This document discusses the concepts of primary and secondary sources in historiography. It begins by defining primary sources as documents created during or soon after the time period being studied, while secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources. Traditionally, historians have privileged primary sources and used them extensively in their research. However, the range of valid primary sources has expanded since the 20th century to include more social and cultural sources. Additionally, the distinction between primary and secondary sources is sometimes blurred, and postmodern historians focus more on a source's relevance than its categorization.
chapter 1 - Introduction to history Definition ISSUES SOURCES And METHODOLOGY...richardreyes77
This document outlines key concepts in the study of history as an academic discipline. It discusses the definition of history, emerging schools of thought like positivism and postcolonialism, historical sources and methodology. Historians study the past through primary and secondary sources, applying rigorous analysis and interpretation while acknowledging their own perspectives. The goal is to understand past events in context and appreciate history's role in society.
History of of Ethiopia and the Horn (Hist.1012)semahegngashaw
This document provides an overview of the history and uses of history as an academic discipline, as well as the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses:
1. The nature of history as an organized study of the past based on credible sources, with the goal of understanding human societies and their interactions over time.
2. The major contributions of early Greek, Chinese, and European historians to establishing history as a formal area of inquiry.
3. The sources used in the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn region, including manuscripts, inscriptions, travel accounts, and chronicles from various time periods.
4. The developments in Ethiopian historiography, from
GEED 02 Reading in Philippine History HISTORY AND HISTORICAL METHODOLOGYMayMay701839
At the end of the course, the learners will be able:
1.To explain the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline;
2.To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives;
3. To critically examine and assess the value of historical evidences and sources
4.To familiarize oneself with the primary documents in different historical periods of the Philippines;
5.To learn history through primary sources; and
6. To properly interpret primary sources through looking at the content and context of the document.
This document provides an overview of the meaning and study of history. It defines history as the study of past events and changes among humanity based on investigations into written and archaeological records. The document outlines the differences between factual and speculative history, and discusses primary and secondary sources as well as the processes of external and internal criticism historians use to evaluate the credibility and authenticity of sources.
Two key aspects of historical research are historiography and the use of primary sources. Historiography examines how historians' views have changed over time, and reviewing these changes helps students understand different perspectives on historical events. Primary sources like eyewitness accounts and documents from the time period are extremely valuable for understanding history through the eyes of those who lived it. A thorough historical work analyzes both historiography and primary sources to avoid being considered merely popular history based on assumptions.
This document discusses the importance of historiography and primary sources in historical research. It explains that historiography is the study of how historians' views have changed over time. Primary sources such as first-hand accounts and documents are crucial for understanding history through the eyes of those who lived it. The example is given of historians' changing views on the founding fathers and slavery. The document stresses that reviewing historiography and using primary sources is necessary for rigorous historical work.
Lesson-2 about the meaning of history.pptxeddingelay
This document discusses key concepts in history and historical analysis. It defines history as the study of past events through inquiry and investigation. Sources of historical data can be written, like narratives, documents, and records, or non-written, like artifacts and oral traditions. Primary sources are original materials created at the time under study, while secondary sources are interpretations created later. Historians use various types of criticism, like external and internal criticism, to evaluate sources and establish their authenticity and reliability for accurately understanding history. The document provides examples of different source types and criticisms to illustrate these important historical methodologies.
A Brief Guide To Writing The History PaperScott Donald
This document provides guidance on writing history papers. It discusses that history papers involve selection and interpretation because historians can only study a small portion of the vast historical record. The document outlines different types of history papers, such as narrative papers organized chronologically and analytical papers organized by topic. It also describes common arguments in review essays, which analyze assigned readings, and research papers, which involve additional research. The document offers strategies for developing an original argument, such as asking interpretive questions, closely reading a few sources, and considering change over time. It emphasizes that sources must be critically analyzed to extract evidence to support an argument.
chapter 1 - Introduction to history Definition ISSUES SOURCES And METHODOLOGY...richardreyes77
This document outlines key concepts in the study of history as an academic discipline. It discusses the definition of history, emerging schools of thought like positivism and postcolonialism, historical sources and methodology. Historians study the past through primary and secondary sources, applying rigorous analysis and interpretation while acknowledging their own perspectives. The goal is to understand past events in context and appreciate history's role in society.
History of of Ethiopia and the Horn (Hist.1012)semahegngashaw
This document provides an overview of the history and uses of history as an academic discipline, as well as the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses:
1. The nature of history as an organized study of the past based on credible sources, with the goal of understanding human societies and their interactions over time.
2. The major contributions of early Greek, Chinese, and European historians to establishing history as a formal area of inquiry.
3. The sources used in the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn region, including manuscripts, inscriptions, travel accounts, and chronicles from various time periods.
4. The developments in Ethiopian historiography, from
GEED 02 Reading in Philippine History HISTORY AND HISTORICAL METHODOLOGYMayMay701839
At the end of the course, the learners will be able:
1.To explain the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline;
2.To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives;
3. To critically examine and assess the value of historical evidences and sources
4.To familiarize oneself with the primary documents in different historical periods of the Philippines;
5.To learn history through primary sources; and
6. To properly interpret primary sources through looking at the content and context of the document.
This document provides an overview of the meaning and study of history. It defines history as the study of past events and changes among humanity based on investigations into written and archaeological records. The document outlines the differences between factual and speculative history, and discusses primary and secondary sources as well as the processes of external and internal criticism historians use to evaluate the credibility and authenticity of sources.
Two key aspects of historical research are historiography and the use of primary sources. Historiography examines how historians' views have changed over time, and reviewing these changes helps students understand different perspectives on historical events. Primary sources like eyewitness accounts and documents from the time period are extremely valuable for understanding history through the eyes of those who lived it. A thorough historical work analyzes both historiography and primary sources to avoid being considered merely popular history based on assumptions.
This document discusses the importance of historiography and primary sources in historical research. It explains that historiography is the study of how historians' views have changed over time. Primary sources such as first-hand accounts and documents are crucial for understanding history through the eyes of those who lived it. The example is given of historians' changing views on the founding fathers and slavery. The document stresses that reviewing historiography and using primary sources is necessary for rigorous historical work.
Lesson-2 about the meaning of history.pptxeddingelay
This document discusses key concepts in history and historical analysis. It defines history as the study of past events through inquiry and investigation. Sources of historical data can be written, like narratives, documents, and records, or non-written, like artifacts and oral traditions. Primary sources are original materials created at the time under study, while secondary sources are interpretations created later. Historians use various types of criticism, like external and internal criticism, to evaluate sources and establish their authenticity and reliability for accurately understanding history. The document provides examples of different source types and criticisms to illustrate these important historical methodologies.
A Brief Guide To Writing The History PaperScott Donald
This document provides guidance on writing history papers. It discusses that history papers involve selection and interpretation because historians can only study a small portion of the vast historical record. The document outlines different types of history papers, such as narrative papers organized chronologically and analytical papers organized by topic. It also describes common arguments in review essays, which analyze assigned readings, and research papers, which involve additional research. The document offers strategies for developing an original argument, such as asking interpretive questions, closely reading a few sources, and considering change over time. It emphasizes that sources must be critically analyzed to extract evidence to support an argument.
This document outlines the basic methodologies used by historians. It discusses the types of primary and secondary sources historians use as evidence, including artifacts, images, oral histories, statistics, and written documents. It explains how historians evaluate the reliability and authenticity of primary sources by assessing their author, potential biases, consistency with other sources, and authenticity through techniques like carbon dating. The document also covers historiography, the different methods used in historical analysis and writing, and some of the challenges historians face like biased sources and lack of sources on common people.
This document defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources for historians. Primary sources are first-hand accounts or documents from the time period being studied, like newspapers. Secondary sources are books, articles, or documentaries created after the time period that analyze and make arguments about primary sources, like a book about the impact of the New Deal. Some sources can be either primary or secondary depending on how they are used by the historian. The key distinction is whether the source was created during or after the time period being examined.
Introduction:
Antique notes refer to historical documents, letters, diaries, or manuscripts that are of significant age and value. These notes offer a unique glimpse into the past, providing valuable insights into the thoughts, experiences, and events of previous generations. They are cherished artifacts that help historians, researchers, and collectors piece together the narrative of our shared history.Antique notes hold immense cultural and historical significance. They shed light on the personal lives of notable individuals, reveal social customs and norms of past eras, and provide firsthand accounts of important events. These documents can offer fresh perspectives on well-known historical events and challenge existing narratives, making them invaluable resources for scholars and enthusiasts alike.
The history of Antique notes:
The history of real antiques for sale is intertwined with the development of writing systems and the preservation of historical documents. Here's a brief overview of the key milestones in the history of antique notes:
Ancient Civilizations: The origins of writing can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia (c. 3200 BCE), Egypt (c. 3100 BCE), and China (c. 1200 BCE). These civilizations used various writing systems, such as cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and oracle bone script, to record important information and communicate.
Papyrus Scrolls: In ancient Egypt, papyrus scrolls became a common medium for writing. Papyrus, a material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, was used to create long sheets that could be rolled up. These scrolls contained texts ranging from religious texts and legal documents to literary works.
Ancient Libraries: The ancient world saw the establishment of notable libraries that served as repositories of knowledge. One of the most famous examples is the Library of Alexandria in Egypt, founded in the 3rd century BCE. These libraries collected and preserved numerous ancient texts, including letters, manuscripts, and historical documents.
Medieval Manuscripts: During the Middle Ages, the production of handwritten manuscripts became prevalent. Monastic scriptoria were responsible for copying and preserving ancient texts, including religious manuscripts, philosophical works, and historical records. These manuscripts were often elaborately decorated with illustrations and illuminated initials.
Printing Press and Early Printed Books: The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century revolutionized the production of books. Printed books became more accessible, but handwritten notes still remained valuable and were often associated with important individuals, such as monarchs, scholars, and artists.
Correspondence and Personal Notes: Handwritten letters and personal notes have been exchanged throughout history. Notable figures such as philosophers, scientists, writers, and political leaders often wrote personal correspondence that provides insights into thei
This document discusses the discipline of history and historical methodology. It defines history as the study of the past using primary and secondary sources. The historian's role is to critically analyze sources and provide an interpretation of events while acknowledging their own biases. Philippine historiography has evolved from oral traditions to the use of written documents and collaboration with other fields to develop historical narratives.
Sujay core principles of twenty first century historiography final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper extends the concepts delineated in our earlier paper ‘Historiography by Objectives: A new approach for the study of history within the framework of the proposed Twenty-first Century school of Historiography’ and uses them to enunciate the core principles which we believe will form a part of the proposed Twenty-first century school of Historiography. This paper therefore strives to provide the vehicular platform upon which the objectives set forth in the aforesaid paper should be ideally nurtured and furthered. This paper additionally strives to buttress and substantiate our proposals with further arguments. The Twenty-first century school of historiography, it must be stated at the very outset, does not stem from any kind of a rebellious, a contrarian or a recalcitrant approach but intends to ensure that the field is suitably modernized keeping in mind the requirements of the Twenty-first century without jettisoning appreciable or profitable aspects of existing approaches. This paper attempts, at the same time to steer clear of the perils and pitfalls of postmodernism and intellectual nerdism and forge a new trajectory altogether. This approach also seeks to be as commodious and all-encompassing as possible by proactively embracing as many existing approaches as possible except dour and anachronistic ones, and others that have outlived their utility. It also seeks to formulate dialectical approaches in all facets and endeavours. We also argue that this is not only because all existing approaches are inadequate to cater to the rapidly changing requirements of the Twenty-First Century but also because we are already at the thin end of the wedge and existing approaches are inevitably fraught with unsavoury consequences, and will throw up counter-reactions in the longer term. As noted in our earlier papers, dialectical approaches and approaches based on critical analysis and scientific method would be the key to grappling with the sobering realities and the changed requirements of the Twenty-first century and would be the keystone to further progress across varied disciplines. This paper also emphasizes the proactive aspect of historiography, as this is at the core of all efforts to make it a meaningful and a modern discipline. This paper also delineates the social duties and functions of a historian and reinforces his role and duties in ushering in rapid social and cultural change and expediting scientific progress across disciplines. ‘Historiography by Objectives’ and other attendant approaches, first mooted in the aforesaid paper, continue, of course, to be an inalienable part of the overall proposals of this paper.
Sujay Core Principles of Twenty-First Century Historiography Final Final Fina...Sujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses the history and definitions of historiography. It begins by defining historiography as the study and writing of history based on critical analysis of sources. It then provides definitions of history from ancient Greek and Roman scholars as well as more modern historians. The document outlines the development of historiography among the ancient Greeks, who are considered the pioneers of the field. It discusses their emphasis on rationality and analysis. It then discusses the influence of Greek historiography on the Romans and the evolution of Roman historiography, noting their emphasis on defending Rome. The document briefly touches on the development of historiography in China, Japan, and India.
This document discusses the difference between primary and secondary sources for research. Primary sources provide direct evidence about a topic, such as historical documents, interviews, or results of experiments. Secondary sources describe, discuss or analyze primary sources, such as newspaper or magazine articles that interpret original research. Books can also be primary or secondary sources depending on their content. Other types of primary sources include visual materials, archival materials, government documents, and tertiary sources that compile information from primary and secondary sources. Examples are provided to illustrate the difference between primary and secondary sources for specific topics.
Research papers in History For UK.pptxJohn William
Write a Research papers in Manchester plays a pivotal role in expanding our understanding of the United Kingdom's past. By documenting historical events, offering fresh perspectives, and contributing to academic debates, these papers provide a pathway to historical knowledge.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding history and conducting historical research. It defines history as the sum of recorded events from the past. There are three main approaches to studying history: idealism focuses on ideas and intent, historicism respects the context of the past, and relativism believes all views are valid. Studying history benefits individuals by nurturing identity and skills, communities by supporting culture and economic growth, and the future by inspiring leadership and engaged citizens. Primary sources provide first-hand information while secondary sources interpret primary sources and tertiary sources report on secondary sources. The document outlines principles for evaluating the reliability of sources and determining the historical significance of events and developments.
This document discusses different types of information sources used for research. It defines primary sources as original materials like research reports, proceedings, theses, and patents. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources, such as journal articles, books, and reviews. Tertiary sources are guides and summaries of primary and secondary sources, like bibliographies and literature guides. The document provides examples of each type and explains their uses, like keeping up with latest information, avoiding duplication, and answering specific queries to support research. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources all contribute to supplying information to fulfill individuals' needs.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli ENUNCIATING THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF TWENTY.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses historiography and proposes principles for a 21st century approach to historiography. It begins by defining historiography as the study and writing of history, noting how approaches to historiography have evolved over time. The author then proposes a new 21st century school of historiography that modernizes the field while retaining valuable aspects of existing approaches. This new approach seeks to be comprehensive by embracing many existing approaches, formulate new dialectical approaches, and focus on objectives, critical analysis, and scientific methods to address 21st century realities. The author argues this modernized approach is needed to better serve the changing needs of the 21st century.
Introduction to History: definition,issues,sources and methodologyMonte Christo
This document discusses key concepts in history and historiography. It defines history as knowledge acquired through inquiry. It discusses historiography as the history of history writing and how it provides context. It covers different approaches to history like positivism, postcolonialism, and the Annales School. It also discusses historians' subjectivity and influence of context. Additionally, it outlines important methodological concepts like primary and secondary sources, external and internal criticism, and the development of Philippine historiography.
UNIT ONE ppt history of Ethiopia and horn.pptxzeyohannesamare
This document provides an overview of the definition, nature, key elements, uses and sources of history. It then discusses the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Some key points:
- History is defined as the organized study of past events based on evidence from sources like manuscripts, diaries, artifacts, and more.
- Key elements include periodization and categorizing historical time. History helps understand the present, provides identity, teaches critical skills, and fosters open-mindedness.
- Sources are primary (first-hand accounts) and secondary (published later accounts). Oral sources are also important for non-literate societies.
- Historiography of the region emerged from
This document discusses approaches to studying Bangladeshi history. It emphasizes that history involves interpreting facts rather than just compiling them. Historians must consider the context and perspectives of primary sources, and how representations of history can shape our understanding. Primary sources like documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts provide direct evidence, while secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources. Historians evaluate sources based on their authenticity, credibility, representativeness, and meaning to uncover historical truths.
The document provides guidance on conducting research for an art history paper, including the types of sources to use. It discusses primary and secondary sources, and emphasizes using scholarly sources. It also provides tips for finding books, journal articles, and other sources in the library and through interlibrary loan.
Personal bibliography forming a public image of a scientist Birute Railiene
Information service experiences technological changes – expanding possibilities for data retrieving and storing, the process also involves rising remands from the users. Library services has to change to meet the changing need of users.
Bibliography – the basis of international intellectual cooperation (EC Richardson, 1939) – still
Personal bibliography – instrument to draw a historical portrait of a person, institution, field of science
Personal bibliography – a core for prosopography in a history of science
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This document outlines the basic methodologies used by historians. It discusses the types of primary and secondary sources historians use as evidence, including artifacts, images, oral histories, statistics, and written documents. It explains how historians evaluate the reliability and authenticity of primary sources by assessing their author, potential biases, consistency with other sources, and authenticity through techniques like carbon dating. The document also covers historiography, the different methods used in historical analysis and writing, and some of the challenges historians face like biased sources and lack of sources on common people.
This document defines and provides examples of primary and secondary sources for historians. Primary sources are first-hand accounts or documents from the time period being studied, like newspapers. Secondary sources are books, articles, or documentaries created after the time period that analyze and make arguments about primary sources, like a book about the impact of the New Deal. Some sources can be either primary or secondary depending on how they are used by the historian. The key distinction is whether the source was created during or after the time period being examined.
Introduction:
Antique notes refer to historical documents, letters, diaries, or manuscripts that are of significant age and value. These notes offer a unique glimpse into the past, providing valuable insights into the thoughts, experiences, and events of previous generations. They are cherished artifacts that help historians, researchers, and collectors piece together the narrative of our shared history.Antique notes hold immense cultural and historical significance. They shed light on the personal lives of notable individuals, reveal social customs and norms of past eras, and provide firsthand accounts of important events. These documents can offer fresh perspectives on well-known historical events and challenge existing narratives, making them invaluable resources for scholars and enthusiasts alike.
The history of Antique notes:
The history of real antiques for sale is intertwined with the development of writing systems and the preservation of historical documents. Here's a brief overview of the key milestones in the history of antique notes:
Ancient Civilizations: The origins of writing can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia (c. 3200 BCE), Egypt (c. 3100 BCE), and China (c. 1200 BCE). These civilizations used various writing systems, such as cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and oracle bone script, to record important information and communicate.
Papyrus Scrolls: In ancient Egypt, papyrus scrolls became a common medium for writing. Papyrus, a material made from the pith of the papyrus plant, was used to create long sheets that could be rolled up. These scrolls contained texts ranging from religious texts and legal documents to literary works.
Ancient Libraries: The ancient world saw the establishment of notable libraries that served as repositories of knowledge. One of the most famous examples is the Library of Alexandria in Egypt, founded in the 3rd century BCE. These libraries collected and preserved numerous ancient texts, including letters, manuscripts, and historical documents.
Medieval Manuscripts: During the Middle Ages, the production of handwritten manuscripts became prevalent. Monastic scriptoria were responsible for copying and preserving ancient texts, including religious manuscripts, philosophical works, and historical records. These manuscripts were often elaborately decorated with illustrations and illuminated initials.
Printing Press and Early Printed Books: The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century revolutionized the production of books. Printed books became more accessible, but handwritten notes still remained valuable and were often associated with important individuals, such as monarchs, scholars, and artists.
Correspondence and Personal Notes: Handwritten letters and personal notes have been exchanged throughout history. Notable figures such as philosophers, scientists, writers, and political leaders often wrote personal correspondence that provides insights into thei
This document discusses the discipline of history and historical methodology. It defines history as the study of the past using primary and secondary sources. The historian's role is to critically analyze sources and provide an interpretation of events while acknowledging their own biases. Philippine historiography has evolved from oral traditions to the use of written documents and collaboration with other fields to develop historical narratives.
Sujay core principles of twenty first century historiography final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper extends the concepts delineated in our earlier paper ‘Historiography by Objectives: A new approach for the study of history within the framework of the proposed Twenty-first Century school of Historiography’ and uses them to enunciate the core principles which we believe will form a part of the proposed Twenty-first century school of Historiography. This paper therefore strives to provide the vehicular platform upon which the objectives set forth in the aforesaid paper should be ideally nurtured and furthered. This paper additionally strives to buttress and substantiate our proposals with further arguments. The Twenty-first century school of historiography, it must be stated at the very outset, does not stem from any kind of a rebellious, a contrarian or a recalcitrant approach but intends to ensure that the field is suitably modernized keeping in mind the requirements of the Twenty-first century without jettisoning appreciable or profitable aspects of existing approaches. This paper attempts, at the same time to steer clear of the perils and pitfalls of postmodernism and intellectual nerdism and forge a new trajectory altogether. This approach also seeks to be as commodious and all-encompassing as possible by proactively embracing as many existing approaches as possible except dour and anachronistic ones, and others that have outlived their utility. It also seeks to formulate dialectical approaches in all facets and endeavours. We also argue that this is not only because all existing approaches are inadequate to cater to the rapidly changing requirements of the Twenty-First Century but also because we are already at the thin end of the wedge and existing approaches are inevitably fraught with unsavoury consequences, and will throw up counter-reactions in the longer term. As noted in our earlier papers, dialectical approaches and approaches based on critical analysis and scientific method would be the key to grappling with the sobering realities and the changed requirements of the Twenty-first century and would be the keystone to further progress across varied disciplines. This paper also emphasizes the proactive aspect of historiography, as this is at the core of all efforts to make it a meaningful and a modern discipline. This paper also delineates the social duties and functions of a historian and reinforces his role and duties in ushering in rapid social and cultural change and expediting scientific progress across disciplines. ‘Historiography by Objectives’ and other attendant approaches, first mooted in the aforesaid paper, continue, of course, to be an inalienable part of the overall proposals of this paper.
Sujay Core Principles of Twenty-First Century Historiography Final Final Fina...Sujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses the history and definitions of historiography. It begins by defining historiography as the study and writing of history based on critical analysis of sources. It then provides definitions of history from ancient Greek and Roman scholars as well as more modern historians. The document outlines the development of historiography among the ancient Greeks, who are considered the pioneers of the field. It discusses their emphasis on rationality and analysis. It then discusses the influence of Greek historiography on the Romans and the evolution of Roman historiography, noting their emphasis on defending Rome. The document briefly touches on the development of historiography in China, Japan, and India.
This document discusses the difference between primary and secondary sources for research. Primary sources provide direct evidence about a topic, such as historical documents, interviews, or results of experiments. Secondary sources describe, discuss or analyze primary sources, such as newspaper or magazine articles that interpret original research. Books can also be primary or secondary sources depending on their content. Other types of primary sources include visual materials, archival materials, government documents, and tertiary sources that compile information from primary and secondary sources. Examples are provided to illustrate the difference between primary and secondary sources for specific topics.
Research papers in History For UK.pptxJohn William
Write a Research papers in Manchester plays a pivotal role in expanding our understanding of the United Kingdom's past. By documenting historical events, offering fresh perspectives, and contributing to academic debates, these papers provide a pathway to historical knowledge.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding history and conducting historical research. It defines history as the sum of recorded events from the past. There are three main approaches to studying history: idealism focuses on ideas and intent, historicism respects the context of the past, and relativism believes all views are valid. Studying history benefits individuals by nurturing identity and skills, communities by supporting culture and economic growth, and the future by inspiring leadership and engaged citizens. Primary sources provide first-hand information while secondary sources interpret primary sources and tertiary sources report on secondary sources. The document outlines principles for evaluating the reliability of sources and determining the historical significance of events and developments.
This document discusses different types of information sources used for research. It defines primary sources as original materials like research reports, proceedings, theses, and patents. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources, such as journal articles, books, and reviews. Tertiary sources are guides and summaries of primary and secondary sources, like bibliographies and literature guides. The document provides examples of each type and explains their uses, like keeping up with latest information, avoiding duplication, and answering specific queries to support research. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources all contribute to supplying information to fulfill individuals' needs.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli ENUNCIATING THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF TWENTY.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses historiography and proposes principles for a 21st century approach to historiography. It begins by defining historiography as the study and writing of history, noting how approaches to historiography have evolved over time. The author then proposes a new 21st century school of historiography that modernizes the field while retaining valuable aspects of existing approaches. This new approach seeks to be comprehensive by embracing many existing approaches, formulate new dialectical approaches, and focus on objectives, critical analysis, and scientific methods to address 21st century realities. The author argues this modernized approach is needed to better serve the changing needs of the 21st century.
Introduction to History: definition,issues,sources and methodologyMonte Christo
This document discusses key concepts in history and historiography. It defines history as knowledge acquired through inquiry. It discusses historiography as the history of history writing and how it provides context. It covers different approaches to history like positivism, postcolonialism, and the Annales School. It also discusses historians' subjectivity and influence of context. Additionally, it outlines important methodological concepts like primary and secondary sources, external and internal criticism, and the development of Philippine historiography.
UNIT ONE ppt history of Ethiopia and horn.pptxzeyohannesamare
This document provides an overview of the definition, nature, key elements, uses and sources of history. It then discusses the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Some key points:
- History is defined as the organized study of past events based on evidence from sources like manuscripts, diaries, artifacts, and more.
- Key elements include periodization and categorizing historical time. History helps understand the present, provides identity, teaches critical skills, and fosters open-mindedness.
- Sources are primary (first-hand accounts) and secondary (published later accounts). Oral sources are also important for non-literate societies.
- Historiography of the region emerged from
This document discusses approaches to studying Bangladeshi history. It emphasizes that history involves interpreting facts rather than just compiling them. Historians must consider the context and perspectives of primary sources, and how representations of history can shape our understanding. Primary sources like documents, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts provide direct evidence, while secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources. Historians evaluate sources based on their authenticity, credibility, representativeness, and meaning to uncover historical truths.
The document provides guidance on conducting research for an art history paper, including the types of sources to use. It discusses primary and secondary sources, and emphasizes using scholarly sources. It also provides tips for finding books, journal articles, and other sources in the library and through interlibrary loan.
Personal bibliography forming a public image of a scientist Birute Railiene
Information service experiences technological changes – expanding possibilities for data retrieving and storing, the process also involves rising remands from the users. Library services has to change to meet the changing need of users.
Bibliography – the basis of international intellectual cooperation (EC Richardson, 1939) – still
Personal bibliography – instrument to draw a historical portrait of a person, institution, field of science
Personal bibliography – a core for prosopography in a history of science
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. What are primary and secondary
sources?
Historians name the various sources they have used to
carry out their research.
They providing a bibliography at the end of their writing.
These bibliographies are usually divided into two
categories of research materials.
Primary sources are listed first, followed by secondary
sources.
Primary sources are regarded as the most important for
historical research.
3. Primary sources:
. A primary source is a document written at the time
or soon after an historical event occurred
Primary sources belong to the period under study by the
historian.
Primary sources might be:
1. old texts held in archives and libraries, e.g. Manuscripts
2. Archaeological remains and old buildings.
3. old newspapers, film footage, recordings of interviews
from the period being studied.
4. Often, primary sources are first-hand accounts and
offer an “inside view” of what happened.
Memoirs and oral histories are considered primary
sources, even if they are produced long after the event.
4.
5. FORMATS OF SOURCES
Scientific journal articles, reporting experimental research
results
Proceedings of meetings
Technical reports
Sets of data
Works of literature
Traveler's Accounts and Diaries
Autobiographies
Interviews, surveys and fieldwork
Letters and correspondence
Speeches
Government documents
Photographs and works of art
Original documents (birth certificates, transcripts)
6. Secondary sources:
A secondary source interprets, analyzes, explains,
reviews, or describes a primary source.
Secondary sources consist of the writings of other
historians about a particular historical topic or
event;
they are held to have a different kind of value to
original sources (they add to a historian’s research).
secondary sources are written or recorded many
years after an historical event.
secondary source is used to argue a point or support a
particular opinion.
Common secondary sources are: books,
monographs, journal articles and textbooks…
7.
8. FORMATS OF SOURCES
Bibliographies
Biographical works
Commentaries
Dictionaries and encyclopedias
Handbooks and data compilations
History
Works of criticism and interpretation
Indexing and abstracting tools
Newspaper and popular magazine articles
Journal articles-particularly in disciplines other than
science
9.
10. The privileged status that primary sources enjoy among
historians has been true since the mid-nineteenth
century. (1850s).
It is related to the Rankean school’s notion that “to
know the past one must first know the archive”.
But Ranke and his contemporaries were not the first to
defend archive-based history writing;
Ranke and his followers popularized this idea: they
adopted the critical reading of original documents as the
basis for their professional activities
Rankean definition of primary sources:
11. At the University of Berlin, Ranke taught his students
how to critically read and analyse old medieval
documents. (Ranke School – History from Above)
Inspired on Ranke, historians have favoured the use of
sources that were generated (temporally and
geographically) as close as possible to the event that they
describe.
For Ranke, it was preferable to use a document written
at the time of a historical event rather than a memoir
written by an eyewitness years afterwards…
Ranke also inspired the use of official documents held
in state (which led to a preference for high politics and
diplomacy; “history from above);
Rankean definition of primary
sources:
12. New primary sources:
Since the early 20th C, however, the range of primary
sources regarded as valid for historical research has
expanded greatly.
From the founding of the Annales school (1929
onwards), historians began to be more interested in
social and cultural aspects of history (not only in ‘high
politics’). (History from Below)
As a result, they became more willing to incorporate
almost any within their research materials.
from low-class peoples’ diaries, to the testimony of living
witnesses, to landscapes, even to cartoons…
13. New primary sources:
This turn towards new kinds of sources is largely a
consequence of historians becoming more open
minded…
They were changing their notions of what/who should be
regarded as ‘historical’ topics/subjects.
If Rankeans’ had focused only of the histories of state
politics, historians in the Annales school wanted to be
able to explain how human cultures (as a whole) change.
In their pursuit of a holistic or ‘total’ history, Annales
historians drew freely on the methods and resources
of other academic disciplines: Geography, Sociology,
Anthropology and Economics.
14. New primary sources:
Annales historians created a revolution in the definition
and use of historical sources.
Different from Rankean historians (who used official
state-archive sources) they focused on non-official
sources.
These ranged from: maps, folkloric artifacts, literature,
parish records, even to manuals on interior decoration
and evidence of people’s eating habits!
15. New primary sources:
Today, one of the reason for the expansion of new sources
is related to changes in technology.
Think about the difference between the early printing
presses and modern databases and Internet forums.
The amount of information generated, preserved,
processed and organised today has grown immensely.
A problem facing contemporary historians now is the
massive volume of data that is potentially available for
their research.
In the future: how will historians write about the year
2014 in Fiji? (how many blogs, sites, radio shows, TV
news will we have to consult?)
16. The limits of secondary sources:
As mentioned, secondary sources are the writings of
other historians;
Since new generation of historians tend to challenge
older generation of historians, secondary sources have a
“limited shelf life”;
Secondary sources are interpretative: thus, they tend to
be challenged or superseded by later accounts;
With the exception of a few classic texts, most history
books written by historians eventually pass from being
the latest version of some subject to becoming out of
date;
Secondary sources, therefore, are normally deleted from
the publisher’s catalogue and removed from libraries.
17. Blurred definition of primary and secondary sources
But … the division between primary and secondary
sources just described does not always apply.
What historians conventionally regard as secondary
sources can in fact be used as primary sources.
This depends on the nature of the project in which
they are put to work.
If you are researching changes in historiography
(changes in how historians write about history)
Then you can use books written by historians as
primary sources.
18. Autobiographies and contemporary histories also create
a problem in differentiating what are ‘ primary’ and
‘secondary’ sources…
Think about W. Churchill’s history of the Second World
War (which is part memoir, part traditional narrative
history).
It combines the author’s eyewitness testimonies (usually
regarded as a primary source) but also his
interpretation of the events based on other sources
(usually regarded as the property of a secondary
account).
So, there is often a problematic and artificial definition
of the primary/secondary source division.
19. Historical research standards:
Historical research still remains tied to the critical use of
primary sources;
The extensive use of primary sources is an important
consideration for Ph.D. examiners, editorial boards of
journals, academic book publishers and research funding
councils;
The ‘gold standard’ of history writing still is:
1- a original research monograph (a detailed study of a
subject).
2- based extensively on primary sources.
3- heavily footnoted.
4- finished with a lengthy bibliography.
20. Historical sources:
The distinction between primary and secondary
sources is crucial for traditional (reconstructionist)
historians.
This is because they believe that past is objectively
knowable thorough the selection and critical reading
of primary sources.
They argue that primary sources are special because
they are the original traces or relics of the past.
They believe that such sources are unprocessed,
authentic and unmediated – in short, ‘free’ from
interpretation. –(Objectivity).
But not all historians agree with the traditional way of
defining and separating out primary and secondary
sources…
21. Differences between traditional and
postmodern historians:
Postmodernist historians tend not to see the
primary/secondary distinction as crucially important.
Instead they focus on a particular source’s relevance to their
research project.
Those sources that are most important to the project ( upon
which the quality of their work will be judged), they regard as
primary sources.
We will study postmodern historiography in he following
weeks…
But Postmodern historians also argue that all sources involve
interpretation (even primary sources);
Since every source is written from someone’s perspective, and
thus no source should be regarded as objective
22. Differences between traditional and
postmodern historians:
Ex: documents produced in legal proceedings;
A traditional historian would argue that such documents
are largely free from interpretation;
Once they are a ‘true’ and ‘accurate’ account of what was
said in court;
But Postmodernists would take a different view.
23. Differences between traditional
and postmodern historians:
Postmodernists would argue that even legal
proceedings are as positioned (and thus ‘subjective’);
They would say that evidence given in a court of law is
framed under the pressures of a legal framework;
Those giving evidence were retelling events not to
friends or family but to powerful judges!
Also to juries who had power over liberty, life and
(sometimes) death…
Witnesses ion court, therefore, usually choose to adapt
their language or stressed different aspects of the
events they are asked to recall…
24. Differences between traditional
and postmodern historians:
In addition, any court has its rules concerning
how/what can and cannot be said;
The questions of the prosecutor or inquisitor, also
constrains and shape the evidence a witness could give
about their experience;
Postmodern historians that what appears to be a
transparent recording of events – the transcription of
evidence given in court – is in fact an interpretative
act. – (not a primary source but a subjective).
25. How do historians use sources?
Historians regard primary sources as the evidence base for
their accounts of the past;
For traditional/reconstructionist historians: primary
sources are the closest that we have to an encounter with
the past itself;
For them, the best way justify a statement relating to the
past is by citing an original source as corroborating
material;
Of course, the need to cite a primary source I support of a
statement also depends on the type of claim that is being
made.
Statements that refer to common knowledge need no
support, but ones that are not widely known will need
corroboration from primary sources…
26. How do historians use sources?
For example, you will need to cite primary sources to
argue if Fiji’s economy improved during the nineteenth-
century;
But you do not need to cite sources to affirm that Fiji
became independent in 1970;
The correct use and interpretation of primary sources is a
fundamental protocol in the historical method;
It is a key expectation of the genre of academic history
writing (historiography).
27. Remembering and forgetting:
selectivity in historical research
The way historians use primary sources have ethical
implications;
Historians choose to give a voice to some people in the
past but to ignore the voices of others;
we judge that some people have left us ‘reliable’ evidence
while others are not to be trusted;
Historians need to acknowledge our methodological
limitations (historiographical awareness…)
28. Critical use of primary sources:
Is the source in question authentic – that is, is it really
from the time, by the author, and the type of
document that it purports to be?
Who wrote or produced the source?
what do we know about them that might help our
understanding of it?
What kind of perspective does the author/producer
adopt?
29. critical use of primary sources:
How might contemporaries have understood it?
What does it say (and what doesn’t it say)?
Does it say similar or different things to other sources
from the period?
Does it cohere with other sources/evidence from the
period?
Does it cohere with information in other histories?
How have other historians in the field used this
source?
30. critical use of primary sources:
Is it a translation?
If so, how might this affect the source?
How can we be sure that the translation is accurate?
But more importantly, we need to recognise that the
translation will be an interpretation of the original by
the translator.
31. Arnold’s question:
How is it possible for two
contemporary historians, who were
studying the same topic at the same
time, reach such different conclusions?
John H Arnold. ‘History. A Very Short
Introduction.’ Oxford 2000
33. stuff.co.nz 10/01/13
“Fiji's military dictatorship has slammed a draft
constitution drawn up with New Zealand aid as an
appeasement to racist divisions in the Pacific
nation.
But military strongman Voreqe Bainimarama, who
rules Fiji by decree, told the nation on Thursday
night there will be a new constitution – and
democracy restoring elections next year.
Bainimarama, who overthrew democracy in 2006,
commissioned Kenyan law professor Yash Ghai to
draft a new constitution, but after it was presented
last month, police seized copies of it and burnt
printer's proofs.“
35. Fiji Sun 15/01/13
“Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr yesterday said he
understood why the controversial Yash Ghai draft
constitution had to be modified.
In statements which boost the Bainimarama Government’s
efforts to bring true democracy for all Fijians… Mr Carr
told acknowledged that the Bainimarama Government is
working to move Fiji away from the politics of race. “They
want Fiji to move beyond the racial divisions that have
held the country back in the past and that is something we
would welcome. I think it is something the people of Fiji
would welcome.”
Commodore Bainimarama has stressed for Fiji to have true
democracy, creating a Fiji for all Fijians, it needs to move
from old ways and old politics.”
36. History of the 2006 military coup in Fiji in
2050?
Collecting evidence
You would have your own opinions/memories of that
year;
but far more evidence would still be needed to
construct a general history.
Your sources: other books, newspapers, government
reports, statistics, etc
Audio-visual sources: radio recordings,
documentaries, films, TV videos, photographs, etc…
Oral history: testimony from eyewitnesses;
Selecting from a mass of material is a problem.
37. History of the 2006 military coup in Fiji in
2050?
Searching for the “truth”:
Can you trust political leaders’ accounts of their actions?
Are newspaper reports full and accurate?
Do people’s memories play them false?
Have statistics been carefully selected to create a
particular impression?
Sources of evidence have to be critically examined and
carefully interpreted.
Will every historian interpret data in the same way?
Evaluating sources of evidence is a problem.
38. History of the 2006 military coup in Fiji in
2050?
What about the gaps?
Matters that are important may be missing for the
historian who wants to write a history that explains causes
and results and looks critically at what happened.
The reasons that those involved offer may not seem
convincing.
Data on sensitive matters may not be available.
Filling in the ‘gaps’ is a problem.
39. History of the 2006 military coup in Fiji in
2050?
Selecting and arranging the data:
With so many events to analyse and discuss, how would
you as a historian decide what to include, what to rate as
really important, what to treat briefly, what to leave out?
Your research options would explain why one your final
work of history would differs from another historian;
Every historian lives at a particular time and in a
particular place, from a specific cultural-political view.
Would you expect that histories about the 2006 coup,
written by a Fijian, Indo-Fijian and a New Zealander to be
identical?
Historians are individuals with their own personal beliefs.
40. “ However hard we struggle to avoid
the prejudices associated with colour,
creed, class or gender, we cannot
avoid looking at the past from a
particular point of view.”
Peter Burke, New Perspectives on
Historical Writing (1991, p. 6)
Editor's Notes
Primary Sources:
Secondary Sources:
Mid centuries: 100 years back and mid
Ranke school consentartes on Archival records whereas Annale school consentrates on the primary sources.
Annale Sch – looked into Geography, Sociology, Anthropology and Economics.
Ranken used states archieve records whereas Annale uses
They assume that the most important distiction becomes the primary source.
Universal fact does not need an interpretation. First look into the primary sources then move on to the secondary sources. The History depends on the historian who have wriiten the sources will be given more importance.
-
- Using of the fact comes from our own sources and interprestation.