GROUP-1-THE-EMERGENCE-OF-SOCIAL-SCIENCE.pptx

GROUP-1-THE-EMERGENCE-OF-SOCIAL-SCIENCE.pptx

• 1.
  GROUP I PRESENTATION
• 2.
  THE DEFINITION OFSOCIAL SCIENCE  Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments.  Social sciences are all about how society works.  Social science seeks to understand the evolving human system across our increasingly complex world how our planet can be more sustainability managed.
• 3.
  • The term“ Social Science” did not appear until the nineteenth century, when the social science began to recognized as a distinct disciplines. However, the origins of their ideas and goals are located much further back in time. •Human beings have always been curious about themselves, their nature and behavior as individuals and as a groups, their relationships to the natural environment, and to God.
• 4.
   Social Sciencehas not been a clearly defined area historically; indeed, the classification of the various disciplines as social sciences rather than humanities or life sciences has not been consistent over the years. Instead, each discipline that can be considered a social science has developed rather independently. Thus, the history of the social sciences has generally been divided according to discipline, and there have been few attempts to write a history of the social sciences as a whole other than to relate to a specific historical context.
• 6.
  Ancient Times  Inancient civilizations, there was no distinction between the disciplines now considered the liberal arts and the sciences. There was no difference between mathematics and the study of history, poetry, or politics. Aristotle studied planetary motion and poetry with the same methods, and Plato mixed geometrical proofs with his demonstration on the state of intrinsic knowledge. Only with the development of mathematical proof did there gradually arise a perceived difference between "scientific" disciplines and others, the "humanities" or the liberal arts.
• 7.
  After the fallof Rome, which did little in the way of science, theorizing was transferred to the priesthood and a group of scholars known as the Scholastics. Thomas Aquinas of the thirteenth century, in his Summa theologiae, developed ideas about man and society that contain political, social, economic, anthropological, and geographical conceptions. The influence of the church through the Scholastics, remained strong until the Enlightenment, leaving no room for the development of ideas regarding human nature that were separate from theology.
• 8.
   In thesecond half of the 18th century, urbanization and population growth became accelerated, and during this period slums, alcoholism, brutality of manners developed which were to become the targets of social reforms. At the beginning of the 19th century, in response to the above there is a multiplication of works with a scientific character: Auguste Comte ( 1798-1853) invented the term sociology, he was the first to systematize and give a complete analysis of the principles of the positive character of the social sciences. His principle was also supported by Emile Durkheim, another sociologist, who initiated the study of “social facts”. Montesquieu and Voltaire broke a new path for politics and history. Karl Marx gave the first general theory of social What Is It 6 science and introduced the materialist analysis of history which discounts religious and metaphysical explanation for historical development.
• 9.
  In the firsthalf of the twentieth century, statistics became a free-standing discipline of applied mathematics. Statistical methods were used confidently, for example in an increasingly mathematical and scientific view of biology by such pioneers as Gregor Mendel and CharlesDarwin. This encouraged psychologists, sociologists, economists, and other social scientists to apply these methods to their fields of inquiry. The first thinkers to attempt to combine inquiry of the type they saw in Darwin with exploration of human relationships, were Sigmund Freud in Austria and William James in the United States. Freud's theory of the functioning of the mind, and James' work on experimental psychology had enormous impact on those that followed.
• 10.
  The Industrial Revolutioncreated a series of social, economic, and political problems, particularly in managing supply and demand in their political economy, the management of resources for military and developmental use, the creation of mass education systems to train individuals in reasoning and problems in managing the effects of industrialization itself. To manage the new enterprises, private and governmental, required more data. More data required a means of reducing it to information upon which to make decisions. Numbers and charts could be interpreted more quickly and moved more efficiently than long texts. Increasingly, quantitative and qualitative methods began to be integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences.
• 11.
  OTHER PERSONALITIES THAT SHAPEDSOCIAL SCIENCES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION
• 12.
  ✓ Nicolaus Copernicus– Scientific Revolution refers to historical changes in thought and belief, to changes in social and institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe. ✓ Isaac Newton – proposed universal laws of motion and mechanical model of the universe. Laid the foundation that allowed science and technology to change the world. ✓ Francis Bacon – established the supremacy of reason over imagination ✓ Rene Descartes – French Philosopher, mathematician, and writer who considered the of Father of modern philosophy. Advocated the use of rigorous philosophical analysis to arrive the truth rather than basing them to dogmas. ✓ Martin Luther – Organized the protestant movement and eroded the power of the Roman Catholic ✓ Immanuel Kant – Challenge the use of Metaphysics or absolute truth derived mainly from unjustified tradition and authority such as the existence of God. Advocated the use of reason in order to know the nature of the word and human beings.
• 13.
  ✓ Max Weber– One of the leading figures in modern sociology and described this process as Rationalization, which means that social life is more and more subjected to calculation and prediction. ✓ Francois Lyotard – French Sociologist points out science triumphed because it provided reliable results. ✓ Harriet Martineau – founding mother of sociology, a social scientist shifted their attention to non-western world as a model of the early stage of Western Civilization ✓ George Simmel – German Sociologist in the early 20th century, to decry the growing depersonalization of life due to the introduction of money. The Rise of Individualism ✓ Franz Boas – considered as the father of modern American Anthropology. The first to have rejected the biological basis of racism or racial discrimination. ✓ Bronislaw Malinowski -contributed to the development of modern anthropology. Participation Observation, a social science research that requires the anthropologists to have the ability to participate and blend with the way of life of a given group of people.