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![2.2 Background
Conversational agents, in their larger definition, are software agents with which it is
possible to carry a conversation. Researchers discussed largely on structuring the terminol-
ogy around conversational agents. In this chapter, we decide to adhere to Franklin and
Graesser (1997) that segments conversational agents according to both learned and
indexed content and approaches for understanding and establishing a dialog. The evolu-
tion of conversational agents proposed three different software types: generic chit-chat
(i.e., tools for maintaining a general conversation with the user), goal-oriented tools that
usually rely on a large amount of prebuilt answers (i.e., tools that provide language inter-
faces for digging into a specific domain), and the recently investigated knowledge-based
agents that aim to reason over a semantic representation of a dataset to extend the intent
classification capabilities of goal-oriented agents.
The first chit-chat tool, named ELIZA (Weizenbaum, 1966), was built in 1966. It was cre-
ated mainly to demonstrate the superficiality of communications and the illusion to be
understood by a system that is simply applying a set of pattern-matching rules and a substi-
tution methodology. ELIZA simulates a psychotherapist and, thanks to the trick of present-
ing again to the interlocutor some contents that have been previously mentioned, it keeps
the conversation without having an understanding of what really is said. At the time when
ELIZA came out, some people even attributed human-like feelings to the agent. A lot of
other computer programs have been inspired by ELIZA and AIML—markup language for
artificial intelligence—has been created to express the rules that drive the conversation. So
far, this was an attempt to encode knowledge for handling a full conversation in a set of
predefined linguistic rules.
Domain-specific tools were designed to allow an individual to search conversationally
into a restricted domain, for instance simulating the interaction with a customer service of
a given company. A further generalization of this typology was introduced by knowledge-
based tools able to index a generic (wider) knowledge base and provides answers pertain-
ing a given topic. These two are the largest utilized types of conversational agents
(Ramesh et al., 2017). The understanding of the interactions is usually performed using
machine learning, in fact recent approaches have abandoned handcrafted rules utilized in
ELIZA toward an automatic learning from a dialog corpus. In other words, the under-
standing task is related to turning natural language sentences into something that can be
understood by a machine: its output is translated into an intent and a set of entities. The
response generation can be fully governed by handcrafted rules (e.g., if a set of conditions
apply, say that) or decide the template response from a finite set using statistical
approaches [using some distance measures like TF-IDF, Word2Vec, Skip-Thoughts (Kiros
et al., 2015)]. In this chapter, we focus on the understanding part of the conversation.
While machine learning offers statistical support to infer the relationship between sen-
tences and classes, one pillar of these approaches is the knowledge about the classes of
these requests. In fact, popular devices such as Amazon Echo and Google Home require,
whether configured, to list the intents of the discussion. However, those devices hardly
cope with a full dialog, multiturn, as the intents are either considered in isolation or con-
textualized within strict boundaries. Previous research attempts investigated the
I. Representation
9
2.2 Background](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-24-2048.jpg)
![Then they bound me hands and feet, laid me on a mule, and carried
me back again to [Palma] the city of Majorca; delivering me to the
Inquisitor: who, when he had sent me to prison, commanded a pair
of bolts to be put on my legs, and an iron clasp about my neck, with
a chain of five fathoms [30 feet] long hanging thereat; which was
done accordingly.
And on the morrow [? 13th May 1588], I was brought forth to the
accustomed place, and in the same manner: where the Inquisitor
sitting, asked first, Why I had broken prison, and run away?
I said, "To save my life."
"Yea," said he, "but now thou hast offended the law more than
before; and therefore shall the law be now executed upon thee."
Then I was carried away again. And immediately there was called an
assembly of citizens, and such as were seen in the Law, to counsel,
and to take advice, What punishment they might inflict upon me?
Which being deliberated, I was brought forth again; and carried to
the Place of Torment: which was in a cell or vault underground.
There were present but four persons, that is to say,
The Inquisitor,
The Solicitor, or Broker, who is to see the law executed.
A Dutch woman that dwelt in the city; who was commanded
thither to tell them what I spake;
because I spake many times in the Dutch tongue.
And lastly, the Tormentor.
The rack now standing ready before them; with seven flaxen ropes
lying thereon, new[ly] bought from the market.
Then the Inquisitor charged me, as at all other times he used to do,
That I should speak what I had to say, and to speak the truth;
otherwise I should be even now tormented to death.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-28-2048.jpg)
![I, seeing myself in the hands of such cruel tyrants as always thirst
after the blood of the innocent; even as Cain (who being wroth with
his brother Abel, and carrying a heavy countenance) could be no way
eased but with his brother's blood: so I, past hope of life, turned my
back towards them, and seeing my torments present before me, I
fell down on my knees, and besought the Lord to forgive my sins,
and to strengthen my faith, and to grant me patience to endure to
the end.
Then they took me into a void room, and stripped me out of my
ornaments of sheepskins which I repeated [spoke of] before; and
put a pair of strong canvas breeches upon me.
Then bringing me to the rack again, he commanded me to lie down.
The bars of the rack under me were as sharp as the back of a knife.
Now I, willingly yielding myself, lay down. Then the Tormentor
bound my hands over my breast crosswise; and my legs clasped up
together, were fast tied the one foot to the other knee. Then he
fastened to either arm a cord, about the brawn of the arm; and
likewise to either thigh another; which were all made fast again
under the rack to the bars: and with another cord he bound down
my head; and [he] put a hollow cane into my mouth. Then he put
four cudgels into the ropes which were fastened to my arms and
thighs.
Now the woman which was present, being interpreter, began to
persuade me to yield, and confess the faith of the Church of Rome.
I answered, "If it were the will of GOD that I should end my life
under their cruel hands, I must be content: but, if it please him, he
is able to deliver me, if there were ten thousands against me."
Then the Tormentor, as he was commanded, began to wrest the
ropes; which he did by little and little, to augment my pains, and to
have them endure the longer: but, in the end, he drew them with
such violence as though he would have plucked my four quarters in
sunder; and there stayed a good space.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-29-2048.jpg)
![Yet to declare their tyrannical malice, thinking my torment not
sufficient, he added more: pouring water through a cane which was
in my mouth, by little and little, which I was constrained either to let
down, or to have my breath stopped until they had tunned in such
[a] quantity as was not tolerable to endure; which pained me
extremely.
Yet not satisfied, they took and wet a linen cloth, and laid it over my
mouth till I was almost strangled; when my body, being thus
overcharged with such abundance of water, after they had thus
stopped my breath with the wet cloth, suddenly with the force of my
breath and that my stomach was so much overcharged, the water
gushed out, and bare away the cloth as if had been the force of a
conduit spout.
When the Inquisitor saw that all this would not make me yield, he
commanded the Tormentor for to wind the cord on my left arm more
strait[ly]; which put me to horrible pains. And immediately the rope
burst in sunder.
Then said the Inquisitor, "Yea, is he so strong? I will make him
yield!": and commanded the Tormentor to put a new rope.
Then the woman again bade me yield; saying, It were better to yield
than to die so miserable a death.
But I, beseeching Almighty GOD to ease me of my pains, and to
forgive my sins, answered her, That though they had power over my
body: yet there was no torment should compel me to yield to their
idolatry, whereby I might bring my soul in danger of hell fire.
Then the Inquisitor asked her, What I said?
She answered, That I had said I would never submit myself to the
Church of Rome.
Then did he most vehemently charge me to yield and submit myself
to the Romish Church: otherwise he would pluck off one of my arms.
Whereupon I denying still, the Tormentor, in most cruel manner,
wrested the ropes as if he would have rent my body in sunder. I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-30-2048.jpg)
![(being now in intollerable pains; and looking for nothing but present
[instant] death) cried out, in the extremity of my anguish, "Now,
farewell wife and children! and farewell England!": and so, not able
to utter one word more, lay even senseless.
The Inquisitor asked the woman again, What I said?
She laid her hand upon my head, and perceiving that I was
speechless, told him, I was dead.
Wherefore the Tormentor loosed the ropes, unbound my hands and
feet, and carried me into a chamber which they termed St. Walter's
Chamber. Where I came to myself, and received some sense and
reason; but could have no feeling of any limb or joint. Thus I lay in a
most lamentable and pitiful manner for five days [? 14th-18th May
1588], having a continual issue of blood and water forth of my
mouth all that space, and being so feeble and weak, by reason of
my torments, that I could take no sustenance.
Till the sixth day [? 19th May 1588] a little recovering my strength,
they gave me a little quantity of bread and wine sod[den] together:
and presently, the very same day, they carried me forth into the city,
and set me upon an ass's back, and whipped me throughout every
street of [Palma] the city of Majorca; giving me to the number of
five hundred lashes, which made the blood to run down my
miserable carcase in such abundance that it dropped at the belly of
the ass to the ground. Now there were carried with me about the
city very many harlots and whores and other malefactors which had
offended the law; but none punished like me.
After this, they carried me to the chamber [St. Walter's Chamber]
from whence I came: where I lay without all worldly comfort.
Can any man, which understandeth the absurd blindness and wilful
ignorance of these Spanish tyrants or Romish monsters, think them
to be of the true Church? which defend their faith with fire, sword,
and hellish torments, without remorse or pity; as you may perceive](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-31-2048.jpg)
![by a manifest trial here set down to the open view of the World. For
when these hell-hounds had tormented this miserable creature, as
you have heard, with a monstrous and most unchristian kind of
torment: which he endured for the space of three hours, till [he] was
at the very point of death and ready to yield up the ghost: they (not
yet satisfied with these torments, which he had suffered already)
reserved his life, minding to increase his pains; which they were
nothing slack to perform so long as he remained in their power.
Now the second night after they had whipped me about the city as
aforesaid [? the night of the 20th May 1588], about midnight, I
recounting to myself in what misery I both did and had remained; I
thought to put in practice once again to get my liberty, craving of the
Lord, with hearty prayer, to assist me with his mighty hand.
And immediately searching about, I found an old iron stub; with the
which I brake a hole through the chamber wall: and crept through
into another chamber; where I felt in the dark many pieces of plate,
which I little regarded. After, I found many towels and table napkins.
Then, seeking further, I found a long cane whereon there hung
many puddings and sausages. I plucked down the cane, but had
little mind on the victual. Then I found certain knives.
Then I espied some light at a great window in a garret or loft over
me. Wherefore I tied a crooked knife to the cane, and thrust up a
long towel: and with the knife at the end of the cane, I drew the
towel about a bar of the window, and drew it to me: and with that
towel I did climb up into the window. But then I could not get forth
between the bars, wherefore I digged forth one of the bars; and tied
my towels and napkins together end to end, and fastened one end
to a bar of the window: and then did slide down by them till I came
within three or four fathoms [18 or 24 feet] of the ground: when the
towels brake in sunder, and I fell down into a well which was
direct[ly] under me, where I was almost drowned. Yet it pleased
GOD to deliver me.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-32-2048.jpg)
![And being then in the city, without the Castle walls; I, knowing no
other way to get out, went again to the town ditch: where I got
through the Water Gate with less peril than before, by reason there
was less water than [there] was the other time.
Then went I, with all speed into the woods; lying all days in [the]
woods as close as I could, and travelled by nights through woods
and mountains.
And upon the third night [i.e. after his escape, say the night of the
23rd May 1588], about midnight, I happened into an olive garden,
not above half a bow shot from the sea-side; in which garden I
found a little skiff or boat lying under a pomgranate tree: and there
lay in the boat a hatchet. All which served happily for my delivery.
Now I, being unable to carry the boat to the water-side, did cut
small truncheons of wood; and upon them did slide it down to the
water-side. Then I cut an arm [a branch] of an olive tree, to make
my boat a mast; and, having no other shift, made a sail-cloth with
my breeches and a piece of [a] mantle which I had about me. And
for [because] my oars were very mean, yet durst I stay to look for
no better, but presently set sail; and, yielding myself to the good
pleasure of Almighty GOD, betook myself to the sea: willing rather to
abide what the Lord would lay on me, than to die among these most
cruel tyrants.
And by the providence of GOD, upon the second day [? 25th May
1588], in the forenoon, I descried the Coast of Barbary: for the wind
stood north-east [or rather north-west], which served me most
happily.
Understand that this cut is, from shore to shore [that is, from some
point in Majorca to the east side of the Bay of Bougiah] 150 [or
rather 70] leagues, which is 450 [or, at most, say 210] English miles;
and at that time [there was] a very rough sea; insomuch if it had not](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-33-2048.jpg)
![been by the great and wonderful power of GOD, my vessel and I
had both been overwhelmed.
But I fell in with the country of Cabyles [i.e., the Little Kabylia, in the
present Province of Constantine], commonly called the King of
Cookooe's land, near a town called Gigeley [the present Djidjelli]:
where I went on shore, leaving my boat to swim which way the wind
and weather would conduct it; thinking it had done me sufficient
service.
But see now, when I had escaped through the surges of the sea
from the cruelty of the Spaniard, I was no sooner landed and
entered the mountains but I was espied by the Moors which inhabit
the country; who pursued very earnestly to take me; supposing me
to be come from the Christian shore to rob in their coast.
For, many times, the Spaniards will pass over in some small vessel,
and go on shore; and if they can catch any men of the country, they
will carry them away to make galley slaves: wherefore the Moors are
very diligent to pursue them at their landing; and if it chance they
take any Christian, they use him in like sort.
Wherefore I, being very unwilling to fall into their hands, was
constrained to go into a river, which ran between two mountains;
and there to stand in water up to the chin, where the bushes and
trees did grow most thick over me: where I stood certain hours, until
they had left searching for me.
Now when I perceived they were departed, I went out of the water,
being very feeble; for I ate nothing all that time but the bark of the
trees, which I cut with my hatchet. I went forth as secretly as I
could, minding to pass to Argire [Algiers].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-34-2048.jpg)
![The charitable mind of
a simple old man.
The old man still pitied
him and did what lay
in him to deliver him.
I had not gone above three miles, when I espied a Moor, a very well
favoured old man, who was weeding a field of wheat.
I spake to him in the tongue of Franke [The Lingua Franca of the
Mediterranean shore], and called him to me. I, having my hatchet in
my hand, cast it from me.
He came unto me; and, taking me by the hand, demanded very
gently, What I would have?
I, perceiving that he did, even at the first sight, pity my poor and
miserable estate, told him all things that had happened unto me:
how I was an Englishman; how I had been captive in Argire; how I
chanced to come to Genoa; their sending me to Majorca; and all the
torment which I had suffered there; and finally my escape from
thence, with all the rest that followed.
This good aged father, when he had heard of my
lamentable discourse, shewing himself rather a
Christian than a man brought up among the
Turkish Mahometists, greatly pitied my misery; and forthwith led me
home to his house, and caused such victuals as the country yieldeth
to be set before me, which was dried wheat and honey: and baked a
cake upon the fire hearth, and fried it with butter; which I thought
very good meat, for I had not been at the like banquet in six years
before [1582-1588]; the good father shewing me what comfort he
could.
There I remained four and twenty hours. In the
meantime the Moors which dwelt in the villages
by, understanding of my being there, came; and,
calling me forth, inquired of me, What I was? From whence I came?
and Whither I would?: and, with great vehemency, charged their
weapons against my breast; insomuch that I thought they would
verily have slain me. But mine host, that good old man, came forth
and answered for me; and so dissuaded them from doing me any
harm: and took me back again into his house.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-35-2048.jpg)
![This being past, I requested him to help me to a guide to conduct
me to Argire: and he presently provided two, whereof the one was
his son; to whom I promised to give four crowns for their pains.
So taking my leave of my good host, we took our way towards
Argire.
When we had not passed above 24 miles on the way, we chanced to
meet a Gentleman of that country who was, as it were, Purveyor to
the King; and went about the country to take up corn and grain for
the King's provision. He, meeting us upon the way, asked Whither
we were travelling?
My guides answered, That we were going to Argire.
He asked, What had we to do there?
They said to deliver me there.
Then he demanded, What I was?
They told him, I was an Englishman that came from the Christian
shore, and was bound towards Argire.
Then did this Gentleman take me from them, sending them back
from whence they came; but compelled me to go with him to village
by, and very earnestly persuaded me to turn Moor: promising, if I
would, he would be a mean[s] to prefer me greatly; which I still
denied.
Then, upon the next day, he carried me further, to a town called
Tamgote [? Tamgout], and delivered me to a Nobleman of great
authority with the King: which was Lieutenant-General for the wars.
For this King of Cookooe holdeth continual war with the King of
Argire; although they be both subject to the Great Turk.
I was no sooner brought before this Nobleman, but he demanded,
Whether I would turn Moor?
I answered, That I would not.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-36-2048.jpg)
![Gunners are in great
estimation with them.
Wherefore immediately he commanded a pair of shackles to be put
on my heels; and a clasp of iron about my neck, with a chain
thereat.
Then was I set on a mule, and conveyed to Cookooe, [also spelt, in
maps later than this narrative, Couco or Cocou. It was not far from
the left bank of the river Sahel, that falls into the Bay of Bougiah,?
the present Akbou], where the King lay.
When I was come thither, I was presently brought before the King:
who inquired, What I was? and, From whence I came? and What my
pretence was?
I answered, That I was an Englishman; and that I came from the
Christian shore, intending to pass to Argire.
Then he asked me, What I could do?
I told him I could do nothing.
Then he demanded, Whether I were a Gunner?
I said, "No."
Then he persuaded me very instantly to yield to
their religion, offering to prefer me.
Wherefore I desired him to give me liberty to depart: "for my desire
is to be in England, with my wife and children."
"Yea," said he, "but how wilt thou come there?"
For they minded to keep me still: and evermore the King assayed to
seduce me with promises of great preferment, saying, If I would
serve him and turn Moor: I should want nothing.
But on the contrary, I besought him to give me liberty to go to
Argire; where I was in hope to be delivered, and sent home to mine
own country.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-37-2048.jpg)
![These men are
nothing expert in
Artillery.
Very many offers of
preferment to draw
me from the Word of
GOD.
Now he, seeing he could win me by no gentle means, commanded
me to prison; saying, That he would either make me yield and turn
Moor: or else I should die in captivity.
In this while that I remained in prison; divers of the King's House
came to me, persuading me to yield to the King's demand: alleging
how hardly the King might use me, being now in his power, unable
to escape; and again how bountifully the King would deal with me, if
I would submit myself.
Within a little time after, it happened there was great preparation to
receive the King of Abbesse [? the present tribe of the Beni-Abbas,
or Beni-Abbès], whose country adjoineth to the King of Cookooe's
land: and [they] are in league together, and join their armies in one
against the King of Argire.
Now, at his coming, I was fetched forth of
prison, and commanded to charge certain pieces
of ordinance, which were three Sacres and two
Minions of Brass [See Vol. IV., pp. 250-251]; which I refused not to
do, trusting thereby to get some liberty. Wherefore, at the coming of
the King of Abbesse into the town, I discharged the ordnance as
liked them very well: for they are not very expert in that exercise.
For which I had some more liberty than before.
This King of Abbesse tarrying some certain time there, in consulting
with the King of Cookooe for matters touching the Wars with Argire;
and understanding of me, sent for me, being very desirous to talk
with me: where, after certain questions he desired of the other King,
that he might buy me; which he would not grant.
Then the King of the Cabyles [Kabyles] or
Cookooe persuaded me very seriously to serve
him wil[ling]ly, and to turn Moor: and offered to
give me 700 Doubles [? the Double Pistoles, or
Doubloons] by the year, which amounteth to the sum of £50 [=](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-38-2048.jpg)
![£200 now] of English money; and moreover to give me by the day,
30 Aspers, which are worth twelve pence English, to find me meat;
and likewise to give me a house, and land sufficient to sow a
hundred bushels of grain yearly, and two Plow of oxen furnished, to
till the same; also to furnish me with horse, musket, sword, and
other necessaries, such as they of that country use. And lastly he
offered to give me a wife, which they esteemed the greatest matter;
for all buy their wives at a great price. Yea, if there were any in his
Court could content me, I should make my choice: but if there were
not; he would provide one to my contentment, whatsoever it should
cost him.
But when he perceived all he said was in vain, he sent the Queen
and her gentlewomen to talk with me. When she came, she very
courteously entreated me to turn and serve the King, and to
consider well what a large offer the king had made; saying, That I
was much unlike to come to any like preferment in my country. And
many times she would shew me her gentlewomen, and ask me, If
none of them could please me?
But I told her, I had a wife in mine own country, to whom I had
vowed my faith before GOD and the World: "which vow," I said, "I
would never break while we both lived."
Then she said, She could but marvel what she should be whom I
esteemed so much as to refuse such offers of preferment, for her
sake; being now where I must remain in captivity and slavery all the
days of my life. But when she could prevail no way with me; when
she had uttered these foresaid speeches, and many others which
were frivolous to rehearse, she left me. Yet, by her means, I had
more liberty than before.
After this, I was set to saw boards and planks; and was commanded
to make a carriage for a piece of ordnance. Thus they compelled me
to labour daily: which I did the more willingly, because I hoped still
to get my liberty thereby in the end.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-39-2048.jpg)
![I was made Master of
work, wherein I had
small skill.
Then they willed me to shew the fashion of our edge tools, after the
English [manner]: which when they saw the fashion; their smiths
wrought them very artificially, and gave them very good temper. For
these things I was had in more estimation; insomuch that they took
off my irons, and let me walk abroad with a Keeper.
Then was I commanded by the King to teach the
Carpenters to frame a house after the manner of
English building: and for that purpose there
were sent forth Carpenters and workmen with me to the woods, to
fall timber; all which were to do what I appointed, upon the King's
commandment. Now I, being Chief Master of the work, appointed
out the trees which were very special good timber. In small time, we
had finished our frame; which liked the King very well. By this
means I had more liberty than before; and was very well intreated.
Yet I was greatly grieved in mind that I could not procure any means
for my liberty; although at that time, I wanted few necessaries. Yet
was I daily devising how I might escape away, for three special
causes:
One was for the special care I had of my salvation: because, as you have
heard, there were many temptations laid before me
to draw me from a Christian to be an abominable idolater.
The second cause was for the love and dutiful allegiance which I owe to
my Prince [Sovereign] and natural country.
The third was the regard of the vow which I vowed in matrimony; and the
care of my poore wife and children.
Which causes moved me so much that whereas, by reason of my
diligence in these foresaid matters, I [was] walking abroad with my
Keeper who, not suspecting me, was not so attentive as before he
had been: so soon as our frame was finished, I took opportunity;
and, shewing them a clean pair of heels, took my way over the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-40-2048.jpg)
![I was now made a
Water-bearer.
mountains intending to go for Argire [which was in a north-westerly
direction].
But presently there was a great store of men, both on horseback
and on foot: who, being more perfect in the way than I was, quickly
overtook me; and carried me back again to Cookooe.
I was presently brought before the King; who asked me Why I ran
away?
I told him, To have liberty.
Then he called certain of his servants to him; and commanded them
to lay me down at his feet, which four of them did: and laying me
flat upon the belly, one of them gave me 75 stripes with a great
cudgel, till I was not able to remove out of the place.
Then the King commanded to carry me to prison again: whither two
of them carried me and put me in irons, and there left me. Where I
remained for the space of two months.
Then was I brought forth of prison, and sent
daily to a fountain or well, about half a league
from the town, to fetch water with a couple of
asses, for the use of the King's House.
Now, in this time, many artificers (as Smiths, Joiners, and
Carpenters, and many others) came to me to understand the fashion
of many English tools (as plane irons, gouges, chisels and such like);
for which they shewed me some favour, and gave me some money.
And when I had gotten a little money, I bestowed it upon apparel,
and caused it to be made like to theirs: which I carried secretly,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-41-2048.jpg)
![when I went to fetch water, and did hide it in a dry cave under the
side of a rock. I bought me likewise a sword and a lance, such as
they use to travel with. I also provided a file. All which I laid up with
my apparel.
It happened that the King of Abbesse came again to visit the King,
and to take counsel about warlike affairs; as usually they did.
Wherefore when they heard of his coming, making great preparation
for him; it fell out so that there wanted water in the Offices
[Kitchens &c.], where, in an evening, there was exceeding thunder
and rain and lightning; so that there was no man would go for water,
but everyone [was] calling for the Englishman.
Then I, which durst say no "Nay!", took the vessels and hung them
upon the asses; and so went, through rain and wind and thunder
and all, till I came to the well: where I left my asses to wander
whither they would, and went to my apparel and with my file cut off
my irons, and made me ready in my suit of Moors' clothing, and,
with my sword by my side and my lance on my shoulder, took my
way once again towards Argire.
And that night I went about 20 miles over rocks and mountains,
keeping myself out of beaten ways, casting [directing] my way by
the moon and stars. When the day began to be light, I lay me down
in a brake of thick bushes; and there I slept the most part of the
day: and in the evening I began to travel forth on my way.
Now, on the third night, I was to pass a bridge where was continual
watch and ward, both day and night; where I must of necessity
pass, by reason the river [? the river Isser] ran betwixt two
mountains: which were so steep that no man can neither go down
to enter [the] water, nor yet being in can by any possible means get
up on the other side; which river is a great defence to the country.
Where I used no delay, but entered the bridge in the beginning of
the night, about nine of the clock, being in great doubt [fear] of the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-42-2048.jpg)
![Many dangerous wild
beasts in that country.
Watch. But at the first end of the bridge, I saw no man, until I was
happily passed over. Then there came one after me, and asked, Who
goes there?
It being somewhat dark, and I in apparel and with my weapons like
a Moor; [I] answered boldly, That I was a friend, and told him, I was
coming to the Governor to deliver letters from the King. For near the
river's side there is a village where dwelleth he who hath charge of
the keeping of this passage. Whereby I went onward through the
village.
But before I was far passed, I heard horsemen upon the bridge;
which asked, Whether any man had passed that night?
The watermen told them, There was one gone, even now, which
said, He went to deliver the King's letters to the Officer.
But I thought [it] no time now to hear any more of their talk; but
betook me to my heels: and so soon as I was without the town, I
went out of the Port way [the road to Algiers] into [the] woods; and
kept desert ways that night and day following.
And the next night, I came within the liberties of the King of Argire;
where I knew the Cabyles [Kabyles] could not fetch me back again.
In this order I escaped their hands, by the
mighty power of GOD. For understand, in these
desert mountains there are all manner of wild
beasts, in great number; as lions, bears, wolves of marvellous
bigness, apes, wild swine; and also wild horses and asses, with
many other hurtful beasts: yet was I never in danger of any of them.
In this country of Cabyles, there are divers kinds of very pure
metals, as gold, silver, and lead; and good iron and steel: but they,
for want of knowledge and skill, make no use of any metal except
iron and steel. Although at such times I have been present, while
the Smiths have tried their iron, I have seen, among the dross of the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-43-2048.jpg)
![iron, very perfect gold. Which they, perceiving me to behold, were
very inquisitive to understand, Whether it were gold, or any other
metal of substance?
But I told them, It was but a kind of dross whereof we made colours
for painting in England.
They carried me out to the mountains, and shewed me the rocks
where they gathered their iron; which rocks had veins of very pure
gold. Which I would not reveal to them, but answered as before:
because I doubted [feared] if the King once knew me to have
experience in such mysteries, he would keep me the more
straight[ly]; whereby I might have remained in bondage during my
life.
Now when I was within the country of Argire, I was out of dangers
from the pursuers; and then did I walk by day and kept the common
ways.
Where, coming within the view of Argire, upon the way I met a Turk
who knew me at the first sight; and demanded, If I had not been
captive with such a man?
I said, "Yes."
He then inquired, Whether I went to the city?
I said, "Yes."
Then turned he back, and did accompany me to the city.
When I came there, I would have gone to the English House; but he
led me violently to my old Master [p. 372], where I rested me a day
and night: my Master not being very earnest, for because, in this
time that I was absent [1587-1588], all the English captives were
redeemed and sent home.
Wherefore I went to the English Consul, hoping to be presently
[instantly] delivered: who gave me very good words, but did not](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-44-2048.jpg)
![shew me that favour which he professed.
I could make some discourse of his unkind dealing with me and
others of our countrymen; which I will leave till [a] more fit
occasion.
For, understand, that while I was with him, there came a messenger
from my old Master, with whom I was before I went to Genoa [in the
previous year, 1587]; who would have carried me away by force: but
I would not go, requesting the Consul to take order for my delivery.
But he persuaded me to go with him, saying, that he would, in time,
provide for my liberty.
But by means I would not yield to go to my Master, nor yet the
Consul would not take order for me: I was taken by the King's
Officers, and put in chains in the King's prison, among other
captives.
And at the next setting out of the gallies, I was put to my old
occupation; where I remained a galley slave for three years and
above after [1588-1592.] In which time, I was eight voyages at sea:
and at such times as the gallies lay in harbour, I was imprisoned with
the rest of the captives, where our ordinary food was bread and
water; and, at some times, as once or twice in a week, a small
quantity of sodden wheat.
To conclude, I passed my time in sickness and extreme slavery until,
by the help of an honest Merchant [? Master Richard Stapar, see page
369; or rather Stapers, see Vol. III., page 169] of this city of London,
and having a very fit opportunity by means of certain [of] our
English ships which were ready to set sail, bound homeward, upon
Christmas Even, being the 24th of December 1592, I came aboard
[at Algiers] the Cherubim of London; which, weighing anchor, and
having a happy gale, arrived in England towards the end of February
[1593] following.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-45-2048.jpg)
![Thus have you heard how it hath pleased the Almighty GOD, after
many and great miseries, to bring me to the port which I longed
greatly to see: beseeching GOD, of his mercy, to prolong the days of
our most gracious and renowned Queen; whose fame reacheth far,
and whose most happy government is in admiration with foreign
Princes.
So wishing all to the glory of GOD, and
[the] furtherance of the Gospel,
I end.
F I N I S .](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-46-2048.jpg)
![[Ancient Ballads, etc.
in the Library of
Henry Huth, 1867.]
The Merchant's Daughter of
Bristow [Bristol].
The First Part.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-48-2048.jpg)
![The Merchant's Daughter of
Bristow [Bristol].
The Second Part.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/32049-250614214522-c20b1ed5/75/Web-Semantics-Cutting-Edge-and-Future-Directions-in-Healthcare-Sarika-Jain-55-2048.jpg)
![[PDF Download] Web Semantics: Cutting Edge and Future Directions in Healthcar...](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/107043-240805203721-c4d1d052-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Web Semantics. Cutting Edge and Future Directions in Healthcare Sarika Jain
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- 6. WEB SEMANTICS Cutting Edge andFuture Directions in Healthcare Edited by SARIKA JAIN Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India VISHAL JAIN Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India VALENTINA EMILIA BALAS Faculty of Engineering, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania
- 7. Academic Press isan imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-822468-7 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Mara Conner Acquisitions Editor: Chris Katsaropoulos Editorial Project Manager: Megan Healy Production Project Manager: Omer Mukthar Cover Designer: Mark Rogers Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
- 8. Contents List of contributorsix Preface xi 1. Semantic intelligence - An overview Sarika Jain 1.1 Overview 1 Section I Representation 2. Convology: an ontology for conversational agents in digital health Mauro Dragoni, Giuseppe Rizzo and Matteo A. Senese 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Background 9 2.3 The construction of convology 10 2.4 Inside convology 12 2.5 Availability and reusability 16 2.6 Convology in action 17 2.7 Resource sustainability and maintenance 19 2.8 Conclusions and future work 20 References 21 3. Conversion between semantic data models: the story so far, and the road ahead Shripriya Dubey, Archana Patel and Sarika Jain 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Resource Description Framework as a semantic data model 24 3.3 Related work 25 3.4 Conceptual evaluation 27 3.5 Findings 28 3.6 Concluding remarks 29 References 30 4. Semantic interoperability: the future of healthcare Rashmi Burse, Michela Bertolotto, Dympna O’Sullivan and Gavin McArdle 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Semantic web technologies 32 4.3 Syntactic interoperability 37 4.4 Semantic interoperability 40 4.5 Contribution of semantic web technology to aid healthcare interoperability 46 4.6 Discussion and future work 49 4.7 Conclusion 51 References 51 5. A knowledge graph of medical institutions in Korea Haklae Kim 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Related work 56 5.3 Medical institutions in Korea 57 5.4 Knowledge graph of medical institutions 60 5.5 Conclusion 66 References 67 6. Resource description framework based semantic knowledge graph for clinical decision support systems Ravi Lourdusamy and Xavierlal J. Mattam 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Knowledge representation using RDF 71 6.3 Simple knowledge organization system 75 6.4 Semantic knowledge graph 77 6.5 Semantic knowledge graph for clinical decision support systems 81 6.6 Discussion and future possibilities 83 6.7 Conclusion 84 References 84 v
- 9. 7. Probabilistic, syntactic,and semantic reasoning using MEBN, OWL, and PCFG in healthcare Shrinivasan Patnaikuni and Sachin R. Gengaje 7.1 Introduction 87 7.2 Multientity Bayesian networks 89 7.3 Semantic web and uncertainty 90 7.4 MEBN and ontology web language 91 7.5 MEBN and probabilistic context-free grammar 92 7.6 Summary 93 References 93 Section II Reasoning 8. The connected electronic health record: a semantic-enabled, flexible, and unified electronic health record Salma Sassi and Richard Chbeir 8.1 Introduction 97 8.2 Motivating scenario: smart health unit 99 8.3 Literature review 100 8.4 Our connected electronic health record system approach 105 8.5 Implementation 110 8.6 Experimental results 111 8.7 Conclusion and future works 113 References 114 9. Ontology-supported rule-based reasoning for emergency management Sarika Jain, Sonia Mehla and Jan Wagner 9.1 Introduction 117 9.2 Literature review 119 9.3 System framework 120 9.4 Inference of knowledge 122 9.5 Conclusion and future work 127 References 127 10. Health care cube integrator for health care databases Shivani A Trivedi, Monika Patel and Sikandar Patel 10.1 Introduction: state-of-the-art health care system 129 10.2 Research methods and literature findings of research publications 131 10.3 HCI conceptual framework and designing framework 136 10.4 Implementation framework and experimental setup 140 10.5 Result analysis, conclusion, and future enhancement of work 148 Acknowledgment 149 References 149 11. Smart mental healthcare systems Sumit Dalal and Sarika Jain 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Classification of mental healthcare 154 11.3 Challenges of a healthcare environment 155 11.4 Benefits of smart mental healthcare 158 11.5 Architecture 159 11.6 Conclusion 161 References 162 12. A meaning-aware information search and retrieval framework for healthcare V.S. Anoop, Nikhil V. Chandran and S. Asharaf 12.1 Introduction 165 12.2 Related work 167 12.3 Semantic search and information retrieval in healthcare 170 12.4 A framework for meaning-aware healthcare information extraction from unstructured text data 170 12.5 Future research dimensions 174 12.6 Conclusion 174 Key terms and definitions 174 References 175 vi Contents
- 10. 13. Ontology-based intelligent decisionsupport systems: A systematic approach Ramesh Saha, Sayani Sen, Jayita Saha, Asmita Nandy, Suparna Biswas and Chandreyee Chowdhury 13.1 Introduction 177 13.2 Enabling technologies to implement decision support system 178 13.3 Role of ontology in DSS for knowledge modeling 182 13.4 QoS and QoE parameters in decision support systems for healthcare 187 13.5 Conclusion 190 References 191 14. Ontology-based decision-making Mark Douglas de Azevedo Jacyntho and Matheus D. Morais 14.1 Introduction 195 14.2 Issue-Procedure Ontology 198 14.3 Issue-Procedure Ontology for Medicine 203 14.4 Conclusion 208 References 208 15. A new method for profile identification using ontology-based semantic similarity Abdelhadi Daoui, Noreddine Gherabi and Abderrahim Marzouk 15.1 Introduction 211 15.2 Proposed method 212 15.3 Conclusion 218 References 218 16. Semantic similarity based descriptive answer evaluation Mohammad Shaharyar Shaukat, Mohammed Tanzeem, Tameem Ahmad and Nesar Ahmad 16.1 Introduction 221 16.2 Literature survey 222 16.3 Proposed system 223 16.4 Algorithm 227 16.5 Data set 227 16.6 Results 228 16.7 Conclusion and discussion 229 Acknowledgments 230 References 230 17. Classification of genetic mutations using ontologies from clinical documents and deep learning Punam Bedi, Shivani, Neha Gupta, Priti Jagwani and Veenu Bhasin 17.1 Introduction 233 17.2 Clinical Natural Language Processing 234 17.3 Clinical Natural Language Processing (Clinical NLP) techniques 235 17.4 Clinical Natural Language Processing and Semantic Web 242 17.5 Case study: Classification of Genetic Mutation using Deep Learning and Clinical Natural Language Processing 245 17.6 Conclusion 249 References 249 Section III Security 18. Security issues for the Semantic Web Prashant Pranav, Sandip Dutta and Soubhik Chakraborty 18.1 Introduction 253 18.2 Related work 258 18.3 Security standards for the Semantic Web 259 18.4 Different attacks on the Semantic Web 262 18.5 Drawbacks of the existing privacy and security protocols in W3C social web standards 263 18.6 Semantic attackers 264 18.7 Privacy and Semantic Web 264 18.8 Directions for future security protocols for the Semantic Web 265 18.9 Conclusion 266 References 266 Index 269 vii Contents
- 11. List of contributors NesarAhmad Department of Computer Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Tameem Ahmad Department of Computer Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India V.S. Anoop Kerala Blockchain Academy, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management Kerala (IIITM-K), Thiruvananthapuram, India S. Asharaf Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management - Kerala (IIITM-K), Thiruvananthapuram, India Punam Bedi Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Michela Bertolotto School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Veenu Bhasin P.G.D.A.V. College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Suparna Biswas Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, India Rashmi Burse School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Soubhik Chakraborty Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India Nikhil V. Chandran Data Engineering Lab, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management - Kerala (IIITM-K), Thiruvananthapuram, India Richard Chbeir Univ Pau & Pays Adour, E2S/ UPPA, LIUPPA, EA3000, Anglet, France Chandreyee Chowdhury Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Sumit Dalal National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Abdelhadi Daoui Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan 1st University, FST, Settat, Morocco Matheus D. Morais Coordination of Informatics, Fluminense Federal Institute, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mark Douglas de Azevedo Jacyntho Coordination of Informatics, Fluminense Federal Institute, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mauro Dragoni Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy Shripriya Dubey Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Sandip Dutta Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India Sachin R. Gengaje Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India Noreddine Gherabi Sultan Moulay Slimane University, ENSAK, LASTI Laboratory, Khouribga, Morocco Neha Gupta Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Priti Jagwani Aryabhatta College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Sarika Jain Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Haklae Kim Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea Ravi Lourdusamy Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, India ix
- 12. Abderrahim Marzouk Departmentof Mathematics and Computer Science, Hassan 1st University, FST, Settat, Morocco Xavierlal J. Mattam Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, India Gavin McArdle School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Sonia Mehla National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India Asmita Nandy Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Dympna O’Sullivan School of Computer Science, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Archana Patel Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany Monika Patel S.K. Patel Institute of Management and Computer Studies-MCA, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, India Sikandar Patel National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, India Shrinivasan Patnaikuni Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra, India Prashant Pranav Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India Giuseppe Rizzo LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy Jayita Saha Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India Ramesh Saha Department of Information Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India Salma Sassi VPNC Lab., FSJEGJ, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia Sayani Sen Department of Computer Application, Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Kolkata, India Matteo A. Senese LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy Mohammad Shaharyar Shaukat Technical University of Munich, Germany Shivani Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Mohammed Tanzeem Adobe, India Shivani A Trivedi S.K. Patel Institute of Management and Computer Studies-MCA, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, India Jan Wagner RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, Germany x List of contributors
- 13. Preface Over the lastdecade, we have witnessed an increasing use of Web Semantics as a vital and ever-growing field. It incorporates various subject areas contributing to the development of a knowledge-intensive data web. In parallel to the movement of con- cept from data to knowledge, we are now also experiencing the movement of web from document model to data model where the main focus is on data compared to the process. The underlying idea is making the data machine understandable and process- able. In light of these trends, conciliation of Semantic and the Web is of paramount importance for further progress in the area. The 17 chapters in this volume, authored by key scientists in the field are preceded by an introduction written by one of the volume editors, making a total of 18 chap- ters. Chapter 1, Introduction, by Sarika Jain provides an overview of technological trends and perspectives in Web Semantics, defines Semantic Intelligence, and discusses the technologies encompassing the same in view of their application within enterprises as well as in web. In all, 76 chapter propo- sals were submitted for this volume mak- ing a 22% acceptance rate. The chapters have been divided into three sections as Representation, Reasoning, and Security. • Representation: The semantics have to be encoded with data by virtue of technologies that formally represent metadata. When semantics are embedded in data, it offers significant advantages for reasoning and interoperability. • Reasoning: When “Semantic Web” will finally happen, machine will be able to talk to machines materializing the so- called “intelligent agents.” The services offered will be useful for web as well as for the management of knowledge within an organization. • Security: In this new setting, traditional security measures will not be suitable anymore; and the focus will move to trust and provenance. The semantic security issues are required to be addressed by the security professionals and the semantic technologists. This book will help the instructors and students taking courses of Semantic Web getting abreast of cutting edge and future directions of semantic web, hence provid- ing a synergy between healthcare processes and semantic web technologies. Many books are available in this field with two major problems. Either they are very advanced and lack providing a sufficiently detailed explanation of the approaches, or they are based on a specific theme with limited scope, hence not providing details on crosscutting areas applied in the web semantic. This book covers the research and practical issues and challenges, and Semantic Web applications in specific con- texts (in this case, healthcare). This book has varied audience and spans industrial professionals, researchers, and academi- cians working in the field of Web Semantics. Researchers and academicians will find a comprehensive study of the state xi
- 14. of the artand an outlook into research chal- lenges and future perspectives. The industry professionals and software developers will find available tools and technologies to use, algorithms, pseudocodes, and implementa- tion solutions. The administrators will find a comprehensive spectrum of the latest view- point in different areas of Web Semantics. Finally, lecturers and students require all of the above, so they will gain an interesting insight into the field. They can benefit in preparing their problem statements and finding ways to tackle them. The book is structured into three sections that group chapters into three otherwise related disections: Representation The first section on Representation com- prises six chapters that specifically focus on the problem of choosing a data model for representing and storage of data for the Web. Chapter 2, Convology: an ontology for con- versational agents in digital health by Dragoni et al. propose an ontology, namely, Convology, aiming to describe conversational scenarios with the scope of providing a tool that, once deployed into a real-world applica- tion, allows to ease the management and understanding of the entire dialog workflow between users, physicians, and systems. The authors have integrated Convology into a liv- ing lab concerning the adoption of conversa- tional agents for supporting the self- management of patients affected by asthma. Dubey et al. in Chapter 3, Conversion between semantic data models: the story so far, and the road ahead, provide the trends in converting between various semantic data models and reviews the state of the art of the same. In Chapter 4, Semantic interoperability: the future of healthcare Burse et al. have beautifully elaborated the syntactic and semantic interoperability issues in healthcare. They have reviewed the various healthcare standards in an attempt to solve the interop- erability problem at a syntactic level and then moves on to examine medical ontologies developed to solve the problem at a semantic level. The chapter explains the features of semantic web technology that can be lever- aged at each level. A literature survey is car- ried out to gage the current contribution of semantic web technologies in this area along with an analysis of how semantic web tech- nologies can be improved to better suit the health-informatics domain and solve the healthcare interoperability challenge. Haklae Kim in his Chapter 5, A knowledge graph of medical institutions in Korea, has proposed a knowledge model for representing medical institutions and their characteristics based on related laws. The author also constructs a knowledge graph that includes all medical institutions in Korea with an aim to enable users to identify appropriate hospitals or other institutions according to their require- ments. Chapter 6, Resource description framework based semantic knowledge graph for clinical decision support systems, by Lourdusamy and Mattam advocates the use of Semantic Knowledge Graphs as the repre- sentation structure for Clinical Decision Support Systems. Patnaikuni and Gengaje in Chapter 7, Probabilistic, syntactic, and seman- tic reasoning using MEBN, OWL, and PCFG in healthcare, exploit the key concepts and terminologies used for representing and rea- soning uncertainties structurally and semanti- cally with a case study of COVID-19 Corona Virus. The key technologies are Bayesian net- works, Multi-Entity Bayesian Networks, Probabilistic Ontology Web Language, and probabilistic context-free grammars. xii Preface
- 15. Visit https://ebookmass.com todayto explore a vast collection of ebooks across various genres, available in popular formats like PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading experience and effortlessly download high- quality materials in just a few simple steps. Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that let you access a wealth of knowledge at the best prices!
- 16. Reasoning At the scaleof www, logic-based reason- ing is not appropriate and poses numerous challenges. As already stated in different chapters of Section 1, RDF provides a machine-processable syntax to the data on the web. Reasoning on Semantic Web involves deriving facts and relationships that are not explicit in the knowledge base. This section groups 10 contributions based on reasoning within the knowledge bases. There is an absence of a reference model for describing the health data and their sources and linking these data with their contexts. Chapter 8, The connected elec- tronic health record: a semantic-enabled, flexible, and unified electronic health record, by Sassi and Chbeir addresses this problem and introduces a semantic- enabled, flexible, and unified electronic health record (EHR) for patient monitoring and diagnosis with Medical Devices. The approach exploits semantic web technolo- gies and the HL7 FHIR standard to provide semantic connected EHR that will facilitate data interoperability, integration, informa- tion search and retrieval, and automatic inference and adaptation in real-time. Jain et al. in Chapter 9, Ontology-supported rule-based reasoning for emergency man- agement, have proposed an ontology- supported rule-based reasoning approach to automate the process of decision support and recommending actions faster than a human being and at any time. Chapter 10, Healthcare-Cube Integrator for Healthcare Databases by Trivedi et al. proposes the Healthcare-cube integrator as a knowledge base that is storing health records collected from various healthcare databases. They also propose a processing tool to extract data from assorted databases. Chapter 11, Smart mental healthcare systems, by Dalal and Jain provides an architecture for a smart mental healthcare system along with the challenges and benefits incurred. Chapter 12, A meaning-aware information search and retrieval framework for health- care, by Anoop et al. discusses a frame- work for building a meaning-aware information extraction from unstructured EHRs. The proposed framework uses medi- cal ontologies, a medical catalog-based ter- minology extractor and a semantic reasoner to build the medical knowledge base that is used for enabling a semantic information search and retrieval experience in the healthcare domain. In Chapter 13, Ontology-based intelligent decision sup- port systems: a systematic approach, Saha et al. emphasize several machine learning algorithms and semantic technologies to design and implement intelligent decision support system for effective healthcare support satisfying quality of service and quality of experience requirements. Jacyntho and Morais in Chapter 14, Ontology-based decision-making, have described the architecture and strengths of knowledge-based decision support sys- tems. They have defined a method for the creation of ontology-based knowledge bases and a corresponding fictitious health care case study but with real-world chal- lenges. As the data are exploding over the web, Daoui et al. in Chapter 15, A new method for profile identification using ontology-based semantic similarity, aim to treat and cover a new system in the domain of tourism in order to offer users of the system a set of interesting places and tourist sites according to their prefer- ences. The authors focus on the design of a new profile identification method by defin- ing a semantic correspondence between xiii Preface
- 17. keywords and theconcepts of an ontology using an external resource WordNet. Compared to the objective type assessment, the descriptive assessment has been found to be more uniform and at a higher level of Bloom’s taxonomy. In Chapter 16, Semantic similarity-based descriptive answer evalua- tion, Shaukat et al. have put in efforts to deal with the problem of automated com- puter assessment in the descriptive exami- nation. Lastly in this section, Chapter 17, Classification of genetic mutations using ontologies from clinical documents and deep learning, by Bedi et al. have pre- sented a framework for classifying cancer- ous genetic mutation reported in EHRs. They have utilized clinical NLP, Ontologies and Deep Learning for the same over Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer Mutation data and Kaggle’s cancer- diagnosis dataset. Security Though posed as the future of web, is semantic web secure? In the semantic web set- ting, traditional security measures are no more suitable. This section closes the book by providing Chapter 18, Security issues for the semantic web, by Pranav et al. providing the security issues in the semantic web. This chap- ter also suggested ways of potentially aligning the protocols so as to make them more robust to be used for semantic web services. As the above summary shows, this book summarizes the trends and current research advances in web semantics, emphasizing the existing tools and techniques, methodol- ogies, and research solutions. Sarika Jain (India) Vishal Jain (India) Valentina Emilia Balas (Romania) xiv Preface
- 18. C H AP T E R 1 Semantic intelligence: An overview Sarika Jain Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, India 1.1 Overview Due to many technological trends like IoT, Cloud Computing, Smart Devices, huge data is generated daily and at unprecedented rates. Traditional data techniques and platforms do not prove to be efficient because of issues concerning responsiveness, flexibility, perfor- mance, scalability, accuracy, and more. To manage these huge datasets and to store the archives for longer periods, we need granular access to massively evolving datasets. Addressing this gap has been an important and well-recognized interdisciplinary area of Computer Science. A machine will behave intelligently if the underlying representation scheme exhibits knowledge that can be achieved by representing semantics. Web Semantics strengthen the description of web resources for exploiting them better and making them more meaningful for both human and machine. As semantic web is highly interdisciplinary, it is emerging as a mature field of research that facilitates information integration from variegated sources. Semantic web converts data to meaningful information and is therefore a web of meaningful, linked, and integrated data by virtue of metadata. Current web is composed primarily of unstructured data, such as HTML pages and search in current web is based on keyword search. These searches are not able to make out the type of information on the HTML page, that is, it is not possible to extract dif- ferent pieces of data from different web pages about a concept and then give integrated information about the concept. The semantic web provides such a facility with lesser human involvement. As the web connects documents, in the same manner, semantic web connects pieces of information. In addition to publishing data on the World Wide Web, the semantic web is being utilized in enterprises for myriad of use cases. The Artificial Intelligence technolo- gies, the Machine Intelligence technologies, and the semantic web technologies together make up the Semantic Intelligence technologies (SITs). SITs have been found as the most 1 Web Semantics DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822468-7.00011-0 © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- 19. important ingredient inbuilding artificially intelligent knowledge-based systems as they aid machines in integrating and processing resources contextually and intelligently. This book describes the three major compartments of the study of Web Semantics, namely representation, reasoning, and security. It also covers the issues related to the successful deploy- ment of semantic web. This chapter addresses the key knowledge and information needs of the audience of this book. It provides easily comprehensible information on Web Semantics includ- ing semantics for data and semantics for services. Further, an effort has been made to cover the innovative application areas semantic web goes hand in hand with a focus on Health Care. 1.2 Semantic Intelligence Semantic Intelligence refers to filling the semantic gap between the understanding of humans and machines by making a machine look at everything in terms of object-oriented concepts as a human look at it. Semantic Intelligence helps us make sense of the most vital resource, that is, data; by virtue of making it interpretable and meaningful. The focus is on information as compared to the process. To whatever application, the data will be put to; it is to be represented in a manner that is machine-understandable and hence human-usable. All the important relationships (including who, what, when, where, how, and why) in the required data from any heterogeneous data source are required to be made explicit. The primary technology standards of the SITs are RDF (Resource Description Framework) and SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language). RDF is the data model/format/serialization used to store data. SPARQL is the query language designed to query, retrieve, and process data stored as RDF across various systems and databases. Both of these technologies are open-ended making them a natural fit for iterative, flexible, and adaptable software development in a dynamic environment; hence suitable for a myr- iad of open-ended problems majorly including unstructured information. It is even benefi- cial to wrap up the existing relational data stores with the SPARQL end points to integrate them with any intelligent application. This all is possible because semantic web operates on the principle of Open World Assumption; wherein all the facts are not anticipated in the beginning; and in the absence of some fact, it cannot be assumed false. Semantics is no more than discovering “relationships between things.” These relation- ships when discovered and represented explicitly help manage the data more efficiently by making sense of it. In addition to storing and retrieving information, semantic intelli- gence provides a flexible model by acting as an enabler for machines to infer new facts and derive new information from existing facts and data. In all such systems with a large amount of unstructured and unpredictable data, SITs prove to be less cost-intensive and maintainable. By virtue of being able to interpret all the data, machines are able to perform sophisticated tasks for the mankind. In today’s world SITs are serving a very broad range of applications, across multiple domains, within enterprises, and on the web. A full- fledged industry in its own sense has emerged in the last 20 years when these technologies were merely drafts. In addition to publishing and consuming data on the web, SITs are being used in enterprises for various purposes. 2 1. Semantic intelligence: An overview Web Semantics
- 20. 1.2.1 Publishing andconsuming data on the web Publishing data on the web involves deciding upon the format and the schema to use. Best practices exist to publish, disseminate, use, and perform reasoning on high-quality data over the web. RDF data can be published in different ways including the linked data (DBPedia), SPARQL endpoint, metadata in HTML (SlideShare, LinkedIn, YouTube, Facebook), feeds, GRDDL, and more. Semantic interlinked data is being published on the web in all the domains including e-commerce, social data, and scientific data. People are consuming this data through search engines and specific applications. Publishing semantic web data about the web pages, an organization ensures that the search results now also include related information like reviews, ratings, and pricing for the products. This added information in search results does not increase ranking of a web page but significantly increases the number of clicks this web page can get. Here are some popular domains where data is published and consumed on the semantic web. • E-commerce: The Schema.org and the GoodRelations vocabulary are global schema for commerce data on the web. They are industry-neutral, syntax-neutral, and valid across different stages of value chain. • Health care and life sciences: HealthCare is a novel application domain of semantic web that is of prime importance to human civilization as a whole. It has been predicted as the next big thing in personal health monitoring by the government. Big pharma companies and various scientific projects have published a significant amount of life sciences and health care data on the web. • Media and publishing: The BBC, The FT, SpringerNature, and many other media and publishing sector companies are benefitting their customers by providing an ecosystem of connected content to provide more meaningful navigation paths across the web. • Social data: A social network is a two-way social structure made up of individuals (persons, products, or anything) and their relationships. The Facebook’s “social graph” represents connections between people. Social networking data using friend-of-a-friend as vocabulary make up a significant portion of all data on the web. • Linked Open Data: A powerful data integration technology is the practical side of semantic web. DBPedia is a very large-linked dataset making the content of Wikipedia available to the public as RDF. It incorporates links to various other datasets as Geonames; thus allowing applications to exploit the extra and more precise knowledge from other datasets. In this manner, applications can provide a high user experience by integrating data from multiple linked datasets. • Government data: For the overall development of the society, the governments around the world have taken initiatives for publishing nonpersonal data on the web making the government services transparent to the public. 1.2.2 Semantic Intelligence technologies applied within enterprises Enterprise information systems comprise complex, distributed, heterogeneous, and voluminous data sources. Enterprises are leveraging SITs to achieve interoperability and implement solutions and applications. All documents are required to be semantically tagged with the associated metadata. 3 1.1 Overview Web Semantics
- 21. • Information classification:The knowledge bases as are used by the giants Facebook, Google, and Amazon today are said to shape up and classify data and information in the same manner as the human brain does. Along with data, a knowledge base also contains expert knowledge in the form of rules transforming this data and information into knowledge. Various organizations represent their information by combining the expressivity of ontologies with the inference support. • Content management and situation awareness: The organizations reuse the available taxonomic structures to leverage their expressiveness to enable more scalable approaches to achieve interoperability of content. • Efficient data integration and knowledge discovery: The data is scaling up in size giving rise to heterogeneous datasets as data silos. The semantic data integration allows the data silos to be represented, stored, and accessed using the same data model; hence all speaking the same universal language, that is, SITs. The value of data explodes when it is linked with other data providing more flexibility compared to the traditional data integration approaches. 1.3 About the book This book contains the latest cutting-edge advances and future directions in the field of Web Semantics, addressing both original algorithm development and new applications of semantic web. It presents a comprehensive up-to-date research employing semantic web and its health care applications, providing a critical analysis of the relative merit, and potential pitfalls of the technique as well as its future outlook. This book focuses on a core area of growing interest, which is not specifically or com- prehensively covered by other books. This book describes the three major compartments of the study of Web Semantics, namely Representation, Reasoning, and security. It covers the issues related to the successful deployment of semantic web. Further, an effort has been made to cover the innovative application areas semantic web goes hand in hand with focus on HealthCare by providing a separate section in every chapter for the case study of health care, if not explicitly mentioned. The book will help the instructors and students taking courses of semantic web getting abreast of cutting edge and future directions of semantic web, hence providing a synergy between health care processes and semantic web technologies. 4 1. Semantic intelligence: An overview Web Semantics
- 22. C H AP T E R 2 Convology: an ontology for conversational agents in digital health Mauro Dragoni1 , Giuseppe Rizzo2 and Matteo A. Senese2 1 Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy 2 LINKS Foundation, Torino, Italy 2.1 Introduction The conversation paradigm has been implemented for the realization of conversational agents overwhelmingly in the last years. Natural and seamless interactions with auto- mated systems introduce a shift from using well-designed and sometimes complicated interfaces made of buttons and paged procedures to textual or vocal dialogs. Asking ques- tions naturally has many advantages with respect to traditional app interactions. The main one is that the user does not need to know how the specific application works, everyone knows how to communicate, and in this case, the system is coming toward the user to make the interaction more natural. This paradigm has been integrated into mobile applications for supporting users from different perspectives and into more well-known systems built by big tech players like Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa. These kinds of systems dramatically reduce the users’ effort for asking and communicating information to systems that, by applying natural language understanding (NLU) algorithms, are able to decode which are the actual users’ intentions and to reply properly. However, by per- forming a deeper analysis of these systems, we can observe a strong limitation of their usage into complex scenarios. The interactions among users and bots are often limited to a single-turn communication where one of the actor sends an information request (e.g., a question like “How is the weather today in London?” or a command like “Play the We Are The Champions song”) and the other actor provides an answer containing the required information or performs the requested action (e.g., “Today the weather in London is cloudy.” or the execution of the requested song). 7 Web Semantics DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822468-7.00004-3 © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- 23. While this istrue for most of the current conversational agents, the one made by Google seems to be more aware of the possibility of multiturn conversation. In fact, in some particular situations, it is capable of carry a context between one user question and the following ones. An example could be asking “Who is the current US president?” and then “Where he lives?;” in this particular case, the agent resolves the “he” pronoun carrying the context of the previous step. Anyway this behavior is not general and is exploited only in some common situations and for a limited amount of steps. An evidence of this is the limit of the DialogFlow platform (a rapid prototyping platform for creating conversational agents based on the Google Assistant intelligence) to maintain context from one step to another (the maximum number of context it can carry is 5). While this mechanism could appear among sentences belonging to the same conversa- tion, it is not true among different conversations, what we noticed is that each conversa- tion is for sure independent from the previous ones. Hence, the agent does not own a story of the entire dialog. Additionally, the assistant does not seem to be conscious about the actual status of the conversation; this marks the impossibility for it to be an effective tool to achieve a complex goal (differently from single interactions like “turning on the light”). This situation strongly limits the capability of these systems of being employed into more complex scenarios where it is necessary to address the following challenges: (1) to manage long conversations possibly having a high number of interactions, (2) to keep track of users’ status in order to send proper requests or feedback based on the whole context, (3) to exploit background knowledge in order to have at any time all information about the domain in which the conversational agent has been deployed, and (4) to plan dialogs able to dynami- cally evolve based on the information that have been already acquired and on the long-term goals associated with users. To address these challenges it is necessary to sustain NLU strat- egies with knowledge-based solutions able to reason over the information provided by users in order to understand her status at any time and to interact with her properly. Conversational agents integrating this knowledge-based paradigm go one step beyond state-of-the-art systems that limit their interactions with users to a single-turn mode. In this chapter, we present Convology (CONVersational ontOLOGY), a top-level ontology aiming to model the conversation scenario for supporting the development of conversational knowledge-based systems. Convology defines concepts enabling the description of dialog flows, users’ information, dialogs and users events, and the real-time statuses of both dialogs and users. Hence, systems integrating Convology are able to man- age multiturn conversations. We present the TBox, and we show how it can be instantiated into a real-world scenario. The chapter is structured as follows. In Section 2.2, we discuss the main types of conversation tools by highlighting how none of them is equipped with facilities for man- aging multiturn conversations. Then, in Sections 2.3 and 2.4, we present the methodology used for creating Convology and we explain the meaning of the concepts defined. Section 2.5 shows how to get and to reuse the ontology, whereas Section 2.6 presents an application integrating Convology together with examples of future projects that will inte- grate it. Section 2.7 discusses the sustainability and maintenance aspects, and, finally, Section 2.8 concludes the chapter. 8 2. Convology: an ontology for conversational agents in digital health I. Representation
- 24. 2.2 Background Conversational agents,in their larger definition, are software agents with which it is possible to carry a conversation. Researchers discussed largely on structuring the terminol- ogy around conversational agents. In this chapter, we decide to adhere to Franklin and Graesser (1997) that segments conversational agents according to both learned and indexed content and approaches for understanding and establishing a dialog. The evolu- tion of conversational agents proposed three different software types: generic chit-chat (i.e., tools for maintaining a general conversation with the user), goal-oriented tools that usually rely on a large amount of prebuilt answers (i.e., tools that provide language inter- faces for digging into a specific domain), and the recently investigated knowledge-based agents that aim to reason over a semantic representation of a dataset to extend the intent classification capabilities of goal-oriented agents. The first chit-chat tool, named ELIZA (Weizenbaum, 1966), was built in 1966. It was cre- ated mainly to demonstrate the superficiality of communications and the illusion to be understood by a system that is simply applying a set of pattern-matching rules and a substi- tution methodology. ELIZA simulates a psychotherapist and, thanks to the trick of present- ing again to the interlocutor some contents that have been previously mentioned, it keeps the conversation without having an understanding of what really is said. At the time when ELIZA came out, some people even attributed human-like feelings to the agent. A lot of other computer programs have been inspired by ELIZA and AIML—markup language for artificial intelligence—has been created to express the rules that drive the conversation. So far, this was an attempt to encode knowledge for handling a full conversation in a set of predefined linguistic rules. Domain-specific tools were designed to allow an individual to search conversationally into a restricted domain, for instance simulating the interaction with a customer service of a given company. A further generalization of this typology was introduced by knowledge- based tools able to index a generic (wider) knowledge base and provides answers pertain- ing a given topic. These two are the largest utilized types of conversational agents (Ramesh et al., 2017). The understanding of the interactions is usually performed using machine learning, in fact recent approaches have abandoned handcrafted rules utilized in ELIZA toward an automatic learning from a dialog corpus. In other words, the under- standing task is related to turning natural language sentences into something that can be understood by a machine: its output is translated into an intent and a set of entities. The response generation can be fully governed by handcrafted rules (e.g., if a set of conditions apply, say that) or decide the template response from a finite set using statistical approaches [using some distance measures like TF-IDF, Word2Vec, Skip-Thoughts (Kiros et al., 2015)]. In this chapter, we focus on the understanding part of the conversation. While machine learning offers statistical support to infer the relationship between sen- tences and classes, one pillar of these approaches is the knowledge about the classes of these requests. In fact, popular devices such as Amazon Echo and Google Home require, whether configured, to list the intents of the discussion. However, those devices hardly cope with a full dialog, multiturn, as the intents are either considered in isolation or con- textualized within strict boundaries. Previous research attempts investigated the I. Representation 9 2.2 Background
- 25. multiturn aspect withneural networks (Mensio et al., 2018). The conversation was fully understood statistically, that is, through statistical inference of intents sequentially, with- out a proper reasoning about the topics and actors of the conversation. Other research attempts exploited the concept of ontology for modeling a dialog stating that a semantic ontology for dialog needs to provide the following: first, a theory of events/situations; second, a theory of abstract entities, including an explication of what propositions and questions are; and third, an account of Grounding/Clarification (Ginzburg, 2012). An ontology is thus utilized to also order questions maximizing coherence (Milward, 2004). Despite the research findings on this theme and the trajectory that shows a neat interac- tion between statistical inference approaches and ontologies for modeling the entire dia- log (Flycht-Eriksson and Jönsson, 2003), there is a lack of a shared ontology. In this chapter, we aim to fill this gap by presenting Convology. 2.3 The construction of convology The development of Convology followed the need of providing a metamodel able not only to provide a representation of the conversational domain but also to support the development of smart applications enabling the access to knowledge bases through a conversational paradigm. Such applications aim to reduce users’ effort in obtaining required information. For this reason, the proposed ontology has been modeled by taking into account how it can be extended for being integrated into real-world applications. The process for building Convology followed the METHONTOLOGY (Fernández- López et al., 1997) methodology. This approach is composed by seven stages: Specification, Knowledge Acquisition, Conceptualization, Integration, Implementation, Evaluation, and Documentation. For brevity, we report only the first five steps since they are the most relevant ones concerning the design and development of the ontol- ogy. The overall process involved four knowledge engineers and two domain experts from the Trentino Healthcare Department. More precisely, three knowledge engineers and one domain experts participated to the ontology modeling stages (hereafter, the modeling team). While, the remaining knowledge engineer and domain expert were in charge of evaluating the ontology (hereafter, the evaluators). The role of the domain experts was to supervise the psychological perspective of the ontology concerning the definition of proper concepts and relationships supporting the definition of empathetic dialogs. The choice of METHONTOLOGY was driven by the necessity of adopting a life-cycle split in well-defined steps. The development of Convology requires the involvement of the experts in situ. Thus the adoption of a methodology having a clear definition of the tasks to perform was preferred. Other methodologies, like DILIGENT (Pinto et al., 2004) and NeOn (Suárez-Figueroa, 2012), were considered before starting the construction of the Convology ontology. However, the characteristics of such methodologies, like the emphasis on the decentralized engineering, did not fit our scenario well. 10 2. Convology: an ontology for conversational agents in digital health I. Representation
- 26. Visit https://ebookmass.com todayto explore a vast collection of ebooks across various genres, available in popular formats like PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading experience and effortlessly download high- quality materials in just a few simple steps. Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that let you access a wealth of knowledge at the best prices!
- 27. Exploring the Varietyof Random Documents with Different Content
- 28. Then they boundme hands and feet, laid me on a mule, and carried me back again to [Palma] the city of Majorca; delivering me to the Inquisitor: who, when he had sent me to prison, commanded a pair of bolts to be put on my legs, and an iron clasp about my neck, with a chain of five fathoms [30 feet] long hanging thereat; which was done accordingly. And on the morrow [? 13th May 1588], I was brought forth to the accustomed place, and in the same manner: where the Inquisitor sitting, asked first, Why I had broken prison, and run away? I said, "To save my life." "Yea," said he, "but now thou hast offended the law more than before; and therefore shall the law be now executed upon thee." Then I was carried away again. And immediately there was called an assembly of citizens, and such as were seen in the Law, to counsel, and to take advice, What punishment they might inflict upon me? Which being deliberated, I was brought forth again; and carried to the Place of Torment: which was in a cell or vault underground. There were present but four persons, that is to say, The Inquisitor, The Solicitor, or Broker, who is to see the law executed. A Dutch woman that dwelt in the city; who was commanded thither to tell them what I spake; because I spake many times in the Dutch tongue. And lastly, the Tormentor. The rack now standing ready before them; with seven flaxen ropes lying thereon, new[ly] bought from the market. Then the Inquisitor charged me, as at all other times he used to do, That I should speak what I had to say, and to speak the truth; otherwise I should be even now tormented to death.
- 29. I, seeing myselfin the hands of such cruel tyrants as always thirst after the blood of the innocent; even as Cain (who being wroth with his brother Abel, and carrying a heavy countenance) could be no way eased but with his brother's blood: so I, past hope of life, turned my back towards them, and seeing my torments present before me, I fell down on my knees, and besought the Lord to forgive my sins, and to strengthen my faith, and to grant me patience to endure to the end. Then they took me into a void room, and stripped me out of my ornaments of sheepskins which I repeated [spoke of] before; and put a pair of strong canvas breeches upon me. Then bringing me to the rack again, he commanded me to lie down. The bars of the rack under me were as sharp as the back of a knife. Now I, willingly yielding myself, lay down. Then the Tormentor bound my hands over my breast crosswise; and my legs clasped up together, were fast tied the one foot to the other knee. Then he fastened to either arm a cord, about the brawn of the arm; and likewise to either thigh another; which were all made fast again under the rack to the bars: and with another cord he bound down my head; and [he] put a hollow cane into my mouth. Then he put four cudgels into the ropes which were fastened to my arms and thighs. Now the woman which was present, being interpreter, began to persuade me to yield, and confess the faith of the Church of Rome. I answered, "If it were the will of GOD that I should end my life under their cruel hands, I must be content: but, if it please him, he is able to deliver me, if there were ten thousands against me." Then the Tormentor, as he was commanded, began to wrest the ropes; which he did by little and little, to augment my pains, and to have them endure the longer: but, in the end, he drew them with such violence as though he would have plucked my four quarters in sunder; and there stayed a good space.
- 30. Yet to declaretheir tyrannical malice, thinking my torment not sufficient, he added more: pouring water through a cane which was in my mouth, by little and little, which I was constrained either to let down, or to have my breath stopped until they had tunned in such [a] quantity as was not tolerable to endure; which pained me extremely. Yet not satisfied, they took and wet a linen cloth, and laid it over my mouth till I was almost strangled; when my body, being thus overcharged with such abundance of water, after they had thus stopped my breath with the wet cloth, suddenly with the force of my breath and that my stomach was so much overcharged, the water gushed out, and bare away the cloth as if had been the force of a conduit spout. When the Inquisitor saw that all this would not make me yield, he commanded the Tormentor for to wind the cord on my left arm more strait[ly]; which put me to horrible pains. And immediately the rope burst in sunder. Then said the Inquisitor, "Yea, is he so strong? I will make him yield!": and commanded the Tormentor to put a new rope. Then the woman again bade me yield; saying, It were better to yield than to die so miserable a death. But I, beseeching Almighty GOD to ease me of my pains, and to forgive my sins, answered her, That though they had power over my body: yet there was no torment should compel me to yield to their idolatry, whereby I might bring my soul in danger of hell fire. Then the Inquisitor asked her, What I said? She answered, That I had said I would never submit myself to the Church of Rome. Then did he most vehemently charge me to yield and submit myself to the Romish Church: otherwise he would pluck off one of my arms. Whereupon I denying still, the Tormentor, in most cruel manner, wrested the ropes as if he would have rent my body in sunder. I
- 31. (being now inintollerable pains; and looking for nothing but present [instant] death) cried out, in the extremity of my anguish, "Now, farewell wife and children! and farewell England!": and so, not able to utter one word more, lay even senseless. The Inquisitor asked the woman again, What I said? She laid her hand upon my head, and perceiving that I was speechless, told him, I was dead. Wherefore the Tormentor loosed the ropes, unbound my hands and feet, and carried me into a chamber which they termed St. Walter's Chamber. Where I came to myself, and received some sense and reason; but could have no feeling of any limb or joint. Thus I lay in a most lamentable and pitiful manner for five days [? 14th-18th May 1588], having a continual issue of blood and water forth of my mouth all that space, and being so feeble and weak, by reason of my torments, that I could take no sustenance. Till the sixth day [? 19th May 1588] a little recovering my strength, they gave me a little quantity of bread and wine sod[den] together: and presently, the very same day, they carried me forth into the city, and set me upon an ass's back, and whipped me throughout every street of [Palma] the city of Majorca; giving me to the number of five hundred lashes, which made the blood to run down my miserable carcase in such abundance that it dropped at the belly of the ass to the ground. Now there were carried with me about the city very many harlots and whores and other malefactors which had offended the law; but none punished like me. After this, they carried me to the chamber [St. Walter's Chamber] from whence I came: where I lay without all worldly comfort. Can any man, which understandeth the absurd blindness and wilful ignorance of these Spanish tyrants or Romish monsters, think them to be of the true Church? which defend their faith with fire, sword, and hellish torments, without remorse or pity; as you may perceive
- 32. by a manifesttrial here set down to the open view of the World. For when these hell-hounds had tormented this miserable creature, as you have heard, with a monstrous and most unchristian kind of torment: which he endured for the space of three hours, till [he] was at the very point of death and ready to yield up the ghost: they (not yet satisfied with these torments, which he had suffered already) reserved his life, minding to increase his pains; which they were nothing slack to perform so long as he remained in their power. Now the second night after they had whipped me about the city as aforesaid [? the night of the 20th May 1588], about midnight, I recounting to myself in what misery I both did and had remained; I thought to put in practice once again to get my liberty, craving of the Lord, with hearty prayer, to assist me with his mighty hand. And immediately searching about, I found an old iron stub; with the which I brake a hole through the chamber wall: and crept through into another chamber; where I felt in the dark many pieces of plate, which I little regarded. After, I found many towels and table napkins. Then, seeking further, I found a long cane whereon there hung many puddings and sausages. I plucked down the cane, but had little mind on the victual. Then I found certain knives. Then I espied some light at a great window in a garret or loft over me. Wherefore I tied a crooked knife to the cane, and thrust up a long towel: and with the knife at the end of the cane, I drew the towel about a bar of the window, and drew it to me: and with that towel I did climb up into the window. But then I could not get forth between the bars, wherefore I digged forth one of the bars; and tied my towels and napkins together end to end, and fastened one end to a bar of the window: and then did slide down by them till I came within three or four fathoms [18 or 24 feet] of the ground: when the towels brake in sunder, and I fell down into a well which was direct[ly] under me, where I was almost drowned. Yet it pleased GOD to deliver me.
- 33. And being thenin the city, without the Castle walls; I, knowing no other way to get out, went again to the town ditch: where I got through the Water Gate with less peril than before, by reason there was less water than [there] was the other time. Then went I, with all speed into the woods; lying all days in [the] woods as close as I could, and travelled by nights through woods and mountains. And upon the third night [i.e. after his escape, say the night of the 23rd May 1588], about midnight, I happened into an olive garden, not above half a bow shot from the sea-side; in which garden I found a little skiff or boat lying under a pomgranate tree: and there lay in the boat a hatchet. All which served happily for my delivery. Now I, being unable to carry the boat to the water-side, did cut small truncheons of wood; and upon them did slide it down to the water-side. Then I cut an arm [a branch] of an olive tree, to make my boat a mast; and, having no other shift, made a sail-cloth with my breeches and a piece of [a] mantle which I had about me. And for [because] my oars were very mean, yet durst I stay to look for no better, but presently set sail; and, yielding myself to the good pleasure of Almighty GOD, betook myself to the sea: willing rather to abide what the Lord would lay on me, than to die among these most cruel tyrants. And by the providence of GOD, upon the second day [? 25th May 1588], in the forenoon, I descried the Coast of Barbary: for the wind stood north-east [or rather north-west], which served me most happily. Understand that this cut is, from shore to shore [that is, from some point in Majorca to the east side of the Bay of Bougiah] 150 [or rather 70] leagues, which is 450 [or, at most, say 210] English miles; and at that time [there was] a very rough sea; insomuch if it had not
- 34. been by thegreat and wonderful power of GOD, my vessel and I had both been overwhelmed. But I fell in with the country of Cabyles [i.e., the Little Kabylia, in the present Province of Constantine], commonly called the King of Cookooe's land, near a town called Gigeley [the present Djidjelli]: where I went on shore, leaving my boat to swim which way the wind and weather would conduct it; thinking it had done me sufficient service. But see now, when I had escaped through the surges of the sea from the cruelty of the Spaniard, I was no sooner landed and entered the mountains but I was espied by the Moors which inhabit the country; who pursued very earnestly to take me; supposing me to be come from the Christian shore to rob in their coast. For, many times, the Spaniards will pass over in some small vessel, and go on shore; and if they can catch any men of the country, they will carry them away to make galley slaves: wherefore the Moors are very diligent to pursue them at their landing; and if it chance they take any Christian, they use him in like sort. Wherefore I, being very unwilling to fall into their hands, was constrained to go into a river, which ran between two mountains; and there to stand in water up to the chin, where the bushes and trees did grow most thick over me: where I stood certain hours, until they had left searching for me. Now when I perceived they were departed, I went out of the water, being very feeble; for I ate nothing all that time but the bark of the trees, which I cut with my hatchet. I went forth as secretly as I could, minding to pass to Argire [Algiers].
- 35. The charitable mindof a simple old man. The old man still pitied him and did what lay in him to deliver him. I had not gone above three miles, when I espied a Moor, a very well favoured old man, who was weeding a field of wheat. I spake to him in the tongue of Franke [The Lingua Franca of the Mediterranean shore], and called him to me. I, having my hatchet in my hand, cast it from me. He came unto me; and, taking me by the hand, demanded very gently, What I would have? I, perceiving that he did, even at the first sight, pity my poor and miserable estate, told him all things that had happened unto me: how I was an Englishman; how I had been captive in Argire; how I chanced to come to Genoa; their sending me to Majorca; and all the torment which I had suffered there; and finally my escape from thence, with all the rest that followed. This good aged father, when he had heard of my lamentable discourse, shewing himself rather a Christian than a man brought up among the Turkish Mahometists, greatly pitied my misery; and forthwith led me home to his house, and caused such victuals as the country yieldeth to be set before me, which was dried wheat and honey: and baked a cake upon the fire hearth, and fried it with butter; which I thought very good meat, for I had not been at the like banquet in six years before [1582-1588]; the good father shewing me what comfort he could. There I remained four and twenty hours. In the meantime the Moors which dwelt in the villages by, understanding of my being there, came; and, calling me forth, inquired of me, What I was? From whence I came? and Whither I would?: and, with great vehemency, charged their weapons against my breast; insomuch that I thought they would verily have slain me. But mine host, that good old man, came forth and answered for me; and so dissuaded them from doing me any harm: and took me back again into his house.
- 36. This being past,I requested him to help me to a guide to conduct me to Argire: and he presently provided two, whereof the one was his son; to whom I promised to give four crowns for their pains. So taking my leave of my good host, we took our way towards Argire. When we had not passed above 24 miles on the way, we chanced to meet a Gentleman of that country who was, as it were, Purveyor to the King; and went about the country to take up corn and grain for the King's provision. He, meeting us upon the way, asked Whither we were travelling? My guides answered, That we were going to Argire. He asked, What had we to do there? They said to deliver me there. Then he demanded, What I was? They told him, I was an Englishman that came from the Christian shore, and was bound towards Argire. Then did this Gentleman take me from them, sending them back from whence they came; but compelled me to go with him to village by, and very earnestly persuaded me to turn Moor: promising, if I would, he would be a mean[s] to prefer me greatly; which I still denied. Then, upon the next day, he carried me further, to a town called Tamgote [? Tamgout], and delivered me to a Nobleman of great authority with the King: which was Lieutenant-General for the wars. For this King of Cookooe holdeth continual war with the King of Argire; although they be both subject to the Great Turk. I was no sooner brought before this Nobleman, but he demanded, Whether I would turn Moor? I answered, That I would not.
- 37. Gunners are ingreat estimation with them. Wherefore immediately he commanded a pair of shackles to be put on my heels; and a clasp of iron about my neck, with a chain thereat. Then was I set on a mule, and conveyed to Cookooe, [also spelt, in maps later than this narrative, Couco or Cocou. It was not far from the left bank of the river Sahel, that falls into the Bay of Bougiah,? the present Akbou], where the King lay. When I was come thither, I was presently brought before the King: who inquired, What I was? and, From whence I came? and What my pretence was? I answered, That I was an Englishman; and that I came from the Christian shore, intending to pass to Argire. Then he asked me, What I could do? I told him I could do nothing. Then he demanded, Whether I were a Gunner? I said, "No." Then he persuaded me very instantly to yield to their religion, offering to prefer me. Wherefore I desired him to give me liberty to depart: "for my desire is to be in England, with my wife and children." "Yea," said he, "but how wilt thou come there?" For they minded to keep me still: and evermore the King assayed to seduce me with promises of great preferment, saying, If I would serve him and turn Moor: I should want nothing. But on the contrary, I besought him to give me liberty to go to Argire; where I was in hope to be delivered, and sent home to mine own country.
- 38. These men are nothingexpert in Artillery. Very many offers of preferment to draw me from the Word of GOD. Now he, seeing he could win me by no gentle means, commanded me to prison; saying, That he would either make me yield and turn Moor: or else I should die in captivity. In this while that I remained in prison; divers of the King's House came to me, persuading me to yield to the King's demand: alleging how hardly the King might use me, being now in his power, unable to escape; and again how bountifully the King would deal with me, if I would submit myself. Within a little time after, it happened there was great preparation to receive the King of Abbesse [? the present tribe of the Beni-Abbas, or Beni-Abbès], whose country adjoineth to the King of Cookooe's land: and [they] are in league together, and join their armies in one against the King of Argire. Now, at his coming, I was fetched forth of prison, and commanded to charge certain pieces of ordinance, which were three Sacres and two Minions of Brass [See Vol. IV., pp. 250-251]; which I refused not to do, trusting thereby to get some liberty. Wherefore, at the coming of the King of Abbesse into the town, I discharged the ordnance as liked them very well: for they are not very expert in that exercise. For which I had some more liberty than before. This King of Abbesse tarrying some certain time there, in consulting with the King of Cookooe for matters touching the Wars with Argire; and understanding of me, sent for me, being very desirous to talk with me: where, after certain questions he desired of the other King, that he might buy me; which he would not grant. Then the King of the Cabyles [Kabyles] or Cookooe persuaded me very seriously to serve him wil[ling]ly, and to turn Moor: and offered to give me 700 Doubles [? the Double Pistoles, or Doubloons] by the year, which amounteth to the sum of £50 [=
- 39. £200 now] ofEnglish money; and moreover to give me by the day, 30 Aspers, which are worth twelve pence English, to find me meat; and likewise to give me a house, and land sufficient to sow a hundred bushels of grain yearly, and two Plow of oxen furnished, to till the same; also to furnish me with horse, musket, sword, and other necessaries, such as they of that country use. And lastly he offered to give me a wife, which they esteemed the greatest matter; for all buy their wives at a great price. Yea, if there were any in his Court could content me, I should make my choice: but if there were not; he would provide one to my contentment, whatsoever it should cost him. But when he perceived all he said was in vain, he sent the Queen and her gentlewomen to talk with me. When she came, she very courteously entreated me to turn and serve the King, and to consider well what a large offer the king had made; saying, That I was much unlike to come to any like preferment in my country. And many times she would shew me her gentlewomen, and ask me, If none of them could please me? But I told her, I had a wife in mine own country, to whom I had vowed my faith before GOD and the World: "which vow," I said, "I would never break while we both lived." Then she said, She could but marvel what she should be whom I esteemed so much as to refuse such offers of preferment, for her sake; being now where I must remain in captivity and slavery all the days of my life. But when she could prevail no way with me; when she had uttered these foresaid speeches, and many others which were frivolous to rehearse, she left me. Yet, by her means, I had more liberty than before. After this, I was set to saw boards and planks; and was commanded to make a carriage for a piece of ordnance. Thus they compelled me to labour daily: which I did the more willingly, because I hoped still to get my liberty thereby in the end.
- 40. I was madeMaster of work, wherein I had small skill. Then they willed me to shew the fashion of our edge tools, after the English [manner]: which when they saw the fashion; their smiths wrought them very artificially, and gave them very good temper. For these things I was had in more estimation; insomuch that they took off my irons, and let me walk abroad with a Keeper. Then was I commanded by the King to teach the Carpenters to frame a house after the manner of English building: and for that purpose there were sent forth Carpenters and workmen with me to the woods, to fall timber; all which were to do what I appointed, upon the King's commandment. Now I, being Chief Master of the work, appointed out the trees which were very special good timber. In small time, we had finished our frame; which liked the King very well. By this means I had more liberty than before; and was very well intreated. Yet I was greatly grieved in mind that I could not procure any means for my liberty; although at that time, I wanted few necessaries. Yet was I daily devising how I might escape away, for three special causes: One was for the special care I had of my salvation: because, as you have heard, there were many temptations laid before me to draw me from a Christian to be an abominable idolater. The second cause was for the love and dutiful allegiance which I owe to my Prince [Sovereign] and natural country. The third was the regard of the vow which I vowed in matrimony; and the care of my poore wife and children. Which causes moved me so much that whereas, by reason of my diligence in these foresaid matters, I [was] walking abroad with my Keeper who, not suspecting me, was not so attentive as before he had been: so soon as our frame was finished, I took opportunity; and, shewing them a clean pair of heels, took my way over the
- 41. I was nowmade a Water-bearer. mountains intending to go for Argire [which was in a north-westerly direction]. But presently there was a great store of men, both on horseback and on foot: who, being more perfect in the way than I was, quickly overtook me; and carried me back again to Cookooe. I was presently brought before the King; who asked me Why I ran away? I told him, To have liberty. Then he called certain of his servants to him; and commanded them to lay me down at his feet, which four of them did: and laying me flat upon the belly, one of them gave me 75 stripes with a great cudgel, till I was not able to remove out of the place. Then the King commanded to carry me to prison again: whither two of them carried me and put me in irons, and there left me. Where I remained for the space of two months. Then was I brought forth of prison, and sent daily to a fountain or well, about half a league from the town, to fetch water with a couple of asses, for the use of the King's House. Now, in this time, many artificers (as Smiths, Joiners, and Carpenters, and many others) came to me to understand the fashion of many English tools (as plane irons, gouges, chisels and such like); for which they shewed me some favour, and gave me some money. And when I had gotten a little money, I bestowed it upon apparel, and caused it to be made like to theirs: which I carried secretly,
- 42. when I wentto fetch water, and did hide it in a dry cave under the side of a rock. I bought me likewise a sword and a lance, such as they use to travel with. I also provided a file. All which I laid up with my apparel. It happened that the King of Abbesse came again to visit the King, and to take counsel about warlike affairs; as usually they did. Wherefore when they heard of his coming, making great preparation for him; it fell out so that there wanted water in the Offices [Kitchens &c.], where, in an evening, there was exceeding thunder and rain and lightning; so that there was no man would go for water, but everyone [was] calling for the Englishman. Then I, which durst say no "Nay!", took the vessels and hung them upon the asses; and so went, through rain and wind and thunder and all, till I came to the well: where I left my asses to wander whither they would, and went to my apparel and with my file cut off my irons, and made me ready in my suit of Moors' clothing, and, with my sword by my side and my lance on my shoulder, took my way once again towards Argire. And that night I went about 20 miles over rocks and mountains, keeping myself out of beaten ways, casting [directing] my way by the moon and stars. When the day began to be light, I lay me down in a brake of thick bushes; and there I slept the most part of the day: and in the evening I began to travel forth on my way. Now, on the third night, I was to pass a bridge where was continual watch and ward, both day and night; where I must of necessity pass, by reason the river [? the river Isser] ran betwixt two mountains: which were so steep that no man can neither go down to enter [the] water, nor yet being in can by any possible means get up on the other side; which river is a great defence to the country. Where I used no delay, but entered the bridge in the beginning of the night, about nine of the clock, being in great doubt [fear] of the
- 43. Many dangerous wild beastsin that country. Watch. But at the first end of the bridge, I saw no man, until I was happily passed over. Then there came one after me, and asked, Who goes there? It being somewhat dark, and I in apparel and with my weapons like a Moor; [I] answered boldly, That I was a friend, and told him, I was coming to the Governor to deliver letters from the King. For near the river's side there is a village where dwelleth he who hath charge of the keeping of this passage. Whereby I went onward through the village. But before I was far passed, I heard horsemen upon the bridge; which asked, Whether any man had passed that night? The watermen told them, There was one gone, even now, which said, He went to deliver the King's letters to the Officer. But I thought [it] no time now to hear any more of their talk; but betook me to my heels: and so soon as I was without the town, I went out of the Port way [the road to Algiers] into [the] woods; and kept desert ways that night and day following. And the next night, I came within the liberties of the King of Argire; where I knew the Cabyles [Kabyles] could not fetch me back again. In this order I escaped their hands, by the mighty power of GOD. For understand, in these desert mountains there are all manner of wild beasts, in great number; as lions, bears, wolves of marvellous bigness, apes, wild swine; and also wild horses and asses, with many other hurtful beasts: yet was I never in danger of any of them. In this country of Cabyles, there are divers kinds of very pure metals, as gold, silver, and lead; and good iron and steel: but they, for want of knowledge and skill, make no use of any metal except iron and steel. Although at such times I have been present, while the Smiths have tried their iron, I have seen, among the dross of the
- 44. iron, very perfectgold. Which they, perceiving me to behold, were very inquisitive to understand, Whether it were gold, or any other metal of substance? But I told them, It was but a kind of dross whereof we made colours for painting in England. They carried me out to the mountains, and shewed me the rocks where they gathered their iron; which rocks had veins of very pure gold. Which I would not reveal to them, but answered as before: because I doubted [feared] if the King once knew me to have experience in such mysteries, he would keep me the more straight[ly]; whereby I might have remained in bondage during my life. Now when I was within the country of Argire, I was out of dangers from the pursuers; and then did I walk by day and kept the common ways. Where, coming within the view of Argire, upon the way I met a Turk who knew me at the first sight; and demanded, If I had not been captive with such a man? I said, "Yes." He then inquired, Whether I went to the city? I said, "Yes." Then turned he back, and did accompany me to the city. When I came there, I would have gone to the English House; but he led me violently to my old Master [p. 372], where I rested me a day and night: my Master not being very earnest, for because, in this time that I was absent [1587-1588], all the English captives were redeemed and sent home. Wherefore I went to the English Consul, hoping to be presently [instantly] delivered: who gave me very good words, but did not
- 45. shew me thatfavour which he professed. I could make some discourse of his unkind dealing with me and others of our countrymen; which I will leave till [a] more fit occasion. For, understand, that while I was with him, there came a messenger from my old Master, with whom I was before I went to Genoa [in the previous year, 1587]; who would have carried me away by force: but I would not go, requesting the Consul to take order for my delivery. But he persuaded me to go with him, saying, that he would, in time, provide for my liberty. But by means I would not yield to go to my Master, nor yet the Consul would not take order for me: I was taken by the King's Officers, and put in chains in the King's prison, among other captives. And at the next setting out of the gallies, I was put to my old occupation; where I remained a galley slave for three years and above after [1588-1592.] In which time, I was eight voyages at sea: and at such times as the gallies lay in harbour, I was imprisoned with the rest of the captives, where our ordinary food was bread and water; and, at some times, as once or twice in a week, a small quantity of sodden wheat. To conclude, I passed my time in sickness and extreme slavery until, by the help of an honest Merchant [? Master Richard Stapar, see page 369; or rather Stapers, see Vol. III., page 169] of this city of London, and having a very fit opportunity by means of certain [of] our English ships which were ready to set sail, bound homeward, upon Christmas Even, being the 24th of December 1592, I came aboard [at Algiers] the Cherubim of London; which, weighing anchor, and having a happy gale, arrived in England towards the end of February [1593] following.
- 46. Thus have youheard how it hath pleased the Almighty GOD, after many and great miseries, to bring me to the port which I longed greatly to see: beseeching GOD, of his mercy, to prolong the days of our most gracious and renowned Queen; whose fame reacheth far, and whose most happy government is in admiration with foreign Princes. So wishing all to the glory of GOD, and [the] furtherance of the Gospel, I end. F I N I S .
- 48. [Ancient Ballads, etc. inthe Library of Henry Huth, 1867.] The Merchant's Daughter of Bristow [Bristol]. The First Part.
- 49. Ehold the Touchstoneof True Love! Maudlin, the Merchant's daughter of Bristow town, Whose firm affection nothing could move Such favour bears the Lovely Brown. A gallant Youth was dwelling by. Which many years had borne this Maiden great goodwill. She lovèd him as faithfully: But all her friends withstood it still. The young man now, perceiving well He could not get nor win the favour of her friends; The force of sorrows to expell, To view strange countries he intends. And now to take his last Farewell Of his True Love, his fair and constant Maudlin; With music sweet, that did excell, He plays under her window fine. "Farewell," quoth he, "my own True Love! Farewell, my dear; and chiefest treasure of my heart! Through Fortune's spite, that false did prove, I am inforced from thee to part. "Into the land of Italy: There will I waste and weary out my days in woe. Seeing my True Love is kept from me, I hold my life a mortal foe." "Fair Bristow town, therefore adieu! For Padua must be my habitation now: Although my Love doth lodge in thee, To whom alone my heart I vow."
- 50. With trickling tearsthus did he sing, With sighs and sobs descending from his heart full sore. He saith, when he his hands did wring, "Farewell, sweet Love, for evermore!" Fair Maudlin, from a window high, Beholds her True Love with his music where he stood; But not a word she durst reply, Fearing her parents' angry mood. In tears she spends the doleful night, Wishing herself (though naked) with her faithful friend: She blames her friends, and Fortune's spite; That wrought their loves such luckless end. And in her heart she makes a vow Clean to forsake her country and her kinsfolk all; And for to follow her True Love now, To bide all chances that might fall. The night is gone, and the day is come; And in the morning very early doth she arise. She gets her down to the lower room, Where sundry seamen she espies. A gallant Master among them all: The Master of a fair and goodly ship was he; Which there stood waiting in the hall, To speak with her father, if it might be. She kindly takes him by the hand; "Good Sir," she said, "and would you speak with any here?" Quoth he, "Fair Maid, therefore I stand." "Then, gentle Sir, I pray you come near." Into a pleasant parlour by,
- 51. With hand inhand she brings this seaman all alone; Sighing to him most piteously, She thus to him did make her moan: She falls upon her tender knee, "Good Sir," she said, "now pity you a Maiden's woe! And prove a faithful friend to me, That I to you my grief may show." "Sith you repose such trust," he said, "To me that am unknown, and eke a stranger here; Be you assured, proper Maid, Most faithful still I will appear!" "I have a brother, Sir," quoth she, "Whom, as my life, I love and favour tenderly. In Padua, alas, is he Full sick, GOD wot; and like to die. "And fain I would my brother see; But that my father will not yield to let me go. Wherefore, good Sir, be good to me, And unto me this favour show. "Some shipboy's garments bring to me, That I disguised may get away from hence unknown: And unto sea I'll go with thee, If thus much friendship may be shown." "Fair Maid," quoth he, "take here my hand! I will fulfil each thing that now you desire, And set you safe in that same land; And in the place where you require." Then gives she him a tender kiss; And saith, "Your servant, gallant Master, I will be!
- 52. And prove yourfaithful friend, for this. Sweet Master, then forget not me!" This done, as they had both decreed, Soon after, early, even before the break of day, He brings her garments then with speed; Wherein she doth herself array. And ere her father did arise, She meets her Master as he walkèd in the Hall; She did attend on him likewise, Even till her father did him call. But ere the Merchant made an end Of all those matters to the Master he could say; His wife came weeping in with speed Saying, "Our daughter is gone away!" The Merchant, much amazed in mind, "Yonder vile wretch enticed away my child," quoth he, "But well I wot, I shall him find At Padua in Italy." With that bespake the Master brave, "Worshipful Merchant, thither goes this pretty Youth! And anything that you would have, He will perform it, and write the truth." "Sweet Youth," quoth he, "if it be so, Bear me a letter to the English Merchants there; And gold on thee I will bestow. My daughter's welfare I do fear!" Her mother takes her by the hand, "Fair Youth," quoth she, "if there thou dost my daughter see,
- 53. Let me thereofsoon understand: And there are twenty crowns for thee!" Thus, through the daughter's strange disguise, The mother knew not when she spake unto her child. And after her Master straight she hies, Taking her leave with countenance mild. Thus to the sea fair Maudlin is gone, With her gentle Master. GOD send them a merry wind! Where we awhile must leave them alone, Till you the Second Part do find. F I N I S .
- 55. The Merchant's Daughterof Bristow [Bristol]. The Second Part.
- 56. Elcome, sweet Maudlin,from the sea! Where bitter storms and cruel tempests did arise: The pleasant banks of Italy, We may behold with joyful eyes." "Thanks, gentle Master," then quoth she, "A faithful friend in all my sorrows thou hast been. If fortune once doth smile on me, My thankful heart shall well be seen! "Blest be the land that feeds my Love! Blest be that place whereas he doth abide! No travail will I stick to prove, Whereby my goodwill may be tried. "Now will I walk with joyful heart To view the town whereas my darling doth remain; And seek him out in every part, Until I do his sight attain." "And I," quoth he, "will not forsake Sweet M. in all her journeys up and down; In wealth and woe thy part I'll take, And bring thee safe to Padua town." And, after many weary steps, In Padua they safe arrived at the last. For very joy, her heart it leaps: She thinks not on her perils past. But now, alas, behold the luck! Her own True Love in woeful prison doth she find: Which did her heart in pieces pluck, And grieved her gentle mind.
- 57. Condemned he wasto die, alas, Except he would his faith and his religion turn: But rather than he would go to Mass, In fiery flames he vowed to burn. How doth fair Maudlin weep and wail: Her joy is changed to weeping, sorrow, grief, and care. But nothing can her plaints prevail, For death alone must be his share. She walks under the prison walls, Where her True Love doth lie and languish in distress. Most woefully for food he calls, When hunger did his heart oppress. He sighs, and sobs, and makes great moan. "Farewell," said he, "sweet England now for ever! And all my friends that have me known In Bristow town with wealth and store! "But most of all, farewell," quoth he, "My own True Love, sweet M! whom I left behind: For never more I shall thee see! Woe to thy father most unkind! "How well were I, if thou wast here, With thy fair hands to close up both these wretched eyes! My torments easy would appear: My soul with joy should scale the skies." When M. heard her Lover's moan; Her eyes with tears, her heart with sorrow filled was. To speak with him no means was known, Such grievous doom on him did pass. Then cast she off her lad's attire;
- 58. A Maiden's weedupon her back she seemly set: To the Judge's house she did enquire, And there she did a service get. She did her duty there so well, And eke so prudently herself she did behave; With her in love her Master fell. His servant's favour he doth crave. "Maudlin," quoth he, "my heart's delight! To whom my heart in firm affection's tied, Breed not my death through thy despite! A faithful friend I will be tried. "Grant me thy love, fair Maid!" quoth he, "And at my hands desire what thou canst devise, And I will grant it unto thee, Whereby thy credit may arise." "O Sir," she said, "how blest am I, With such a kind and gentle Master for to meet; I will not your request deny, So you will grant what I do seek." "I have a brother, Sir," she said, "For his religion is now condemned to die. In loathsome prison he is laid, Oppressed with care and misery. "Grant me my brother's life!" she said, "And to you my love and liking I will give!" "That may not be," quoth he, "fair Maid! Except he turn, he may not live!" "An English Friar there is," she said, Of learning great, and of a passing pure life:
- 59. Let him beto my brother sent, And he will finish soon the strife." Her Master granted this request. The Mariner in Friar's weeds she doth array: And to her Love that lay distresst, She doth a letter straightway convey. When he had read her gentle lines, His heavy heart was ravished with inward joy: Where now she was, full well he finds. The Friar likewise was not coy; But did declare to him at large The enterprise his Love for him had taken in hand. The young Man did the Friar charge His Love should straight depart the land. "Here is no place for her," he said, "But woeful death and danger of her harmless life. Professing truth, I was betrayed; And fearful flames must end our strife. "For ere I will my faith deny, And swear myself to follow damnèd Antichrist: I'll yield my body for to die, To live in heaven with the Highest." "O Sir," the gentle Friar said, "For your sweet Love, recant and save your wishèd life!" "A woeful match," quoth he, "is made, Where Christ is lost to win a Wife." When she had wrought all means she might To save her Friend, and that she saw it would not be: Then of the Judge, she claimed her right
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