The document discusses database design, including the goals of database design such as data availability, reliability, currency, consistency and flexibility. It describes the key components of database design - entities, attributes, and relationships. Entities are things about which data is gathered, attributes are properties of entities, and relationships describe how entities relate to each other. The document also covers logical data modeling, normalization, and the three forms of normalization - first, second and third normal form. The goal of normalization is to organize data to eliminate redundancy and inconsistent dependency.
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
This presentation gives an overview of Databases and Term used in used in Databases Aspect. It also, help you to understand the clear description of Database Learning. Best Suited for Beginners and advanced level learners.
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
This presentation gives an overview of Databases and Term used in used in Databases Aspect. It also, help you to understand the clear description of Database Learning. Best Suited for Beginners and advanced level learners.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. • The process of developing database structures
user requirements for data
• a structured methodology
Structured Methodology - a number of ordered formal
processes with known inputs and expected outputs
Objectives
1. derive relationships
2. evolve to meet user requirements
3. Do it right the first time!
Database Design
3. · Reduce data redundancy.
· Provide stable data structures that can be readily
changed with changing user requirements.
· Allow users to make ad hoc requests for data.
· Maintain complex relationships between data
elements.
· Support a large variety of decision needs
Database Design Goals
4. • data availability
• data reliability
• data currency
• data consistency
• data flexibility
• data efficiency
Verify these criteria are satisfied via technical review
Database Design
5. • 3 types of data objects:
– Entities
– Attributes
– Relationships
• ENTITIES: Are persons, places, or things about which data is
to be, or is, gathered
• ATTRIBUTES : Are the properties of entities.
Examples are Names, Tax Numbers, Age, Status
• RELATIONSHIPS : Describe how entities relate to each other
eg Customers BUY Products
– Persons WORK_ON Jobs
Logical Data Modeling
6. •Are persons, objects or events about which
information is, or will be, recorded in the Database
•The designation of a ‘thing’ about which data is to be
collected, stored or processed.
•Many of these Entities can be identified with
Business Activities (e.g. suppliers, purchase orders,
customer)
Entities...
7. Designing a database involves choosing:
1. The tables that belong in the database.
What are the entities?
2. The columns that belong in each table.
What are the properties?
3. How tables and columns interact with each other.
What do they have in common?
3 Steps in Design
8. Physical
Level Design
Final Information
Level Design
Functional
Requirements
Information Level
Design Processes
Physical
Constraints
Final Database
Structure
Other matters
Domains, Nulls,
Derived Data,
Encoded Data.
Data Base Model
Database Design
9. 2 entities can be related as :
One to One : (1 : 1)
The interpretation of this is that an occurrence of an entity ‘A’
can relate to ONE and ONLY ONE occurrence of entity ‘B’, and
an occurrence of entity ‘B’ can relate to ONE and ONLY ONE
occurrence of entity ‘A’
One to Many : (1: N)
The interpretation is that ONE occurrence of entity ‘A’ can
relate to ONE or MORE occurrences of entity ‘B’, but an
occurrence of entity ‘B’ can relate to ONE ONLY occurrence of
entity ‘A’
Logical Data Modeling
10. Many to Many (N : N) - a common business
relationship
The interpretation is that ONE or MORE occurrences
of entity ‘A’ can relate to ONE or MORE occurrences
of entity ‘B’ and ONE or MORE occurrences of entity
‘B’ can relate to ONE or MORE occurrences of entity
‘A’
Logical Data Modeling
11. Type Shown As Example
One to One 1:1 Book -----> Title
One to Many 1:N Publisher ----
>Books
Many to Many N:N Books <---
>Authors
Entity Relationships
12. Normalization
Normalization is the process of organizing
data in a database. This includes creating
tables and establishing relationships
between those tables according to rules
designed both to protect the data and to
make the database more flexible by
eliminating two factors: redundancy and
inconsistent dependency.
14. First Normal Form
• Eliminate repeating groups in individual
tables.
• Create a separate table for each set of
related data.
• Identify each set of related data with a
primary key.
15. No Repeating Groups
Student# Advisor Adv-Room Class#
---------------------------------------
1022 Jones 412 101-07
1022 Jones 412 143-01
1022 Jones 412 159-02
4123 Smith 216 201-01
4123 Smith 216 211-02
4123 Smith 216 214-01
16. Second Normal Form
• Create separate tables for sets of values
that apply to multiple records.
• Relate these tables with a foreign key.
17. Eliminate Redundant Data
The following two tables demonstrate second normal form:
Students: Student# Advisor Adv-Room
------------------------------
1022 Jones 412
4123 Smith 216
Registration: Student# Class#
------------------
1022 101-07
1022 143-01
1022 159-02
4123 201-01
4123 211-02
4123 214-01
19. Eliminate data not dependant
on key
Students: Student# Advisor
-------------------
1022 Jones
4123 Smith
Faculty: Name Room Dept
--------------------
Jones 412 42
Smith 216 42
20. A database which will:
• Accurately reflect the ‘real world’ data in all
required aspects
• Be responsive to Management information demands
• Reflect Business Rules and Controls
• Be capable of modification to meet changes
in Management needs
• Be an asset to the Organization/Enterprise
End Product of Data Base
Design