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Week 7: Fin de siècle Europe
Cultural shifts 
• Growing challenges to established traditions 
and norms (rationalism, classicism, middle 
class values) 
• Urban growth leads to new experiences and 
anxieties. 
• Human nature increasingly viewed as 
changeable and volatile, ruled as much by 
urges and instincts as thought and reason.
Economic and technological optimism 
The Crystal Palace, 1851 Hall of Machine
An inter-connected world 
Jules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days (1874)
“By dint of inventing machinery, men will end in 
being eaten up by it! I have always fancied that 
the end of the earth will be when some enormous 
boiler, heated to three thousand millions of 
atmospheric pressure, shall explode and blow up 
our Globe!” 
—J. Verne, Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863)
“Flaneurs” and urban exploration 
“It is not given to every man to take a bath of 
multitude; enjoying a crowd is an art; and only he 
can relish a debauch of vitality at the expense of 
the human species, on whom, in his cradle, a fairy 
has bestowed the love of masks and 
masquerading, the hate of home, and the passion 
for roaming.” 
—Charles Baudelaire, Paris Spleen (1869)
Edgar Degas, Place de la Concorde (1875)
Boulevards made for strolling (and seeing)
The department store: Temple of 
consumerism or source of new anxieties?
Urban excitement and alienation 
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge (1895)
Edgar Degas, L’absinthe (1876)
From fixed to evolutionary theories of human 
nature: 
“[F]rom the war of nature, from famine and death, 
the most exalted object which we are capable of 
conceiving, namely, the production of the higher 
animals, directly follows…[W]hilst this planet has 
gone cycling on according to the fixed laws of 
gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms 
most beautiful and most wonderful have been, 
and are being, evolved.” 
—Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
Rise of “biological” racism
Sigmund Freud, explorer of the irrational

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Week 7: Politics and culture in the fin de siècle

  • 1. Week 7: Fin de siècle Europe
  • 2. Cultural shifts • Growing challenges to established traditions and norms (rationalism, classicism, middle class values) • Urban growth leads to new experiences and anxieties. • Human nature increasingly viewed as changeable and volatile, ruled as much by urges and instincts as thought and reason.
  • 3. Economic and technological optimism The Crystal Palace, 1851 Hall of Machine
  • 4. An inter-connected world Jules Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days (1874)
  • 5. “By dint of inventing machinery, men will end in being eaten up by it! I have always fancied that the end of the earth will be when some enormous boiler, heated to three thousand millions of atmospheric pressure, shall explode and blow up our Globe!” —J. Verne, Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863)
  • 6. “Flaneurs” and urban exploration “It is not given to every man to take a bath of multitude; enjoying a crowd is an art; and only he can relish a debauch of vitality at the expense of the human species, on whom, in his cradle, a fairy has bestowed the love of masks and masquerading, the hate of home, and the passion for roaming.” —Charles Baudelaire, Paris Spleen (1869)
  • 7. Edgar Degas, Place de la Concorde (1875)
  • 8. Boulevards made for strolling (and seeing)
  • 9. The department store: Temple of consumerism or source of new anxieties?
  • 10. Urban excitement and alienation Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge (1895)
  • 12. From fixed to evolutionary theories of human nature: “[F]rom the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows…[W]hilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” —Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
  • 14. Sigmund Freud, explorer of the irrational