This document is a student research project that aims to determine and compare the trace metal concentrations in the urine of weed smokers and non-weed smokers. It provides background on cannabis use and potential health effects. The study aims to analyze urine samples from both groups using techniques like AAS and ICP-MS to quantify metals like lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper, which have been associated with health issues. Understanding metal accumulation may provide insight into long-term health risks of cannabis smoking. The justification is to assess potential risks from metal exposure and inform public health guidelines regarding safer cannabis use.
International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
Bioceramics, process ceramics and advanced ceramics and ceramic based composites are the main focus on the journal. It accepts all types of original research articles and review papers that are concerned with the scope and focus of the topic.
This document contains personal and educational details of an individual named Patadiya Dharmeshkumar Makanlal. It summarizes his doctoral research which developed numerical models to study the primary fragmentation of coal particles subjected to detonation waves. His research aimed to understand how much of a coal mixture would fragment, how much would fragment within a specific time period, and how to make the fragmentation process faster. His models progressed from simple analytical solutions to more realistic numerical simulations incorporating factors like varying temperature boundaries and coal particle size distributions.
Progress in Indium (III) Sulfide (In2S3) Buffer Layer Deposition Techniques f...Arkansas State University
Recent progress with indium (III) sulfide (In2S3)-buffered thin film solar cells (TFSC) was briefly reviewed. In2S3 has emerged as a promising low-hazard buffer (or window) material, and has proven to improve the properties of the solar cells, while reducing toxicity. Various deposition techniques have been employed to synthesize In2S3 films on different types of substrates. Until now, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and ionic layer gas atomic reaction (ILGAR) techniques have been the two most successful, yielding maximum energy conversion efficiencies up to 16.4% and 16.1%, respectively. The impact of varied deposition parameters upon the In2S3 film properties and performance of cadmium (Cd)-free solar cells has been outlined. A comparative/operational analysis (solar cell efficiencies above 9% reported for cell area ≤ 1cm2) of various buffer layers used in two primary types of TFSC technology: chalcopyrite (CIS/CIGS)- and CdTe-based solar cells was also performed to measure the progress of In2S3 compared to its counterparts.
This document reviews the current literature on ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk. It discusses how:
1) Nitrosation, the process of endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds from nitrate and nitrite, was historically viewed as harmful but is now recognized as an essential physiological process involved in cell signaling.
2) Animal studies show no evidence of carcinogenesis from nitrite alone without co-administration of nitrosatable compounds.
3) New epidemiological cohort studies find no association between estimated dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite and risk of stomach cancer in humans.
4) Overall the evidence calls for a reconsideration of the safety of nitrite and nit
Bioceramics, process ceramics and advanced ceramics and ceramic-based composites are the main focus on the journal. It accepts all types of original research articles and review papers that are concerned with the scope and focus of the topic.
This document is a thesis submitted by Theodore E. Burye to Michigan State University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering in 2015. The thesis investigates techniques to control the particle size of infiltrated mixed ionic and electronic conducting materials used in solid oxide fuel cell cathodes and determines oxygen surface exchange resistance values for these infiltrated particles through finite element modeling. Specifically, the thesis develops two processing techniques, precursor nitrate solution desiccation and ceria oxide pre-infiltration, that are shown to systematically reduce the average particle size of infiltrated La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ from 50 nm to 22 nm. This particle size
The main aim of this work is try to electrodeposit metallic niobium films from room-temperature ionic liquids. Nowadays electrochemical surface treatment is one of the most used approaches in industry. Aqueous solutions has been the most widely used process mainly because of advantages such us low cost, non-flammability, high solubility of electrolytes, high conductivities resulting in low ohmic losses, high solubility of metal salts and high rates of mass transfer. However, despite these advantages there are several limitations in using aqueous solutions such as limited potential windows, gas evolution processes that can result in hydrogen embrittlement, passivation of substrates, electrodes and deposits, and the necessity for hazardous complex agents such as cyanide, causing environmental contamination. These are the reasons why new non-aqueous solutions to electrodeposit niobium have been researched. One of the main limitations in using aqueous solutions is their narrow electrochemical window. The major reason for carrying out electrodeposition in non-aqueous electrolytes (such as conventional organic solvents, molten salts or ionic liquids) is water and air stability and the wide electrochemical window of these media. Alternatively, also high temperature molten salts have been used extensively for niobium electrodeposition. They have wide potential windows, high conductivities and high solubility for metal salts. In fact, they have most of the advantages of aqueous solutions and overcome most of the limitations of aqueous solutions, but their one major limitation is the very high temperature (more than 750°C). Therefore, the alternative to high temperature molten salts was an ionic substance that melts at a low temperature. Over the last few decades, room temperature ionic liquids have been widely studied in various scientific fields due to their interesting properties, such as negligible vapour pressures, high chemical and thermal stability, acceptable intrinsic ionic conductivity and wide potential window. Ionic liquids are molten salts with melting points below 100°C and they consist entirely of cations and anions. The development of ionic liquids, especially air and water stable types, has attracted extensive attention since they have outstanding physical properties. The aim of this work will be the analysis of available literature data in order to have precise knowledge about niobium behavior in the different electrolytes and to get new information about possible electrolytes based on ionic liquids.
Nanofibers contolling heavy metal contamination reportMr. Lucky
Plenty of fresh water resources are still inaccessible for human use. Calamities such as pollution, climate change, and global warming pose serious threats to the fresh water system. Although many naturally and synthetically grown materials have been taken up to resolve these issues, there is still plenty of room for enhancements in technology and material perspectives to maximize resources and to minimize harm. Considering the challenges related to the purification of water, materials in the form of nanofiber membranes and nanomaterials have made tremendous contributions to water purification. Nanofiber membranes made of synthetic polymer nanofibers, ceramic membranes etc., metal oxides in various morphologies, and carbonaceous materials were explored in relation to waste removal from water. Membranes for membrane adsorption (MA) have the dual function of membrane filtration and adsorption to be very effective to remove trace amounts of pollutants such as cationic heavy metals, anionic phosphates and nitrates. In addition, recent progresses in the development of advanced adsorbents such as nanoparticles are summarized, since they are potentially useful as fillers in the host membrane to enhance its performance.
International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
Bioceramics, process ceramics and advanced ceramics and ceramic based composites are the main focus on the journal. It accepts all types of original research articles and review papers that are concerned with the scope and focus of the topic.
This document contains personal and educational details of an individual named Patadiya Dharmeshkumar Makanlal. It summarizes his doctoral research which developed numerical models to study the primary fragmentation of coal particles subjected to detonation waves. His research aimed to understand how much of a coal mixture would fragment, how much would fragment within a specific time period, and how to make the fragmentation process faster. His models progressed from simple analytical solutions to more realistic numerical simulations incorporating factors like varying temperature boundaries and coal particle size distributions.
Progress in Indium (III) Sulfide (In2S3) Buffer Layer Deposition Techniques f...Arkansas State University
Recent progress with indium (III) sulfide (In2S3)-buffered thin film solar cells (TFSC) was briefly reviewed. In2S3 has emerged as a promising low-hazard buffer (or window) material, and has proven to improve the properties of the solar cells, while reducing toxicity. Various deposition techniques have been employed to synthesize In2S3 films on different types of substrates. Until now, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and ionic layer gas atomic reaction (ILGAR) techniques have been the two most successful, yielding maximum energy conversion efficiencies up to 16.4% and 16.1%, respectively. The impact of varied deposition parameters upon the In2S3 film properties and performance of cadmium (Cd)-free solar cells has been outlined. A comparative/operational analysis (solar cell efficiencies above 9% reported for cell area ≤ 1cm2) of various buffer layers used in two primary types of TFSC technology: chalcopyrite (CIS/CIGS)- and CdTe-based solar cells was also performed to measure the progress of In2S3 compared to its counterparts.
This document reviews the current literature on ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk. It discusses how:
1) Nitrosation, the process of endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds from nitrate and nitrite, was historically viewed as harmful but is now recognized as an essential physiological process involved in cell signaling.
2) Animal studies show no evidence of carcinogenesis from nitrite alone without co-administration of nitrosatable compounds.
3) New epidemiological cohort studies find no association between estimated dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite and risk of stomach cancer in humans.
4) Overall the evidence calls for a reconsideration of the safety of nitrite and nit
Bioceramics, process ceramics and advanced ceramics and ceramic-based composites are the main focus on the journal. It accepts all types of original research articles and review papers that are concerned with the scope and focus of the topic.
This document is a thesis submitted by Theodore E. Burye to Michigan State University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering in 2015. The thesis investigates techniques to control the particle size of infiltrated mixed ionic and electronic conducting materials used in solid oxide fuel cell cathodes and determines oxygen surface exchange resistance values for these infiltrated particles through finite element modeling. Specifically, the thesis develops two processing techniques, precursor nitrate solution desiccation and ceria oxide pre-infiltration, that are shown to systematically reduce the average particle size of infiltrated La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ from 50 nm to 22 nm. This particle size
The main aim of this work is try to electrodeposit metallic niobium films from room-temperature ionic liquids. Nowadays electrochemical surface treatment is one of the most used approaches in industry. Aqueous solutions has been the most widely used process mainly because of advantages such us low cost, non-flammability, high solubility of electrolytes, high conductivities resulting in low ohmic losses, high solubility of metal salts and high rates of mass transfer. However, despite these advantages there are several limitations in using aqueous solutions such as limited potential windows, gas evolution processes that can result in hydrogen embrittlement, passivation of substrates, electrodes and deposits, and the necessity for hazardous complex agents such as cyanide, causing environmental contamination. These are the reasons why new non-aqueous solutions to electrodeposit niobium have been researched. One of the main limitations in using aqueous solutions is their narrow electrochemical window. The major reason for carrying out electrodeposition in non-aqueous electrolytes (such as conventional organic solvents, molten salts or ionic liquids) is water and air stability and the wide electrochemical window of these media. Alternatively, also high temperature molten salts have been used extensively for niobium electrodeposition. They have wide potential windows, high conductivities and high solubility for metal salts. In fact, they have most of the advantages of aqueous solutions and overcome most of the limitations of aqueous solutions, but their one major limitation is the very high temperature (more than 750°C). Therefore, the alternative to high temperature molten salts was an ionic substance that melts at a low temperature. Over the last few decades, room temperature ionic liquids have been widely studied in various scientific fields due to their interesting properties, such as negligible vapour pressures, high chemical and thermal stability, acceptable intrinsic ionic conductivity and wide potential window. Ionic liquids are molten salts with melting points below 100°C and they consist entirely of cations and anions. The development of ionic liquids, especially air and water stable types, has attracted extensive attention since they have outstanding physical properties. The aim of this work will be the analysis of available literature data in order to have precise knowledge about niobium behavior in the different electrolytes and to get new information about possible electrolytes based on ionic liquids.
Nanofibers contolling heavy metal contamination reportMr. Lucky
Plenty of fresh water resources are still inaccessible for human use. Calamities such as pollution, climate change, and global warming pose serious threats to the fresh water system. Although many naturally and synthetically grown materials have been taken up to resolve these issues, there is still plenty of room for enhancements in technology and material perspectives to maximize resources and to minimize harm. Considering the challenges related to the purification of water, materials in the form of nanofiber membranes and nanomaterials have made tremendous contributions to water purification. Nanofiber membranes made of synthetic polymer nanofibers, ceramic membranes etc., metal oxides in various morphologies, and carbonaceous materials were explored in relation to waste removal from water. Membranes for membrane adsorption (MA) have the dual function of membrane filtration and adsorption to be very effective to remove trace amounts of pollutants such as cationic heavy metals, anionic phosphates and nitrates. In addition, recent progresses in the development of advanced adsorbents such as nanoparticles are summarized, since they are potentially useful as fillers in the host membrane to enhance its performance.
This document discusses a study on the adsorption of metals in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater using iron-impregnated activated carbon. The study examines the use of granular activated carbon (GAC), GAC impregnated with iron oxide (GAC/FeOx), and GAC impregnated with zerovalent iron (GAC/ZVI) to treat FGD wastewater from a coal-fired power plant. Batch adsorption experiments are conducted to analyze the adsorption kinetics of various metals, including mercury, arsenic, lead, and chromium. The results of this study provide insights into an effective treatment method for FGD wastewater using modified activated carbons.
This document discusses a study on using iron-impregnated activated carbon to treat wastewater from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was impregnated with iron (GAC/FeOx) and zerovalent iron (GAC/ZVI) and used in batch experiments to treat FGD wastewater. The results showed reductions in the concentrations of mercury, lead, copper, arsenic, and chromium in the wastewater. This research presents a new approach for treating FGD wastewater using modified GAC materials.
This thesis examines variations in carbonate mineralogy and chemistry in the Griquatown and upper Kuruman iron formations in the Transvaal Supergroup in South Africa. Petrographic analysis of drill core samples identified carbonate minerals ankerite and siderite along with other minerals. Geochemical analysis using XRF, ICP-MS, and EPMA found an anomalous spike in manganese towards the top of the stratigraphy. EPMA of carbonates showed no antithetic relationship between manganese and iron, but did find an inverse relationship when magnesium was summed with manganese versus iron. The study aims to better understand controls on manganese abundance and the formation mechanism of the carbonates.
This document presents a thesis on experimental and numerical modeling of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) combustion in a Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA) designed to simulate microgravity conditions. Flame spread tests were conducted with thin and thick PMMA samples under varying environmental conditions in the SDSU NCA and compared to results from microgravity combustion experiments on the International Space Station. A numerical model of PMMA combustion in the NCA was also developed using Fire Dynamics Simulator. The thesis found that flame spread rates in the NCA closely matched microgravity results and identified key parameters influencing combustion, providing evidence that the NCA successfully simulates microgravity flame behavior.
This document provides a critical review of standard acid rock drainage (ARD) prediction methods. It discusses the limitations of static and kinetic tests commonly used in the mining industry to predict ARD potential. These tests do not account for mineral complexity and can inaccurately predict geochemical behavior. Specifically, the standard calculation factor used to estimate carbonate neutralization potential overestimates it by 100%. Quantitative mineral data produced for mining operations could improve ARD prediction without additional costs if shared between divisions. More accurate characterization methods are needed that consider factors like different carbonate minerals' acid-producing potential.
This document is a report on a case study about oil spills. It includes chapters on the history of oil spills, the reasons and causes for oil spills, the consequences of oil spills, methods for cleaning up oil spills, and preventing and responding to oil spills. Some key points include that the largest oil spills have been caused by tanker accidents and blown-out oil wells, releasing over 100 million gallons of oil. Oil spills have severe environmental impacts, damaging ecosystems, wildlife, and coastal economies through pollution. Cleanup methods aim to contain, remove, or break down spilled oil using booms, skimmers, dispersants, and controlled burning. Prevention relies on regulations, contingency planning, and emergency
This master's thesis assesses the feasibility of using sour and acid gas miscible flooding in Reservoir X. It includes a literature review on CO2/H2S miscible flooding and case studies. Compositional and PVT data from Reservoir X is presented. CMG WinProp software is used to simulate multiple contacts between CO2/H2S solvent mixtures and Reservoir X oil. Minimum miscibility pressures are determined for different solvent mixtures, as well as the oil swelling factor and changes in oil viscosity and density. The results indicate whether sour and acid gas miscible flooding is viable for Reservoir X.
This document provides an overview of the application of lasers in medicine. It begins with an introduction to lasers and electromagnetic waves. It then discusses several important medical lasers including the Neodymium: YAG laser, Argon laser, Carbon Dioxide laser, and Dye laser. These lasers are used for applications such as laparoscopic surgery, gynecologic surgery, ophthalmology, and cancer treatment. The document explains that lasers allow surgeons to perform more complex operations and obtain better results. Safety measures must be taken when using medical lasers.
Firhan Malik, PhD - Honors BSc. Thesis - Laurentian University (c) 2005Firhan Malik
ABSTRACT
Hair analysis can be used to measure environment exposure over a long-term period, or to study ailments like hypertension, heart disease, epilepsy and others. This examines the metal content in hair and investigates some of the major factors that affect the metal content in hair. Then using statistical correlation tests to investigate the relationships of the factors to one another and affect the trace metal content in hair. 504 participants from Sudbury and the surrounding area provided hair samples from the nape of the neck and completed questionnaires requiring information about their health status, area of residence, nutrition, hair status, age, gender and other factors. The hair strands were then digested and the metal content was measured by ICP-MS. It was found that metal content was higher in females relative to males and it may be possible to track these differences to biochemical changes such as menstruation. It was also found that Mg, Cr, and Cu varied with age. Cr in hair correlated with prevalence of cancer, heart disease and hypertension (p<0.01). Correlations were also found with respect to area of residence and is it related to environmental exposure.
Energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction for on-stream monitoring of mJoel O'Dwyer
This document describes a thesis submitted by Joel N. O'Dwyer to the University of Wollongong in fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The thesis develops a new technique called energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) for monitoring mineralogy in industrial process streams in real-time. Monte Carlo modeling was used to simulate X-ray diffraction and optimize the design of a prototype EDXRD analyzer. Quantitative mineral analysis experiments demonstrated that the technique can determine mineral components in samples with accuracies of better than 1 wt%. The results validate EDXRD as a viable tool for online mineral analysis of process streams.
The current assignment discusses the formation of natural gas hydrates in gas transmission pipelines. Hydrates are crystalline compounds, consisting of a gas molecule and water, which form under certain thermodynamic conditions, which include high pressure and low temperature. Natural gas hydrates are responsible for pipeline plugging and corrosion. Thus, handling the issue of the formation is a matter of vital importance for the industry. At the theoretical background of the assignment the topic is presented and analyzed towards the hydrate structure and development, the formation, the consequences and, finally, the solutions as well as the inspection processes. In order to provide the optimal strategy in dealing with hydrate formation, it is of vital importance to have an understanding of the conditions that cause hydrate formation. The most accurate predictions can be conducted with the use of computer software. In the current assignment the chemical simulations software Aspen Hysys is used for studying the formation conditions. Three potential natural gas streams, with different compositions, were modeled and studied towards the conditions of hydrate formation.
=============
contact me : gr.linkedin.com/in/fotiszachopoulos
Eric Ngandu (10275959) final Thesis 2015ERIC NGANDU
This project report investigates the generation and retention of aerosol nanoparticles at Kansanshi Mining PLC by comparing two PVC filter membranes of different pore sizes. Samples were collected from gyratory crushers, the main pit, and an underground portal using air monitoring equipment. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis identified the presence of crystalline silica nanoparticles retained on the filters. The 0.5μm filter membrane retained more silica particles than the currently used 0.8μm filter, suggesting it could better protect worker health by reducing crystalline silica exposure levels.
Dissertation BE 1180 Gagandeep Singh 10038702 April 15, 2012 Project ManagementGagandeep Singh
This document is a dissertation submitted by Gagandeep Singh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Project Management. The dissertation examines the use of knowledge management techniques for risk management application at the initial project stages. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, list of acronyms, list of illustrations, and abstract. The dissertation contains literature reviews on knowledge management and risk management. It also discusses various knowledge management techniques that can be applied to risk management, such as communities of practice, knowledge databases, lessons learned, brainstorming, knowledge maps, knowledge audits, and benchmarking.
This document provides an overview of cathodic protection for underground steel propane tanks and piping. It discusses how corrosion can damage tanks and piping over time if left unaddressed. Cathodic protection works by making the tank a cathode and preventing corrosion through the use of anodes that supply electrons to the tank surface. Galvanic cathodic protection is the most common method, using magnesium anodes that are installed in the ground near the tank. The document outlines best practices for preparing, installing, and connecting magnesium anodes to provide cathodic protection for underground propane infrastructure.
This document provides an overview of cathodic protection for underground steel propane tanks and piping. It discusses how corrosion can damage tanks and piping over time if left unaddressed. Cathodic protection works by making the tank a cathode and preventing corrosion through the use of anodes that supply electrons to the tank surface. Galvanic cathodic protection is the most common method, using magnesium anodes that are installed in the ground near the tank. The document outlines best practices for preparing, installing, and connecting magnesium anodes to provide cathodic protection for underground propane infrastructure.
(Green chemistry and sustainable technology) an hui lu, sheng dai (eds.)-poro...Daniel Delgado MSc
This chapter discusses ionic liquid-derived carbonaceous adsorbents for CO2 capture. Porous carbons with high surface areas can be facilely synthesized from ionic liquids, which are composed of an organic cation and inorganic anion. Ionic liquid-derived materials offer advantages such as easy synthesis, high surface areas, and nitrogen doping. Nitrogen doping introduces CO2-philic sites that increase CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity over N2. These materials show promise as low-cost adsorbents for CO2 capture due to their simple production and CO2 separation performance.
This document provides a summary of a symposium on nuclear energy technology, safety, and environment. It lists the event details including dates, location, organizers, and keynote speakers from organizations like the Department of Atomic Energy and Nuclear Power Corporation of India. The welcome addresses and inaugural speech emphasized the importance of nuclear energy, advancements in safety, and the need for more public awareness on these topics. Technical sessions and a panel discussion covered topics like plasma research, reactor operations, and the role of nuclear power in meeting energy demands while minimizing environmental impacts.
Australian Journal of Engineering and Technology Research - Vol 1, Issue 2 - ...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
This document summarizes the second issue of the Australian Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. It provides an overview of the journal, including its open-access format and waived publication fees for students from developing countries. It also lists the chief editor and review panel members. The table of contents summarizes 5 research papers on topics like water shut-off treatment using polymer gel, production strategies for optimizing gas recovery from water drive dry gas reservoirs, and an LP gas fracking energy breakthrough. In closing, the editor expresses gratitude to all researchers, reviewers, and supporters involved with the journal.
The document summarizes a study investigating hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) failure in a carbon steel pipe from an oil and gas industry slug catcher. Advanced ultrasonic techniques detected HIC cracks that mostly initiated and propagated through the pipe's segregated center zone. Microstructural analysis found inclusions like manganese sulphide and aluminum oxide played a role in HIC as crack nucleation sites. The study aimed to better understand HIC mechanisms in actual industrial components compared to laboratory samples.
KINETIC STUDY OF CHROMIUM (III) – PVP COMPLEX BY USING RADIO-TRACER TECHNIQUEcscpconf
Complexes of metal ions with organic ligands play an important role in many fields of our life.These metal complexes are widely used in medical diagnosis and therapeutic analysis. These
complexes are very familiar with radioisotopes exerting precise chemical and physical properties. Generally, chromium is considered as toxic and essential element depending on its
oxidation state in the biological system. Here the dynamic dissociation constants of the complex of Chromium (III) with excellent biocompatible polymer PVP (poly-N-vinylpyrolidone) have been determined. The dissociation constants will give us the idea about the stability of the said complexes. As PVP is a good ligand with different metals within a wide range of pH. Ingestion techniques of radioisotopes to the biological systems may be nicely polished with the knowledge of this kinetic study with chromium. Green methods have been carried out during the whole period of the experiments to maintain the environmental friendly aspects.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document discusses a study on the adsorption of metals in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater using iron-impregnated activated carbon. The study examines the use of granular activated carbon (GAC), GAC impregnated with iron oxide (GAC/FeOx), and GAC impregnated with zerovalent iron (GAC/ZVI) to treat FGD wastewater from a coal-fired power plant. Batch adsorption experiments are conducted to analyze the adsorption kinetics of various metals, including mercury, arsenic, lead, and chromium. The results of this study provide insights into an effective treatment method for FGD wastewater using modified activated carbons.
This document discusses a study on using iron-impregnated activated carbon to treat wastewater from flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was impregnated with iron (GAC/FeOx) and zerovalent iron (GAC/ZVI) and used in batch experiments to treat FGD wastewater. The results showed reductions in the concentrations of mercury, lead, copper, arsenic, and chromium in the wastewater. This research presents a new approach for treating FGD wastewater using modified GAC materials.
This thesis examines variations in carbonate mineralogy and chemistry in the Griquatown and upper Kuruman iron formations in the Transvaal Supergroup in South Africa. Petrographic analysis of drill core samples identified carbonate minerals ankerite and siderite along with other minerals. Geochemical analysis using XRF, ICP-MS, and EPMA found an anomalous spike in manganese towards the top of the stratigraphy. EPMA of carbonates showed no antithetic relationship between manganese and iron, but did find an inverse relationship when magnesium was summed with manganese versus iron. The study aims to better understand controls on manganese abundance and the formation mechanism of the carbonates.
This document presents a thesis on experimental and numerical modeling of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) combustion in a Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA) designed to simulate microgravity conditions. Flame spread tests were conducted with thin and thick PMMA samples under varying environmental conditions in the SDSU NCA and compared to results from microgravity combustion experiments on the International Space Station. A numerical model of PMMA combustion in the NCA was also developed using Fire Dynamics Simulator. The thesis found that flame spread rates in the NCA closely matched microgravity results and identified key parameters influencing combustion, providing evidence that the NCA successfully simulates microgravity flame behavior.
This document provides a critical review of standard acid rock drainage (ARD) prediction methods. It discusses the limitations of static and kinetic tests commonly used in the mining industry to predict ARD potential. These tests do not account for mineral complexity and can inaccurately predict geochemical behavior. Specifically, the standard calculation factor used to estimate carbonate neutralization potential overestimates it by 100%. Quantitative mineral data produced for mining operations could improve ARD prediction without additional costs if shared between divisions. More accurate characterization methods are needed that consider factors like different carbonate minerals' acid-producing potential.
This document is a report on a case study about oil spills. It includes chapters on the history of oil spills, the reasons and causes for oil spills, the consequences of oil spills, methods for cleaning up oil spills, and preventing and responding to oil spills. Some key points include that the largest oil spills have been caused by tanker accidents and blown-out oil wells, releasing over 100 million gallons of oil. Oil spills have severe environmental impacts, damaging ecosystems, wildlife, and coastal economies through pollution. Cleanup methods aim to contain, remove, or break down spilled oil using booms, skimmers, dispersants, and controlled burning. Prevention relies on regulations, contingency planning, and emergency
This master's thesis assesses the feasibility of using sour and acid gas miscible flooding in Reservoir X. It includes a literature review on CO2/H2S miscible flooding and case studies. Compositional and PVT data from Reservoir X is presented. CMG WinProp software is used to simulate multiple contacts between CO2/H2S solvent mixtures and Reservoir X oil. Minimum miscibility pressures are determined for different solvent mixtures, as well as the oil swelling factor and changes in oil viscosity and density. The results indicate whether sour and acid gas miscible flooding is viable for Reservoir X.
This document provides an overview of the application of lasers in medicine. It begins with an introduction to lasers and electromagnetic waves. It then discusses several important medical lasers including the Neodymium: YAG laser, Argon laser, Carbon Dioxide laser, and Dye laser. These lasers are used for applications such as laparoscopic surgery, gynecologic surgery, ophthalmology, and cancer treatment. The document explains that lasers allow surgeons to perform more complex operations and obtain better results. Safety measures must be taken when using medical lasers.
Firhan Malik, PhD - Honors BSc. Thesis - Laurentian University (c) 2005Firhan Malik
ABSTRACT
Hair analysis can be used to measure environment exposure over a long-term period, or to study ailments like hypertension, heart disease, epilepsy and others. This examines the metal content in hair and investigates some of the major factors that affect the metal content in hair. Then using statistical correlation tests to investigate the relationships of the factors to one another and affect the trace metal content in hair. 504 participants from Sudbury and the surrounding area provided hair samples from the nape of the neck and completed questionnaires requiring information about their health status, area of residence, nutrition, hair status, age, gender and other factors. The hair strands were then digested and the metal content was measured by ICP-MS. It was found that metal content was higher in females relative to males and it may be possible to track these differences to biochemical changes such as menstruation. It was also found that Mg, Cr, and Cu varied with age. Cr in hair correlated with prevalence of cancer, heart disease and hypertension (p<0.01). Correlations were also found with respect to area of residence and is it related to environmental exposure.
Energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction for on-stream monitoring of mJoel O'Dwyer
This document describes a thesis submitted by Joel N. O'Dwyer to the University of Wollongong in fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The thesis develops a new technique called energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) for monitoring mineralogy in industrial process streams in real-time. Monte Carlo modeling was used to simulate X-ray diffraction and optimize the design of a prototype EDXRD analyzer. Quantitative mineral analysis experiments demonstrated that the technique can determine mineral components in samples with accuracies of better than 1 wt%. The results validate EDXRD as a viable tool for online mineral analysis of process streams.
The current assignment discusses the formation of natural gas hydrates in gas transmission pipelines. Hydrates are crystalline compounds, consisting of a gas molecule and water, which form under certain thermodynamic conditions, which include high pressure and low temperature. Natural gas hydrates are responsible for pipeline plugging and corrosion. Thus, handling the issue of the formation is a matter of vital importance for the industry. At the theoretical background of the assignment the topic is presented and analyzed towards the hydrate structure and development, the formation, the consequences and, finally, the solutions as well as the inspection processes. In order to provide the optimal strategy in dealing with hydrate formation, it is of vital importance to have an understanding of the conditions that cause hydrate formation. The most accurate predictions can be conducted with the use of computer software. In the current assignment the chemical simulations software Aspen Hysys is used for studying the formation conditions. Three potential natural gas streams, with different compositions, were modeled and studied towards the conditions of hydrate formation.
=============
contact me : gr.linkedin.com/in/fotiszachopoulos
Eric Ngandu (10275959) final Thesis 2015ERIC NGANDU
This project report investigates the generation and retention of aerosol nanoparticles at Kansanshi Mining PLC by comparing two PVC filter membranes of different pore sizes. Samples were collected from gyratory crushers, the main pit, and an underground portal using air monitoring equipment. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis identified the presence of crystalline silica nanoparticles retained on the filters. The 0.5μm filter membrane retained more silica particles than the currently used 0.8μm filter, suggesting it could better protect worker health by reducing crystalline silica exposure levels.
Dissertation BE 1180 Gagandeep Singh 10038702 April 15, 2012 Project ManagementGagandeep Singh
This document is a dissertation submitted by Gagandeep Singh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Project Management. The dissertation examines the use of knowledge management techniques for risk management application at the initial project stages. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, list of acronyms, list of illustrations, and abstract. The dissertation contains literature reviews on knowledge management and risk management. It also discusses various knowledge management techniques that can be applied to risk management, such as communities of practice, knowledge databases, lessons learned, brainstorming, knowledge maps, knowledge audits, and benchmarking.
This document provides an overview of cathodic protection for underground steel propane tanks and piping. It discusses how corrosion can damage tanks and piping over time if left unaddressed. Cathodic protection works by making the tank a cathode and preventing corrosion through the use of anodes that supply electrons to the tank surface. Galvanic cathodic protection is the most common method, using magnesium anodes that are installed in the ground near the tank. The document outlines best practices for preparing, installing, and connecting magnesium anodes to provide cathodic protection for underground propane infrastructure.
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Weed Project.docx
1. i
COVER PAGE
DETERMINE THE TRACE METAL IN URINE OF WEED SMOKERS AND NON
WEED SMOKERS
BY
FAVOUR NADERE
CST20NDEV2350
AND
ALASI FEMI RAYMOND
CSTND20EV3060
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE,
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC,
KADUNA.
NOVEMBER, 2023.
2. ii
TITLE PAGE
DETERMINE THE TRACE METAL IN URINE OF WEED SMOKERS AND NON
WEED SMOKERS
BY:
FAVOUR NADERE
CST20NDEV2350
AND
ALASI FEMI RAYMOND
CSTND20EV3060
THIS PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO,
THE DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY,
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC, KADUNA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND)
IN SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC,
KADUNA
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE,
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC,
KADUNA.
NOVEMBER, 2023.
3. iii
DECLARATION
We hereby declared that this project work has been carried out solely by us under the guidance
and supervision of MRS. HAUWA UMAR of Applied Chemistry Department, Kaduna
Polytechnic, Kaduna. All literature cited are acknowledged by way of reference.
___________________________
FAVOUR NADERE DATE
CST20NDEV2350
___________________________
ALASI FEMI RAYMOND DATE
CSTND20EV3060
5. v
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that this project is an original work undertaken by FAVOUR NADERE
CST20NDEV2350 and ALASI FEMI RAYMOND CSTND20EV3060, has been prepared
in accordance with regulation governing the preparation and presentation of project in Kaduna
Polytechnic, Kaduna.
______________________________ __________________________
Mrs. Hauwa Umar DATE
Project Supervisor
______________________________ ___________________________
Mrs. Hauwa Umar DATE
Chairman Committee
_________________________________ ___________________________
Dr. Idris Muhammad Kangiwa DATE
Head of Department
____________________________ ____________________________
External Examiner DATE
6. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, our appreciation goes to Almighty God who has given us the privilege to complete this
course successfully irrespective of the challenges.
Secondly, we acknowledge the contribution of our amiable supervisor (MRS. HAUWA UMAR)
who always created time to read through this work, made necessary corrections and helpful
suggestions. May God reward him abundantly (Amen). We equally appreciate the Head of
Department of Applied Chemistry (Dr. Idris Muhammad Kangiwa) and the entire SLT (Chemistry)
Lecturers.
We also want to thank our parent for their support in all ramifications towards the success of
our program. May God bless you all.
Concisely, we wish to extend our gratitude to our friends and our fellow colleagues. Thank you
all.
7. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE.......................................................................................................................................i
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................................ ii
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................. iii
DEDICATION...................................................................................................................................... iv
APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of Problem ...............................................................................................................2
1.2 Aims............................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of study .....................................................................................................................2
1.5 Justification of study.................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................3
2.0 Literature Review .....................................................................................................................3
2.1 Effects of Cannabis on Human Health....................................................................................6
2.2 Trace Metals and their Health Effects ..........................................................................................8
2.3 Empirical Review......................................................................................................................9
2.4 Analytical Techniques for Trace Metal Analysis.................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................12
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................12
3.1 Reagent.....................................................................................................................................12
3.2 Procedure.................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Sample Collection....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Sample Analysis ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. viii
CHAPTER FOUR...............................................................................................................................13
4.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................15
DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION......................................................15
5.1 DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................15
5.2 RECOMMENDATION..........................................................................................................15
5.3 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................15
REFERENCE......................................................................................................................................16
APPENDIX............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
9. ix
ABSTRACT
The proximate composition and analysis of cucumber and spinach leaves was to assess the
nutritional value of cucumber and spinach leaves by analysis the amino acid profile and
mineral constituents. The results showed that cucumber have the moisture content of 3.2% and
spinach 2.7%, fat content 13% on cucumber while spinach leaves 22.6%, crude fiber content
on cucumber 12% and spinach 1.15%, Ash content of cucumber 9.9% and spinach leaves 19%
respectively. Base on these finding, cucumbers and spinach are good source of vitamins and
minerals needed for building of the body.
10. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Cannabis Sativa commonly known as weed, is one of the most widely used
psychoactive substances worldwide. The increasing legalization and decriminalization
of cannabis sativa in many regions have led to a rise in its consumption. While the
immediate effects of cannabis use are well-documented, there is growing concern about
the potential long-term health effects associated with its consumption. One area of
interest is the accumulation of trace metals in the body as a result of weed smoking
(Clarke R, et al, 2013).
Trace metals are elements present in the environment and can enter the body through
various sources, including air pollution, diet, and smoking. Weed smokers may be
exposed to trace metals through multiple routes, including the combustion of plant
material and the use of metal-based smoking paraphernalia. These metals can
potentially accumulate in the body and pose health risks over time (Johnson K. R. D et
al, 2020).
The determination of trace metal concentration in urine typically involves analytical
techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-
mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), or inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometry (ICP-OES). These techniques offer high sensitivity and accuracy,
allowing for the detection and quantification of trace metals at low concentrations
(Jensen B & Chen J. et al, 2015).
Several trace metals are of particular interest in the context of weed smoking, including
lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu). These metals have been
11. 2
associated with various adverse health effects, such as neurotoxicity, cardiovascular
disease, and cancer. Evaluating their concentration in the urine of weed smokers can
provide insight into the potential risks associated with long-term cannabis use (J. Moore.
C & Weiss SR et al, 2009).
1.1 Statement of Problem
The determination of trace metal concentration in the urine of weed smokers faces
several challenges, which contribute to the overall problem of understanding the extent
of metal accumulation and potential health risks associated with cannabis consumption.
1.2 Aims
This aim of this study is to determine the trace metal in urine of weed smokers and
non-weed smokers.
1.3 Objective of study
i. To determine trace metal concentrations in the urine of weed smokers.
ii. To compare between the levels of these metals in the urine of weed smokers
and non-weed smokers.
1.5 Justification of study
The determination of trace metal concentration in the urine of weed smokers is justified
due to the need to assess the potential health risks associated with metal exposure from
cannabis smoking. The study provides valuable insights into the specific risks, exposure
sources, and comparative analysis with non-smokers. The findings can inform public
health interventions, guidelines, and personal decision-making regarding weed
smoking, ultimately promoting safer practices and minimizing potential health
consequences.
12. 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
Cannabis Sativa also known as weed among other names, is a psychoactive drug from
the cannabis plant. Native to Central or South Asia, the cannabis plant has been used as
a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in various traditional
medicines for centuries. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive
component of cannabis, which is one of the 483 known compounds in the plant,
including at least 65 other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis can be
used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or as an extract (Schulz Chris et al, 2022).
Fig 1: Cannabis Sativa (Weed)
Cannabis sativa (weed) has a long history of human use. Cannabis Sativa (weed) has
been cultivated for its fibers and medicinal properties since ancient times. The earliest
evidence of cannabis use dates back to around 4000 BCE in Central Asia, where it was
likely used for its fibrous material in the production of textiles and ropes. Cannabis
played a significant role in ancient Chinese civilization (Ren, M., & Tang, Z. et al,
2005). The Chinese used hemp fibers to make clothing, paper, and fishing nets. The
13. 4
medicinal properties of cannabis were also recognized, and it was used in traditional
Chinese medicine for various ailments.
Cannabis sativa (weed) has various mental and physical effects, which
include euphoria, altered states of mind and sense of time, difficulty
concentrating, impaired short-term memory, impaired body movement (balance and
fine psychomotor control), relaxation, and an increase in appetite. Onset of effects is
felt within minutes when smoked, but may take up to 90 minutes when eaten (Curran,
H & Celia J.A et al, 2014). The effects last for two to six hours, depending on the
amount used. At high doses, mental effects can include anxiety, delusions
(including ideas of reference), hallucinations, panic, paranoia, and psychosis. There is
a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis, though the direction
of causality is debated. Physical effects include increased heart rate, difficulty
breathing, nausea, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis
during pregnancy; short-term side effects may also include dry mouth and red
eyes. Long-term adverse effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in
those who started regular use as adolescents, chronic coughing, susceptibility
to respiratory infections, and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (Ashton C. Heather
et al, 2012).
Cannabis sativa (weed) is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug, although
it may also be used for spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people
used cannabis (2.7% to 4.9% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65).
It is the most commonly used largely-illegal drug in the world, with the highest use
among adults in Zambia, the United States, Canada, and Nigeria. Since the 1970s, the
14. 5
potency of illicit cannabis has increased, with THC levels rising and CBD levels
dropping.
While cannabis plants have been grown since at least the 3rd millennium BCE,
evidence suggests that it was being smoked for psychoactive effects at least 2,500 years
ago in the Pamir Mountains, Asia. Since the 14th century, cannabis has been subject to
legal restrictions (Mathre ML, ed. Et al, 2010).
In the Middle East, Cannabis Sativa (weed) was cultivated for its fibers and seeds,
which were used for food and oil. Cannabis Sativa (weed) arrived in the Americas
during the colonial era. European settlers brought hemp seeds to the New World for
fiber production. Hemp was widely grown in North America, and it played a vital role
in early American colonies for producing ropes, textiles, and paper (Booth, M. et at,
2003).
In the 19th century, Cannabis Sativa (weed) was widely used in Western medicine.
Doctors prescribed cannabis extracts and tinctures to treat various conditions, including
pain, muscle spasms, epilepsy, and insomnia. Cannabis-based medicines were available
in pharmacies, and its therapeutic potential was widely recognized. The early 20th
century saw a shift in attitudes towards cannabis. Concerns about its psychoactive
effects, moral implications, and racial prejudices led to the criminalization of cannabis
in many countries. The United States enacted the Marihuana Tax Act in 1937,
effectively criminalizing cannabis at the federal level (Lee, M. A. et al, 2013).
In the 1960s and 1970s, Cannabis Sativa (weed) became associated with the
counterculture movement and was used recreationally by many. The social and political
movements of the time, including opposition to the Vietnam War and calls for civil
15. 6
rights, further propelled the popularity of cannabis use. Since the late 20th century,
there has been a growing recognition of the medicinal potential of cannabis. Many
countries and states have legalized medical cannabis to treat a range of conditions,
including chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and nausea associated with
chemotherapy (Campbell, E. et al, 2012).
In recent years, there has been a significant shift in attitudes towards Cannabis Sativa
(weed). Several countries and states have legalized or decriminalized recreational
cannabis use. The cannabis sativa (weed) industry has also seen tremendous growth,
with increased research, product development, and regulation.
2.1 Effects of Cannabis on Human Health
The effects of Cannabis Sativa (weed) on human health can vary depending on various
factors, including the dosage, frequency and duration of use, individual susceptibility,
and the specific compounds present in cannabis.
i. Psychoactive Effects: Cannabis Sativa (weed) contains compounds called
cannabinoids, with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) being the primary
psychoactive component. When consumed, THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the
brain, leading to various psychoactive effects. These can include euphoria, relaxation,
altered perception of time, and heightened sensory experiences (Shufman E & Witztum
E et al, 2005).
ii. Short-Term Cognitive Effects: Acute Cannabis Sativa (weed) use can affect cognitive
function. Short-term effects may include impaired memory, attention, and
concentration, making tasks requiring cognitive skills more challenging. These effects
are generally temporary and may subside as the acute effects of cannabis wear off.
16. 7
iii. Respiratory System: Smoking Cannabis Sativa (weed), like smoking tobacco, can
have adverse effects on the respiratory system. Regular cannabis smoking can lead to
respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough, phlegm production, and bronchitis.
Additionally, cannabis smoke contains harmful compounds and carcinogens, which
may increase the risk of respiratory problems and lung cancer (Johnson BA et al, 2014).
iv. Mental Health: Cannabis Sativa (weed) use has been associated with various mental
health effects, although the causal relationship is complex and not fully understood.
Some individuals may experience heightened anxiety, paranoia, or panic attacks after
using cannabis. For those predisposed to mental health conditions, cannabis use,
particularly in high doses or during adolescence, may increase the risk of developing or
exacerbating psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
v. Addiction and Dependence: Cannabis Sativa (weed) use can lead to the development
of dependence and addiction, particularly in individuals who use it regularly and
heavily. Cannabis Sativa (weed) use disorder, characterized by impaired control over
cannabis use, withdrawal symptoms upon cessation, and negative impacts on various
areas of life, can occur in susceptible individuals.
vi. Cardiovascular Effects: Acute Cannabis Sativa (weed) use can cause an increase in
heart rate and temporary blood pressure elevation. For individuals with pre-existing
cardiovascular conditions, cannabis use may pose a higher risk, potentially leading to
adverse cardiovascular events such as heart palpitations, heart attack, or stroke.
vii. Therapeutic Potential: Despite potential risks, cannabis and its derivatives have
shown promise in medical settings. Cannabidiol (CBD), another compound found in
cannabis, has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in conditions such as
17. 8
epilepsy, chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, and nausea associated with chemotherapy.
However, further research is needed to establish the efficacy, safety, and optimal dosing
of cannabis-based medicines (Baler, R. D, 2014)
2.2 Trace Metals and their Health Effects
Trace metals are elements present in very small amounts in the environment, food, and
human body. While these metals are essential for various biological processes at low
concentrations, excessive exposure or accumulation can lead to adverse health effects. Here
are some common trace metals and their potential health effects:
i. Lead (Pb): Health Effects: Lead exposure can cause neurological, cognitive, and
developmental impairments, particularly in children. It can lead to learning disabilities,
reduced IQ, behavioral problems, and delayed growth. Lead exposure in adults can
result in high blood pressure, kidney damage, and reproductive issues.
ii. Cadmium (Cd): Health Effects: Cadmium exposure primarily affects the kidneys and
can lead to kidney dysfunction and damage. Prolonged exposure may also cause lung
damage, bone mineral density loss, and increase the risk of certain cancers, such as lung
and prostate cancer.
iii. Copper (Cu): Health Effects: Copper is an essential trace element required for various
enzymatic processes in the body. However, excessive copper levels can lead to copper
toxicity, causing gastrointestinal symptoms, liver damage, and neurological disorders.
iv. Zinc (Zn): Health Effects: Zinc is also an essential trace element involved in numerous
physiological processes. While excessive zinc intake from supplements or certain
sources can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances and copper deficiency, zinc toxicity is
relatively rare.
18. 9
It's important to note that the health effects of trace metals depend on the dose, duration
of exposure, individual susceptibility, and the specific form of the metal. Environmental
regulations, occupational safety measures, and dietary guidelines aim to minimize
exposure to harmful levels of trace metals and ensure human health and safety (Morton,
J., Mason, L.Lee, M. R., 2020).
2.3 Empirical Review
While there is limited research specifically focused on trace metals in cannabis users,
studies have explored the presence of heavy metals, including trace metals, in cannabis
and its related products. Here are a few previous studies that have investigated trace
metal content in cannabis:
"Heavy metal and cannabinoid content of medicinal cannabis products" (2018) this
study analyzed the heavy metal content, including trace metals, in various medicinal
Cannabis Sativa (weed) products available in Canada. The researchers found detectable
levels of several heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, although the concentrations
were generally below regulatory limits.
"Analysis of metals in cannabis and cannabis smoke" (2013) this study examined the
presence of heavy metals, including trace metals, in Cannabis Sativa (weed) plant
material and the smoke generated from burning cannabis. The researchers found
measurable levels of several metals, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and nickel, in both
the plant material and the smoke.
"Evaluation of metals in cannabis pipes and smoke" (2018) this study investigated the
presence of metals, including trace metals, in Cannabis Sativa (weed) pipes and the
smoke generated from smoking cannabis. The researchers found that cannabis pipes
19. 10
made from certain materials, such as brass or copper, released measurable amounts of
metals, including lead, into the smoke.
"Heavy metals exposure and marijuana" (2011) This study examined the levels of heavy
metals, including trace metals, in marijuana samples obtained from illicit markets in the
United States. The researchers found varying levels of several metals, such as lead,
cadmium, arsenic, and nickel, in the tested samples.
2.4 Analytical Techniques for Trace Metal Analysis
The choice of technique depends on factors such as the nature of the sample, the
required sensitivity, the target elements, and the desired analytical parameters. Here are
some commonly employed techniques for trace metal analysis:
i. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): AAS is a widely used technique for
determining the concentration of specific metals in a sample. It operates based on the
absorption of light by the analytic atoms in the ground state. AAS can be used for both
flame and graphite furnace atomization, offering good sensitivity and selectivity for a
range of metals.
ii. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES): ICP-OES
utilizes an inductively coupled plasma to atomize and excite the sample. The resulting
emission spectra are then analyzed to determine the elemental composition. It offers
excellent sensitivity, multi-element capability, and a wide dynamic range for metal
analysis.
iii. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): ICP-MS combines an
inductively coupled plasma with a mass spectrometer to provide simultaneous multi-
element analysis. It offers exceptional sensitivity and low detection limits, making it
20. 11
suitable for trace metal analysis. ICP-MS can quantify a wide range of elements and
isotopes.
iv. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES): AES measures the emission of light from
excited atoms to identify and quantify the elemental composition of a sample. It is
commonly used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metals. Flame or plasma
sources can be employed depending on the sample and analytical requirements.
v. X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF): XRF measures the characteristic X-ray
fluorescence emitted by a sample when it is irradiated with X-rays. It can provide semi-
quantitative to quantitative analysis of major and trace elements. XRF is non-
destructive and suitable for solid, liquid, and powdered samples.
vi. Voltammetry: Voltammetry involves measuring the current flowing in an
electrochemical cell as a function of the applied voltage. Techniques like differential
pulse voltammetry (DPV) and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) are employed for
trace metal analysis. They offer good sensitivity and can be used for both qualitative
and quantitative analysis.
These techniques represent a selection of commonly used methods for trace metal analysis.
Each method has its strengths and limitations, and the choice of technique depends on the
specific requirements of the analysis (Lin, L., & Zheng, Y. 2019).
21. 12
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sample Collection
The sample in this research are the urine of weed smokers and non-weed smokers. 5
weed smokers and 5 non-weed smokers’ samples were collected at different location in
Kaduna, and stored in the refrigerator ready for digestion.
3.2 Sample Digestion
20ml of the sample was measured into 250ml of breaker. They were digested with 3ml
of nitric acid and 10ml of hydrochloric acid. The samples were heated on the hot plate
and were allowed to evaporate until 6ml was left. Then the sample were allowed to cool
and 10ml of distilled water was added to the solution and stirred. This was then filtered
with wanton 0.45NM pure size cellulose nitrate membrane filter paper and the volume
was increase to 30ml with distilled water. It was then stored in the sample bottle for the
analysis using atomic absorption spectrophometry. This was repeated for all other
sample.
3.3 Sample Analysis
Reagent blanks used to zeroing while taking the reading of sample containing
respective metals.
The sample solution was then aspirated into the flame and on absorbance reading was
recorded. Calibrated curve of the absorbance reading of standard solution for each metal
was plotted. The reading of each sample was calculated by taking the average reading
of the triplicate sets.
24. 15
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 DISCUSSION
The result shows the concentration of heavy metals on weed smokers and non-weed
smokers. The level of Zinc (Zn) found in the urine samples of weed smokers ranged
from 0.5381 to 1.5639, while non-weed smokers ranged from 0.9807 to 2.0065,
Cadmium (Cd) concentration level of heavy metals in weed smokers ranged from 0.007
to 0.0446, non-weed smokers ranged from 0.0256 to 0.0632. Weed smokers have the
highest level of heavy metals on Lead (Pb) which ranged from 0.1228 to 0.0388, while
non-weed smokers ranged from 0.0162 to 0.008. The Copper (Cu) concentration of
heavy metals on weed smokers ranged from 0.2935 to 0.3524, non-weed smokers
concentration of heavy metals ranged from 0.156 to 0.2643.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This work is recommended for all those who want to carry out further research in this
field. It is also recommended that weed smokers should adhere strictly to the warning
of World Health Organization against smoking.
5.3 CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis carried out on the determination of the level of trace metals
concentrations in the urine of cigarette weed smokers, it can be concluded that the
concentration level of lead, copper and lead were relatively higher than those values of
the control (non-weed smokers) while the concentration of zinc in the urine of weed
smokers were lower than the average urinary concentration. This report show that weed
smokers are more exposed to trace metals than the non-weed smokers.
25. 16
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