Environmental Protection and Management in the Philippines

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
& MANAGEMENT
PSU – PALAWAN COLLEGE OF ARTS ANDTRADES
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION REVIEW
02/24/2024
LECTURER: ENGR. MA. CINDY G. OMAPAS, CE, EnP

2. ENVIRONMENT
IN DEFINITION

3. ENVIRONMENT
surrounding air, water(both ground and surface),
land,flora,fauna,humans and their
interrelations.

4. ENVIRONMENT
LAND
AIR
WATER

5. ENVIRONMENT

6. ENVIRONMENT
All four spheres must work in harmony to allow for
the balance of life to succeed of Earth. Any threat to
one sphere, will have drastic effects on the others.

7. INTHE CONTEXT OF
CIVIL SERVICE EXAM

8. Philippines
- is one of the most vulnerable country to
climate change
- it lies in the world’s most disaster prone
region

9. CLIMATE CHANGE
change in temperature and weather patterns

10. CLIMATE
1. Increasing sea level rise
2. Extreme weather events
3. Rising temperatures
4. Heavy rainfall
change in temperature and weather patterns
EMERGENCY
CHANGE

11. CIVIL SERVICE EXAM
ATESTTO DETERMINETHOSEWHO ARE QUALIFIEDTOWORK IN
PUBLIC SERVICE

12. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT
Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural
environment by individuals, groups and governments.
Environmental management involves processes that minimize
humanity’s impact on its surroundings.

13. HUMANS
ARE CONTINUALLY CHANGINGTHE EARTH

15. THE EARTH
BIOCAPACITY
-The amount of natural resources
that is useful for biological consumption and
for removal for the emissions of carbon
dioxide
AVAILABLE FOR USE!
LIMIT!
FINITE!
ALLOTMENT PER PERSON
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
- Is a measure of the
area of biologically productive land and
water that is required for an individual or an
activity to produce all the resources it
consumes and to absorb the waste it
generates, using prevailing technology and
resource management practices
CONSUMPTION
DEMAND
IMPACT
DAMAGE

16. The earth has 12 billion hectares of biologically
productive land and water shared by 7 billion people
Average Biocapacity = 1.7gha/person
As of 2014
Ecological Footprint = 2.8gha/person
BioCapacity DEFICIT = -1.1 gha/person

17. CARBON FOOTPRINT
- a measurement of total greenhouse gas emission by people units of
carbon or carbon dioxide equivalents
- it can be measured by how much greenhouse gases have emitted in the
units of carbon dioxide equivalents

18. Ecological footprint vs Carbon Footprint
Ecological Footprint
• The impact of a person or community
on the environment, expressed as the
amount of land required to sustain
their use of natural resources
• Measures renewable and non-
renewable resources used
• Contains both carbon emission and
environmental impact
• Directly impacts continuing life on
earth
Carbon Footprint
• The amount of carbon dioxide
released into the atmosphere as a
result of the activities of a particular
individual, organization, or
community
• Measures carbon dioxide generated
by activities
• Contains only carbon emission
numbers
• Directly impacts climate change

19. The Greenhouse Effect

20. GREENHOUSE GASES

21. Ozone Layer Depletion
- it occurs when chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and halons – gases formerly
found in aerosol spray can and refrigerants are released into the
atmosphere.
- it serves as a natural sunscreen as it prevents dangerous ultraviolet rays
that causes sunburns and skin cancer.

22. Ozone Layer Depletion
THE ANTARTIC OZONE
HOLE
Take Note:
No place is empty of
- ozone layer thickness is
measured by Dobson Units (DU)

23. GlobalWarming vs Greenhouse Effect
Global Warming
• The average rise in temperature of the
earth’s surface due to greenhouse effect
• Slow and consistent rise in temperature
• Effects: Rising of sea level, regional
changes in precipitation, frequent
extreme weather conditions, expansion
of deserts
• What to do: reduce emissions from
vehicles, reduce water wastes, use of
renewable energy.
Greenhouse Effect
• Happens when the Earth’s atmosphere
becomes thick with gases and substances
which trap the sun’s radiation making the
Earth warmer
• Effects: thawing of glacial masses,
flooding in coastal cities, desertification
of fertile land
• What to do: use of renewable energy
sources, use of biofuels, commit to
recycling, consumption of organic food,
promoting ecological awareness

24. Renewable Resources vs Non-renewable Resources
Renewable Resources
• These resources are renewed or
replenished by nature in a short span
of time
• Often these are available
continuously like solar energy, water,
wind etc.
• Ex. Solar, Biomass, Hydropower,
Geothermal, Wind
Non-Renewable Resources
• These resources may not be
replenished by nature or take very
long time geological time to be
formed again
• These resources are exhausted after
use like fossils
• Oil, Coal, Nuclear, Natural Gas
- both are raw materials used for building, manufacturing, production, fuels and food.

25. BIOMASS

26. BIOCAPACITY DEFICIT IS EVIDENT IN OUR CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
1. Metro Manila Water Crisis
2. Solid Waste (mis)Management
3. Widening of urban spaces instead of green spaces and parks
4. New diseases unknown to human but known to wild animals are making its
way to human species (COVID-19 pandemic)
5. City Air is having a hard time to regenerate
With a fast growing population and land use change, we need two more
Philippines cope up with out biocapacity deficit.

27. BOTTOMLINE
The growth of human population is faster than the
production and recovery of the Earth’s natural resources.
A successful action plan for Environmental Protection is
not the sole responsibility of the regulators.
Environmental Protection is synergistic.
THINK ABOUT HOWTO ATTAIN A SUSTAINABLE
NUMBER OF PROGENY
QUALITY PEOPLEVS QUANTITY OF PEOPLE

28. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1151 -THE
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
a) to create, develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man and nature can
thrive in productive and enjoyable harmony with each other,
b) to fulfill the social, economic and other requirements of present and future generations
of Filipinos, and
c) to ensure the attainment of an environmental quality that is conducive to a life of dignity
and well-being

29. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1151 -THE
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
SEC.3. Right to a Healthy Environment - It shall be the duty and responsibility of each
individual to contribute to the preservation and enhancement of the Philippine environment.

30. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
- The management of the interaction and impact of human activities on the natural
environment. It is a purposeful activity with the goal to maintain and improve the state of
an environmental resource affected by human activities

31. CATEGORY OF SERVICE FROMTHE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
 Resource inputs to production
 Life support services
 Amenity services
 Sinks for wastes

32. 4 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1. CLIMATE CHANGE – Philippines is a hotspot for climate change disasters
particularly the danger for agriculture and food security due to extreme
2. DECLINE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY – Philippines is struggling
from degradation of the natural environment about 2/3 of the country’s
original mangroves are lost
3. ALARMING WASTE PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
4. PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR TOWARDS WASTE

33. BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
1. Polluter Pays Principle and User Pay Principles
o e.g. Environmental Fee
o e.g. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)
2. Precautionary Principle
3. Principle of Effectiveness and Efficiency
4. Intergenerational Equity
***the ideal sustainability principle is providing for the needs
of the present generation without compromising the needs of
the future generation.

34. Government Agencies Instrumentalities for Environmental
Protection and Management
DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 192)
CENRO - Community Environment and Natural Resources Office of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resource
EMB - Environmental Management Bureau of the DENR
PENRO - Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office of the DENR
NWRB – National Water Resources Board
EMPAS - Environmental Management and Protected Areas Sector of the DENR Regional
Office
PCSD – Palawan Council for Sustainable Development

35. THE DEPARTMENT SHALL BE THE PRIMARY GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND PROPER USE OF THE COUNTRY’S
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, SPECIFICALLY FOREST AND GRAZING LANDS,
MINERAL RESOURCES, INCLUDING THOSE IN RESERVATION AND WATERSHED AREAS, AND
LANDS OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, AS WELL AS THE LICENSING AND REGULATION OF ALL
NATURAL RESOURCES AS MAY BE PROVIDED FOR BY LAW IN ORDER TO ENSURE EQUITABLE
SHARING OF THE BENEFITS DERIVED THEREFROM FOR THE WELFARE OF THE PRESENT AND
FUTURE GENERATIONS OF FILIPINOS.
EO 192 ESTABLISHMENT OF DENR

36. Forest Management Bureau
Lands Management Bureau
Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau
Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau.
Environmental Management Bureau.
Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau.
Pollution Adjudication Board
Field Offices of the Department
Attached Agencies & Corporations:
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
Natural Resources Development Corporation
The National Electrification Administration

37. PD NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT

38. PD NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Emission Standards
Community Noise Standards
Standards for Noise-Producing Equipment
Aircraft Emission and Sonic Booms

39. PD NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Classification of Philippine Waters
Reclassification of Waters Based on Intended Beneficial Use
Upgrading of Water Quality
Water Quality Standards

40. PD NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
National Land Use Scheme
- a science-based and technology-oriented land inventory and classification system
- determination of present land uses, the extent to which they are utilized, under-
utilized, rendered idle or abandoned

41. PD NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Wildlife
Forestry and Soil Conservation
Flood Control and Natural Calamities
Energy Development
Conservation and Utilization of Surface Ground Waters
Mineral Resources

42. PD NO. 1152 PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Methods of Solid Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration and Composting Plants
Disposal Sites
Dumping into the Sea and Other Navigable Waters

43. RA 7611
AN ACT ADOPTING THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR PALAWAN CREATING
THE ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION CONVERTING PALAWAN
INTEGRATED AREA DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OFFICE TO ITS SUPPORT STAFF,
PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
IT PROVIDES FOR THE COMPLIANCE TO STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN (SEP) to ensure any
development to be undertake within Palawan should have the following features:
1. ECOLOGICAL VIABILITY – to maintain the productivity of natural ecosystem
2. SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY – people should be committed to support sustainable development
activities by fostering equity in access to resources and the benefits derived from them
3. INTEGRATED APPROACH – holistic

44. RIO DECLARATION (United Nations June 1992)
- environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level
- the only way to have long term economic progress is to link it to environmental protection
JOHANNESBURG DECLARATION
- broad-bases participation in policy formulation, decision-making and implementation at all levels
- commits the nations of the world to build a humane, equitable and carry global society, cognizant
of the need for human dignity for all
- an agreement to focus particularly on the worldwide conditions that pose severe threats to the
sustainable development of our people

45. RA 7611
ECAN (Environmentally Critical Areas Network)
As the main strategy of SEP, ECAN shall ensure the following:
1. Forest conservation and protection
2. Protection of watersheds
3. Preservation of biological diversity
4. Protection of tribal people and the preservation of their culture
5. Maintenance of maximum sustainable yield
6. Protection of rare and endangered species and their habitat
7. Provision of areas for environmental and ecological research, education and training
8. Provision of areas for tourist and recreation

46. "Network of Protected Areas for Agricultural and Agro-industrial Development
(NPAAD)"
refers to agricultural areas identified by the Department through the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management in coordination with the National Mapping and Resources Information Authority in
order to ensure the efficient utilization of land for agriculture and Agro-industrial development
and promote sustainable growth . The NPAAD covers all irrigated areas, all irrigable lands already
covered by irrigation projects with firm funding commitments; all alluvial plain land highly suitable
for agriculture whether irrigated or not; Agro-industrial crop lands or lands presently planted to
industrial crops that support the viability of existing agricultural infrastructure and
agro-based enterprises, highlands, areas located at an elevation of five hundred (500) meters or
above and have the potential for growing semi temperate and high-value crops; all agricultural
lands that are ecological fragile, the conversion of which will result in serious environmental
degradation, and mangrove areas and fish sanctuaries.

47. Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones (SAFDZ)"
- refers to the areas within the NPAAD identified for production, Agro-Processing and marketing
activities to help develop and modernize, either the support of government, the agriculture and
fisheries sectors in an environmentally and socio-cultural sound manner

48. Marine Protected Area
– means a defined area of the sea established and set aside by law, administrative regulation, or
any other effective means in order to conserve and protect a part of or the entire enclosed
environment through the establishment of management guidelines. It is considered a generic term
that includes all declared areas governed by specific rules or guidelines in order to protect and
manage activities within the enclosed area.

49. THE NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM (NIPAS) ACT OF 1992
RA 7586
- Aims to protect forest, wetland, and marine areas in the Philippines
- Penalizes the ecological destruction
- 234 protected areas under this act
 Categories of Protected Areas
o Strict Nature Reserve
o Natural Park
o Natural Monument
o Wildlife Sanctuary
o Protected landscapes & seascapes
o Resource Center
o Natural Biotic Areas
o Other categories established by law

50. THE NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM (NIPAS) ACT OF 1992
RA 7586

51. RA 7586

52. THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
RA 8749
- Aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos
- To encourage citizens to reduce activities that causes air pollution (for example: smoking)
- is a comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and
maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
- Sources of Air Pollution
- Mobile Sources
- vehicles
- Point
- Area

53. THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
RA 9275
- Aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources such as
industries and commercial establishments, agriculture, and community/household
activities

54. CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009
RA 9729
- An act integrating climate into government policy frameworks, establishing the Climate
Change Process Plan and Program, creating the Climate Change Commission for this
purpose, and for other purposes

55. RA 6969 – TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990
RA 6969
- Aims to regulate restrictions or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing,
distribution, and disposal of chemical substances that present risk to human health
- Toxic substance (e.g. ammonia in toilet cleaners)
- Hazardous and Nuclear Waste (e.g. Fire extinguisher) – leakage of chemicals

56. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
RA 9003
- Provides the necessary policy framework, institutional mechanisms and mandate to the
local government units (LGUs) to achieve 25% waste reduction through establishing an
integrated solid waste management plans base on 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse an Recycling)
Prohibited Acts
1.Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads, sidewalks,
canals, esteros or parks, and establishment, or causing or permitting the same;
2.Undertaking activities or operating, collecting or transporting equipment in violation of
sanitation operation and other requirements or permits set forth in established pursuant;
3.The open burning of solid waste;
4.Causing or permitting the collection of non-segregated or unsorted wastes;
5.Squatting in open dumps and landfills;

57. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
RA 9003
6.Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-biodegradable materials in flood prone
areas;
7.Unauthorized removal of recyclable material intended for collection by authorized persons;
8.The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any vehicle,
box, container or receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal
9.Establishment or operation of open dumps as enjoined in this Act, or closure of said dumps
in violation of Sec 37.
10.The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging
materials;

58. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
RA 9003
11.Importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable materials;
12.Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastes in areas
other than centers or facilities prescribe under this Act;
13.Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an
Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this Act and not
conforming with the land use plan of the LGU;
14.The construction of any establishment within two hundred (200) meters from open dumps or controlled
dumps, or sanitary landfill; and
15.The construction or operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir,
or watershed area and or any portions thereof.

59. Philippine Agenda 21
a document containing the national agenda for sustainable development
formulated by the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development

60. National Greening Program
- is a priority program of the government that aims to reduce poverty;
promote food security, environmental stability, and biodiversity
conservation; and enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation
Persisting issues: low survival rate of trees planted and poor program
monitoring
- In 2011, it seeks to plant 1.5billion trees in a 1.5 million hectares of the
public domain for six years (2011 – 2016)
- In 2019, Enhanced National Greening Program was launched by the DENR
prioritizing the rehabilitation of 1.2million hectares of denuded forest lands
by 2022
In 2015, E-NGP will rehabilitate all remaining unproductive, denuded and
degraded forestlands estimated at 7.1million ha from 2016-2028

61. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
RA 6969 - TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE
CONTROL ACT OF 1990
RA 7586 - THE NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM (NIPAS)
ACT OF 1992
RA 8749 - THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
RA 9003 - ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
RA 9275 - THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

62. HOW DO WE HELP EARTH COPE UP
WITHTHE FAST POPULATION
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT?

63. Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA)
- a process that involve evaluating predicting the likely impacts of a project on the environment during
construction, commissioning, operation and abandonment.
- A systematic process that examines the environmental consequences of development action in advance
(the emphasis is on the prevention)
Two Natures of EIA
1. As a technical tool for analysis of the consequences of a planned intervention (policy, plan, program,
project) providing information to stakeholders and decision makers
2. As a legal and institutional procedure linked to the decision-making process of a planned intervention
Purpose of EIA
o An aid to decision-making
o An aid to the formulation of development actions
o An instrument for sustainable development

64. EnvironmentalValuation - deals with the environmental gains and
compensation for environmental losses.These environmental gains and losses
can be investigated as an environmental benefit.
o Use benefits
o Non-use benefits
o Stewardship benefits
Environment Accounting – a careful examination of the benefits and costs of
environmental damages through the environmental accounting

65. HOW PHILIPPINES CAN ADOPTTO
CLIMATE CHANGE?
SCALE UP CLIMATE ACTIONS

66. REDUCEVULNERABILITY & FUTURE
LOSSES BY:
1. Better Flood Management
2. Avoid Construction in floodplains and coastal areas
3. Ensuring energy efficient buildings
4. Efficient use of water
5. Promotion of mass transit and non-motorized transport
6. Improving water storage
7. Climate proofing critical infrastructure assets and energy
8. More investment to renewable energy to reduce air pollution and enhance energy
security