ortho

1.  Joint (articulation) is the connection point between the bones that forms the skeleton.
Joints are mainly classified functionally, structurally and anatomically.
 Arthron (Gr. = Joint)
 Arthroscopy (imaging)
 Arthropathy (disorder)
 Arthritis (inflammation)
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2.  Anatomical classification is determined according to the number of bones that form
the joint. Three main parts anatomically;
 Simple joints have two articulating bones and surfaces
 Compound joints have three or more articulating bones and surfaces
 Complex joints have articular discs or meniscus
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Anatomical classification

3.  Functional classification is determined according
to the type and degree of movement between the
articulating bones that they allow.
 Synarthroses (immovable)
 Amphiarthroses (Slightly mobile)
 Diarthroses (Freely movable)
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Functional classification

4.  Synarthroses is a type of joint which permits very little
or no movement under normal conditions. Because of
the fixed tight union, it has great strength.
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Functional classification

5.  Amphiarthroses is a type of joint allowing very
limited movement because the bones are
connected by FIBROCARTILAGE. Such joints occur
between adjacent vertebrae or between the ribs and
the breast bone.
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Functional classification

6.  Diarthroses is the most common and most movable
type of joint in the body of a mammal.
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Functional classification

7.  Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other. The
joints are named and divided according to the type of binding tissue that connects
the bones to each other.
 There are three structural classifications of joints;
 Articulatio Fibrosa
 Articulatio Cartilaginea
 Articulatio Synovialis
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Structural classification

8. It has no joint cavity between joint surface.
It is articulated by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in
collagen fibers. There are three types of fibrous joint;
1- Sutura (between the skull bones) (immovable)
Sutura serrata – like a saw
Sutura squamosa – like a fish scale
Sutura foliata – like a sheet
Sutura plana – like a plane
2- Gomphosis (art.dentoalveolaris) (immovable)
3- Syndesmosis (fibrous ligament attaches the joint surface) (Slightly
movable)
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Art. fibrosa

9. It is connected entirely by cartilage. It has no joint cavity between joint surface. It has
two types of joints;
- Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage connects the surface, ossify with age) (Immovable)
- Symphysis (fibrous cartilage connects the surface. Do not ossify) (slightly movable)
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Art. cartilaginea

10.  The type of joint covered by hyaline cartilage,
surround by fibrous capsule and has joint
cavity that is filled by synovial fluid. (Movable)
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Art. synovialis

11.  Facies articularis (caput-fossa) and Cartilago articularis (hyaline)
 Capsula articularis and Cavum articulare (negative press)
- Membrana fibrosa
- Membrana synovialis
***Synovia (clear, egg white like)
the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce
friction between the articular cartilage of
synovial joints during movement.
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Parts of the synovial joint

12.  Supporting structures;
 Ligamenta
- extracapsular
- intracapsular
 Discus articularis
 Meniscus articularis
 Labrum articulare
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Parts of the synovial joint

13.  Angular movements
- Flexion (decreasing angle)
- Extension (increasing angle)
- Abduction (away from the midline)
- Adduction (toward the midline)
 Rotation
-Pronation (internal rotation)
-Supination (external rotation)
 Circumdiction
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Movements of Joints

14.  Art.spheroidea (socket): allows all motion
 Art.ellipsoidea (condylaris) : flexion and extension
 Art.sellaris (saddle): flexion and extension
 Art.trochoidea (pivot): rotation
 Ginglymus (hinge): flexion and extension
 Art.bicondylaris : flexion, extension, rotation
 Art.plana (gliding) : no movement
 Art.delabens (sledge) :
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Types of the synovial joint