning like rewarding good grades in school or money for work performance are provided. The presentation reviews the history of behaviorism, defines key concepts, and outlines the steps in a behavior modification model to change behaviors.
This module discusses consequence strategies to increase appropriate behavior in the classroom. It focuses on the importance of reinforcement and describes behavior specific praise as an effective strategy. Other acknowledgement strategies are presented such as behavior contracts, group contingencies, and integrity pledges. Examples and non-examples of specific praise are provided. The key elements of specific praise are that it is a verbal statement delivered immediately after the desired behavior that specifically names the behavior.
This document discusses employee abilities and their fit with job requirements. It covers various dimensions of intellectual and physical abilities and how they relate to different jobs. It also discusses biographical characteristics like age, gender, race, and others that can impact work performance. Finally, it examines the concept of ability-job fit and how ensuring employees have the right abilities for their roles is important.
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This document discusses self-confidence and its importance in sport. It defines self-confidence as the belief in one's ability to successfully perform a desired behavior. Having self-confidence provides benefits like increased effort and goal achievement. Coaches can build athletes' self-confidence through ensuring performance accomplishments, positive instruction and feedback, and creating a supportive environment. Self-efficacy theory also explains how perceptions of ability influence behavior, effort, and persistence.
1. The document discusses organizational behavior and learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. It defines key concepts for each theory.
2. Learning theories focus on how behavior is acquired and changed through experience. Classical conditioning involves responding to a stimulus that does not normally produce a response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behavior being shaped by consequences like rewards and punishments.
3. Social learning theory recognizes observational learning and how people perceive consequences influences behavior. Reinforcement and shaping behavior are also discussed in relation to changing and maintaining behaviors.
Motivation approach,processes and theories Mac Pro
This document defines motivation and discusses several theories and perspectives on motivation. It describes motivation as goal-directed behavior driven by an individual's needs and desires. Several approaches to motivation are outlined, including incentive pay systems, considering social needs, and valuing employee contributions. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and ERG theory are discussed as content perspectives on motivation. Process perspectives covered include expectancy theory and equity theory. The document also discusses reinforcement perspectives, emerging perspectives, and strategies for motivating employees through modified work schedules, empowerment, and effective reward systems.
This document discusses goal setting, including defining different types of goals, principles of effective goal setting, research on goal setting, and designing goal setting systems. The key points are:
1) There are different types of goals including outcome, performance, and process goals. Effective goal setting uses a combination of these goal types.
2) Research shows that goal setting is effective in enhancing performance when goals are specific, moderately difficult, and include both long-term and short-term goals.
3) Principles of effective goal setting include setting specific, realistic goals; developing strategies; providing feedback; and considering individual differences in motivation and personality.
This document discusses various theories and perspectives on motivation in the workplace. It covers content perspectives like Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory, as well as process perspectives including expectancy theory and equity theory. Reinforcement perspectives and popular motivational strategies like empowerment, participation, and organizational reward systems are also examined. The key is to understand what motivates employees and how to apply different approaches to maximize performance and minimize undesirable behaviors.
This document provides an overview and outline of topics covered in a course on sport and exercise psychology. It discusses:
1) The objectives and broad population of those studied in sport psychology, including athletes, coaches, and exercisers.
2) The three main roles of sport psychologists - as researchers, teachers, and consultants working with athletes and fitness professionals.
3) The history and evolution of the field from the early 20th century to the present, focusing on its development into a multidisciplinary science.
4) The integration of scientific and professional practice knowledge in sport psychology and the balance of science and art required.
The document discusses personality in sports and exercise psychology. It covers major approaches to understanding personality like the psychodynamic, trait, situation, and interactional approaches. The interactional approach that considers both traits and situations is most widely adopted. Personality can be measured using traits, states, general and specific tests. Findings show relationships between personality and performance but no definitive profiles. Cognitive strategies relating to mental preparation are important for success more than personality traits alone.
This document provides an overview and outline of topics covered in a chapter on sport and exercise psychology. It discusses key concepts including the definition and objectives of sport psychology, the roles of sport psychologists, different specialties within the field, the scientific and historical foundations, and ethical standards. The chapter aims to introduce students to the broad population and multidisciplinary nature of the field.
Identify that influence employee behavior
Describe outcomes resulting from behavior and tell how they influence future behavior
State how a supervisor’s leadership and expectations for employees can affect their behavior
Define motivation and describe the main approaches to understanding motivation at work
Anil Dahiya XII chapter 9 Psychology & SportsANIL DAHIYA
1. The document summarizes a chapter about psychology and sports which covers topics like personality types, motivation, exercise adherence, strategies to enhance adherence, and types of aggression in sports.
2. It defines personality and describes various personality classifications including traits, Jung's classification, and the Big Five theory.
3. Motivation is discussed as either intrinsic or extrinsic, and various techniques to motivate athletes are outlined, including praise, goal setting, and social support.
4. Exercise adherence, reasons for exercise, and strategies to enhance adherence like social support and intrinsic motivation are also summarized.
5. Finally, the document defines aggression and describes the types seen in sports such as hostile, instrumental, and
This document discusses group and team dynamics in sports. It covers theories of group development including linear, cyclical, and pendular perspectives. It describes the importance of group structure including roles, norms, and modifying norms. It discusses creating effective team climate through social support, proximity, distinctiveness, and fairness. It also covers individual and team performance, social loafing, enhancing peer relationships and desire for group success. Finally, it discusses transition and disengagement for teams.
The document provides guidance on key aspects of coaching, including teaching skills, leadership, motivation, developing a coaching philosophy, and mental training techniques. It emphasizes controlling practice preparation, having passion for the sport, developing players' skills and physical abilities in a step-wise manner, and creating a team environment with mutual respect. Mental training includes developing confidence through preparation, visualization, relaxation, focus, and defining roles. The overall message is that coaching requires continual learning, having the right support system, and focusing on player development.
Terry Liskevych Presentation: Coaching Basicsbenlittle
The document provides guidance on key aspects of successful coaching. It discusses coaching as teaching skills and developing performance. A coach must lead their team to a common goal through effective planning, preparation, motivation, and interaction. Additional factors for success include having passion for the sport, a long-term vision, leadership abilities, applying proper teaching methods, and creating a fun environment. It emphasizes surrounding oneself with the right people, prioritizing life goals, continual learning, and maintaining a positive attitude.
Group dynamics and cohesion are important factors for sports teams. There are typically four stages of group development - forming, storming, norming, and performing. A group's actual productivity is based on its potential productivity minus losses from faulty processes like coordination problems and social loafing. Individual effort tends to decrease as group size increases (Ringelmann effect). Developing strong cohesion where members share goals and roles helps maximize a team's performance. Personality, motivation, arousal, anxiety, and stress also influence individual and team dynamics.
The document discusses attitudes in physical education, defining attitudes as ideas charged with emotion that influence behavior, and explains how attitudes are formed through learning and socialization and can be changed using persuasive communication and creating cognitive dissonance. It also outlines methods for coaches to assess attitudes and change negative attitudes in athletes through emphasizing benefits, ensuring success, and using role models.
This document summarizes a presentation on behaviorism and operant conditioning. It discusses B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, which states that behaviors reinforced with positive outcomes will be repeated. Examples of operant conditioning like rewarding good grades in school or money for work performance are provided. The presentation reviews the history of behaviorism, defines key concepts, and outlines the steps in a behavior modification model to change behaviors.
This module discusses consequence strategies to increase appropriate behavior in the classroom. It focuses on the importance of reinforcement and describes behavior specific praise as an effective strategy. Other acknowledgement strategies are presented such as behavior contracts, group contingencies, and integrity pledges. Examples and non-examples of specific praise are provided. The key elements of specific praise are that it is a verbal statement delivered immediately after the desired behavior that specifically names the behavior.
This document discusses employee abilities and their fit with job requirements. It covers various dimensions of intellectual and physical abilities and how they relate to different jobs. It also discusses biographical characteristics like age, gender, race, and others that can impact work performance. Finally, it examines the concept of ability-job fit and how ensuring employees have the right abilities for their roles is important.
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Croatia's UEFA Euro 2024 Puzzle of Experience versus Youth.docxEuro Cup 2024 Tickets
The Netherlands kicked off their Euro Cup 2024 campaign on Sunday against Poland but will have to navigate the tournament without two pivotal players Frenkie de Jong and Teun Koopmeiners
Football World Cup enthusiasts worldwide can secure their FIFA World Cup 2026 Tickets through our online platform, eticketing.co. With a user-friendly interface and exclusive deals, fans can effortlessly book FIFA World Cup Tickets for thrilling matches, all at discounted prices.
Indian Premier League (IPL) ---2024.pptxrathinikunj60
The Indian Premier League (IPL) is one of the most prominent and lucrative Twenty20 (T20) cricket leagues in the world. Since its inception in 2008, the IPL has revolutionized the landscape of cricket by blending sports, entertainment, and commerce. This summary provides an overview of the IPL's history, structure, notable performances, controversies, and its impact on cricket and beyond.
History and Formation
The IPL was launched by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2008, inspired by the success of domestic T20 leagues like the English T20 Cup and the now-defunct Indian Cricket League (ICL). Lalit Modi, the then Vice-President of BCCI, played a crucial role in conceptualizing and launching the league. The inaugural season kicked off in April 2008 with eight franchises representing different cities in India.
Structure and Format
The IPL follows a franchise-based model, where teams are owned by a mix of corporations, Bollywood stars, and other high-profile individuals. The league originally started with eight teams, although the number has fluctuated over the years due to various reasons including expansions and terminations. As of the latest seasons, the IPL features ten teams.
The tournament format includes a double round-robin stage, where each team plays the others twice, followed by playoffs. The top four teams from the round-robin stage qualify for the playoffs, which consist of two qualifiers, an eliminator, and the final. This format ensures a highly competitive and engaging tournament, culminating in a grand finale to crown the champion.
Teams and Their Evolution
The founding teams of the IPL were:
Chennai Super Kings (CSK)
Delhi Daredevils (now Delhi Capitals)
Kings XI Punjab (now Punjab Kings)
Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR)
Mumbai Indians (MI)
Rajasthan Royals (RR)
Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB)
Deccan Chargers (now defunct, replaced by Sunrisers Hyderabad)
Over the years, the league has seen new teams such as Pune Warriors India, Kochi Tuskers Kerala, Gujarat Lions, and Rising Pune Supergiant. The most recent additions are the Gujarat Titans and Lucknow Super Giants, introduced in the 2022 season.
Iconic Players and Performances
The IPL has attracted the best talent from around the world, with numerous iconic players making significant contributions. Some of the standout performers include:
Sachin Tendulkar (MI): The "Little Master" brought his legendary status to the IPL, winning the Orange Cap (top run-scorer) in 2010.
Chris Gayle (RCB, KXIP): Known for his explosive batting, Gayle holds the record for the highest individual score in an IPL match (175*).
MS Dhoni (CSK): Dhoni's leadership has been instrumental in CSK's success, leading them to multiple titles.
AB de Villiers (RCB): Renowned for his innovative stroke play, de Villiers has been a consistent match-winner.
Virat Kohli (RCB): The highest run-scorer in IPL history, Kohli's batting prowess is unmatched.
La
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Playing this fast-paced game, you control a small cube that has to get through stages that get harder by avoiding spikes, obstacles, and dangerous gaps while keeping up a fast pace. Though, it's important to remember that Geometry Dash isn't a simple game to get good at. No matter what mistake you make, you will face a tough position and have to start at the beginning.
The sounds and sights in Geometry Dash are very interesting. Your attention will be drawn to the simple style and catchy melodies. While the game looks good, it's not just visually challenging; getting through the tricky rounds requires quick thinking and reflexes.
The stages get harder over time, testing your skills and forcing you to find new ways to get past problems that other people have found impossible. Your experience with Geometry Dash will be remembered for a long time because of how satisfying it is to beat a difficult level or find a secret route. Join the many people who love Geometry Dash and are fascinated by this exciting and fun game. Get ready, because things will move quickly!
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Here are our Euro 2024 predictions for the group stages
Will England make it through the group stages?, Will Germany use the home advantage to full effect?
Follow our progress, see how many we get right
If you want to join in let us know before the first game kick off and we can invite you to our private league
or join in with our friends at DeeperThanBlue
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/activity-7204868572995538944-qejG
https://www.selectdistinct.co.uk/2024/06/13/euro-2024-match-predictions/
#EURO2024 #Germany2024 #England #EURO2024predictions
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Weinberg5E_PP_chapter06 (01).ppt
1. Chapter 6: Feedback, Reinforcement, and Intrinsic Motivation
6
Feedback,
Reinforcement,
and Intrinsic
Motivation
C H A P T E R
2. Session Outline
• Understanding feedback and reinforcement
• Feedback and reinforcement
– Principles of reinforcement
– Approaches to influencing behavior
– Principles of positive reinforcement
(continued)
3. Session Outline (continued)
– Punishment and guidelines for punishment
– Modifying behavior in sport
• Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards
– Cognitive evaluation theory
– How extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation in
sport
– Increasing intrinsic motivation
(continued)
4. Session Outline (continued)
– Flow: A special case of intrinsic motivation
– Flow and element of flow
– Factors that facilitate or disrupt flow
5. Understanding Feedback
and Reinforcement
• Reinforcement is the use of rewards and
punishment, which increase or decrease the
likelihood of a similar response occurring in
the future.
6. Principles of Reinforcement
• If doing something results in a good
consequence (such as being rewarded),
people tend to repeat the behavior to
achieve additional positive reinforcement.
• If doing something results in an unpleasant
consequence (such as being punished),
people tend not to repeat the behavior to
avoid more negative consequences.
(continued)
7. Principles of Reinforcement
(continued)
• Why principles of reinforcement are
complex:
– People react differently to the same reinforcement.
– People are unable to repeat desirable behaviors.
– People receive different reinforcers in different
situations.
8. Approaches to Influencing Behavior
• Positive approach focuses on rewarding
appropriate behavior, which increases the
likelihood of desirable responses occurring
in the future.
• Negative approach focuses on punishing
undesirable behaviors, which should lead to
future redirection of these inappropriate
behaviors.
9. TARGET Approach to Creating
a Positive Motivational Climate
• Create a mastery-oriented climate by
manipulating the following environmental
conditions using the TARGET principle.
• TARGET: tasks, authority, rewards,
groupings, evaluation, timing.
10. Approaches to Influencing Behavior
• Most coaches and instructors combine
positive and negative approaches.
• Sport psychologists agree that the
predominant approach with physical activity
and sport participants should be positive
because the negative approach often instills
fear in participants.
11. Principles of Positive Reinforcement
• Choose effective reinforcers (e.g., social,
material, activity, special outings, intrinsic
and extrinsic).
• Choose timing or schedule of
reinforcement.
– Early learning—continuous and immediate
reinforcement desirable
– Learned skill—intermittent and immediate
reinforcement desirable (continued)
12. Principles of Positive Reinforcement
(continued)
• Reward appropriate behaviors—choose the
proper behaviors to reward.
• Shape or reinforce successful
approximations of difficult behaviors.
• Reward performance as well as outcome.
• Reward effort.
• Reward emotional and social skill.
13. Providing Performance Feedback
• Provide knowledge of results (feedback
regarding the correctness of an action).
• Provide sincere and contingent feedback.
• Provide motivational and instructional
feedback.
• Use varied types of feedback—verbal
praise, facial expressions, and pats on the
back.
14. What Not to Do: Inappropriate
Approaches to Motivation
• Focus on criticism.
• Focus on criticism with sarcasm.
• Use physical abuse.
• Employ guilt.
15. Punishment
• Punishment can control and change
behavior, but 80% to 90% of reinforcement
should be positive.
• Support of punishment:
– Punishment can serve a useful educational purpose
(i.e., maintain stability, order, mastery).
– Punishment can deter future cheating or
wrongdoing.
(continued)
16. Punishment (continued)
• Drawbacks of punishment:
– Punishment can arouse fear of failure.
– Punishment can act as a reinforcer.
– Punishment can create an unpleasant, aversive
learning environment.
17. Guidelines for Using Punishment
• Be consistent by giving everyone the same
type of punishment for breaking similar
rules.
• Punish the behavior, not the person—
convey to the person that it’s his or her
behavior that needs to change.
• Allow athlete’s input in making up
punishments for breaking rules.
(continued)
18. Guidelines for Using Punishment
(continued)
• Do not use physical activity as a
punishment.
• Make sure the punishment is not perceived
as a reward or simply as attention.
• Impose punishment impersonally—do not
berate the person or yell. Simply inform the
person of the punishment.
(continued)
19. Guidelines for Using Punishment
(continued)
• Do not punish athletes for making errors
while playing.
• Do not embarrass individuals in front of
teammates or classmates.
• Use punishment sparingly, but enforce it
when you use it.
20. Modifying Behavior in Sport
• Behavior modification
– Systematic application of the principles of
reinforcement to change behavior
– Contingency management = behavioral coaching =
behavior modification
(continued)
21. Modifying Behavior in Sport
(continued)
• Behavioral techniques have been used to
modify behaviors in sport and physical
education.
– Feedback reinforcement in football
– Behavioral coaching in golf
– Recording and shaping in basketball
– Improving attendance in swimming
– Addressing inappropriate behaviors in tennis
22. Principles of Behavior Programs
• Target the behaviors you want to change.
• Define targeted behaviors.
• Record the behaviors.
• Provide meaningful feedback.
• State outcomes clearly.
• Tailor reward systems.
23. Ways to Choose and Monitor
Target Behaviors
• Direct observation of single behaviors
• Behavioral checklists for recording multiple
behaviors
• Athlete self-monitoring
• Videotape of practice, precompetition, and
competition
• Postperformance videotape reconstruction
of verbal behavior
24. Intrinsic Motivation
• People who have intrinsic motivation strive
inwardly to be competent and self-
determining in their quest to master the task
at hand.
• They enjoy competition, like the action and
excitement, focus on having fun, and want
to learn skills to the best of their ability.
26. Factors Influencing
Intrinsic Motivation
• Social factors
– Success and failure
– Focus of competition
– Coaches’ behavior
• Psychological factors
– Need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
(continued)
27. Factors Influencing Intrinsic
Motivation (continued)
• Passion is a strong inclination and desire
toward an activity one likes, finds important,
and invests time and energy in.
– Harmonious passion (HP): A strong desire to
engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of
one’s identity.
– Obsessive passion (OP): An uncontrollable desire to
participate in an activity that does not become part
of one’s identity.
28. Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards
• Basic question: Do extrinsic rewards
undermine intrinsic motivation?
• Research shows that being paid for working
on an intrinsically interesting activity can
decrease a person’s intrinsic motivation for
the activity.
(continued)
29. Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards (continued)
• Classic studies
– Deci (1971, 1972): SOMA puzzles
– Lepper and Greene (1975): Nursery school,
expected and unexpected rewards
(continued)
30. Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards (continued)
• Cognitive evaluation theory: How rewards
are perceived is critical in determining
whether intrinsic motivation increases or
decreases.
31. Cognitive Evaluation Theory
• Controlling aspects: Rewards perceived to
control a person decrease intrinsic motivation,
whereas rewards that contribute to an internal
locus of causality increase intrinsic motivation.
• Informational aspects: Rewards that provide
information and positive feedback about
competence increase intrinsic motivation,
whereas rewards that suggest the person is not
competent decrease intrinsic motivation.
(continued)
32. Cognitive Evaluation Theory
(continued)
• Functional significance of the event: How a
reward affects intrinsic motivation depends
on whether the recipient perceives it to be
more controlling or more informational.
33. How Extrinsic Rewards Affect
Intrinsic Motivation in Sport
• Scholarships
– Athletic scholarships can either decrease or
increase athletes’ levels of intrinsic motivation.
– Effects depend on which is more emphasized
by the coach—the controlling or information
aspects.
(continued)
34. How Extrinsic Rewards Affect
Intrinsic Motivation in Sport
(continued)
• Competitive success and failure
– Success tends to increase intrinsic motivation.
– Failure tends to decrease intrinsic motivation.
• Feedback: Positive feedback increases
intrinsic motivation.
35. Other Determinants
of Intrinsic Motivation
• Higher levels of intrinsic motivation are
related to the following:
– Playing for an autonomous (democratic) versus a
controlling coach
– Participating in a recreational versus competitive
league
– High versus low perceived competence
– High versus low perceived control
36. Increasing Intrinsic Motivation
• Provide for successful experiences.
• Give rewards contingent on performance.
• Use verbal and nonverbal praise.
• Vary content and sequence of practice
drills.
• Involve participants in decisions.
• Set realistic performance goals.
37. Flow: A Special Case
for Intrinsic Motivation
• Flow is a holistic, intrinsically motivating
sensation that people feel when they are totally
involved in an activity or are on automatic pilot.
• A flow model describes the essential elements
of flow.
38. The Flow Model
• Essential elements of flow:
– Balance of challenges and skills
– Complete absorption in the activity
– Clear goals
– Merging of action and awareness
– Total concentration on the task
(continued)
39. The Flow Model (continued)
• Essential elements of flow:
– Loss of self-consciousness
– A sense of control
– No goals or rewards external to the activity
– Transformation of time
– Effortless movement
41. Controllability of Flow States
• Research with athletes indicates that they
cannot control flow.
• Athletes do report that they can increase
the probability of flow occurring.
42. Flow: How to Achieve It
• Be motivated to perform (maintain a balance
between goals and skills).
• Achieve optimal arousal before performing.
• Maintain an appropriate focus (stay in the
present, focus on key points).
• Use precompetitive and competitive plans
and preparation.
(continued)
43. Flow: How to Achieve It (continued)
• Achieve optimal physical preparation and
readiness.
• Experience optimal environmental and
situational conditions.
• Exhibit confidence and positive mental
attitude.
• Have positive team play and interaction
(positive play and shared purposes).
• Feel good about performance.
44. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring
• Nonoptimal physical preparation and
readiness
– Injury
– Fatigue
– Not feeling good physically
(continued)
45. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Nonoptimal environmental or situational
conditions
– External stresses
– Unwanted crowd response
– Uncontrollable influences of the event
(continued)
46. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Lack of confidence or a negative mental
state
– Negative thinking
– Self-doubt
– No control of mental state
(continued)
47. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Inappropriate focus
– Thinking too much
– Worrying about what others are doing
– Frustration with teammates’ effort
(continued)
48. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Problem with precompetitive preparation
– Poor precompetitive preparation
– Distraction before competition
– Interruption to precompetitive preparation
(continued)
49. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Lacking motivation to perform
– No goals
– Lack of challenge
– Low arousal or motivation
• Nonoptimal arousal level before competition
– Not feeling relaxed
– Feeling too relaxed
(continued)
50. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Negative team play and interactions
– Team not performing well
– Not feeling part of the team
– Negative talk within the team
(continued)
51. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Performance going poorly
– Unforced errors
– Poor technique
– Things not going as planned
(continued)
52. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Nonoptimal environmental and situational
influences
– Stoppage in play
– What the opposition is doing
– Negative refereeing decisions
– Inappropriate, negative, or no feedback
(continued)
53. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Problems with physical readiness or
physical state
– Lack of physical preparation
– Injury during the competition
– Fatigue
(continued)
54. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Problems with team performance or
interactions
– Negative talk on the field
– Team not playing well
– Lack of team interactions
(continued)
55. Factors that Prevent Flow
from Occurring (continued)
• Inappropriate focus
– Worrying about competitor’s ability
– Daydreaming
– Loss of concentration
• Doubting self and putting pressure on self
56. Negative Side of Flow
• A potential negative consequence might be
that of contributing to dependence on an
activity once associated with a flow
experience.
• Some surfers were found to be addicted to
the euphoric feelings they experienced and
were willing to continue to surf despite
family commitments, injury, or potential
death.